236:
254:
31:
218:
2848:
769:, with a mean diameter of 122 km, is the third largest M-type asteroid known after 16 Psyche and 22 Kalliope. Radar delay-Doppler imaging, high-resolution telescopic images, and several stellar occultations show it to be a contact binary asteroid with a shape commonly referred to as a "dog-bone" or "dumbbell." Radar observations from the Arecibo radar telescope indicate a very high radar albedo of
754:, was discovered in 2001 and allows for an accurate mass estimate. Unlike most of the M-type asteroids, Kalliope's radar albedo is 0.15, similar to the S- and C-type asteroids, and does not suggest an enrichment of metal in its regolith. It has been the target of high resolution adaptive optics imaging which has been used to provide a reliable size and shape, and a relatively high bulk density of 4.1
272:
196:
511:
Psyche, as it is the most massive M-type asteroid and has numerous mass estimates. Size estimates based on shape models (usually derived from adaptive optics, occultations, and radar imaging) are the most reliable. Direct spacecraft imaging (Lutetia) is also quite reliable. Sizes based on indirect methods like thermal IR (e.g. IRAS) and radar echoes are less reliable.
549:, the largest of the M-type asteroids. There are three arguments against Psyche forming in this way. First, it must have started as a Vesta-sized (~500 km) protoplanet; statistically, it is unlikely that Psyche was completely disrupted while Vesta remained intact. Second, there is little or no observational evidence for an
328:
To calculate the bulk density of an asteroid requires an accurate estimate of its mass and volume; both of these are difficult to obtain given their small size relative to other solar system objects. In the case of the larger asteroids, one can estimate mass by observing how their gravitational field
181:
and shortward of 0.55 μm. The presence of silicates is evident in many, and a significant fraction show evidence of absorption features at 3 μm, attributed to hydrated silicates. The presence of silicates, and especially hydrated silicates, is at odds with the traditional interpretation of
510:
Of these, mass measurements made via spacecraft deflection or the orbits of moons are considered the most reliable. Ephemeris estimates are based on the subtle gravitational pull of other objects on that asteroid, or vice versa, and are considered less reliable. The exception to this caveat may be
518:), then that interpretation may still hold; this is unlikely for Psyche, because of its large size. Given the spectral evidence of silicates on most M-type asteroids, the consensus interpretation for most of these larger asteroids is that they are composed of lower density meteorite analogs (e.g.
553:
associated with Psyche, and third, there is no spectroscopic evidence for the expected mantle fragments (i.e. olivine) that would have resulted from this event. Instead, it has been argued that Psyche is the remnant of a protoplanet that was shattered and gravitationally re-accumulated into a
565:
One possible response to this second interpretation is that the M-type asteroids (including 16 Psyche) accumulated much closer to the Sun (1–2 au), were stripped of their thin crust/mantles while still molten (or partially so), and later dynamically moved into the current asteroid belt.
586:. Of those, 38 are classified as M-type. Another 10 were originally classified as X-type, but are now counted among the M-types because their optical albedos fall between 0.1 and 0.3. Overall, the M-types make up approximately 5% of the asteroids classified under the Tholen taxonomy.
569:
A third view is that the largest M-types, including 16 Psyche, may be differentiated bodies (like 1 Ceres and 4 Vesta) but, given the right mix of iron and volatiles (e.g. sulfur), these bodies may have experienced a type of iron volcanism, a.k.a. ferrovolcanism, while still cooling.
820:
in the southern hemisphere, consistent with a metal-rich composition. Kleopatra is also notable for the presence of two small moons, named
Alexhelios and Cleoselena, which have allowed its mass and bulk density to be accurately computed.
152:
Although widely assumed to be metal-rich (the reason for use of "M" in the classification), the evidence for a high metal content in the M-type asteroids is only indirect, though highly plausible. Their spectra are similar to those of
1691:
Descamps, P.; Marchis, F.; Pollock, J.; Berthier, J.; Vachier, F.; Birlan, M.; et al. (2008). "New determination of the size and bulk density of the binary asteroid 22 Kalliope from observations of mutual eclipses".
738:
contains an elevated amount of metal phases relative to other asteroid classes. Analysis using data from the
Rosetta spectrometer (VIRTIS) was consistent with estatitic or iron-rich carbonaceous chondritic materials.
165:
are much higher than other asteroid classes, consistent with the presence of higher density compositions like iron-nickel. Nearly all of the M-types have radar albedos at least twice as high as the more common
818:
724:
654:
2735:
2884:
2768:
866:
Shepard, M.K.; et al. (2015). "A radar survey of M- and X-class asteroids: III. Insights into their composition, hydration state, and structure".
2783:
2197:
2165:
301:
of an asteroid provides clues about its composition and meteoritic analogs. For the M-types, the proposed analogs have bulk densities that range from ~3
57:
which appear to contain higher concentrations of metal phases (e.g. iron-nickel) than other asteroid classes, and are widely thought to be the source of
545:
It is acknowledged that some of the smaller M-type asteroids (<100 km) may have formed in this way, but that interpretation was challenged for
542:, stripped of their overlying crust and mantles by massive collisions that are thought to have been frequent in the early history of the solar system.
2234:
2212:
1247:
333:, one can use their collective orbital parameters (e.g. orbital period, semimajor axis) to estimate the masses of the ensemble, for example in the
2877:
1162:
Britt, D.T.; et al. (2015). "Asteroids' density, porosity, and structure". In Bottke, W.F.; Cellino, A.; Paolicchi, P.; Binzel, R.P. (eds.).
953:
Gaffey; Bell, J.F.; Cruikshank, D. (1989). "Asteroid surface mineralogy". In Binzel, Richard P.; Gehrels, Tom; Matthews, Mildred
Shapley (eds.).
317:. Given the bulk density of an asteroid and the density of the materials that make it up (aka particle or grain density), one can calculate its
2389:
2374:
2297:
2439:
2384:
2379:
1171:
909:
340:
To estimate an asteroid's volume requires, at a minimum, an estimate of an asteroid's diameter. In most cases, these are estimated from the
2334:
2302:
2192:
2344:
2137:
1983:
Coradini, A.; et al. (2011). "The surface composition and temperature of asteroid 21 Lutetia as observed by
Rosetta/VIRTIS".
1187:
Pitjeva, E.V.; Pitjev, N.P. (2018). "Masses of the main asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt from the motions of planets and spacecraft".
3154:
3149:
2870:
900:
Bell, J.F.; et al. (2015). "Asteroids: The big picture". In Binzel, Richard P.; Gehrels, Tom; Matthews, Mildred
Shapley (eds.).
3001:
2788:
2396:
962:
934:
983:
Magri, C.; et al. (2007). "A radar survey of main-belt asteroids: Arecibo observations of 55 objects during 1999–2004".
925:
Tholen, D.J.; Barucci, M.A. (1989). "Asteroid taxonomy". In Binzel, Richard P.; Gehrels, Tom; Matthews, Mildred
Shapley (eds.).
1061:
Ockert-Bell, M.; et al. (2010). "The composition of M-type asteroids: Synthesis of spectroscopic and radar observations".
2933:
2814:
235:
514:
None of the M-type asteroids have bulk densities consistent with a pure iron-nickel core. If these objects are porous (aka
3092:
2750:
2160:
1311:
352:). In a few cases, astronomers have managed to develop three-dimensional shape models using a variety of techniques (c.f.
2182:
772:
678:
608:
329:
affects other objects, including other asteroids and orbiting or flyby spacecraft. If an asteroid possesses one or more
2918:
2760:
2428:
1956:
1528:
1189:
1582:
1752:
Davis, D.R.; Farinella, P.; Marzari, F. (1999). "The missing Psyche family: Collisionally eroded or never formed?".
3082:
3072:
1439:
1243:"Observations, meteorites, and models: A preflight assessment of the composition and formation of (16) Psyche"
671:
has a mean diameter of 100 km, and was the first M-type asteroid to have been imaged by a spacecraft when the
253:
2229:
1090:
Lupishko, D.F.; et al. (1982). "UBV photometry of the M-type asteroids 16 Psyche and 22 Kalliope".
3159:
3077:
2177:
1925:
1892:
1859:
1577:
2913:
1359:
2073:
Descamps, P.; et al. (2011). "Triplicity and physical characteristics of asteroid (216) Kleopatra".
1808:
Johnson, B.C.; Sori, M.M.; Evans, A.J. (2020). "Ferrovolcanism of metal worlds and the origin of pallasites".
206:
1013:
3097:
2981:
2893:
2570:
2459:
2450:
2252:
2130:
830:
583:
579:
73:
50:
88:
asteroids (both categories E and P were formerly type-M in older systems), they are included in the larger
3018:
523:
306:
260:
30:
2923:
2773:
2187:
1092:
1576:
Marchis, F.; Jorda, L.; Vernazza, P.; Brož, M.; Hanuš, J.; Ferrais, M.; et al. (September 2021).
2991:
2809:
2369:
1790:
1713:
1663:
1496:
1376:
1133:
1101:
1027:
413:
39:
1644:
Shepard, Michael K.; Timerson, Bradley; Scheeres, Daniel J.; Benner, Lance A.M.; Giorgini, Jon D.;
672:
657:
519:
242:
158:
538:
The earliest interpretation of the M-type asteroids was that they were the remnant cores of early
72:
are classified as M-type based upon their generally featureless and flat to red-sloped absorption
2851:
2123:
2102:
2084:
2055:
2010:
1837:
1819:
1729:
1703:
1611:
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1555:
1537:
1490:
1468:
1410:
1340:
1320:
1284:
1216:
1198:
1043:
177:
High resolution spectra of the M-type have sometimes shown subtle features longward of 0.75
1122:
Rivkin, A.S.; et al. (2000). "The nature of M-class asteroids from 3-micron observations".
750:
is the second largest M-type asteroid with a mean diameter of 150 km. A single moon, named
1782:
554:
well-mixed iron-silicate object. There are numerous examples of metal-silicate meteorites, aka
2976:
2928:
2778:
2309:
2207:
2047:
2030:
2002:
1985:
1402:
1367:
1276:
1167:
958:
930:
905:
330:
1954:
Schulz, R.; et al. (2012). "Rosetta fly-by at asteroid (21) Lutetia: An overview".
1014:"Phase II of the Small Main-belt Asteroid Spectroscopy Survey: A feature-based taxonomy"
321:
and infer something of its internal structure; for example, whether an object is coherent, a
3102:
2745:
2094:
2075:
2039:
1994:
1965:
1829:
1810:
1763:
1754:
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1601:
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1208:
1141:
1124:
1072:
1063:
1035:
1018:
994:
985:
877:
868:
334:
1435:"VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis"
3023:
2966:
2951:
2740:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2666:
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2637:
2632:
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2607:
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2528:
2514:
2509:
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2433:
2361:
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2219:
2202:
731:
727:
550:
217:
171:
167:
126:
100:
89:
85:
81:
1794:
1717:
1667:
1500:
1380:
1360:"Images of asteroid 21 Lutetia: A remnant planetesimal from the early Solar system"
1137:
1105:
1031:
3038:
3006:
2971:
2329:
2282:
2272:
2170:
1271:
1242:
314:
202:
154:
58:
3143:
3062:
2961:
2956:
2351:
2319:
2314:
2277:
2224:
2106:
1841:
1733:
1615:
1559:
1472:
1344:
1288:
1220:
766:
660:
was launched on october 13th, 2023 is en route to visit 16 Psyche, arriving in 2029.
598:
501:
489:
357:
2028:
Margot, J.L.; Brown, M.E. (2003). "A low-density M-type asteroid in the main belt".
2014:
1414:
3128:
2901:
2839:
2804:
2356:
2262:
2059:
1645:
1047:
751:
656:
suggesting it has a high metal content in the upper few meters of its surface. The
555:
527:
473:
433:
361:
298:
224:
1606:
1453:
1434:
2098:
1725:
1676:
1649:
1076:
998:
881:
3118:
3067:
3028:
2819:
2401:
2267:
747:
559:
539:
515:
441:
421:
345:
322:
17:
271:
3087:
3033:
1969:
1833:
1551:
1212:
668:
402:
195:
35:
3123:
3013:
2862:
2292:
2257:
2043:
1998:
1388:
594:
546:
457:
386:
353:
278:
2051:
2006:
1767:
1578:"(216) Kleopatra, a low density, critically rotating, M-type asteroid"
1406:
1280:
1145:
1039:
1921:
1888:
1855:
2943:
2727:
2420:
2411:
2244:
2146:
1397:
1335:
1306:
1261:
735:
360:
for examples) or, in a few lucky instances, from spacecraft imaging (c.f
318:
69:
54:
1463:
282:
1203:
602:
376:
341:
162:
131:
118:
105:
77:
1922:"spec. type (Tholen) = X AND albedo >= 0.1 AND albedo <= 0.3"
1824:
1596:
1492:
M-type (22) Kalliope: High density and differentiated interior
1325:
3054:
2834:
2089:
1708:
1542:
178:
29:
349:
2866:
2119:
92:
asteroid group and are distinguishable only by optical albedo:
1933:
1900:
1867:
2115:
1783:"Origin of igneous meteorites and differentiated asteroids"
76:
in the visible to near-infrared and their moderate optical
1307:"Asteroid 16 Psyche: Shape, features, and global map"
675:
visited it on 10 July 2010. Its mean radar albedo of
1650:"A revised shape model of asteroid (216) Kleopatra"
174:, and roughly one-third have radar albedos ~3× higher.
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1157:
1155:
775:
681:
611:
245:
displaying a mix of metals and silicates (enstatite).
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1571:
1569:
948:
946:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
3111:
3053:
2990:
2942:
2900:
2797:
2759:
2726:
2569:
2458:
2449:
2419:
2410:
2243:
2153:
344:(brightness) of the asteroid, chord-lengths during
895:
893:
891:
813:{\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}_{OC}=0.43\pm 0.10}
812:
719:{\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}_{OC}=0.24\pm 0.07}
718:
649:{\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}_{OC}=0.34\pm 0.08}
648:
1166:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 485–500.
929:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 298–315.
904:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 921–948.
957:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 98–127.
188:Possible meteorite analogs for M-type asteroids.
1428:
1426:
1424:
1300:
1298:
601:of 222 km, and has a relatively high mean
582:, there are 980 asteroids classified under the
530:), and in some cases may also be rubble piles.
161:, and radar observations have shown that their
1484:
1482:
584:Tholen asteroid spectral classification system
2878:
2131:
1747:
1745:
1743:
49:(metallic-type, aka M-class) asteroids are a
8:
1521:
1519:
1517:
978:
976:
974:
2906:
2885:
2871:
2863:
2455:
2416:
2138:
2124:
2116:
1526:Carry, B. (2012). "Density of asteroids".
1241:Elkins-Tanton, L. T.; et al. (2020).
1117:
1115:
484:Ephemeris, thermal IR/radar size estimate
468:Ephemeris, thermal IR/radar size estimate
452:Ephemeris, thermal IR/radar size estimate
227:showing a mixture of metals and silicates.
2088:
1823:
1707:
1675:
1605:
1595:
1541:
1462:
1452:
1396:
1334:
1324:
1270:
1260:
1202:
789:
778:
777:
774:
695:
684:
683:
680:
625:
614:
613:
610:
1248:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
366:
841:
597:is the largest M-type asteroid with a
2368:Outer Solar System, does not include
1930:JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine
1897:JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine
1864:JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine
726:is roughly twice that of the average
7:
1495:. 15th Europlanet Science Congress.
558:, that might be objects from such a
80:. Along with the spectrally similar
1305:Shepard, M.K.; et al. (2021).
348:, or their thermal emissions (e.g.
1433:Vernazza, P.; et al. (2021).
25:
2847:
2846:
2341:Between Earth and the main belt
1856:"spec. type (Tholen) is defined"
1358:Sierks, H.; et al. (2011).
1190:Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
1012:Bus, S.J.; Binzel, R.P. (2002).
281:, composited of iron-nickel and
270:
252:
234:
216:
194:
2736:Asteroids visited by spacecraft
1781:Scott, E.; et al. (2014).
313:for the iron-nickel present in
182:M-types as remnant iron cores.
783:
689:
619:
1:
1312:The Planetary Science Journal
34:Image of the M-type asteroid
2099:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.11.016
1726:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.03.014
1677:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.04.002
1583:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1077:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.08.002
999:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.018
882:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.016
1957:Planetary and Space Science
1607:10.1051/0004-6361/202140874
1529:Planetary and Space Science
1454:10.1051/0004-6361/202141781
325:, or something in-between.
3176:
1440:Astronomy and Astrophysics
3155:M-type asteroids (Tholen)
3150:Asteroid spectral classes
2909:
2894:Small Solar System bodies
2830:
2784:Discovering observatories
1970:10.1016/j.pss.2011.11.013
1926:JPL Solar System Dynamics
1893:JPL Solar System Dynamics
1889:"spec. type (Tholen) = M"
1860:JPL Solar System Dynamics
1834:10.1038/s41550-019-0885-x
1552:10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009
1213:10.1134/S1063773718090050
293:Bulk density and porosity
2166:Physical characteristics
2044:10.1126/science.1085844
1999:10.1126/science.1204062
1389:10.1126/science.1207325
831:Asteroid spectral types
580:JPL Small Body Database
524:carbonaceous chondrites
397:Ephemeris, shape model
307:carbonaceous chondrites
3019:Trans-Neptunian object
2815:Asteroids in astrology
1768:10.1006/icar.1998.6037
1648:; et al. (2018).
1146:10.1006/icar.2000.6354
1040:10.1006/icar.2002.6856
814:
720:
650:
416:flyby, direct imaging
261:carbonaceous chondrite
43:
42:during a flyby in 2010
27:Asteroid spectral type
2370:distant minor planets
2230:Palomar–Leiden survey
2188:Gravitational keyhole
1510:– via NASA ADS.
1093:Solar System Research
815:
721:
651:
207:Widmanstätten pattern
203:iron–nickel meteorite
33:
2992:Distant minor planet
2810:Asteroids in fiction
1489:Ferrais, M. (2021).
1262:10.1029/2019JE006296
773:
679:
609:
520:enstatite chondrites
381:Method (mass, size)
205:with characteristic
159:enstatite chondrites
2038:(5627): 1939–1942.
1795:2014acm..conf..483S
1718:2008Icar..196..578D
1668:2018Icar..311..197S
1501:2021EPSC...15..696F
1381:2011Sci...334..487S
1138:2000Icar..145..351R
1106:1982AVest..16..101L
1032:2002Icar..158..146B
734:, and suggests its
673:Rosetta space probe
243:enstatite chondrite
2289:Interior to Earth
1336:10.3847/PSJ/abfdba
1164:Asteroids III
810:
716:
646:
432:Orbit of its moon
414:Rosetta spacecraft
305:for some types of
263:, or bencubbinite.
44:
40:Rosetta Spacecraft
3137:
3136:
3049:
3048:
2934:Meanings of names
2860:
2859:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2161:Notable asteroids
1375:(6055): 487–490.
1173:978-0-8165-1123-5
955:Asteroids II
927:Asteroids II
911:978-0-8165-2281-1
902:Asteroids II
786:
692:
658:Psyche spacecraft
622:
508:
507:
138:
137:
38:taken by the ESA
16:(Redirected from
3167:
3160:X-type asteroids
2907:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2864:
2850:
2849:
2456:
2417:
2390:Neptune-crossers
2375:Jupiter-crossers
2362:Active asteroids
2298:Mercury-crossers
2198:Close approaches
2178:Impact avoidance
2140:
2133:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2092:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1993:(492): 492–494.
1980:
1974:
1973:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1827:
1811:Nature Astronomy
1805:
1799:
1798:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1749:
1738:
1737:
1711:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1646:Howell, Ellen S.
1641:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1609:
1599:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1545:
1523:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1456:
1430:
1419:
1418:
1400:
1364:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1274:
1264:
1238:
1225:
1224:
1206:
1197:(8–9): 554–566.
1184:
1178:
1177:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1058:
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1051:
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1002:
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968:
950:
941:
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922:
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886:
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863:
819:
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811:
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757:
725:
723:
722:
717:
703:
702:
694:
693:
685:
655:
653:
652:
647:
633:
632:
624:
623:
615:
574:Notable examples
367:
335:two-body problem
312:
304:
274:
256:
238:
220:
198:
97:
96:
21:
18:M-type asteroids
3175:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3107:
3045:
2986:
2938:
2896:
2891:
2861:
2856:
2826:
2793:
2755:
2714:
2565:
2445:
2406:
2385:Uranus-crossers
2380:Saturn-crossers
2283:Neptune trojans
2273:Jupiter trojans
2239:
2149:
2144:
2114:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2027:
2026:
2022:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1751:
1750:
1741:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1643:
1642:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1432:
1431:
1422:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1240:
1239:
1228:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1011:
1010:
1006:
982:
981:
972:
965:
952:
951:
944:
937:
924:
923:
919:
912:
899:
898:
889:
865:
864:
843:
839:
827:
776:
771:
770:
764:
762:(216) Kleopatra
755:
745:
732:C-type asteroid
682:
677:
676:
666:
612:
607:
606:
592:
576:
551:asteroid family
536:
315:iron-meteorites
310:
309:up to nearly 8
302:
295:
290:
289:
288:
287:
286:
275:
266:
265:
264:
257:
248:
247:
246:
239:
230:
229:
228:
221:
212:
211:
210:
199:
190:
189:
155:iron meteorites
150:
145:
143:Characteristics
121:in 0.1 ... 0.3
67:
59:iron meteorites
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3173:
3171:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:Near-parabolic
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3039:Scattered disc
3036:
3031:
3026:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3007:Neptune trojan
3004:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2982:Spectral types
2979:
2974:
2972:Jupiter trojan
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2789:Space missions
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2412:Classification
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2335:Earth-crossers
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2303:Venus-crossers
2300:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2278:Uranus trojans
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2235:Contact binary
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2171:dynamic method
2163:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2065:
2020:
1975:
1946:
1913:
1880:
1847:
1800:
1773:
1762:(1): 140–151.
1739:
1702:(2): 578–600.
1683:
1629:
1565:
1513:
1478:
1420:
1350:
1294:
1226:
1179:
1172:
1151:
1111:
1082:
1071:(2): 674–692.
1053:
1026:(1): 146–177.
1004:
970:
963:
942:
935:
917:
910:
887:
840:
838:
835:
834:
833:
826:
823:
809:
806:
803:
800:
795:
792:
785:
782:
763:
760:
744:
741:
715:
712:
709:
706:
701:
698:
691:
688:
665:
662:
645:
642:
639:
636:
631:
628:
621:
618:
591:
588:
575:
572:
535:
532:
506:
505:
504:, shape model
500:Orbits of its
498:
495:
492:
486:
485:
482:
479:
476:
470:
469:
466:
463:
460:
454:
453:
450:
447:
444:
438:
437:
436:, shape model
430:
427:
424:
418:
417:
411:
408:
405:
399:
398:
395:
392:
389:
383:
382:
379:
374:
371:
294:
291:
276:
269:
268:
267:
258:
251:
250:
249:
240:
233:
232:
231:
222:
215:
214:
213:
200:
193:
192:
191:
187:
186:
185:
184:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
135:
129:
123:
122:
116:
110:
109:
103:
66:
63:
51:spectral class
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3172:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:Asteroid belt
2960:
2958:
2957:Aten asteroid
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Minor planets
2899:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Minor planets
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:small classes
2522:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:Asteroid belt
2350:
2346:
2345:Mars crossers
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:Earth trojans
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Asteroid pair
2223:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Earth-crosser
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1947:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1536:(1): 98–118.
1535:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1398:1721.1/110553
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:
979:
977:
975:
971:
966:
964:0-8165-1123-3
960:
956:
949:
947:
943:
938:
936:0-8165-1123-3
932:
928:
921:
918:
913:
907:
903:
896:
894:
892:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
842:
836:
832:
829:
828:
824:
822:
807:
804:
801:
798:
793:
790:
780:
768:
767:216 Kleopatra
761:
759:
753:
749:
743:(22) Kalliope
742:
740:
737:
733:
729:
713:
710:
707:
704:
699:
696:
686:
674:
670:
663:
661:
659:
643:
640:
637:
634:
629:
626:
616:
604:
600:
599:mean diameter
596:
589:
587:
585:
581:
573:
571:
567:
563:
561:
557:
556:mesosiderites
552:
548:
543:
541:
533:
531:
529:
528:mesosiderites
525:
522:, metal-rich
521:
517:
512:
503:
499:
496:
493:
491:
490:216 Kleopatra
488:
487:
483:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
451:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
435:
431:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
415:
412:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
396:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
380:
378:
375:
372:
369:
368:
365:
363:
359:
358:216 Kleopatra
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:visual albedo
338:
336:
332:
326:
324:
320:
316:
308:
300:
292:
284:
280:
277:A stony-iron
273:
262:
259:A metal-rich
255:
244:
237:
226:
219:
208:
204:
197:
183:
180:
175:
173:
169:
164:
163:radar albedos
160:
156:
147:
142:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
64:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
3129:Space debris
2840:Minor planet
2805:Asteroid Day
2751:Colonization
2682:
2523:
2504:
2438:
2402:Exoasteroids
2357:Kirkwood gap
2268:Mars trojans
2258:Venus trojan
2245:Distribution
2083:(2): 64–69.
2080:
2074:
2068:
2035:
2029:
2023:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1929:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1896:
1883:
1871:. Retrieved
1863:
1850:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1789:. ACM: 483.
1786:
1776:
1759:
1753:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1659:
1653:
1620:. Retrieved
1587:
1581:
1533:
1527:
1504:. Retrieved
1491:
1464:10261/263281
1444:
1438:
1372:
1366:
1353:
1316:
1310:
1252:
1246:
1204:1811.05191v1
1194:
1188:
1182:
1163:
1129:
1123:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1023:
1017:
1007:
990:
984:
954:
926:
920:
901:
873:
867:
765:
746:
667:
664:(21) Lutetia
603:radar albedo
593:
577:
568:
564:
544:
540:protoplanets
537:
516:rubble-piles
513:
509:
497:0.43 ± 0.10
481:0.36 ± 0.09
474:129 Antigone
465:0.38 ± 0.09
449:0.45 ± 0.12
429:0.15 ± 0.05
410:0.24 ± 0.07
394:0.34 ± 0.08
377:Radar Albedo
362:162173 Ryugu
350:IRAS mission
346:occultations
339:
327:
299:bulk density
296:
225:mesosiderite
176:
151:
113:
68:
46:
45:
3119:Cosmic dust
3083:Long-period
3073:Halley-type
3029:Kuiper belt
2914:Designation
2820:occultation
2728:Exploration
2683:small types
1662:: 197–209.
1506:30 December
1447:(A56): 48.
993:: 126–151.
748:22 Kalliope
590:(16) Psyche
560:parent body
442:69 Hesperia
422:22 Kalliope
323:rubble pile
148:Composition
3144:Categories
3124:Meteoroids
3103:Sungrazing
3078:Hyperbolic
3034:Oort cloud
2977:Near-Earth
2769:Near-Earth
2310:Near-Earth
2293:Vulcanoids
1964:(1): 2–8.
1825:1909.07451
1622:13 October
1597:2108.07207
1326:2110.03635
1132:(2): 351.
837:References
669:21 Lutetia
494:3.4 ± 0.5
478:3.0 ± 1.0
462:4.4 ± 0.4
446:4.4 ± 1.0
426:4.1 ± 0.5
407:3.4 ± 0.3
403:21 Lutetia
391:3.8 ± 0.3
65:Definition
36:21 Lutetia
3014:Damocloid
2147:Asteroids
2107:119286272
2090:1011.5263
1842:202583406
1818:: 41–44.
1787:Asteroids
1734:118437111
1709:0710.1471
1616:237091036
1560:119226456
1543:1203.4336
1473:239104699
1345:235918955
1319:(4): 16.
1289:214018872
1255:(3): 23.
1221:255197841
876:: 38–55.
805:±
784:^
781:σ
711:±
690:^
687:σ
641:±
620:^
617:σ
595:16 Psyche
547:16 Psyche
534:Formation
502:two moons
458:92 Undina
387:16 Psyche
370:Asteroid
354:16 Psyche
279:pallasite
134:> 0.3
108:< 0.1
70:Asteroids
55:asteroids
3098:Periodic
3024:Detached
2944:Asteroid
2852:Category
2451:Spectral
2397:Centaurs
2183:Tracking
2052:12817147
2015:19439721
2007:22034430
1415:17580478
1407:22034428
1281:32714727
825:See also
736:regolith
373:Density
319:porosity
3063:Extinct
3002:Centaur
2798:Related
2746:Capture
2698:Ld-type
2662:X-group
2608:S-group
2579:C-group
2500:X-group
2468:C-group
2421:Orbital
2253:Trojans
2213:contact
2060:5479442
2031:Science
1986:Science
1791:Bibcode
1714:Bibcode
1664:Bibcode
1590:: A57.
1497:Bibcode
1377:Bibcode
1368:Science
1272:7375145
1134:Bibcode
1102:Bibcode
1048:4880578
1028:Bibcode
578:In the
283:olivine
74:spectra
3055:Comets
2967:Family
2952:Active
2919:Groups
2741:Mining
2708:V-type
2703:O-type
2693:D-type
2688:T-type
2667:X-type
2638:S-type
2633:L-type
2628:K-type
2623:R-type
2618:Q-type
2613:A-type
2589:C-type
2584:B-type
2559:V-type
2554:R-type
2549:Q-type
2544:T-type
2539:J-type
2534:D-type
2529:A-type
2515:P-type
2510:E-type
2505:M-type
2495:S-type
2488:C-type
2483:G-type
2478:F-type
2473:B-type
2460:Tholen
2440:(list)
2434:Family
2325:Apollo
2220:Active
2203:Binary
2105:
2076:Icarus
2058:
2050:
2013:
2005:
1939:26 Dec
1906:26 Dec
1873:26 Dec
1840:
1755:Icarus
1732:
1695:Icarus
1655:Icarus
1614:
1558:
1471:
1413:
1405:
1343:
1287:
1279:
1269:
1219:
1170:
1125:Icarus
1100:: 75.
1064:Icarus
1046:
1019:Icarus
986:Icarus
961:
933:
908:
869:Icarus
728:S-type
172:C-type
132:albedo
127:E-type
119:albedo
114:M-type
106:albedo
101:P-type
90:X-type
86:P-type
82:E-type
78:albedo
47:M-type
3112:Other
3068:Great
2835:Comet
2761:Lists
2571:SMASS
2429:Group
2330:Atira
2103:S2CID
2085:arXiv
2056:S2CID
2011:S2CID
1838:S2CID
1820:arXiv
1730:S2CID
1704:arXiv
1618:. A57
1612:S2CID
1592:arXiv
1556:S2CID
1538:arXiv
1469:S2CID
1411:S2CID
1363:(PDF)
1341:S2CID
1321:arXiv
1285:S2CID
1217:S2CID
1199:arXiv
1044:S2CID
752:Linus
434:Linus
331:moons
3088:Lost
2929:Moon
2924:List
2779:Lost
2320:Amor
2315:Aten
2208:moon
2154:Main
2048:PMID
2003:PMID
1941:2021
1908:2021
1875:2021
1624:2021
1508:2021
1403:PMID
1277:PMID
1168:ISBN
959:ISBN
931:ISBN
906:ISBN
808:0.10
802:0.43
756:g/cm
714:0.07
708:0.24
644:0.08
638:0.34
311:g/cm
303:g/cm
297:The
170:and
157:and
84:and
2599:Cgh
2095:doi
2081:245
2040:doi
2036:300
1995:doi
1991:334
1966:doi
1934:JPL
1901:JPL
1868:JPL
1830:doi
1764:doi
1760:137
1722:doi
1700:196
1672:doi
1660:311
1602:doi
1588:653
1548:doi
1459:hdl
1449:doi
1445:654
1393:hdl
1385:doi
1373:334
1331:doi
1267:PMC
1257:doi
1253:125
1209:doi
1142:doi
1130:145
1073:doi
1069:210
1036:doi
1024:158
995:doi
991:186
878:doi
874:245
730:or
605:of
364:).
356:or
241:An
201:An
53:of
3146::
2677:Xk
2674:Xc
2671:Xe
2654:Sl
2651:Sk
2648:Sr
2645:Sq
2642:Sa
2602:Cb
2596:Ch
2593:Cg
2101:.
2093:.
2079:.
2054:.
2046:.
2034:.
2009:.
2001:.
1989:.
1962:66
1960:.
1932:.
1928:.
1924:.
1899:.
1895:.
1891:.
1866:.
1862:.
1858:.
1836:.
1828:.
1814:.
1785:.
1758:.
1742:^
1728:.
1720:.
1712:.
1698:.
1670:.
1658:.
1652:.
1632:^
1610:.
1600:.
1586:.
1580:.
1568:^
1554:.
1546:.
1534:73
1532:.
1516:^
1481:^
1467:.
1457:.
1443:.
1437:.
1423:^
1409:.
1401:.
1391:.
1383:.
1371:.
1365:.
1339:.
1329:.
1315:.
1309:.
1297:^
1283:.
1275:.
1265:.
1251:.
1245:.
1229:^
1215:.
1207:.
1195:44
1193:.
1154:^
1140:.
1128:.
1114:^
1098:16
1096:.
1067:.
1042:.
1034:.
1022:.
1016:.
989:.
973:^
945:^
890:^
872:.
844:^
758:.
562:.
526:,
337:.
223:A
179:μm
168:S-
61:.
2886:e
2879:t
2872:v
2139:e
2132:t
2125:v
2109:.
2097::
2087::
2062:.
2042::
2017:.
1997::
1972:.
1968::
1943:.
1910:.
1877:.
1844:.
1832::
1822::
1816:4
1797:.
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1770:.
1766::
1736:.
1724::
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1706::
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1666::
1626:.
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1550::
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1475:.
1461::
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1395::
1387::
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1333::
1323::
1317:2
1291:.
1259::
1223:.
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1201::
1176:.
1148:.
1144::
1136::
1108:.
1104::
1079:.
1075::
1050:.
1038::
1030::
1001:.
997::
967:.
939:.
914:.
884:.
880::
799:=
794:C
791:O
705:=
700:C
697:O
635:=
630:C
627:O
285:.
209:.
20:)
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