367:
47:
279:
271:
2837:
150:
142:
303:
In contrast to the domestic balcony, the Middle-East version of the machicoulis prominently features a wide opening at the bottom for defensive purposes. The opening allows the dropping of hot water and other material intended to cause harm to the enemy below. The otherwise enclosed opening adapted
357:
is a similar structure made of wood, usually temporarily constructed in the event of a siege. Advantages of machicolations over wooden hoardings include the greater strength and fire resistance of stone.
2231:
260:
Similar to a machicolation is a smaller version which opens similar to an enclosed balcony, generally from a tower rather than a larger structure. This is called a box-machicolation.
693:
510:
944:
296:, where they are usually found on defensive walls. The original Arabian design is rather small, and similar to the domestic wooden balcony known as
661:
2047:
895:
539:
307:
Machicolations were more common in French castles than
English, where they were usually restricted to the gateway, as in the 13th-century
322:
and the
Crusaders brought their design to Europe. Machicolations were a common feature in many towers in Rhodes, which were built by the
2641:
2336:
588:
626:
2456:
867:
830:
803:
776:
751:
482:
2241:
886:
Villena, Leonardo (1988). "Sobre las defensas verticales en España: tipología y terminlogía comparadas". In Andrés
Bazzana (ed.).
330:, machicolations also became a common feature on rural buildings, until the 18th century. Buildings with machicolations include
2666:
448:
2862:
1889:
1427:
937:
2226:
1307:
708:
1822:
238:, respectively), are similarly composed from "matar canes" meaning roughly "killing dogs", the latter word being a
2271:
1896:
312:
2768:
1846:
2815:
2590:
2296:
2291:
2211:
2008:
1955:
1925:
1682:
1612:
1556:
1133:
930:
2840:
2656:
2246:
2143:
2028:
1212:
2793:
2631:
2413:
2166:
1903:
1726:
1055:
672:
2778:
2306:
1932:
1731:
1697:
1097:
979:
323:
249:
In Italy and countries which were influenced by the
Italian language, such as Malta, it was known as
157:
2595:
2331:
1687:
1065:
382:
but without the openings, and subsequently became a characteristic of many non-military buildings.
562:
2717:
2326:
2301:
2286:
2281:
2131:
2111:
1908:
1469:
1336:
1080:
657:
354:
283:
550:
339:
46:
2773:
2732:
2707:
2580:
2261:
2101:
1948:
1534:
1412:
1090:
1033:
891:
863:
826:
820:
799:
793:
772:
747:
743:
736:
584:
554:
478:
472:
427:
366:
93:
912:
2747:
2722:
2651:
2575:
2176:
2171:
2106:
1657:
1461:
1040:
855:
347:
343:
311:. One of the first examples of machicolation that still exists in northern France is at the
278:
52:
2636:
2488:
2461:
2401:
2371:
2256:
2221:
2201:
2186:
1741:
1736:
1704:
1465:
1407:
1395:
1377:
1244:
1225:
1151:
1128:
637:
497:
412:
106:
2805:
2800:
2466:
2451:
2386:
2376:
2251:
2236:
2136:
2126:
2091:
1965:
1758:
1455:
1422:
1386:
1202:
1060:
1024:
451:
from the 16th century onwards; and Neo-Gothic buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries.
371:
331:
186:
126:
2856:
2810:
2763:
2671:
2661:
2615:
2585:
2570:
2539:
2520:
2381:
2321:
2276:
2191:
2150:
1960:
1588:
1321:
1284:
1269:
1220:
1165:
1144:
953:
122:
304:
from that of a closed balcony also provides cover from enemy attack while using it.
270:
2788:
2646:
2610:
2565:
2549:
2477:
2430:
2406:
2396:
2391:
2206:
2023:
1884:
1851:
1716:
1652:
1627:
1539:
1513:
1481:
1475:
1417:
1356:
1326:
1174:
888:
Guerre, fortification et habitat dans le monde méditerranéen au Moyen Age: colloque
308:
77:
149:
917:
2687:
2544:
2513:
2495:
2483:
2425:
2420:
2361:
2356:
2316:
2216:
2181:
2077:
1980:
1751:
1721:
1711:
1617:
1506:
1314:
1123:
1070:
422:
407:
335:
293:
218:
73:
2712:
2692:
2532:
2504:
2435:
2311:
2266:
2196:
2116:
2013:
1918:
1858:
1817:
1795:
1746:
1692:
1642:
1637:
1622:
1581:
1529:
1487:
1432:
1274:
1237:
1190:
402:
392:
297:
239:
176:
169:
118:
558:
2121:
2052:
1879:
1874:
1807:
1448:
1361:
1291:
1249:
1075:
1045:
1006:
972:
292:
The design of a machicoulis (sometimes called drop box) originates from the
153:
378:
Machicolation was later used for decorative effect with spaces between the
141:
121:, through which stones or other material, such as boiling water, hot sand,
17:
859:
2605:
2600:
2525:
2366:
2084:
2059:
2042:
1972:
1913:
1841:
1834:
1677:
1565:
1439:
1259:
1254:
1230:
1158:
1138:
1118:
1085:
417:
397:
161:
168:
The structures are thought to have originated as
Crusader imitations of
2737:
2702:
2697:
2035:
2018:
2003:
1987:
1939:
1867:
1812:
1802:
1770:
1672:
1647:
1632:
1402:
1346:
1264:
1111:
1104:
1050:
379:
243:
125:
or boiling cooking oil, could be dropped on attackers at the base of a
2742:
2096:
1662:
1600:
1544:
1522:
1499:
1492:
1368:
1351:
1183:
1015:
997:
967:
114:
69:
822:
The Oxford
Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
2783:
2727:
2471:
1996:
1827:
1667:
988:
474:
Stealing from the
Saracens: How Islamic Architecture Shaped Europe
365:
327:
319:
277:
269:
148:
140:
922:
1765:
1607:
1574:
1549:
1341:
1331:
1300:
1279:
926:
707:(1). Rivista tal-Għaqda Maltija tal-Folklor: 19. Archived from
669:
Arx - Online
Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification
634:
Arx - Online
Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification
224:
Both the
Spanish and Portuguese words denoting this structure (
204:
198:
180:
213:
is only recorded in the 18th century in English, but a verb
129:. A smaller version found on smaller structures is called a
27:
Floor opening between the supporting corbels of a battlement
825:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 2010. p. 344.
769:
The Castle in England and Wales: an Interpretative History
913:
Glossary of Medieval Art and Architecture: machicolation.
374:
in north Wales, which was built between 1822 and 1837
2756:
2680:
2624:
2558:
2444:
2349:
2159:
2070:
1786:
1779:
1211:
960:
88:
83:
65:
60:
32:
735:
164:, with a box-machicolation above the main entrance
795:History of Fortification from 3000 BC to AD 1700
232:
1194:
694:"Il-Muxrabija, wirt l-Iżlam fil-Gżejjer Maltin"
511:"Il-Muxrabija: Wirt l-Izlam fil-Gzejjer Maltin"
1756:
1702:
1520:
1366:
533:
531:
2411:
2141:
1970:
1946:
1563:
1554:
1511:
1235:
1031:
1022:
938:
251:
225:
8:
2530:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2082:
2057:
2033:
1994:
1985:
1937:
1923:
1894:
1865:
1856:
1832:
1793:
1598:
1579:
1497:
1446:
1437:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1312:
1298:
1289:
1172:
1149:
113:) is a floor opening between the supporting
1181:
1163:
1109:
1095:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
191:
1783:
945:
931:
923:
738:Châteaux forts et fortifications en France
620:
618:
29:
687:
685:
652:
650:
326:. After the Knights were given rule over
145:Annotated sketch of an Italian battlement
742:(in French). Paris: Flammarion. p.
477:. Oxford University Press. p. 265.
581:A.-J; Dictionnaire de l'ancien français
524:(1). Ghaqda Maltija tal-Folklor: 17–22.
463:
440:
771:. London: Croom Helm. pp. 84–87.
540:"A Survey of the Maltese Muxrabijiet"
274:Illustration of machicolations in use
7:
156:(Kisan Gate), now the façade of the
2337:Weapons Storage and Security System
767:Cathcart King, David James (1988).
25:
854:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
2836:
2835:
45:
627:"Naxxar and its Fortifications"
498:Medieval castle SIEGES in depth
282:15th-century machicolations at
798:. Pen and Sword. p. 103.
449:Scottish baronial architecture
1:
2232:British "hedgehog" road block
852:Allen Brown's English Castles
662:"A Medieval tower at Qrendi?"
538:Azzopardi, Joe (April 2012).
315:built in 1291 outside Paris.
810:(1st ed. 1955; 2nd ed. 1966)
625:Spiteri, Stephen C. (2008).
370:Decorative machicolation at
2642:Cities with defensive walls
2227:Defensive fighting position
2142:
1947:
1757:
1703:
1564:
1555:
1521:
1512:
1367:
197:, probably from Old French
51:A box-machicolation of the
2879:
175:The word derives from the
2826:
2272:Hardened aircraft shelter
2247:Entry control point (ECP)
881:, Oxford University Press
850:Brown, R. Allen (2004) .
724:Brown (2004), p. 66.
692:Jaccarini, C. J. (2002).
636:(1–4): 13. Archived from
612:Villena (1988) p. ?.
509:Jaccarini, C. J. (2002).
44:
37:
2769:Continuity of government
2591:Motte-and-bailey castle
2297:Missile launch facility
2292:Main line of resistance
987:
671:(6): 59. Archived from
205:
199:
181:
39:Mâchicoulis, Piombatoio
2667:Military installations
2531:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2412:
2083:
2058:
2034:
2024:Scarp and Counterscarp
1995:
1986:
1971:
1938:
1924:
1895:
1866:
1857:
1833:
1794:
1599:
1580:
1498:
1447:
1438:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1313:
1299:
1290:
1236:
1195:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1150:
1110:
1096:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
996:
978:
603:Hoad (1986) p. ?.
375:
313:Château de Farcheville
287:
275:
252:
233:
226:
192:
165:
146:
110:
55:, in Birkirkara, Malta
2436:Floating water castle
2167:Admiralty scaffolding
1460:Fortified buildings (
890:. Casa de Velázquez.
860:10.1017/9781846152429
734:Mesqui, Jean (1997).
471:Darke, Diana (2020).
369:
318:The origins are from
281:
273:
203:'crush', 'wound' and
152:
144:
2779:Subterranean warfare
1732:Viking ring fortress
877:Hoad, T. F. (1986),
792:Toy, Sidney (2006).
678:on 26 November 2016.
568:on 15 November 2015.
324:Knights Hospitallers
158:Chapel of Saint Paul
2863:Castle architecture
2596:Quadrangular castle
2332:Weapon storage area
1688:Quadrangular castle
658:Spiteri, Stephen C.
583:. Paris: Larousse.
264:Description and use
61:General information
2327:Underground hangar
2112:Fire control tower
1909:Gunpowder magazine
1337:Butter-churn tower
376:
288:
284:Craigmillar Castle
276:
166:
147:
2850:
2849:
2774:Military urbanism
2708:Fortified gateway
2581:Concentric castle
2345:
2344:
2262:Fire support base
2102:Coastal artillery
1977:(Spanish America)
1571:
1413:Concentric castle
897:978-84-86839-02-4
879:English Etymology
714:on 18 April 2016.
428:Hoarding (castle)
362:Post-medieval use
131:box-machicolation
99:
98:
84:Technical details
16:(Redirected from
2870:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2723:National redoubt
2652:Fortified estate
2576:Circular rampart
2536:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2417:
2177:Anti-tank trench
2172:Air raid shelter
2147:
2107:Disappearing gun
2088:
2063:
2039:
2000:
1991:
1976:
1952:
1943:
1929:
1900:
1871:
1862:
1838:
1799:
1784:
1762:
1742:Bailey (or ward)
1708:
1613:Motte-and-bailey
1604:
1585:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1526:
1517:
1503:
1452:
1443:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1318:
1304:
1295:
1241:
1198:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1155:
1115:
1101:
1041:Circular rampart
1037:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
947:
940:
933:
924:
901:
882:
873:
837:
836:
817:
811:
809:
789:
783:
782:
764:
758:
757:
741:
731:
725:
722:
716:
715:
713:
698:
689:
680:
679:
677:
666:
654:
645:
644:
642:
631:
622:
613:
610:
604:
601:
595:
594:
579:Greimas (1987).
576:
570:
569:
567:
561:. Archived from
549:(41). Valletta:
544:
535:
526:
525:
515:
506:
500:
495:
489:
488:
468:
452:
445:
348:Tal-Wejter Tower
344:Birkirkara Tower
255:
236:
229:
208:
202:
195:
184:
53:Tal-Wejter Tower
49:
30:
21:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2830:
2822:
2752:
2676:
2620:
2554:
2489:Imperial castle
2462:Coercion castle
2457:Coastal defence
2440:
2402:Promontory fort
2372:Hillside castle
2341:
2257:Fallout shelter
2222:Concertina wire
2202:Border security
2155:
2066:
1775:
1408:Coercion castle
1396:Cheval de frise
1378:Chemin de ronde
1226:Albarrana tower
1207:
1152:Schwedenschanze
1129:Promontory fort
956:
951:
909:
904:
898:
885:
876:
870:
849:
845:
840:
833:
819:
818:
814:
806:
791:
790:
786:
779:
766:
765:
761:
754:
733:
732:
728:
723:
719:
711:
696:
691:
690:
683:
675:
664:
656:
655:
648:
643:on 21 May 2017.
640:
629:
624:
623:
616:
611:
607:
602:
598:
591:
578:
577:
573:
565:
551:Din l-Art Ħelwa
542:
537:
536:
529:
513:
508:
507:
503:
496:
492:
485:
470:
469:
465:
461:
456:
455:
446:
442:
437:
432:
413:Defensive walls
388:
364:
340:Captain's Tower
290:
289:
266:
217:is attested in
185:, mentioned in
139:
56:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2808:
2806:Trench warfare
2803:
2801:Tunnel warfare
2798:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2657:Fortifications
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2467:Counter-castle
2464:
2459:
2454:
2452:Border barrier
2448:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2387:Lowland castle
2384:
2379:
2377:Hilltop castle
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:Electric fence
2249:
2244:
2242:Dragon's teeth
2239:
2237:Czech hedgehog
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2151:Wire obstacles
2148:
2139:
2137:Polygonal fort
2134:
2129:
2127:Martello tower
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Border outpost
2089:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1966:Polygonal fort
1963:
1958:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1930:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1577:
1572:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1504:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1458:
1456:Flanking tower
1453:
1444:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1423:Counter-castle
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1310:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1213:Post-classical
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1203:Vitrified fort
1200:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1156:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1107:
1102:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1061:Defensive wall
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
970:
964:
962:
958:
957:
954:Fortifications
952:
950:
949:
942:
935:
927:
921:
920:
915:
908:
907:External links
905:
903:
902:
896:
883:
874:
868:
846:
844:
841:
839:
838:
831:
812:
804:
784:
777:
759:
752:
726:
717:
703:(in Maltese).
681:
646:
614:
605:
596:
590:2-03-340-302-5
589:
571:
527:
520:(in Maltese).
501:
490:
483:
462:
460:
457:
454:
453:
439:
438:
436:
433:
431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
389:
387:
384:
372:Penrhyn Castle
363:
360:
332:Cavalier Tower
268:
267:
265:
262:
187:Medieval Latin
138:
135:
127:defensive wall
97:
96:
94:sometimes wood
90:
86:
85:
81:
80:
67:
63:
62:
58:
57:
50:
42:
41:
38:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2875:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2843:
2842:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2811:Urban warfare
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:Civil defense
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Bastion forts
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2616:Z-plan castle
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:L-plan castle
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Bridge castle
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:Refuge castle
2538:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Military base
2519:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Hunting lodge
2482:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Moated castle
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:Island castle
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:By topography
2348:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Submarine pen
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Hesco bastion
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Blast shelter
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:Place-of-arms
1959:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1594:Machicolation
1592:
1590:
1589:L-plan castle
1587:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:Bridge castle
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1285:Bent entrance
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:Battery tower
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:Advanced work
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1145:Refuge castle
1143:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1000:
999:
994:
991:
990:
985:
982:
981:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
963:
959:
955:
948:
943:
941:
936:
934:
929:
928:
925:
919:
918:Machicolation
916:
914:
911:
910:
906:
899:
893:
889:
884:
880:
875:
871:
869:1-84383-069-8
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
847:
842:
834:
832:9780195334036
828:
824:
823:
816:
813:
807:
805:9781844153589
801:
797:
796:
788:
785:
780:
778:0-918400-08-2
774:
770:
763:
760:
755:
753:2-08-012271-1
749:
745:
740:
739:
730:
727:
721:
718:
710:
706:
702:
695:
688:
686:
682:
674:
670:
663:
659:
653:
651:
647:
639:
635:
628:
621:
619:
615:
609:
606:
600:
597:
592:
586:
582:
575:
572:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
541:
534:
532:
528:
523:
519:
512:
505:
502:
499:
494:
491:
486:
484:9781787383050
480:
476:
475:
467:
464:
458:
450:
447:For example,
444:
441:
434:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
385:
383:
381:
373:
368:
361:
359:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
305:
301:
299:
295:
285:
280:
272:
263:
261:
258:
256:
254:
247:
245:
242:referring to
241:
237:
235:
228:
222:
220:
216:
212:
207:
201:
196:
194:
188:
183:
178:
173:
171:
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
136:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:machicolation
95:
91:
87:
82:
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
59:
54:
48:
43:
36:
33:Machicolation
31:
19:
2834:
2789:Siege engine
2757:Other topics
2681:Related word
2647:Defense line
2611:Tower castle
2566:Bastion fort
2550:Urban castle
2478:Ganerbenburg
2476:
2431:Water castle
2407:Ridge castle
2392:Marsh castle
2207:Bomb shelter
2187:Belgian gate
2160:20th century
2071:19th century
2009:Retrenchment
1981:Punji sticks
1890:Entrenchment
1885:Device Forts
1852:Counterguard
1787:Early modern
1717:Tower castle
1653:Powder tower
1628:Outer bailey
1593:
1540:Inner bailey
1514:Gulyay-gorod
1482:Ganerbenburg
1480:
1476:Fujian tulou
1418:Corner tower
1357:Chamber gate
1327:Bridge tower
1175:Trou de loup
887:
878:
851:
843:Bibliography
821:
815:
794:
787:
768:
762:
737:
729:
720:
709:the original
704:
700:
673:the original
668:
660:(May 2008).
638:the original
633:
608:
599:
580:
574:
563:the original
546:
521:
517:
504:
493:
473:
466:
443:
377:
352:
317:
309:Conwy Castle
306:
302:
291:
259:
250:
248:
231:
223:
215:machicollāre
214:
210:
190:
174:
167:
130:
102:
100:
78:North Africa
2688:Castle town
2545:Toll castle
2514:Lustschloss
2496:Kaiserpfalz
2426:Spur castle
2421:Rock castle
2362:Hill castle
2357:Cave castle
2317:Spider hole
2217:Bremer wall
2182:Barbed tape
2078:Barbed wire
1752:Witch tower
1722:Tower house
1712:Toll castle
1698:Shield wall
1618:Murder hole
1507:Guard tower
1124:Pincer gate
1071:Faussebraye
423:Murder hole
336:Gauci Tower
294:Middle East
286:in Scotland
219:Anglo-Latin
211:Machicolate
193:machecollum
137:Terminology
111:mâchicoulis
74:Middle East
18:Mâchicoulis
2713:Gatekeeper
2533:Ordensburg
2505:Landesburg
2312:Sentry gun
2267:Flak tower
2197:Blast wall
2117:Gun turret
2014:Sally port
1919:Kotta mara
1859:Couvreface
1823:Breastwork
1818:Blockhouse
1796:Abwurfdach
1747:Watchtower
1737:Wall tower
1693:Shell keep
1643:Portcullis
1638:Peel tower
1623:Neck ditch
1582:Landesburg
1530:Half tower
1488:Gate tower
1433:Drawbridge
1275:Battlement
1191:Wagon fort
1034:Chengqiang
459:References
403:Battlement
393:Arrow slit
298:mashrabiya
253:piombatoio
177:Old French
170:mashrabiya
119:battlement
2816:Guerrilla
2559:By design
2307:Revetment
2122:Land mine
2053:Star fort
1880:Crownwork
1875:Covertway
1808:Barricade
1449:Embrasure
1362:Chartaque
1292:Bergfried
1250:Arrowslit
1076:Gatehouse
1046:City gate
1007:Castellum
973:Acropolis
559:1026-132X
553:: 26–33.
234:mata-cães
154:Bab Kisan
123:quicklime
2857:Category
2841:Category
2831:See also
2718:Loophole
2606:Ringwork
2601:Ringfort
2526:Obstacle
2367:Hillfort
2287:Loophole
2085:Barbette
2060:Tenaille
2043:Sea fort
1973:Presidio
1933:Magazine
1914:Hornwork
1847:Cavalier
1842:Casemate
1835:Caponier
1678:Ringwork
1566:Detinets
1535:Hoarding
1440:Enceinte
1315:Bretèche
1260:Bartizan
1255:Barbican
1231:Alcazaba
1159:Stockade
1139:Ringfort
1119:Palisade
1091:Landwehr
1086:Hillfort
701:L-Imnara
518:L-Imnara
418:Jettying
408:Bretèche
398:Bartizan
386:See also
355:hoarding
244:infidels
209:'neck'.
182:machecol
162:Damascus
89:Material
66:Location
2748:Vedette
2738:Schloss
2703:Festung
2698:Dungeon
2693:Château
2637:Castles
2445:By role
2302:Pillbox
2132:Outpost
2048:Station
2036:Schanze
2019:Sandbag
2004:Redoubt
1988:Ravelin
1956:Palanka
1940:Orillon
1926:Lunette
1868:Coupure
1813:Bastion
1803:Arsenal
1771:Zwinger
1683:Roundel
1673:Ricetto
1648:Postern
1633:Outwork
1557:Kremlin
1428:Curtain
1403:Citadel
1387:Chemise
1347:Caltrop
1265:Bastion
1238:Alcázar
1134:Rampart
1112:Oppidum
1105:Nuraghe
1051:Crannog
1025:Castros
961:Ancient
380:corbels
227:matacán
200:machier
115:corbels
92:Stone,
2743:Trench
2733:Picket
2144:Sangar
2097:Bunker
2029:Sconce
1949:Ostrog
1897:Flèche
1780:Modern
1759:Yagura
1727:Turret
1663:Reduit
1601:Merlon
1545:Kasbah
1523:Gusuku
1500:Glacis
1493:Gabion
1462:church
1369:Chashi
1352:Castle
1196:Laager
1184:Vallum
1141:(Rath)
1016:Castra
998:Burgus
968:Abatis
894:
866:
829:
802:
775:
750:
587:
557:
547:Vigilo
481:
346:, and
338:, the
107:French
70:Europe
2784:Siege
2728:Palas
2672:Walls
2662:Forts
2625:Lists
2472:Fence
2414:Rocca
2282:Kabal
1997:Redan
1904:Gorge
1828:Canal
1705:Shiro
1668:Ribat
1658:Qalat
1470:Dzong
1466:house
1166:Sudis
1098:Limes
1056:Ditch
989:Broch
980:Agger
712:(PDF)
697:(PDF)
676:(PDF)
665:(PDF)
641:(PDF)
630:(PDF)
566:(PDF)
543:(PDF)
514:(PDF)
435:Notes
328:Malta
320:Syria
179:word
117:of a
2794:list
2212:Buoy
1766:Yett
1608:Moat
1575:Ksar
1550:Keep
1342:Caer
1332:Burh
1308:Boom
1301:Berm
1280:Bawn
1245:Amba
1081:Gord
892:ISBN
864:ISBN
827:ISBN
800:ISBN
773:ISBN
748:ISBN
585:ISBN
555:ISSN
479:ISBN
240:slur
230:and
76:and
1066:Dun
856:doi
744:493
221:.
206:col
189:as
160:in
2859::
2833::
1468:,
1464:,
862:.
746:.
699:.
684:^
667:.
649:^
632:.
617:^
545:.
530:^
516:.
353:A
350:.
342:,
334:,
300:.
257:.
246:.
172:.
133:.
109::
101:A
72:,
1570:)
1562:(
1472:)
1199:)
1193:(
946:e
939:t
932:v
900:.
872:.
858::
835:.
808:.
781:.
756:.
705:7
593:.
522:7
487:.
105:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
