551:
573:
2060:(in the CGA) are used to decode states used as signals such as +RAS (Row Address Strobe ) and S/-L (Shift / NOT Load). Source: IBM Personal Computer Options & Adapters Technical Reference, Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter, logic diagrams; IBM Personal Computer Options & Adapters Technical Reference, Color Graphics Monitor Adapter, logic diagrams.
586:
Before the days of digital computing, digital counters were used to measure rates of random events such as radioactive decays to alpha and beta particle. Fast "pre-scaling" counters reduced the rate of random events to more manageable and more regular rates. Five-state ring counters were used along
515:
Johnson counters are sometimes favored, because they offer twice as many count states from the same number of shift registers, and because they are able to self-initialize from the all-zeros state, without requiring the first count bit to be injected externally at start-up. The
Johnson counter
666:
Besides being an efficient alternative way to generate one-hot codes and frequency pre-scalers, a
Johnson counter is also a simple way to encode a cycle of an even number of states that can be asynchronously sampled without glitching, since only one bit changes at a time, as in a
607:
invented a version using multiple anodes in a single vacuum tube, In recognition of his work, ring counters are sometimes referred to as "Overbeck rings" (and after 2006, sometimes as "Overbeck counters", since
Knowledge (XXG) used that term from 2006 to 2018).
630:
Robert Royce
Johnson developed a number of different shift-register-based counters with the aim of making different numbers of states with the simplest possible feedback logic, and filed for a patent in 1953. The Johnson counter is the simplest of these.
594:
Early ring counters used only one active element (vacuum tube, valve, or transistor) per stage, relying on global feedback rather than local bistable flip-flops, to suppress states other than the one-hot states, for example in the 1941 patent filing of
489:
circuit which is substantially more complex than a ring counter and has higher propagation delay as the number of bits increases, whereas the propagation delay of a ring counter will be nearly constant regardless of the number of bits in the code.
662:
Straight ring counters generate fully decoded one-hot codes to that are often used to enable a specific action in each state of a cyclic control cycle. One-hot codes can also be decoded from a
Johnson counter, using one gate for each state.
2551:
The counters needed for X and Y simply count through four states, in either direction (up or down), changing only one bit at a time (i.e., 00, 01, 11, 10). This is a simple case of either a Gray-code counter or a
Johnson counter (Moebius
675:
used up–down (bidirectional) 2-bit
Johnson or Gray encodings to indicate motion in each of the two dimensions, though in mice those codes were not usually generated by rings of flip-flops (but instead by electro-mechanical or optical
560:
pattern, the straight ring is sometimes made self-initializing by the use of a distributed feedback gate across all of the outputs except that last, so that a 1 is presented at the input when there is no 1 in any stage but the last.
2318:
trigger, which is ON. Each negative input pulse will turn OFF the trigger that is ON. The fall of the voltage at pin 10 of the trigger being turned OFF will grid flip the next trigger ON. This continues through a closed ring
2507:
2505:
2490:
2309:
The
Overbeck ring is used to supply timed pulses within computer circuits much as cam operated circuit breakers supply timed pulses on mechanical machines. It consists of a set of triggers with a common input from the
2571:
615:
used decimal arithmetic based on 10-state one-hot ring counters. The works of Mumma at NCR and
Overbeck at MIT were among the prior art works examined by the patent office in invalidated the patents of
538:
Sometimes bidirectional shift registers are used (using multiplexors to take the input for each flip-flop from its left or right neighbor), so that bidirectional or up–down ring counters can be made.
2214:
2118:
Integrated
Circuit and System Design. Power and Timing Modeling, Optimization and Simulation: Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop, PATMOS 2003, Torino, Italy, 10–12 September 2003
531:
representation of the counter state is needed, as in some sequence controllers, the straight ring counter is preferred. The one-hot property means that the set of codes are separated by a
572:
550:
2465:
2466:"Digital dividers with symmetrical outputs - The author uses Johnson counters with controlled feedback to give symmetrical even and odd-numbered divisions of a clock pulse"
680:). A 2-bit Johnson code and a 2-bit Gray code are identical, while for 3 or more bits Gray and Johnson codes are different. In the 5-bit case, the code is the same as the
86:, connects the complement of the output of the last shift register to the input of the first register and circulates a stream of ones followed by zeros around the ring.
2643:
694:
A walking ring counter, also called a Johnson counter, and a few resistors can produce a glitch-free approximation of a sine wave. When combined with an adjustable
2536:
578:
Note the small bubble indicating inversion of the Q signal from the last shift register before feeding back to the first D input, making this a Johnson counter.
2208:
703:
474:
2690:
2706:
644:
60:, connects the output of the last shift register to the first shift register input and circulates a single one (or zero) bit around the ring.
2448:
2421:
2096:
2121:
512:
states. This may be an important consideration in hardware implementations where registers are more expensive than combinational logic.
707:
2875:
2782:
2752:
2716:
2631:
2360:
2246:
2186:
2129:
699:
2018:
600:
535:
of 2, so any single-bit error is detectable (as is any error pattern other than turning on one bit and turning off one bit).
2622:
2771:
Digitale Elektronik in der Meßtechnik und Datenverarbeitung: Anwendung der digitalen Grundschaltungen und Gerätetechnik
2052:
hex D-type flip-flop ICs are wired as a shift register, fed back with inversion to form a Johnson counter, and 2-input
2523:
2336:. Technical Education Program Series. United States, Division of Vocational and Technical Education. 1960. p. 52.
2947:
2685:. Philips Technical Library (PTL) / Macmillan Education (Reprint of 1st English ed.). Eindhoven, Netherlands:
2375:
2314:
which carries pulses supplied by the process drum. Initially the triggers are reset OFF with the exception of the
2238:
2041:
2942:
2284:
Dayton Codebreakers: 1942 Research Report, mentioning "A new high speed counter by Mr. Overbeck, January 8, 1942"
42:, with the output of the last flip-flop fed to the input of the first, making a "circular" or "ring" structure.
2686:
652:
532:
2478:
2413:
35:
2331:
2741:
Digitale Elektronik in der MeĂźtechnik und Datenverarbeitung: Theoretische Grundlagen und Schaltungstechnik
2045:
651:), and as accumulator counter elements for decimal arithmetic in computers and calculators, using either
587:
with divide-by-two scalers to make decade (power-of-ten) scalers before 1940, such as those developed by
2774:
2744:
2228:
482:
681:
2743:. Philips FachbĂĽcher (in German). Vol. I (improved and extended 5th ed.). Hamburg, Germany:
2146:
2391:
596:
565:
493:
The straight and twisted forms have different properties, and relative advantages and disadvantages.
2837:
2807:
2621:
Powell, E. Alexander (June 1968). "Codes particularly useful for analogue to digital conversions".
588:
486:
2893:
2666:
2635:
2588:
2464:
van Holten, Cornelius (August 1982). Written at Delft Technical University, Delft, Netherlands.
2202:
677:
604:
2295:
627:
By the 1950s, ring counters with a two-tube or twin-triode flip-flop per stage were appearing.
2881:
2871:
2859:
2841:
2829:
2811:
2799:
2778:
2748:
2702:
2596:
2532:
2482:
2444:
2438:
2417:
2356:
2348:
2242:
2182:
2168:
2125:
2092:
2008:
648:
643:
and such instruments), as counters to count pattern occurrences in cryptanalysis (e.g. in the
617:
2232:
2113:
2082:
2037:
Johnson counter circuits with single states decoded in this way can be found in the original
2712:
2694:
2580:
2178:
517:
2905:
2867:
2519:
2013:
497:
686:
496:
A general disadvantage of ring counters is that they are lower density codes than normal
2273:"Electronic switching device", Wilcox P. Overbeck's US Patent No. 2427533, filed in 1943
2473:
640:
81:
39:
504:
is the number of bits in the code, whereas a straight ring counter can represent only
2936:
2923:
2639:
2566:
672:
2864:
Taschenbuch der Informatik – Band II – Struktur und Programmierung von EDV-Systemen
2174:
1636:
621:
2584:
2395:
2379:
2283:
516:
generates a code in which adjacent states differ by only one bit (that is, have a
2773:. Philips FachbĂĽcher (in German). Vol. II (4th ed.). Hamburg, Germany:
2680:
2262:"Electronic accumulation", Robert E. Mumma's US Patent No. 2405096, filed in 1941
2234:
Electrical Counting: With Special Reference to Counting Alpha and Beta Particles
2112:
Mengibar, Luis; Entrena, Luis; Lorenz, Michael G.; Sánchez-Reillo, Raúl (2003).
524:, which can be useful if the bit pattern is going to be asynchronously sampled.
2698:
2272:
2261:
702:. Two such walking ring counters are perhaps the simplest way to generate the
17:
2600:
2592:
2525:
The Optical Mouse, and an Architectural Methodology for Smart Digital Sensors
2486:
2088:
2053:
695:
668:
521:
2147:"Synchronous up/down counter with clock period independent of counter size"
639:
Early applications of ring counters were as frequency prescalers (e.g. for
2919:
2057:
2048:
video display adapter designs, in the timing sequencer logic: one or two
557:
528:
55:
2333:
Electrical Technology - A Suggested 2-Year Post High School Curriculum
2572:
Transactions of the I.R.E. Professional Group on Electronic Computers
2049:
711:
656:
612:
500:
of state numbers. A binary counter can represent 2 states, where
2531:(Report), Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, California, USA:
2410:
Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Code-breaking Computers
2885:
2845:
2815:
568:, is a ring with an inversion; here is a 4-bit Johnson counter:
546:
The straight ring counter has the logical structure shown here:
478:
2349:"The Origins of Digital Computers: Supplementary Bibliography"
2304:
2038:
2297:
RAMAC 305 - IBM Customer Engineering Manual of Instruction
2806:(in German) (1 ed.). Berlin / Göttingen / New York:
2624:
A short note on useful codes for Fluidic Control Circuits
2866:(in German). Vol. 2 (3 ed.). Berlin, Germany:
2437:
Langholz, Gideon; Kandel, Abraham; Mott, Joe L. (1998).
2565:
Libaw, William H.; Craig, Leonard J. (October 1953) .
2154:
Proceedings 13th IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic
473:
Ring counters are often used in hardware design (e.g.
655:(as in the Colossus) or ten-state one-hot (as in the
2862:; Weber, Wolfgang; Heinemann, Traute, eds. (1974) .
2634:, Department of Production Engineering. p. 10.
2084:
Finite State Machines in Hardware: Theory and Design
2477:. Vol. 88, no. 1559. Sutton, Surrey, UK:
2679:Dokter, Folkert; Steinhauer, JĂĽrgen (1973-06-18).
556:Instead of the reset line setting up the initial
508:states and a Johnson counter can represent only 2
2567:"A Photoelectric Decimal-Coded Shaft Digitizer"
2802:, ed. (1962). Written at Karlsruhe, Germany.
2769:Dokter, Folkert; Steinhauer, JĂĽrgen (1975) .
2739:Dokter, Folkert; Steinhauer, JĂĽrgen (1975) .
2353:History of Computing in the Twentieth Century
8:
2223:
2221:
2836:(in German) (2 ed.). Berlin, Germany:
2114:"State Encoding for Low-Power FSMs in FPGA"
2167:Holdsworth, Brian; Woods, Clive (2002).
1634:
1438:
1242:
1077:
947:
850:
784:
720:
94:
2834:Taschenbuch der Nachrichtenverarbeitung
2804:Taschenbuch der Nachrichtenverarbeitung
2073:
2030:
704:continuous-phase frequency-shift keying
2901:
2891:
2832:; Wagner, Siegfried W., eds. (1967) .
2443:. World Scientific. pp. 525–526.
2398:, US Patent No. 3030581, filed in 1953
2382:, US Patent No. 2536808, filed in 1949
2200:
45:There are two types of ring counters:
2122:Springer Science & Business Media
485:. A binary counter would require an
7:
2658:(18 pages) (NB. The paper names the
2691:N. V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken
2440:Foundations of Digital Logic Design
2207:: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (
708:dual-tone multi-frequency signaling
645:Heath Robinson codebreaking machine
25:
2351:. In Metropolis, Nicholas (ed.).
700:numerically-controlled oscillator
34:is a type of counter composed of
571:
549:
2649:from the original on 2020-12-15
2542:from the original on 2020-05-23
2496:from the original on 2021-02-21
698:, this is perhaps the simplest
91:Four-bit ring-counter sequences
2355:. Elsevier. pp. 651–652.
2019:Linear-feedback shift register
601:National Cash Registor Company
1:
2585:10.1109/IREPGELC.1953.5407731
564:A Johnson counter, named for
2659:
2081:Pedroni, Volnei A. (2013).
2964:
2632:The College of Aeronautics
2408:Copeland, B. Jack (2010).
2376:William Alfred Higinbotham
2239:Cambridge University Press
624:for the ENIAC technology.
2699:10.1007/978-1-349-01417-0
102:
97:
2920:"TV Typewriter Cookbook"
2687:The Macmillan Press Ltd.
2145:Stan, Mircea R. (1997).
533:minimum Hamming distance
527:When a fully decoded or
69:switch-tail ring counter
2747:. pp. 52, 58, 98.
2479:IPC Business Press Ltd.
2414:Oxford University Press
2380:"Fast impulse circuits"
2347:Randall, Brian (2014).
2810:. pp. 71–72, 74.
2229:Lewis, Wilfrid Bennett
2775:Deutsche Philips GmbH
2745:Deutsche Philips GmbH
483:finite-state machines
98:Straight ring counter
51:straight ring counter
2926:). 1976. p. 180-181.
2416:. pp. 123–128.
2396:"Electronic counter"
2392:Robert Royce Johnson
2181:. pp. 191–192.
2170:Digital Logic Design
691:for decimal digits.
566:Robert Royce Johnson
73:walking ring counter
65:twisted ring counter
2838:Springer-Verlag OHG
2808:Springer-Verlag OHG
2682:Digital Electronics
1639:
1441:
1245:
1082:
950:
853:
789:
723:
678:quadrature encoders
659:) representations.
589:C. E. Wynn-Williams
2860:Steinbuch, Karl W.
2830:Steinbuch, Karl W.
2800:Steinbuch, Karl W.
2667:Richard W. Hamming
2663:modified Gray code
1635:
1439:
1243:
1078:
948:
851:
785:
721:
605:Wilcox P. Overbeck
481:design) to create
53:, also known as a
2948:Digital registers
2848:. Title No. 1036.
2759:(xii+327+3 pages)
2708:978-1-349-01419-4
2630:. Cranfield, UK:
2533:Xerox Corporation
2009:Counter (digital)
2000:
1999:
1994:
1993:
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1435:
1434:
1239:
1238:
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1073:
944:
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847:
846:
781:
780:
649:Colossus computer
618:J. Presper Eckert
466:
465:
38:connected into a
16:(Redirected from
2955:
2943:Digital circuits
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2899:
2897:
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2789:(xi+393+3 pages)
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2642:. CoA Memo 156.
2629:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2530:
2520:Lyon, Richard F.
2516:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2481:pp. 43–46.
2470:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2450:978-9-81023110-1
2434:
2428:
2427:
2423:978-0-19957814-6
2405:
2399:
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2198:
2196:
2195:
2179:Elsevier Science
2164:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2120:. Vol. 13.
2109:
2103:
2102:
2098:978-0-26201966-8
2078:
2061:
2056:(in the MDA) or
2035:
1640:
1442:
1246:
1083:
1081:
951:
854:
790:
788:
724:
717:
716:
690:
682:Libaw–Craig code
575:
553:
518:Hamming distance
498:binary encodings
103:Johnson counter
95:
21:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2918:Don Lancaster.
2917:
2913:
2900:
2890:
2878:
2868:Springer Verlag
2858:
2857:
2853:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2798:
2797:
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2777:. p. 169.
2768:
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2543:
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2522:(August 1981),
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2312:ring drive line
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2014:Ring oscillator
2005:
1079:
786:
684:
637:
597:Robert E. Mumma
584:
544:
520:of 1), as in a
471:
93:
77:Johnson counter
28:
27:Type of counter
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2693:. p. 43.
2671:
2665:and misspells
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2474:Wireless World
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2241:. p. 90.
2217:
2187:
2173:(4 ed.).
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2124:. p. 35.
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2091:. p. 50.
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18:Möbius counter
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1080:4-bit Johnson
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673:computer mice
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48:
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37:
33:
19:
2914:
2863:
2854:
2833:
2824:
2803:
2794:
2770:
2764:
2740:
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2681:
2674:
2662:
2651:. Retrieved
2623:
2616:
2604:. Retrieved
2576:
2570:
2560:
2550:
2544:, retrieved
2524:
2514:
2498:. Retrieved
2472:
2459:
2439:
2432:
2409:
2403:
2387:
2371:
2352:
2342:
2332:
2326:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2296:
2290:
2279:
2268:
2257:
2233:
2213:(519 pages)
2192:. Retrieved
2175:Newnes Books
2169:
2162:
2153:
2140:
2117:
2107:
2083:
2076:
2033:
1244:Libaw–Craig
693:
665:
661:
638:
635:Applications
629:
626:
622:John Mauchly
610:
593:
585:
577:
570:
563:
555:
548:
545:
537:
526:
514:
509:
505:
501:
495:
492:
472:
448:
393:
356:
319:
282:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
54:
50:
44:
32:ring counter
31:
29:
2902:|work=
2729:(270 pages)
2718:333-13360-9
2660:Glixon code
685: [
2937:Categories
2724:2020-05-11
2653:2020-12-15
2606:2020-05-26
2579:(3): 1–4.
2555:(41 pages)
2546:2020-05-23
2500:2021-02-20
2194:2020-04-19
2156:: 274–281.
2068:References
2054:NAND gates
710:and early
653:bi-quinary
469:Properties
36:flip-flops
2904:ignored (
2894:cite book
2669:'s name.)
2640:215864694
2611:(4 pages)
2601:2168-1740
2593:2168-1759
2552:counter).
2509:(4 pages)
2487:0043-6062
2203:cite book
2089:MIT Press
2058:XOR gates
696:prescaler
669:Gray code
522:Gray code
2886:73-80607
2846:67-21079
2816:62-14511
2644:Archived
2537:archived
2491:Archived
2307:. 1959.
2231:(1942).
2003:See also
722:Decimal
706:used in
671:. Early
647:and the
1637:1-of-10
727:
714:tones.
599:of the
582:History
558:one-hot
529:one-hot
445:
410:
373:
336:
299:
262:
227:
192:
157:
84:counter
58:counter
56:one-hot
2884:
2874:
2844:
2814:
2781:
2751:
2715:
2705:
2638:
2599:
2591:
2485:
2447:
2420:
2359:
2245:
2185:
2128:
2095:
2050:74x174
1440:1-2-1
949:3-bit
852:2-bit
82:Möbius
2647:(PDF)
2636:S2CID
2628:(PDF)
2589:eISSN
2540:(PDF)
2529:(PDF)
2494:(PDF)
2469:(PDF)
2301:(PDF)
2150:(PDF)
2025:Notes
787:1-bit
712:modem
689:]
657:ENIAC
613:ENIAC
487:adder
125:State
108:State
79:, or
2906:help
2882:LCCN
2872:ISBN
2842:LCCN
2812:LCCN
2779:ISBN
2749:ISBN
2703:ISBN
2597:ISSN
2577:EC-2
2483:ISSN
2445:ISBN
2418:ISBN
2357:ISBN
2316:home
2243:ISBN
2209:link
2183:ISBN
2126:ISBN
2093:ISBN
2044:and
620:and
611:The
479:FPGA
477:and
475:ASIC
2922:. (
2713:SBN
2695:doi
2581:doi
2305:IBM
2046:CGA
2042:MDA
2039:IBM
137:Q3
2939::
2898::
2896:}}
2892:{{
2880:.
2870:.
2840:.
2711:.
2701:.
2689:/
2595:.
2587:.
2575:.
2569:.
2549:,
2489:.
2471:.
2412:.
2394:,
2378:,
2303:.
2237:.
2220:^
2205:}}
2201:{{
2177:/
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230:2
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131:Q1
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2908:)
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20:)
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