Métis buffalo hunting - Knowledge (XXG)

814: 585:

taking part (In 1840, the number was 1,630). There would then be a vote by popular assembly, where the heads of major Métis families would select the principal hunt chief and 10 to 12 councillors, or hunt captains. Each captain had ten soldiers under them. Ten guides were also chosen. A smaller council of the leaders was also held to lay down the rules or laws of the hunt. The chief and council was a decentralized and non-coercive government with limited authority; if there was any decision that went beyond the scope of authority given to them, hunt law required that they consult with the heads of households. The Métis believe in self-ownership while also being community and kin-focussed, so this style of leadership allowed for both familial independence and collective organization.

634:

running away, and making the hunt more difficult for the whole party. These laws also reinforced the communal nature of the hunts and the egalitarian values of the Métis society. This included communal sharing of the animals killed so that every family would receive enough meat to support itself, regardless of how many animals were killed by any one person. In addition, the hunt chief would make at least one free pass through the herd, and any animal that he killed was to be given to the old and sick who were unable to hunt for themselves. The practices ensured that there was an equal interest in the success of the hunt by enforcing equity among families, and recognizing both familial independence and interdependence.

317:

is chiefly shewn in bringing his rider alongside the retreating buffalo, and in avoiding the numerous pitfalls abounding on the prairie. The most treacherous of the latter are the badger holes. Considering the bold nature of the sport, remarkably few accidents occur. The hunters enter the herd with their mouths full of bullets. A handful of gunpowder is let fall from their "powder horns," a bullet is dropped from the mouth into the muzzle, a tap with the butt end of the firelock on the saddle causes the salivated bullet to adhere to the powder during the second necessary to depress the barrel, when the discharge is instantly effected without bringing the gun to the shoulder.

643: 118:

engage in trade and supply pemmican to these companies. In these early days buffalo herds still lived in close proximity to the communities, so Métis families in the Red River region could conduct their hunting and trading individually without needing to travel. As settler and Métis populations grew, the buffalo moved further away and hunts increasingly grew in size and scale to keep up with demand and provide for their expanding communities. These changes brought a new organization to the buffalo hunts, with Métis families forming parties to travel in safety.

822: 474:, an early captain of the buffalo hunt, negotiated a treaty in 1844. Another treaty was concluded in 1851 and another in 1854 but Métis hunting groups were still being attacked by the Sioux. Jean Baptiste Wilkie, the leader of the 1840, 1848 and the 1853 summer hunt, helped negotiate a peace treaty in 1859 and another in 1861 between the Métis, Chippewa and the Sioux (Dakota) to set hunting boundary lines. These peace overtures did not last and conflict continued between the Métis and the various Sioux groups even after the 332: 1015: 537:, numbered 200 carts and 67 hunters plus women and children. In North Dakota on the Grand Coteau of the Missouri on July 12 the scouts of St. François Xavier spotted a large band of Sioux. The five scouts riding back to warn the camp met with a party of 20 Sioux who surrounded them. Two made a run for it under fire but 3 were kept as captives. Two would escape the next day and one killed. On Sunday July 13 the camp was attacked by the Sioux. Lafleche dressed only in a black 25: 44: 402:

called the captain of the parish. These captains of the parish retain their authority while in the settlement. On departing for the hunt they select a man from the whole number, who is styled governor of the hunt, who takes charge of the party, regulates its movement, acts as referee in all cases where any differences arise between the members in regard to game or other matters, and takes command in case of difficulty with the Indians.

877: 250: 238: 2945: 2954: 154:, Canada, formed the largest contingent of these hunts; composed of a summer hunt and an autumn hunt. By the 1830s, every major hunt had a common form and governance structure. The largest-scale buffalo hunts began a decade later. For the summer hunts, the three parties would gather at Pembina to organize before continuing on to the buffalo hunting grounds. 17: 735:

pounds (20 kg) each), 10 bags of hard grease (100 pounds (45 kg) each) and 1 bag of soft grease (100 pounds (45 kg)) for the Île-à-la-Crosse Post and an additional 29 bags of common pemmican (90 pounds (41 kg)), 1 bag of fine pemmican (90 pounds (41 kg)) and 1 bag of hard grease (100 pounds (45 kg)) was ordered for the

463: 742:

For these people on the edge of the prairie the pemmican trade was as important a source of trade goods as was the beaver trade for the Indigenous communities further north. This trade was a major factor in the emergence of a distinct Métis society. Packs of pemmican would be shipped north and stored

521:

group (June 16) then travelled west to meet the St. François Xavier group (June 19). There were 1,300 people, 1,100 carts and 318 hunters in the combined groups. The groups hunted separately but planned to unite against any threat from the Sioux. They divided into 3 groups about 20 miles (32 km)

316:

The word given, the horsemen start in a body, loading and firing on horseback, and leaving the dead animals to be identified after the run is over. The kind of horse used is called a "buffalo runner," and is very valuable. A good one will cost from 50 to 70 pounds sterling. The sagacity of the animal

157:

All members of the family participated in the hunt in some way; the faster the buffalo meat could be processed and preserved meant less potential for spoilage as a result of changing weather conditions. Men were typically the hunters, while women were responsible for maintaining the camps, preparing

734:

The Hudson's Bay Company depended on the products of the buffalo hunts well into the 1870s. Samuel MacKenzie, the factor of Île-à-la-Crosse, ordered provisions for the passing brigades in 1871. The list included 240 bags of common pemmican (90 pounds (41 kg) each), 8 bags of fine pemmican (45

695:

The smaller buffalo cow was the main target of the hunt. A buffalo cow, weighing about 900 pounds (410 kg), will yield 272 pounds (123 kg) of meat or 54 pounds (24 kg) to 68 pounds (31 kg) of dried meat. A bull buffalo, weighing 2,000 pounds (910 kg), will yield 550 pounds

374:

nine days later. On July 3, sighting buffalo 100 miles (160 km) further, 400 mounted hunters killed about 1,000. In carts the women then arrived to cut up the meat and haul the pieces back to the camp. It took the women several days to prepare the dried meat. The camp then moved on to another

170:

hunt, otherwise known as the dried meat hunt, traditionally occurred from June to late July or early August. When the season began, the Métis, after sowing their fields in the spring, set out with their wives and children leaving a few behind to take care of the crops. The warmer temperatures made

117:

Métis buffalo hunting began in the late 18th century. Trading companies working on the plains sought out food items that could last their traders on long trips; pemmican can be stored for long periods of time without spoiling, which made it an ideal product. The Métis commercialized their hunts to

681:

or buffalo fat equal to itself in bulk. The tallow having been boiled, is poured hot from the caldron into an oblong bag, manufactured from the buffalo hide, into which the pounded meat has previously been placed. The contents are then stirred together until they have been thoroughly well mixed.

633:

The Laws of the Buffalo Hunt allowed for a structured and regulated approach to the hunt. These laws were targeted at behaviours that could seriously affect the hunt for all members, such as people opportunistically hunting bison ahead of the camp that could result in scaring the herds, the herds

396:

in 1853 (July 16) provided a description of the 1853 summer hunt. The hunt was led by Jean Baptiste Wilkie and had 1,300 people, 1,200 animals and 824 carts. The camp consisted of 104 tepees, most shared by two families, arranged within a circle of carts which covered in skins provided additional

311:

having been traded and re-traded until they come into their possession. The buffalo runner, a horse bred for speed and intelligence, was used principally for the hunt. Often its saddle and trappings were decorated with beads and porcupine quills and for the hunt its mane and tail were intertwined

64:

in the late 1700s and continued until 1878. The great buffalo hunts were subsistence, political, economic, and military operations for Métis families and communities living in the region. At the height of the buffalo hunt era, there were two major hunt seasons: summer and autumn. These hunts were

584:

To ensure their success, the buffalo hunts had a set of leaders and other positions such as scouts, soldiers, and lookouts. Each hunt had a chief and council that would be elected amongst the families of the three Métis hunting brigades. At the rendez-vous at Pembina, a count was taken of those

401:

They are generally accompanied by their priests, and attend strictly to their devotions, having exercises every Sabbath, on which day they neither march nor hunt. Their municipal government is of a parochial character, being divided into five parishes, each one being presided over by an officer

624:

This leadership and legal structure evolved to become part of a system of self-government for the Métis communities. For example, in 1873 the Southbranch settlements organized a form of local government, under Gabriel Dumont, based on the laws of the buffalo hunt.

867:

is a cured buffalo hide, with the hair left on. Only hides taken in the winter hunts between November and March when the furs are in their prime were suitable for buffalo robes. The summer hides had little value to traders and neither were the hides of bulls.

292:

with a hood, which they use only in bad weather; the Capote is secured round their waist by a military sash; they wear a shirt of calico or painted muslin, moccasins and leather leggings fastened round the leg by garters ornamented with beads,&c. The

1781: 696:(250 kg) of meat or between 110 pounds (50 kg) to 137 pounds (62 kg) of dried meat. It takes between 4 pounds (1.8 kg) or 5 pounds (2.3 kg) of meat to produce 1 pound (0.45 kg) of dried meat. A bag of pemmican or a 358:

The carts were set up to form a solid defensive circle with forks facing out. Within the circle the tents were set up in rows on one side and, facing the tents, the animals on the other side. The animals are kept outside when deemed safe.

2220:

Historical and Statistical Information, Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States: Coll. and Prepared Under the Direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Per Act of Congress of March 3rd

105:(also known as wisent or the European wood bison), however, it's very likely that the early European explorers had never seen nor heard of a European bison as they were essentially extirpated from Western Europe during the 366:

being chosen as the war chief and the president of the camp. Each captain had ten soldiers under them. Ten guides were also chosen. A smaller council of the leaders was also held to lay down the rules or laws of the hunt.

813: 375:

site. That year the hunting group returned to Fort Garry with about 900 pounds (410 kg) of buffalo meat per cart or 1,089,000 pounds (494,000 kg) in all or the dried meat of between 10,000 and 10,500 buffalo.

1090:

on the Assiniboine. They then strike for the Grand Coteau de Missouri, and their eastern flank often approaches the Red River herds coming north from the Grand Coteau. They then proceed across the Missouri up the

1951: 420:

The autumn hunt started in September and ended in late October or early November. When the hunters returned about half of the pemmican and dried meat was kept for their winter provision and the rest sold to the

1789: 682:

When full, the bag is sewed up and laid in store. Each bag when full weighs one hundred pounds. It is calculated that, on an average, the carcass of each buffalo will yield enough pemmican to fill one bag.

198:

The buffalo hunts provided the Métis with an impressive organizational structure and by 1820 was a permanent feature of life for all individuals on or near the Red River and other Métis communities.

138:. The buffalo hunt out of Red River region had three major parties: the Pembina Métis, the Métis of St. Boniface, also known as the Main River party, and the St. Francois Xavier Métis. The Métis of 351:, 620 hunters, 650 women, 360 boys and girls, 403 buffalo runners (horses), 655 cart horses, 586 draught oxen and 542 dogs in the hunting expedition. In three days they reached their rendezvous at 619:

Any person convicted of theft, even to the value of a sinew, to be brought to the middle of the camp, and the crier to call out his or her name three times, adding the word "Thief", at each time.

1078:, and beyond the north Saskatchewan in the valley of the Athabasca; They cross the South Branch in June or July, visit the prairies on the south side of the Touchwood Hill range, and cross the 3187: 700:(lit. 'a bull') weighed between 90 pounds (41 kg) to 100 pounds (45 kg) and contained between 45 pounds (20 kg) to 50 pounds (23 kg) of dried pounded meat. These bags of 2878: 2662: 852:

opened a successful trading post at Pembina in competition with the Hudson's Bay Company at Red River. By 1849 the Hudson's Bay Company had lost its fur trade monopoly (the result of the

1117:

that stretches along the eastern side of the valley of the Missouri River in central North Dakota and north-central South Dakota in the United States and extends into Saskatchewan and

412:

Six days later Stevens group encountered another hunting group led by Urbain Delorme of St. Francois Xavier. Delorme led this group, that averaged 500 carts, for 25 consecutive years.

1411:

Gaudry, Adam (2014). "Kaa-tipeyimishoyaahk - 'We Are Those Who Own Ourselves': A Political History of Métis Self-Determination in the North-West, 1830-1870 (Doctoral Dissertation)".

1236:

Gaudry, Adam (2014). "Kaa-tipeyimishoyaahk - 'We Are Those Who Own Ourselves': A Political History of Métis Self-Determination in the North-West, 1830-1870 (Doctoral Dissertation)".

1762:"Report of exploration of a route for the Pacific railroad, near the 47th and 49th parallels, from St. Paul to Puget sound. xii, 599, xv pp. fold. maps. cm.(Stevens, Isaac Ingalls)" 2166:""The lands...belonged to them, once by the Indian title, twice for having defended them...and thrice for having built and lived on them": The Law and Politics of Métis Title" 65:

highly organized, with an elected council to lead the expedition. This made sure the process was fair and all families were well-fed and provided for throughout the year.

860:

each year: from 6 carts in 1844 to 400 carts in 1855, 600 to 800 carts in 1858 and 2,500 carts in 1869. Most of this freight was in buffalo robes (25,000 in 1865 alone).

1959: 208:

In 1879 the hunters on the prairies of Canada reported that only a few buffalo were left of the great herds and two years later the last of the buffalo herds in the

3333: 1281:. Publications of the Champlain Society (in English and French). Vol. 3. Translated by Langton, HH; Ganong, William F. Toronto: Champlain Society. p. 105. 1221:

Gaudry, Adam (2014). "Kaa-tipeyimishoyaahk - 'We Are Those Who Own Ourselves': A Political History of Métis Self-Determination in the North-West, 1830-1870".

982:

The St. Albert fall hunt of 1872 found the majority of the hunters still on the prairies experiencing an October blizzard. They found refuge on Buffalo Lake (

2333: 2866: 2600: 362:

At Pembina a count was taken of those taking part (1,630 in 1840), a general council was held and leaders were chosen. Ten captains were chosen in 1840

719:

The product of 1,776 buffalo cows on one autumn hunt in 1845, which 55 hunters and their families with 213 carts took part, was 228 bags of pemmican (

439:

with their families to trap and hunt. The early fall was also the harvest season, so more family members were needed to remain at home to farm (Ens).

3124: 2571: 297:

often dispense with a hat; when they have one, it is generally variegated in the Indian manner, with feathers, gilt lace, and other tawdry ornaments.

3086: 2998: 2251: 856:) and the Métis could now freely sell their furs. As the price of buffalo robes increased so did the number of carts heading south from Pembina to 2875: 2673: 829:

The winter hunts from Red River began in the early 19th century when the population included less than 200 Scottish and Irish settlers, about 100

593:

In 1840, the following hunt rules were put in place to ensure no hunter would act greedily or harm the other members of the brigade in any way.

3358: 3146: 470:

During the 1840s and 1850s the Métis followed the buffalo herds further into the Dakota Territory bringing them into conflict with the Sioux.

466:

Map showing the general locations of the tribes and subtribes of the Sioux by the late 18th century; current reservations are shown in orange.

3338: 2810: 2640: 2473: 2402: 2369: 2083: 2026: 1832: 1739: 1527: 1485: 1172: 489: 2536: 534: 506:

resulting in the last major battle, the Battle of Grand Coteau (North Dakota), fought between the two groups. The Métis were victorious.

101:

who had traded with other First Nations that hunted them. There is a very closely related bison species indigenous to Europe, called the

752: 651: 378:

In 1849 there were two summer hunts from the Red River. The St. Francois Xavier (White Horse Plain) group alone numbered 700 Métis, 200

2748:

Narrative of the Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition of 1857: And of the Assinniboine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedition of 1858

429:. The hunters also had some fresh meat (preserved by the cold). This hunt was smaller than the summer hunt as many of the hunters, the 3236: 3091: 3022: 2774: 1980: 917: 2229: 2148: 2108: 1360: 1205: 226:

painter, witnessed and participated in the Métis buffalo hunt of 1846. Several of his paintings depict scenes of this hunt in the

2978: 2892: 2968: 2048: 1854: 1576: 968: 936: 888:

To exploit the demand for buffalo robes many more Métis would spend the winter on the prairie. From the 1840s to the 1870s Métis

647: 569: 526: 442:

Some of the products of these hunts, especially prime buffalo robes taken from November to February, also found their way by the

29: 845: 2934: 893: 817:

Red River carts at Pembina (1862-1875) A cart carried between 900 pounds (410 kg) to 1,000 pounds (450 kg) of freight

2717: 549:, directed with the camp commander Jean Baptiste Falcon a miraculous defence against the 2,000 Sioux combatants holding up a 3246: 3241: 3073: 748: 642: 3216: 3174: 3068: 901: 393: 485:

led by Chief Old Red Bear and over 1,000 carts, met the Sioux in the Battle of O'Brien's Coulée near Olga, North Dakota.

2988: 564:

Present at the Battle of Grand Coteau, fighting by their father's side, were 17-year-old Isadore Dumont who died at the

1927: 2993: 2053: 1859: 1581: 1258:(in English and Michif). Translated by Fleury, Norman. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research 1121:

in Canada. The Missouri Coteau can also refer to a line of rolling hills on the eastern edge of the Missouri Plateau.

905: 881: 89:

subtribe that includes all of the true buffalo species, but American bison have been known as buffalo since 1616 when

3081: 3363: 2983: 2973: 2853: 2337: 821: 3353: 3348: 3060: 2912: 178:

In 1840 the settlement had over 4,800 people of which 1,630 took part in the summer hunt and headed south on the

397:

sleeping quarters. The animals are driven into the circle at night and 36 men stand guard on the sleeping camp.

3251: 3117: 2863: 2608: 976: 744: 673:

The pemmican, which forms the staple article of produce from the summer hunt, is a species of food peculiar to

510: 389: 191: 139: 135: 33: 2907: 127: 3231: 3031: 1761: 1019: 960: 666: 422: 379: 3328: 3164: 2579: 1074:

The great western herds winter between the south and the north branches of the Saskatchewan, south of the

1059: 999: 987: 972: 964: 935:

New permanent settlements were also founded. They were similar to the settlements of the Red River set on

183: 143: 98: 3134: 3112: 2902: 2262: 956: 776: 518: 352: 323: 265: 61: 3302: 1475: 331: 2858: 1432: 3158: 3140: 2514: 2481: 793: 573: 447: 363: 20:

The summer hunting range was west of the Red River of the North in the Sioux territory of the Dakotas

2897: 1002:. The last of the hunts in 1877 and 1878 were failures and Buffalo Lake, perhaps the largest of the 553:

during the battle. After a siege of two days (July 13 and 14) the Sioux withdrew convinced that the

481:

In the 1848 summer hunt the hunting group, made up of 800 Métis led by Jean Baptiste Wilkie and 200

435:

or winterers, who had taken part of the summer hunt leave the settlements to pass the winter on the

3209: 3152: 3003: 2927: 1662: 1567: 1083: 1079: 940: 913: 857: 565: 186:

travelled in large groups for protection. Another smaller portion of the population would join the

90: 50:

witnessed and participated in the annual Métis buffalo hunt in June 1846 on the prairies in Dakota.

2485: 2428: 1319:

Macdougall, Brenda; St-Onge, Nicole (2013). "Rooted in mobility: Metis buffalo-hunting brigades".

1137:

Macdougall, Brenda; St-Onge, Nicole (2013). "Rooted in mobility: Métis buffalo-hunting brigades".

1014: 2187: 1630: 1063: 838: 830: 662: 475: 336: 37: 3204: 2752: 1631:"Metis Culture: A description and discussion of Metis pad saddles. Illustrations of pad saddles" 1609:

Narrative of an expedition to the source of St. Peter's river ... &c., performed in ... 1823

2547: 2449: 1197: 3343: 3226: 2806: 2800: 2636: 2398: 2392: 2365: 2359: 2225: 2218: 2144: 2104: 2079: 2073: 2022: 2016: 1882: 1828: 1735: 1729: 1668: 1523: 1481: 1356: 1201: 1168: 1092: 909: 841:

employees now freemen, and their families. Most spent the winters in Pembina hunting buffalo.

436: 370:

Leaving Pembina on June 21 the group travelled 150 miles (240 km) southwest reaching the

294: 209: 2630: 2165: 1849: 1822: 1517: 1162: 610:

For the first trespass against these laws, the offender to have his saddle and bridle cut up.

261:

in the 1820 summer hunt, 689 carts in 1825, 820 in 1830, 970 in 1835 and 1210 carts in 1840.

3169: 2177: 1351:

Homeland to Hinterland: The Changing Worlds of the Red River Metis in the Nineteenth Century

1192:

Homeland to Hinterland: The Changing Worlds of the Red River Metis in the Nineteenth Century

780: 736: 674: 546: 443: 289: 231: 131: 24: 2778: 1991: 998:

settlement with over 80 cabins frequented by both the hunting groups of St. Albert and the

43: 3287: 2944: 2882: 2870: 1100: 1096: 1075: 1055: 853: 768: 503: 280:

or servants who are employed by the Hudson's Bay Company. The Métis among them are called

269: 175:, and buffalo tongue, which the Métis would trade most often with the Hudson Bay company. 3297: 3282: 2953: 2043: 1519:

Living with Strangers: The Nineteenth-Century Sioux and the Canadian-American Borderlands

2424:

A Cyclopaedia of Commerce, Mercantile Law, Finance, Commercial Geography, and Navigation

2422: 731:) each 200 pounds (91 kg) and 556 bladders of marrow each 12 pounds (5.4 kg). 158:

and preserving the buffalo meat. A successful hunt could bring in thousands of buffalo.

3272: 3221: 2920: 2746: 2537:"Where the Buffalo Roam: Migration of the French Red River Metis to Lewistown, Montana" 1349: 1190: 1067: 1045: 991: 944: 925: 849: 764: 514: 471: 371: 348: 258: 167: 102: 78: 1292: 677:. It is composed of buffalo meat, dried and pounded fine, and mixed with an amount of 97:

in French) to the species, based on skins and drawings shown to him by members of the

3322: 3307: 3292: 2827: 2191: 1543: 1380: 1049: 952: 530: 451: 385: 2286: 1571: 613:

For the second offence, the coat to be taken off the offender's back, and be cut up.

3267: 3129: 3107: 2721: 2506: 1667:(Red river. ed.), Montreal: Printed for the author by J. Lovell, p. 168, 963:. From 300 people in 1864 St. Albert grew to 1,000 in 1870. English Métis from the 948: 921: 897: 864: 808: 804: 787: 772: 760: 554: 499: 242: 219: 179: 1251: 1054:

There were two great herds hunted by the hunters of Red River, those of the Grand

876: 264:

In 1823 William H. Keating described a group of buffalo hunters he encountered at

1607: 3181: 1087: 106: 2887: 2854:

http://www.metismuseum.ca/media/document.php/00716.VM%20-%20Bison%20Hunting.pdf

2313: 1907: 1704: 16: 3277: 2888:

Songs of Old Manitoba (2) Pierre Falcon: The Buffalo Hunt and The Dickson Song

756: 727:) each 60 pounds (27 kg) to 70 pounds (32 kg), 166 sacks of tallow ( 431: 426: 344: 249: 237: 2775:"Evapotranspiration and the Water Budget of Prairie Potholes in North Dakota" 73:

Though there are no buffalo species that are indigenous to the Americas, the

3040: 2182: 834: 308: 215: 187: 47: 2898:

John Mix Stanley (American, 1814–1872), Camp of the Red River Hunters, 1857

2698:"The Metis Homeland: Its Settlements and Communities (map of Buffalo Lake)" 2697: 2361:

Historical Atlas of Canada: Canada's History Illustrated with Original Maps

1672: 268:

by the Red River. The group had a total of 300 people and consisted of 115

2948: 1731:

Canada's First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times

658: 558: 550: 542: 482: 182:. Often harassed by the Sioux, the Métis from the various settlements of 172: 151: 147: 86: 55: 669:

most of the pemmican was sold to the Hudson's Bay Company at Red River.

607:

Every captain with his men, in turn, to patrol the camp, and keep guard.

2629:

Richard Cole Harris; Geoffrey J. Matthews; R. Louis Gentilcore (1987).

1118: 1114: 929: 538: 522:

to 30 miles (48 km) from each other moving in the same direction.

2802:

Across This Land: A Regional Geography of the United States and Canada

971:

was the leader of the hunt for his group of 200 hunters living in the

678: 223: 74: 126:

The Metis buffalo hunts were held at two times during a year by the

1782:"Urbain Delorme - The Rich Man of the Prairies by Lorraine Freeman" 1434:

Notes of a Twenty-five Years' Service in the Hudson's Bay Territory

1161:

John Elgin Foster; Dick Harrison; I. S. MacLaren (1 January 1992).

601:

No party to fork off, lag behind, or go before, without permission.

462: 2291:

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1990

1013: 875: 820: 812: 495: 461: 330: 248: 236: 227: 42: 23: 15: 1277:

de Champlain, Samuel (1929). Biggar, HP; Cameron, J Home (eds.).

1018:

Map of the extermination of the bison to 1889. This map based on

939:. They also organised their own summer, autumn and winter hunts. 1297:(5 ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2020 704:(lit. 'bulls') when mixed with fat from the udder were known as 2916: 454:

and exchanged for dry goods such as sugar, tea and ammunition.

1382:

The Red River Settlement: Its Rise, Progress and Present State

967:

northeast of St. Albert also organised hunts. In Saskatchewan

529:(White Horse Plain) group led by Jean Baptiste Falcon, son of 825:

Loaded Red River ox carts from Pembina (Minnesota 1862-1875)

2632:

Historical Atlas of Canada: The land transformed, 1800-1891

2015:

Christopher Adams; Ian Peach; Gregg Dahl (14 August 2013).

723:) each (90 pounds (41 kg)), 1213 bales of dried meat ( 604:

No person or party to run buffalo before the general order.

355:

60 miles (97 km) to the south and set up a tent city.

1981:"The Métis – Memorable Events and Memorable Personalities" 2908:

Metis camp at night, with Red River carts in circle. 1859

1294:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

665:

posts. After the North West Company was absorbed by the

392:(1853-1854) who camped near the Red River hunters near 2078:. University of Alberta. 14 August 2013. p. 337. 1952:"Battle of Grand Coteau-North Dakota: 12-14 July 1851" 1883:"The Battle at the Grand Coteau: July 13 and 14, 1851" 1477:

The Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Company ...

2859:

Metis Bison Hunters (Canadian Museum of Civilization)

916:, on the North and South Saskatchewan rivers, in the 2468: 2466: 2452:. Turtle Mountain–Souris Plains Heritage Association 2391:

R. Douglas Francis; Howard Palmer (1 January 1992).

2075:

Metis in Canada: History, Identity, Law and Politics

2018:

Metis in Canada: History, Identity, Law and Politics

1156: 1154: 1152: 767:. So important was pemmican that, in 1814, governor 307:

Their horses are from the southern prairies or from

3260: 3197: 3100: 3053: 3015: 2961: 1928:"Battle of Grand Coteau: Letter by Father Lafleche" 272:and at least 200 horses. These men, he wrote, are 2607:. Government of Alberta. 1995–2012. Archived from 2212: 2210: 2208: 2141:Gabriel Dumont: the Métis chief and his lost world 2128:. Calgary: Glenbow-Alberta Institute. p. 229. 2101:Gabriel Dumont: the Métis chief and his lost world 1824:The Geography of Manitoba: Its Land and Its People 1348: 1189: 844:In 1823 Pembina was found to be just south of the 616:For the third offence, the offender to be flogged. 661:the Métis would bring them north to trade at the 498:attacked the St. François Xavier hunting camp in 3092:Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba 2751:. Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts. pp. 2416: 2414: 2052:. Vol. XIII (1901–1910) (online ed.). 1858:. Vol. VIII (1851–1860) (online ed.). 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1196:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 779:, which forbade the export of pemmican from the 775:) with the Métis when he passed the short-lived 382:, 603 carts, 600 horses, 200 oxen and 400 dogs. 245:and Milk River Lake, Alberta region (lithograph) 2720:. St. Albert Historical Society. Archived from 2334:"History of La Loche (The Portage-HBC letters)" 2287:"Manual on simple methods of meat preservation" 1786:Metis Culture &Heritage Resource Centre Inc 1256:The Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture 1113:The Missouri Coteau, or Missouri Plateau, is a 1072: 671: 595: 399: 314: 286: 196: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 2928: 1887:Manitoba Historical Society by William Morton 1734:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 294. 1580:. Vol. X (1871–1880) (online ed.). 1426: 1424: 1422: 494:Between July 13 and 14, 1851 a large band of 8: 1908:"Jean Baptiste "Che-ma-na" Falcon. (b.1826)" 1709:Barkwell, Lawrence J. (Louis Riel Institute) 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1314: 1312: 1086:of the South Branch and a few miles west of 951:for the French Métis buffalo hunters of the 533:, and accompanied by its missionary, Father 257:The summer hunts increased in size from 540 171:this season ideal for producing dried meat, 2876:The Bison Hunt (The Many Uses of the Bison) 2740: 2738: 2635:. University of Toronto Press. p. 92. 2397:. University of Alberta. pp. 139–149. 2308: 2306: 2252:"HOW MUCH MEAT CAN I EXPECT FROM MY BISON?" 1956:The Loyal Edmonton Regiment Military Museum 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1522:. University of Toronto Press. p. 20. 1374: 1372: 1099:as winter approaches, by the flanks of the 979:from 1863 to the end of the buffalo hunts. 2935: 2921: 2913: 2718:"The Buffalo Hunt Public Artwork and Park" 2903:Red River Settlement by Paul Kane c. 1848 2364:. Douglas & McIntyre. pp. 178–. 2181: 2046:. In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1167:. University of Alberta. pp. 67–75. 1066:. Other great herds existed south of the 2999:Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians 2124:Erasmus, Peter; Thompson, Henry (1976). 1385:. London: Smith, Elder,-Ross and Haines. 1355:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 833:soldiers and a growing number of French 641: 598:No buffalo to be run on the Sabbath-Day. 3247:Metis Child and Family Services Society 1827:. Univ. of Manitoba Press. p. 90. 1129: 3334:Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains 2021:. University of Alberta. p. 347. 1990:. FabJob Calgary. 2006. Archived from 1877: 1875: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334: 572:who commanded the Métis forces in the 3087:Vancouver Métis Community Association 2394:The Prairie West: Historical Readings 1095:, and return to the Saskatchewan and 629:Egalitarian practices during the hunt 490:Battle of Grand Coteau (North Dakota) 7: 2864:Paul Kane (Artist as Buffalo hunter) 1516:David G. McCrady (1 November 2009). 657:Converting the buffalo into bags of 3147:The National Committee of the Métis 2513:. Canadian Plains Research Center, 2480:. Canadian Plains Research Center, 2224:. Lippincott, Grambo. p. 105. 2164:Drake, Karen; Gaudry, Adam (2016). 1437:. Richard Bentley. pp. 297–302 335:Métis hunting buffalo in summer by 3023:Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia 2799:John C. Hudson (8 February 2002). 2314:"Pemmican by Lawrence J. Barkwell" 1606:William Hypolitus Keating (1824). 892:hunting camps were established at 884:Métis hivernant settlement in 1874 241:Métis hunting camp in 1873 in the 14: 3004:Métis Settlements General Council 1932:Published by Lawrence J. Barkwell 1852:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 1413:ProQuest Dissertations and Theses 1238:ProQuest Dissertations and Theses 708:, when mixed with bone marrow as 234:in the United States of America. 85:. Bison are not a species of the 2994:Northwest Territory Métis Nation 2952: 2943: 2832:The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan 2143:. Edmonton: Hurtig. p. 76. 2103:. Edmonton: Hurtig. p. 98. 2049:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 1855:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 1728:Olive Patricia Dickason (1992). 1577:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 1279:The Works of Samuel de Champlain 3237:Métis Population Betterment Act 2893:Image of Red River Camp in 1853 2259:The Bison Ranch at Coteau Ridge 2217:Henry Rowe Schoolcraft (1854). 1821:John Welsted (1 January 1996). 986:) where they spent the winter. 955:area including the missions of 712:and when mixed with berries as 568:34 years later and 13-year-old 142:, situated on the banks of the 3242:List of settlements in Alberta 3074:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples 2474:"FRENCH AND MÉTIS SETTLEMENTS" 1661:Joseph James Hargrave (1871), 1022:'s late-19th century research. 994:valley nearby would become an 535:Louis-François Richer Laflèche 1: 3359:19th century in North America 3175:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation 2969:Métis Nation British Columbia 2450:"Métis Wintering Communities" 2042:Macleod, Roderick C. (1994). 513:group, accompanied by Father 3339:History of the American West 2805:. JHU Press. pp. 296–. 2511:Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan 2478:Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan 1850:"Grant, Cuthbert (d. 1854)" 1006:settlements, was abandoned. 2054:University of Toronto Press 1860:University of Toronto Press 1582:University of Toronto Press 882:Wood Mountain, Saskatchewan 846:Canada–United States border 646:Métis drying buffalo meat, 517:, made rendezvous with the 347:on June 15, 1840 were 1210 312:with multicolored ribbons. 146:in what is now the city of 3380: 3069:North Slave Métis Alliance 2421:William Waterston (1863). 1043: 802: 791: 785: 487: 394:Devil's Lake, North Dakota 93:applied the term buffalo ( 2989:Manitoba Métis Federation 2979:Métis Nation—Saskatchewan 2745:Henry Youle Hind (1860). 2139:Woodcock, George (1975). 2099:Woodcock, George (1975). 1988:George & Terry Goulet 1848:Woodcock, George (1985). 1574:. In Hayne, David (ed.). 943:, established in 1861 by 32:along the Red River near 3252:Gabriel Dumont Institute 3082:Alberta Métis Federation 3045:(Southbranch Settlement) 3036:(Southbranch Settlement) 2544:Montana State University 2170:Osgoode Hall Law Journal 1379:Ross, Alexander (1856). 977:South Saskatchewan River 743:at the major fur posts: 690:by Joseph James Hargrave 650:(White Horse Plains) by 589:Laws of the buffalo hunt 390:Pacific Railroad Surveys 288:All of them have a blue 192:Portage La Loche Brigade 136:North American fur trade 2984:Métis Nation of Ontario 2974:Métis Nation of Alberta 2601:"St. Albert Settlement" 2183:10.60082/2817-5069.2916 2126:Buffalo days and nights 1705:"Wilkie, Jean Baptiste" 1020:William Temple Hornaday 1000:Southbranch Settlements 973:Southbranch settlements 276:or freemen and are not 190:brigades including the 3165:Southbranch Settlement 3061:Métis National Council 3032:Council of St. Laurent 2484:. 2006. Archived from 2427:. H.G. Bohn. pp. 1906:Barkwell, Lawrence J. 1111: 1060:Red River of the North 1041: 1039: Range as of 1889 1033: Range as of 1870 885: 872:Hivernants settlements 826: 818: 771:nearly started a war ( 693: 654: 622: 467: 410: 340: 329: 305: 254: 246: 206: 144:Red River of the North 99:Nipissing First Nation 51: 40: 21: 3135:Pemmican Proclamation 1347:Ens, Gerhard (1996). 1223:Doctoral Dissertation 1188:Ens, Gerhard (1996). 1108:Henry Youle Hind 1860 1082:anywhere between the 1017: 879: 824: 816: 777:Pemmican Proclamation 645: 465: 334: 324:Joseph James Hargrave 252: 240: 132:Red River settlements 62:North American plains 46: 27: 19: 3159:North-West Rebellion 3141:Battle of Seven Oaks 3016:Historic Governments 2515:University of Regina 2482:University of Regina 2358:Derek Hayes (2006). 1635:Lawrence J. Barkwell 1548:Louis Riel Institute 1431:John McLean (1849). 1027: Original range 794:Battle of Seven Oaks 667:Hudson's Bay Company 574:North-West Rebellion 448:American Fur Company 423:Hudson's Bay Company 364:Jean Baptiste Wilkie 302:William Keating 1824 203:Louis Riel Institute 3153:Red River Rebellion 2773:Shjeflo, Jelmer B. 2535:Arnette, Travis R. 1962:on 28 December 2013 1252:"Michif Dictionary" 965:Victoria settlement 858:St. Paul, Minnesota 648:St. François Xavier 566:Battle of Duck Lake 527:St. François Xavier 91:Samuel de Champlain 3303:Métis buffalo hunt 3027:(Red River Colony) 2962:Modern Governments 2881:2014-01-01 at the 2869:2012-10-19 at the 1568:Harper, J. Russell 1064:Saskatchewan River 1042: 947:, became the main 886: 839:North West Company 827: 819: 799:Buffalo robe trade 663:North West Company 655: 476:Dakota War of 1862 468: 341: 337:Peter Rindisbacher 255: 253:Métis camp in 1874 247: 52: 41: 38:Peter Rindisbacher 22: 3364:American frontier 3316: 3315: 3078: 3065: 3046: 3037: 3028: 3008: 2828:"Missouri Coteau" 2812:978-0-8018-6567-1 2642:978-0-8020-3447-2 2404:978-0-88864-227-1 2371:978-1-55365-077-5 2085:978-0-88864-718-4 2044:"Dumont, Gabriel" 2028:978-0-88864-640-8 1834:978-0-88755-375-2 1741:978-0-8061-2439-1 1529:978-1-4426-0990-7 1487:978-1-277-72735-7 1174:978-0-88864-237-0 1080:Qu'appelle valley 1062:and those of the 914:Qu'Appelle valley 837:, descendants of 714:taureaux à grains 652:William Armstrong 210:Montana Territory 36:in July, 1822 by 30:narrow river lots 3371: 3354:Dakota Territory 3349:Red River Colony 3170:Half-Breed Tract 3076: 3063: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3006: 2956: 2947: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2914: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2826:Penner, Lynden, 2823: 2817: 2816: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2786: 2777:. Archived from 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2678: 2672:. Archived from 2667: 2663:"The Bison Hunt" 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2578:. Archived from 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2558: 2552: 2546:. Archived from 2541: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2470: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2418: 2409: 2408: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2378: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2345: 2336:. Archived from 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2320: 2310: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2297: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2273: 2267: 2261:. Archived from 2256: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2214: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2185: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2060: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1996: 1985: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1967: 1958:. Archived from 1948: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1914: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1893: 1879: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1818: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1788:. Archived from 1778: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1715: 1701: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1658: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1641: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1603: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1588: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1513: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1471: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1442: 1428: 1417: 1416: 1408: 1387: 1386: 1376: 1367: 1366: 1354: 1344: 1329: 1328: 1321:Manitoba History 1316: 1307: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1195: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1158: 1147: 1146: 1139:Manitoba History 1134: 1109: 1038: 1032: 1026: 880:Building at the 781:Red River Colony 749:Cumberland House 737:Portage La Loche 691: 444:Red River Trails 408: 327: 303: 232:Dakota Territory 212:were also gone. 204: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3319: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3256: 3193: 3096: 3049: 3011: 2957: 2941: 2883:Wayback Machine 2871:Wayback Machine 2849: 2844: 2836: 2834: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2782: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2756: 2744: 2743: 2736: 2727: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2614: 2612: 2605:Alberta Culture 2599: 2598: 2594: 2585: 2583: 2576:Alberta Culture 2570: 2569: 2565: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2518: 2507:"Cypress hills" 2505: 2504: 2500: 2491: 2489: 2472: 2471: 2464: 2455: 2453: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2434: 2432: 2420: 2419: 2412: 2405: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2343: 2341: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2304: 2295: 2293: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2216: 2215: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2111: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2058: 2056: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2029: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1965: 1963: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1936: 1934: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1912: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1891: 1889: 1881: 1880: 1873: 1864: 1862: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1820: 1819: 1804: 1795: 1793: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1713: 1711: 1703: 1702: 1685: 1677: 1675: 1660: 1659: 1648: 1639: 1637: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1615: 1613: 1605: 1604: 1595: 1586: 1584: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1550: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1530: 1515: 1514: 1501: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1473: 1472: 1449: 1440: 1438: 1430: 1429: 1420: 1410: 1409: 1390: 1378: 1377: 1370: 1363: 1346: 1345: 1332: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1300: 1298: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1235: 1234: 1230: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1208: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1175: 1160: 1159: 1150: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1110: 1107: 1101:Rocky Mountains 1076:Touchwood Hills 1056:Missouri Coteau 1052: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1012: 902:Riding Mountain 894:Turtle Mountain 874: 811: 801: 796: 790: 769:Miles Macdonell 753:Île-à-la-Crosse 692: 686: 640: 631: 591: 582: 580:Hunt governance 504:Missouri Coteau 492: 460: 458:Sioux conflicts 418: 409: 406: 349:Red river carts 328: 321: 304: 301: 270:Red River carts 259:Red River carts 205: 202: 194:heading north. 164: 124: 115: 71: 58:buffalo hunting 12: 11: 5: 3377: 3375: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3273:Chinook Jargon 3270: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3212: 3205:Canadian Métis 3201: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3188:Daniels ruling 3185: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3167: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3071: 3066: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3009: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2942: 2940: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2856: 2852:Bison Hunting 2848: 2847:External links 2845: 2843: 2842: 2818: 2811: 2791: 2765: 2734: 2709: 2689: 2670:Virtual Museum 2654: 2641: 2621: 2592: 2563: 2527: 2498: 2462: 2441: 2410: 2403: 2383: 2370: 2350: 2325: 2302: 2278: 2243: 2230: 2204: 2156: 2149: 2131: 2116: 2109: 2091: 2084: 2065: 2034: 2027: 2007: 1972: 1943: 1919: 1898: 1871: 1840: 1833: 1802: 1773: 1753: 1740: 1720: 1683: 1646: 1622: 1593: 1559: 1544:"Buffalo Hunt" 1535: 1528: 1499: 1486: 1474:George Bryce. 1447: 1418: 1388: 1368: 1361: 1330: 1308: 1284: 1269: 1243: 1228: 1213: 1206: 1180: 1173: 1148: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1105: 1068:Missouri River 1046:American bison 1035: 1029: 1023: 1011: 1008: 992:Red Deer River 969:Gabriel Dumont 945:Father Lacombe 926:Red Deer River 873: 870: 850:Norman Kittson 800: 797: 765:Edmonton House 745:Fort Alexander 710:taureaux grand 684: 639: 638:Pemmican trade 636: 630: 627: 621: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 590: 587: 581: 578: 570:Gabriel Dumont 557:protected the 515:Albert Lacombe 488:Main article: 472:Cuthbert Grant 459: 456: 417: 414: 404: 372:Sheyenne River 319: 299: 200: 163: 160: 123: 120: 114: 111: 103:European bison 70: 67: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3376: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3329:Bison hunting 3327: 3326: 3324: 3309: 3308:Red River Jig 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3182:Powley ruling 3180: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3077:(Canada-wide) 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3064:(Canada-wide) 3062: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054:Organizations 3052: 3042: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2819: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2795: 2792: 2781:on 2012-04-26 2780: 2776: 2769: 2766: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2724:on 2014-02-01 2723: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2679:on 2014-01-01 2675: 2671: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2625: 2622: 2611:on 2014-02-01 2610: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2582:on 2014-02-01 2581: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2553:on 2013-06-01 2549: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2528: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2488:on 2013-11-09 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2400: 2396: 2395: 2387: 2384: 2373: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2354: 2351: 2340:on 2014-02-25 2339: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2268:on 2014-01-03 2264: 2260: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2233: 2231:9780598563460 2227: 2223: 2222: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2150:9780888300959 2146: 2142: 2135: 2132: 2127: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2110:9780888300959 2106: 2102: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2069: 2066: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2038: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2011: 2008: 1997:on 2016-03-03 1993: 1989: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1909: 1902: 1899: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1844: 1841: 1836: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1792:on 2014-01-18 1791: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1774: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1743: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1724: 1721: 1710: 1706: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1611: 1610: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1531: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1489: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1436: 1435: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1383: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1362:9780802078223 1358: 1353: 1352: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1285: 1280: 1273: 1270: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1232: 1229: 1224: 1217: 1214: 1209: 1207:9780802078223 1203: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1184: 1181: 1176: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1050:Bison hunting 1047: 1021: 1016: 1010:Buffalo herds 1009: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 953:Fort Edmonton 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 906:Wood Mountain 903: 899: 895: 891: 883: 878: 871: 869: 866: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 832: 823: 815: 810: 806: 798: 795: 789: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 740: 738: 732: 730: 726: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 706:taureaux fins 703: 699: 689: 683: 680: 676: 675:Rupert's Land 670: 668: 664: 660: 653: 649: 644: 637: 635: 628: 626: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 596: 594: 588: 586: 579: 577: 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 531:Pierre Falcon 528: 523: 520: 516: 512: 507: 505: 502:on the Grand 501: 497: 491: 486: 484: 479: 477: 473: 464: 457: 455: 453: 452:Fort Snelling 449: 445: 440: 438: 434: 433: 428: 424: 415: 413: 407:Isaac Stevens 403: 398: 395: 391: 387: 386:Isaac Stevens 383: 381: 380:First Nations 376: 373: 368: 365: 360: 356: 354: 350: 346: 338: 333: 325: 322:Red river by 318: 313: 310: 298: 296: 291: 285: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 251: 244: 239: 235: 233: 230:lands of the 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 211: 199: 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 176: 174: 169: 161: 159: 155: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 122:Buffalo hunts 121: 119: 113:Early history 112: 110: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 68: 66: 63: 60:began on the 59: 57: 49: 45: 39: 35: 31: 26: 18: 3298:Métis fiddle 3283:Métis French 3130:Pemmican War 3108:Indian trade 3034:(1873–1878) 2835:, retrieved 2831: 2821: 2801: 2794: 2783:. Retrieved 2779:the original 2768: 2757:. Retrieved 2747: 2726:. Retrieved 2722:the original 2712: 2701:. Retrieved 2692: 2681:. Retrieved 2674:the original 2669: 2657: 2646:. Retrieved 2631: 2624: 2613:. Retrieved 2609:the original 2604: 2595: 2584:. Retrieved 2580:the original 2575: 2566: 2555:. Retrieved 2548:the original 2543: 2530: 2519:. Retrieved 2510: 2501: 2490:. Retrieved 2486:the original 2477: 2454:. Retrieved 2444: 2433:. Retrieved 2423: 2393: 2386: 2375:. Retrieved 2360: 2353: 2342:. Retrieved 2338:the original 2328: 2317:. Retrieved 2294:. Retrieved 2290: 2281: 2270:. Retrieved 2263:the original 2258: 2246: 2235:. Retrieved 2219: 2195:. Retrieved 2173: 2169: 2159: 2140: 2134: 2125: 2119: 2100: 2094: 2074: 2068: 2057:. Retrieved 2047: 2037: 2017: 2010: 1999:. Retrieved 1992:the original 1987: 1975: 1964:. Retrieved 1960:the original 1955: 1946: 1935:. Retrieved 1931: 1922: 1911:. Retrieved 1901: 1890:. Retrieved 1886: 1863:. Retrieved 1853: 1843: 1823: 1794:. Retrieved 1790:the original 1785: 1776: 1765:. Retrieved 1756: 1745:. Retrieved 1730: 1723: 1712:. Retrieved 1708: 1676:, retrieved 1663: 1638:. Retrieved 1634: 1625: 1614:. Retrieved 1612:. p. 44 1608: 1585:. Retrieved 1575: 1572:"Kane, Paul" 1562: 1551:. Retrieved 1547: 1538: 1518: 1491:. Retrieved 1480:Nabu Press. 1476: 1439:. Retrieved 1433: 1412: 1381: 1350: 1324: 1320: 1299:. Retrieved 1293: 1287: 1278: 1272: 1260:. Retrieved 1255: 1246: 1237: 1231: 1222: 1216: 1191: 1183: 1163: 1142: 1138: 1132: 1112: 1093:Yellow Stone 1073: 1053: 1003: 995: 988:Buffalo Lake 984:Lac du boeuf 983: 981: 961:Lac St. Anne 957:Lac la Biche 949:staging area 934: 922:Battle River 918:Cyprus Hills 898:Souris River 889: 887: 865:buffalo robe 862: 848:and in 1844 843: 828: 809:Buffalo robe 805:Buffalo coat 788:Pemmican War 773:Pemmican War 761:Norway House 741: 733: 728: 725:viande sèche 724: 720: 718: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 694: 687: 672: 656: 632: 623: 592: 583: 563: 555:Great Spirit 524: 511:St. Boniface 508: 500:North Dakota 493: 480: 469: 441: 430: 419: 411: 400: 384: 377: 369: 361: 357: 342: 315: 306: 287: 281: 277: 273: 263: 256: 243:Three Buttes 214: 207: 197: 177: 165: 162:Summer hunts 156: 140:St. Boniface 125: 116: 94: 82: 72: 69:Nomenclature 54: 53: 34:St. Boniface 3227:Bois-Brûlés 3222:Anglo-Métis 3155:(1869–1870) 3149:(est. 1864) 2572:"The Métis" 2176:(1): 1–52. 1088:Fort Ellice 910:Assiniboine 854:Sayer Trial 721:pimikchigan 416:Autumn hunt 295:Bois brulés 282:Bois brulés 274:Gens libres 166:The summer 134:during the 107:Middle Ages 3323:Categories 3278:Hivernants 3210:in Alberta 2837:2007-05-16 2785:2012-12-24 2759:2014-04-10 2728:2014-01-16 2703:2013-02-13 2683:2014-01-05 2648:2014-04-10 2615:2014-01-16 2586:2014-01-14 2557:2015-05-14 2521:2014-01-16 2492:2014-01-16 2456:2014-01-16 2435:2014-04-10 2377:2014-04-10 2344:2014-01-04 2319:2013-01-24 2296:2014-01-02 2272:2014-01-02 2237:2014-04-10 2059:2014-01-06 2001:2013-12-27 1966:2013-12-23 1937:2013-10-04 1913:2014-01-05 1892:2013-10-04 1865:2014-01-12 1796:2014-01-16 1767:2014-01-05 1747:2014-04-10 1714:2014-01-07 1678:2014-04-10 1640:2014-02-08 1616:2014-04-10 1587:2013-12-29 1553:2013-12-23 1493:2014-04-10 1441:2014-04-10 1125:References 1044:See also: 1004:hivernants 941:St. Albert 937:river lots 890:hivernants 831:De Meurons 803:See also: 792:See also: 786:See also: 757:Fort Garry 432:hivernants 427:Fort Garry 388:of the US 345:Fort Garry 83:lii bufloo 3118:Fur trade 3041:Exovedate 3007:(Alberta) 2197:10 August 2192:151430131 1664:Red River 1327:(21): 23. 1301:10 August 1262:10 August 1097:Athabaska 996:hivernant 928:, and in 924:, on the 920:, on the 912:, in the 908:, on the 896:, on the 835:voyageurs 688:Red river 576:of 1885. 309:New Spain 216:Paul Kane 188:York boat 184:Red River 77:term for 48:Paul Kane 28:Homes on 3217:US Métis 3125:Marriage 3113:Scottish 2879:Archived 2867:Archived 1570:(1972). 1106:— 1058:and the 990:and the 729:boskoyas 702:taureaux 685:— 659:pemmican 551:crucifix 543:surplice 541:, white 483:Chippewa 437:Prairies 405:— 343:Leaving 320:— 300:— 224:Canadian 201:— 173:pemmican 152:Manitoba 148:Winnipeg 87:Bubalina 3261:Culture 3198:Society 3101:History 3043:(1885) 3025:(1870) 2951:people 1673:5035707 1164:Buffalo 1119:Alberta 1115:plateau 975:on the 930:Montana 739:Post. 698:taureau 539:cassock 519:Pembina 446:to the 353:Pembina 339:in 1822 278:Engagés 266:Pembina 180:prairie 168:buffalo 130:of the 95:buffles 3288:Michif 3232:People 3190:(2016) 3184:(2003) 3161:(1885) 3143:(1816) 3137:(1814) 2809: 2639: 2517:. 2006 2401: 2368: 2228: 2190: 2147: 2107: 2082: 2025: 1831: 1738: 1671: 1526: 1484: 1359: 1204: 1171: 1037: 1031: 1025: 763:, and 679:tallow 545:, and 290:capote 222:-born 75:Michif 3344:Métis 3268:Bungi 2949:Métis 2677:(PDF) 2666:(PDF) 2551:(PDF) 2540:(PDF) 2266:(PDF) 2255:(PDF) 2188:S2CID 1995:(PDF) 1984:(PDF) 1225:: 77. 1145:(21). 1084:Elbow 559:Métis 547:stole 496:Sioux 228:Sioux 220:Irish 218:, an 128:Métis 79:bison 56:Métis 3293:Flag 2807:ISBN 2637:ISBN 2431:–144 2399:ISBN 2366:ISBN 2226:ISBN 2221:1847 2199:2020 2145:ISBN 2105:ISBN 2080:ISBN 2023:ISBN 1829:ISBN 1736:ISBN 1669:OCLC 1524:ISBN 1482:ISBN 1357:ISBN 1303:2020 1264:2020 1202:ISBN 1169:ISBN 1048:and 959:and 807:and 525:The 509:The 326:1871 2753:103 2429:142 2178:doi 450:at 425:at 81:is 3325:: 2830:, 2737:^ 2668:. 2603:. 2574:. 2542:. 2509:. 2476:. 2465:^ 2413:^ 2305:^ 2289:. 2257:. 2207:^ 2186:. 2174:54 2172:. 2168:. 1986:. 1954:. 1930:. 1885:. 1874:^ 1805:^ 1784:. 1707:. 1686:^ 1649:^ 1633:. 1596:^ 1546:. 1502:^ 1450:^ 1421:^ 1391:^ 1371:^ 1333:^ 1325:71 1323:. 1311:^ 1254:. 1200:. 1198:12 1151:^ 1143:71 1141:. 1070:. 932:. 904:, 900:, 863:A 783:. 759:, 755:, 751:, 747:, 716:. 561:. 478:. 284:. 150:, 109:. 2936:e 2929:t 2922:v 2815:. 2788:. 2762:. 2755:– 2731:. 2706:. 2686:. 2651:. 2618:. 2589:. 2560:. 2524:. 2495:. 2459:. 2438:. 2407:. 2380:. 2347:. 2322:. 2299:. 2275:. 2240:. 2201:. 2180:: 2153:. 2113:. 2088:. 2062:. 2031:. 2004:. 1969:. 1940:. 1916:. 1895:. 1868:. 1837:. 1799:. 1770:. 1750:. 1717:. 1643:. 1619:. 1590:. 1556:. 1532:. 1496:. 1444:. 1415:. 1365:. 1305:. 1266:. 1240:. 1210:. 1177:. 1103:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index