Margaret Murray - Knowledge (XXG)

7389: 1409:. She drew a division between what she termed "Operative Witchcraft", which referred to the performance of charms and spells with any purpose, and "Ritual Witchcraft", by which she meant "the ancient religion of Western Europe", a fertility-based faith that she also termed "the Dianic cult". She claimed that the cult had "very probably" once been devoted to the worship of both a male deity and a "Mother Goddess" but that "at the time when the cult is recorded the worship of the male deity appears to have superseded that of the female". In her argument, Murray claimed that the figure referred to as the Devil in the trial accounts was the witches' god, "manifest and incarnate", to whom the witches offered their prayers. She claimed that at the witches' meetings, the god would be personified, usually by a man or at times by a woman or an animal; when a human personified this entity, Murray claimed that they were usually dressed plainly, though they appeared in full costume for the witches' Sabbaths. 691:, a Middle Kingdom burial of two Egyptian priests, Nakht-ankh and Khnum-nakht, and it was decided that Murray would carry out the public unwrapping of the latter's mummified body. Taking place at the museum in May 1908, it represented the first time that a woman had led a public mummy unwrapping and was attended by over 500 onlookers, attracting press attention. Murray was particularly keen to emphasise the importance that the unwrapping would have for the scholarly understanding of the Middle Kingdom and its burial practices, and lashed out against members of the public who saw it as immoral; she declared that "every vestige of ancient remains must be carefully studied and recorded without sentimentality and without fear of the outcry of the ignorant". She subsequently published a book about her analysis of the two bodies, 1422:"General Meeting of all members of the religion" were known as Sabbaths, while the more private ritual meetings were known as Esbats. The Esbats, Murray claimed, were nocturnal rites that began at midnight, and were "primarily for business, whereas the Sabbath was purely religious". At the former, magical rites were performed both for malevolent and benevolent ends. She asserted the Sabbath ceremonies involved the witches paying homage to the deity, renewing their "vows of fidelity and obedience" to him, and providing him with accounts of all the magical actions that they had conducted since the previous Sabbath. Once this business had been concluded, admissions to the cult or marriages were conducted, ceremonies and fertility rites took place, and then the Sabbath ended with feasting and dancing. 1948:, James noted that her death was "an event of unusual interest and importance in the annals of the Folk-Lore Society in particular as well as in the wider sphere in which her influence was felt in so many directions and disciplines". However, later academic folklorists, such as Simpson and Wood, have cited Murray and her witch-cult theory as an embarrassment to their field, and to the Folklore Society specifically. Simpson suggested that Murray's position as President of the Society was a causal factor in the mistrustful attitude that many historians held toward folkloristics as an academic discipline, as they erroneously came to believe that all folklorists endorsed Murray's ideas. Similarly, Catherine Noble stated that "Murray caused considerable damage to the study of witchcraft". 1840:, who knew Murray through the Folklore Society, described her as a "diminutive and kindly scholar, who radiated intelligence and strength of character into extreme old age". Davidson, who also knew Murray through the Society, noted that at their meetings "she would sit near the front, a bent and seemingly guileless old lady dozing peacefully, and then in the middle of a discussion would suddenly intervene with a relevant and penetrating comment which showed that she had missed not one word of the argument". The later folklorist Juliette Wood noted that many members of the Folklore Society "remember her fondly", adding that Murray had been "especially keen to encourage younger researchers, even those who disagreed with her ideas". 1679:

inconsistencies of reasoning". He accepted that her case "could, perhaps, still be proved by somebody else, though I very much doubt it". Highlighting that there is a gap of about a thousand years between the Christianisation of Britain and the start of the witch trials there, he argues that there is no evidence for the existence of the witch-cult anywhere in the intervening period. He further criticises Murray for treating pre-Christian Britain as a socially and culturally monolithic entity, whereas in reality, it contained a diverse array of societies and religious beliefs. He also challenges Murray's claim that the majority of Britons in the Middle Ages remained pagan as "a view grounded on ignorance alone".

1426: 1765:

Murray had selected her use of evidence very specifically, particularly by ignoring and/or rationalising any accounts of supernatural or miraculous events in the trial records, thereby distorting the events that she was describing. Thus, Simpson pointed out, Murray rationalised claims that the cloven-hoofed Devil appeared at the witches' Sabbath by stating that he was a man with a special kind of shoe, and similarly asserted that witches' claims to have flown through the air on broomsticks were actually based on their practice of either hopping along on broomsticks or smearing hallucinogenic salves onto themselves. Concurring with this assessment, the historian

2245:, and sent a copy of her book to Murray in appreciation, with the two meeting for lunch shortly after. There was nevertheless some difference in their depictions of the witch-cult; whereas Murray had depicted an organised pre-Christian cult, Warner depicted a vague family tradition that was explicitly Satanic. In 1927, Warner lectured on the subject of witchcraft, exhibiting a strong influence from Murray's work. Analysing the relationship between Murray and Warner, the English literature scholar Mimi Winick characterised both as being "engaged in imagining new possibilities for women in modernity". 1870:. Murray's biographer Kathleen L. Sheppard stated that she was deeply committed to public outreach, particularly when it came to Egyptology, and that as such she "wanted to change the means by which the public obtained knowledge about Egypt's history: she wished to throw open the doors to the scientific laboratory and invite the public in". She considered travel to be one of her favourite activities, although due to restraints on her time and finances she was unable to do this regularly; her salary remained small and the revenue from her books was meagre. 657:, and together they campaigned to improve the status and recognition of women in the university, with Murray becoming particularly annoyed at female staff who were afraid of upsetting or offending the male university establishment with their demands. Feeling that students should get nutritious yet affordable lunches, for many years she sat on the UCL Refectory Committee. She took on an unofficial administrative role within the Egyptology Department, and was largely responsible for introduction of a formal certificate in Egyptian archaeology in 1910. 440: 1665:. He stated that she was not acquainted with the "careful general histories by modern scholars" and criticised her for assuming that the trial accounts accurately reflected the accused witches' genuine experiences of witchcraft, regardless of whether those confessions had been obtained through torture and coercion. He also charged her with selectively using the evidence to serve her interpretation, for instance by omitting any supernatural or miraculous events that appear in the trial accounts. W. R. Halliday was highly critical in his review for 1471:"rested upon a small amount of archival research, with extensive use of printed trial records in 19th-century editions, plus early modern pamphlets and works of demonology". He also noted that the book's tone was generally "dry and clinical, and every assertion was meticulously footnoted to a source, with lavish quotation". It was not a bestseller; in its first thirty years, only 2,020 copies were sold. However, it led many people to treat Murray as an authority on the subject; in 1929, she was invited to provide the entry on "Witchcraft" for the 1284: 699: 1817: 1934:

preserving a prehistoric fertility cult through the centuries is now seen to be based on deeply flawed methods and illogical arguments. The fact that, in her old age and after three increasingly eccentric books, she was made President of the Folklore Society, must certainly have harmed the reputation of the Society and possibly the status of folkloristics in this country; it helps to explain the mistrust some historians still feel towards our discipline.

1648:

trials; when she has traced back witch-sabbath and questionary through the centuries of witch and heretic hunting that precede the British; when she has trusted herself to study the work of other students and fairly to weigh their conclusions against her own in the light of the further evidence they may adduce: then perhaps she may have modified her views. Whether she changes or confirms them, she will then have earned the right to a hearing.

1280:, Cambridgeshire. Privately she expressed concern about the reality of the figures. Lethbridge subsequently authored a book championing her witch-cult theory in which he sought the cult's origins in pre-Christian culture. In 1960, she donated her collection of papers – including correspondences with a wide range of individuals across the country – to the Folklore Society Archive, where it is now known as "the Murray Collection". 887: 62: 1116: 7367: 1808:'s visionary traditions were a survival from pre-Christian practices was an idea resting on "imperfect material and conceptual foundations". He added that Ginzburg's "assumption" that "what was being dreamed about in the sixteenth century had in fact been acted out in religious ceremonies" dating to "pagan times", was entirely "an inference of his own" and not one supported by the documentary evidence. 790:, meant that Petrie and other staff members were unable to return to Egypt for excavation. Instead, Petrie and Murray spent much of the time reorganising the artefact collections that they had attained over the past decades. To aid Britain's war effort, Murray enrolled as a volunteer nurse in the Volunteer Air Detachment of the College Women's Union Society, and for several weeks was posted to 1232:

half her age and a third of the age of Ma Murray, one name. "How stupid of me, Cousin Margaret", she said, "how stupid the name has quite gone out of my head." Ma Murray focused her eyes on this old lady twenty years her junior—cold eyes in which feeling seemed extinguished in the neutrality of eternity—and said gently and kindly, "Not stupidity, my dear. Not stupidity: just mental laziness."

625: 2103:

1960s and 1970s, many Wiccans were shocked. Some accepted that the theory was not actually legitimate, instead portraying the Murrayite story as a mythical history for the Craft and seeking to emphasise the religion's other historical antecessors. Other practitioners however vehemently defended Murray's hypothesis against academic critique, viewing it as a significant article of faith.

1979:; formerly exhibited in the Petrie Gallery, it was later placed into the Art Collection stores. In 2013, on the 150th anniversary of Murray's birth and the 50th of her death, the UCL Institute of Archaeology's Ruth Whitehouse described Murray as "a remarkable woman" whose life was "well worth celebrating, both in the archaeological world at large and especially in UCL". 988: 1391:, as well as its legacy in religion and literature, register as responses to its fantastical form and content and especially to its implication of an alternate, woman-centered history of Western religion. At least one contemporary review turns Murray's suggestion of continuity between the premodern witches and contemporary women back on her in an ad hominem attack. 7355: 1440:

animals; the sacrifice of a non-Christian child to procure magical powers; and the sacrifice of the witches' god by fire to ensure fertility. She interpreted accounts of witches shapeshifting into various animals as being representative of a rite in which the witches dressed as specific animals which they took to be sacred. She asserted that accounts of

2019: 1223: 1617:

Pan, the widespread belief that the majority of British had remained pagan long after the process of Christianisation, and the idea that folk customs represented pagan survivals. At the same time, Hutton suggested, it seemed more plausible to many than the previously dominant rationalist idea that the witch trials were the result of mass delusion.

1928:

right. By her retirement she had come to be highly regarded within the discipline, although, according to Whitehouse, Murray's reputation declined following her death, something that Whitehouse attributed to the rejection of her witch-cult theory and the general erasure of women archaeologists from the discipline's male-dominated history.

538: 863:, in which she first articulated her version of the witch-cult theory, arguing that the witches persecuted in European history were actually followers of "a definite religion with beliefs, ritual, and organization as highly developed as that of any cult in the end". She followed this up with papers on the subject in the journals 921:, perhaps because its claims regarding an ancient secret society chimed with similar claims common among various occult groups. Murray joined the Folklore Society in February 1927, and was elected to the society's council a month later, although she stood down in 1929. Murray reiterated her witch-cult theory in her 1933 book, 1720:, Erik Midelfort, William Monter, Robert Muchembled, Gerhard Schormann, Bente Alver and Bengt Ankarloo – published in-depth studies of the archival records from the witch trials, leaving no doubt that those tried for witchcraft were not practitioners of a surviving pre-Christian religion. In 1971, the English historian 1847:, described her as a "mine of information and a perpetual inspiration ever ready to impart her vast and varied stores of specialised knowledge without reserve, or, be it said, much if any regard for the generally accepted opinions and conclusions of the experts!" Davidson described her as being "not at all assertive 1182:(then an independent institution, now part of UCL); she continued her involvement with the former and made use of the latter's library. On most days, she visited the British Museum in order to consult their library, and twice a week she taught adult education classes on Ancient Egyptian history and religion at the 1054:, the Queen consort, around the Egyptology department during the latter's visit to UCL. The pressures of teaching had eased by this point, allowing Murray to spend more time travelling internationally; in 1920 she returned to Egypt and in 1929 visited South Africa, where she attended the meeting of the 1951:

In 1935, UCL introduced the Margaret Murray Prize, awarded to the student who is deemed to have produced the best dissertation in Egyptology; it continued to be presented annually into the 21st century. In 1969, UCL named one of their common rooms in her honour, but it was converted into an office in

1616:

would be familiar with". Similarly, Hutton suggested that the cause of the Murrayite theory's popularity was because it "appealed to so many of the emotional impulses of the age", including "the notion of the English countryside as a timeless place full of ancient secrets", the literary popularity of

1412:

Members joined the cult either as children or adults through what Murray called "admission ceremonies"; Murray asserted that applicants had to agree to join of their own free will, and agree to devote themselves to the service of their deity. She also claimed that in some cases, these individuals had

1260:

to Murray to commemorate her 98th birthday. The issue contained contributions from various scholars paying tribute to her – with papers dealing with archaeology, fairies, Near Eastern religious symbols, Greek folk songs – but notably not about witchcraft, potentially because no other folklorists were

1127:

in neighbouring Jordan. Intrigued by the site, in March and April 1937 she returned in order to carry out a small excavation in several cave dwellings at the site, subsequently writing both an excavation report and a guidebook on Petra. Back in England, from 1934 to 1940, Murray aided the cataloguing

560:

This led to some issues with some of the male excavators, who disliked the idea of taking orders from a woman. This experience, coupled with discussions with other female excavators (some of whom were active in the feminist movement) led Murray to adopt openly feminist viewpoints. While excavating at

510:

though unofficial assistant, Murray began to give some of the linguistic lessons in Griffith's absence. In 1898 she was appointed to the position of junior lecturer, responsible for teaching the linguistic courses at the Egyptology department; this made her the first female lecturer in archaeology in

2069:

Noting that there is no evidence of Wicca existing before the publication of Murray's books, Merrifield commented that for those in 20th century Britain who wished to form their own witches' covens, "Murray may have seemed the ideal fairy godmother, and her theory became the pumpkin coach that could

1769:, writing with the independent author Brooks Alexander, stated that "Murray's use of sources, in general, is appalling". The pair went on to claim that "today, scholars are agreed that Murray was more than just wrong – she was completely and embarrassingly wrong on nearly all of her basic premises". 1611:

Rose suggested that the reason that Murray's theory gained such support was partly because of her "imposing credentials" as a member of staff at UCL, a position that lent her theory greater legitimacy in the eyes of many readers. He further suggested that the Murrayite view was attractive to many as

1492:

in 1931; although similar in content, unlike her previous volume it was aimed at a mass market audience. The tone of the book also differed strongly from its predecessor, containing "emotionally inflated and coloured with religious phraseology" and repeatedly referring to the witch-cult as "the Old

1439:

Deeming Ritual Witchcraft to be "a fertility cult", she asserted that many of its rites were designed to ensure fertility and rain-making. She claimed that there were four types of sacrifice performed by the witches: blood-sacrifice, in which the neophyte writes their name in blood; the sacrifice of

1356:

Oates and Wood, however, noted that Murray's interpretations of the evidence fit within wider perspectives on the past that existed at the time, stating that "Murray was far from isolated in her method of reading ancient ritual origins into later myths". In particular, her approach was influenced by

1231:

went to her hundredth birthday party where she sat enthroned—no other word for it—surrounded by family and friends. A distant cousin—what we would have called an elderly lady of eighty—was bringing greetings from even more distant relatives in Australia and suddenly forgot, as happens to many people

2176:

Members of the Wiccan community gradually became aware of academia's rejection of the witch-cult theory. Accordingly, belief in its literal truth declined during the 1980s and 1990s, with many Wiccans instead coming to view it as a myth that conveyed metaphorical or symbolic truths. Others insisted

1927:

However, according to the archaeologist Ruth Whitehouse, Murray's contributions to archaeology and Egyptology were often overlooked as her work was overshadowed by that of Petrie, to the extent that she was often thought of primarily as one of Petrie's assistants rather than as a scholar in her own

1647:

Surely, discussion of what confessedly is so unripe is premature. When Miss Murray has broadened her study to all the lands where she can find the "cult"; when she has dealt with documents worthier the name of records than the chapbooks and the formless reports that have to serve us for the British

1536:

in Gaul, and in various Scandinavian rock carvings. Claiming that this divinity had been declared the Devil by the Christian authorities, she nevertheless asserted that his worship was testified in officially Christian societies right through to the Modern period, citing folkloric practices such as

1417:

containing thirteen members, led by a coven officer who was often termed the "Devil" in the trial accounts, but who was accountable to a "Grand Master". According to Murray, the records of the coven were kept in a secret book, with the coven also disciplining its members, to the extent of executing

1249:

for the post, but he had declined, with Murray accepting the nomination several months later. Murray remained president for two terms, until 1955. In her 1954 presidential address, "England as a Field for Folklore Research", she lamented what she saw as the English people's disinterest in their own

1081:

Although having reached legal retirement age in 1927, and thus unable to be offered another five-year contract, Murray was reappointed on an annual basis each year until 1935. At this point, she retired, expressing the opinion that she was glad to leave UCL, for reasons that she did not make clear.

363:

has suggested that Murray's Indian childhood continued to exert an influence over her throughout her life, expressing the view that Murray could be seen as having a hybrid transnational identity that was both British and Indian. During her childhood, Murray never received a formal education, and in

2102:

As the religion emerged, many practitioners saw those who suffered in the as their forebears, thus adopting the Murrayite witch-cult hypothesis which provided Wicca with a history stretching back far into the reaches of the ancient past. As historians challenged and demolished this theory in the

2049:

scholar Ethan Doyle White stated that it was the theory which "formed the historical narrative around which Wicca built itself", for on its emergence in England during the 1940s and 1950s, Wicca claimed to be the survival of this witch-cult. Wicca's theological structure, revolving around a Horned

1923:

Hutton noted that Murray was one of the earliest women to "make a serious impact upon the world of professional scholarship", and the archaeologist Niall Finneran described her as "one of the greatest characters of post-war British archaeology". Upon her death, Daniel referred to her as "the Grand

1789:

district of Northeastern Italy during the 16th and 17th centuries. Several historians and folklorists have pointed out that Ginzburg's arguments are very different to Murray's: whereas Murray argued for the existence of a pre-Christian witches' cult whose members physically met during the witches'

1776:

has been cited as being willing to give "some slight support" to Murray's theory. Ginzburg stated that although her thesis had been "formulated in a wholly uncritical way" and contained "serious defects", it did contain "a kernel of truth". He stated his opinion that she was right in claiming that

1658:

Murray's theories never received support from experts in the Early Modern witch trials, and from her early publications onward many of her ideas were challenged by those who highlighted her "factual errors and methodological failings". Indeed, the majority of scholarly reviews of her work produced

1682:

Murray did not respond directly to the criticisms of her work, but reacted to her critics in a hostile manner; in later life she asserted that she eventually ceased reading reviews of her work, and believed that her critics were simply acting out of their own Christian prejudices to non-Christian

1347:

The later folklorists Caroline Oates and Juliette Wood have suggested that Murray was best known for her witch-cult theory, with biographer Margaret S. Drower expressing the view that it was her work on this subject which "perhaps more than any other, made her known to the general public". It has

1909:

and then melted it during the First World War. Ruth Whitehouse argues that, given Murray's lack of mention of such incidents in her autobiography and generally rational approach, a "spirit of mischief" as opposed to "a real belief in the efficacy of the spells" may have motivated her practice of

1764:

Hutton stated that Murray had treated her source material with "reckless abandon", in that she had taken "vivid details of alleged witch practices" from "sources scattered across a great extent of space and time" and then declared them to be normative of the cult as a whole. Simpson outlined how

1724:

stated that on the basis of this research, there was "very little evidence to suggest that the accused witches were either devil-worshippers or members of a pagan fertility cult". He stated that Murray's conclusions were "almost totally groundless" because she ignored the systematic study of the

1451:

Murray asserted that a pre-Christian fertility-based religion had survived the Christianization process in Britain, although that it came to be "practised only in certain places and among certain classes of the community". She believed that folkloric stories of fairies in Britain were based on a

1352:

and a voice distinct from that of their interrogators. The theory was faulty, in part because all of her academic training was in Egyptology, with no background knowledge in European history, but also because she exhibited a "tendency to generalize wildly on the basis of very slender evidence".

900:

in 1929. She used the opportunity to propagate her own witch-cult theory, failing to mention the alternate theories proposed by other academics. Her entry would be included in the encyclopedia until 1969, becoming readily accessible to the public, and it was for this reason that her ideas on the

313:

Murray's work in Egyptology and archaeology was widely acclaimed and earned her the nickname of "The Grand Old Woman of Egyptology", although after her death many of her contributions to the field were overshadowed by those of Petrie. Conversely, Murray's work in folkloristics and the history of

2187:

and rejecting post-Murrayite scholarship on European witchcraft. Several prominent practitioners continued to insist that Wicca was a religion with origins stretching back to the Palaeolithic, but others rejected the validity of historical scholarship and emphasised intuition and emotion as the

1933:

No British folklorist can remember Dr Margaret Murray without embarrassment and a sense of paradox. She is one of the few folklorists whose name became widely known to the public, but among scholars, her reputation is deservedly low; her theory that witches were members of a huge secret society

1421:

Describing this witch-cult as "a joyous religion", she claimed that the two primary festivals that it celebrated were on May Eve and November Eve, although that other dates of religious observation were 1 February and 1 August, the winter and summer solstices, and Easter. She asserted that the

1832:

On researching the history of UCL's Egyptology department, the historian Rosalind M. Janssen stated that Murray was "remembered with gratitude and immense affection by all her former students. A wise and witty teacher, two generations of Egyptologists have forever been in her debt." Alongside

844:

When I suddenly realised that the so-called Devil was simply a disguised man I was startled, almost alarmed, by the way the recorded facts fell into place, and showed that the witches were members of an old and primitive form of religion, and the records had been made by members of a new and

2183:, a historical study exploring Wicca's early development; on publication in 1999 the book exerted a strong impact on the British Pagan community, further eroding belief in the Murrayite theory among Wiccans. Conversely, other practitioners clung on to the theory, treating it as an important 1678:

Soon after, one of the foremost specialists of the trial records, L'Estrange Ewen, brought out a series of books which rejected Murray's interpretation. Rose suggested that Murray's books on the witch-cult "contain an incredible number of minor errors of fact or of calculation and several

1744:

stated that although Murray's thesis was "intrinsically improbable" and commanded "little or no allegiance within the modern academy", she felt that male scholars like Thomas, Cohn, and Macfarlane had unfairly adopted an androcentric approach by which they contrasted their own, male and

1452:

surviving race of dwarfs, who continued to live on the island up until the Early Modern period. She asserted that this race followed the same pagan religion as the witches, thus explaining the folkloric connection between the two. In the appendices to the book, she also alleged that

1790:

Sabbaths, Ginzburg argued that some of the European visionary traditions that were conflated with witchcraft in the Early Modern period had their origins in pre-Christian fertility religions. Moreover, other historians have expressed criticism of Ginzburg's interpretation of the

1608:. As a result, the Canadian historian Elliot Rose, writing in 1962, claimed that the Murrayite interpretations of the witch trials "seem to hold, at the time of writing, an almost undisputed sway at the higher intellectual levels", being widely accepted among "educated people". 1504:. She further asserted that in the Bronze Age, the worship of the deity could be found throughout Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa, claiming that the depiction of various horned figures from these societies proved that. Among the evidence cited were the horned figures found at 1687:, Murray's theories were permitted "to pass unapproved but unchallenged, either out of politeness or because nobody was really interested enough to research the topic". As evidence, she noted that no substantial research articles on the subject of witchcraft were published in 402:

In 1880, they returned to Calcutta, where Margaret remained for the next seven years. She became a nurse at the Calcutta General Hospital, which was run by the Sisters of the Anglican Sisterhood of Clower, and there was involved with the hospital's attempts to deal with a

1098:

to reflect its increasing research interest in the ancient societies that surrounded and interacted with Egypt. The journal folded in 1935, perhaps due to Murray's retirement. Murray then spent some time in Jerusalem, where she aided the Petries in their excavation at

883:, and which received both criticism and support on publication. Many reviews in academic journals were critical, with historians claiming that she had distorted and misinterpreted the contemporary records that she was using, but the book was nevertheless influential. 354:

Although most of their lives were spent in the European area of Calcutta, which was walled off from the Indian sectors of the city, Murray encountered members of Indian society through her family's employment of ten Indian servants and through childhood holidays to

314:

witchcraft has been academically discredited and her methods in these areas heavily criticised. The influence of her witch-cult theory in both religion and literature has been examined by various scholars, and she herself has been dubbed the "Grandmother of Wicca".

2097:, although in that foreword she did not explicitly specify whether she believed Gardner's claim that he had discovered a survival of her witch-cult. In 2005, Noble suggested that "Murray's name might be all but forgotten today if it were not for Gerald Gardner". 2010:. Although characterising it as being "written in a clear and engaging manner", one reviewer noted that Sheppard's book focuses on Murray the "scientist" and as such neglects to discuss Murray's involvement in magical practices and her relationship with Wicca. 1715:

Murray's work was increasingly criticised following her death in 1963, with the definitive academic rejection of the Murrayite witch-cult theory occurring during the 1970s. During these decades, a variety of scholars across Europe and North America – such as

2133:

eagerly searched for what she believed were other surviving remnants of the Murrayite witch-cult around Britain. Valiente remained committed to a belief in Murray's witch-cult after its academic rejection, and she described Murray as "a remarkable woman".

653:, she successfully campaigned for UCL to open a common room for women, and later ensured that a larger, better-equipped room was converted for the purpose; it was later renamed the Margaret Murray Room. At UCL, she became a friend of fellow female lecturer 968:. Her resulting three-volume excavation report came to be seen as an important publication within the field of Maltese archaeology. During the excavations, she had taken an interest in the island's folklore, resulting in the 1932 publication of her book 1754:. Anything is possible. But it is nonsense to assert the existence of something for which no evidence exists. The Murrayites ask us to swallow a most peculiar sandwich: a large piece of the wrong evidence between two thick slices of no evidence at all. 1624:

suggested that part of the Murrayite theory's appeal was that it appeared to give a "sensible, demystifying, liberating approach to a longstanding but sterile argument" between the rationalists who denied that there had been any witches and those, like

1558:, an anthropological book that made the claim that societies all over the world sacrificed their kings to the deities of nature. In her book, she claimed that this practice had continued into medieval England, and that, for instance, the death of 2090:

and popularised the religion; according to Simpson, Gardner was the only member of the Folklore Society to "wholeheartedly" accept Murray's witch-cult hypothesis. The duo knew each other, with Murray writing the foreword to Gardner's 1954 book

339:. She lived in the city with her family: parents James and Margaret Murray, an older sister named Mary, and her paternal grandmother and great-grandmother. James Murray, born in India of English descent, was a businessman and manager of the 202:, British India, Murray divided her youth between India, Britain, and Germany, training as both a nurse and a social worker. Moving to London, in 1894 she began studying Egyptology at UCL, developing a friendship with department head 1493:

Religion". In this book she also "cut out or toned down" many of the claims made in her previous volume which would have painted the cult in a bad light, such as those which discussed sex and the sacrifice of animals and children.

2058:, both words that Murray had popularised. As with Murray's witch-cult, Wicca's practitioners entered via an initiation ceremony; Murray's claims that witches wrote down their spells in a book may have been an influence on Wicca's 511:

the United Kingdom. In this capacity, she spent two days a week at UCL, devoting the other days to caring for her ailing mother. As time went on, she came to teach courses on Ancient Egyptian history, religion, and language.

746:, and together they co-authored a variety of papers on Egyptology that were aimed at an anthropological audience. Many of these dealt with subjects that Egyptological journals would not publish, such as the "Sa" sign for the 1313:, where she could receive 24-hour care; she lived here for the final 18 months of her life. To mark her hundredth birthday, on 13 July 1963 a group of her friends, former students, and doctors gathered for a party at nearby 293:

and developed her interest in folkloristics. Awarded an honorary doctorate in 1927, she was appointed assistant professor in 1928 and retired from UCL in 1935. That year she visited Palestine to aid Petrie's excavation of

1305:, north London, where she was cared for by a retired couple who were trained nurses; from here she occasionally took taxis into central London to visit the UCL library. Amid failing health, in 1962 Murray moved into the 1575:

Upon initial publication, Murray's thesis gained a favourable reception from many readers, including some significant scholars, albeit none who were experts in the witch trials. Historians of Early Modern Britain like

1205:

that argued that Egypt influenced Greco-Roman society and thus modern Western society. This was seen as a compromise between Petrie's belief that other societies influenced the emergence of Egyptian civilisation and

415:, where her uncle John, now widowed, had moved. Here she took up employment as a social worker dealing with local underprivileged people. When her father retired and moved to England, she moved into his house in 632:

On returning to London, Murray took an active role in the feminist movement, volunteering and financially donating to the cause and taking part in feminist demonstrations, protests, and marches. Joining the

1317:. Two days later, her doctor drove her to UCL for a second birthday party, again attended by many of her friends, colleagues, and former students; it was the last time that she visited the university. In 1159:) who educated military personnel to prepare them for post-war life. Based in the city, she embarked on research into the town's Early Modern history, examining documents stored in local parish churches, 1000: 775:

editor much of the time. She also published many research articles in the journal and authored many of its book reviews, particularly of the German-language publications which Petrie could not read.

1592:

provided a foreword in which he accepted that some of Murray's "minor details may be open to criticism", but in which he was otherwise supportive of her thesis. Her theories were recapitulated by

1889:

of some sort, relating in her autobiography that she believed in "an unseen over-ruling Power", "which science calls Nature and religion calls God". She was also a believer and a practitioner of

2192:, Jani Farrell-Roberts, and Ben Whitmore – published critiques in which they attacked post-Murrayite scholarship on matters of detail, but none defended Murray's original hypothesis completely. 1413:

to sign a covenant or were baptised into the faith. At the same time, she claimed that the religion was largely passed down hereditary lines. Murray described the religion as being divided into

1629:, who insisted that there had been a real Satanic conspiracy against Christendom in the Early Modern period replete with witches with supernatural powers. "How refreshing", noted the historian 684:, and it was there that many of his finds had been housed. Murray thus often travelled to the museum to catalogue these artefacts, and during the 1906–07 school year regularly lectured there. 379:, both of which she would reject, he awakened Murray's interest in archaeology through taking her to see local monuments. In 1873, the girls' mother arrived in Europe and took them with her to 1924:

Old Woman of Egyptology", with Hutton noting that Egyptology represented "the core of her academic career". In 2014, Thornton referred to her as "one of Britain's most famous Egyptologists".

1905:

was unworthy. Her curse entailed mixing up ingredients in a frying pan, and was undertaken in the presence of two colleagues. In another instance, she was said to have created a wax image of

1348:

been claimed that Murray's was the "first feminist study of the witch trials", as well as being the first to have actually "empowered the witches" by giving the (largely female) accused both

2113:

Murray's witch-cult theories were likely also a core influence on the non-Gardnerian Wiccan traditions that were established in Britain and Australia between 1930 and 1970 by the likes of

2177:

that the historical origins of the religion did not matter and that instead Wicca was legitimated by the spiritual experiences it gave to its participants. In response, Hutton authored

1750:

That this "old religion" persisted secretly, without leaving any evidence, is, of course, possible, just as it is possible that below the surface of the moon lie extensive deposits of

596:. Murray did not have legal permission to excavate the site, and instead spent her time transcribing the inscriptions from ten of the tombs that had been excavated during the 1860s by 1862:

Murray never married, instead devoting her life to her work, and for this reason, Hutton drew comparisons between her and two other prominent female British scholars of the period,

1707:, none adopted the Murrayite framework for interpreting witchcraft beliefs, thus evidencing her claim that Murray's theories were widely ignored by scholars of folkloristics. 2268:

in 1961, and her friend Drower produced a posthumous limited bibliography in 2004, and another limited bibliography appeared in Kathleen L. Sheppard's 2013 biography of her.

660:

Various museums around the United Kingdom invited Murray to advise them on their Egyptological collections, resulting in her cataloguing the Egyptian artefacts owned by the

1477:, and used it to present her interpretation of the subject as if it were universally accepted in scholarship. It remained in the encyclopedia until being replaced in 1969. 1877:

teacher to preach the faith, but after entering the academic profession she rejected religion, gaining a reputation among other members of the Folklore Society as a noted

1055: 502:. In turn, he aided and encouraged her to write her first research paper, "The Descent of Property in the Early Periods of Egyptian History", which was published in the 1245:

In 1953, Murray was appointed to the presidency of the Folklore Society following the resignation of former president Allan Gomme. The Society had initially approached

163: 47: 343:

paper mills who was thrice elected President of the Calcutta Chamber of Commerce. His wife, Margaret (née Carr), had moved to India from Britain in 1857 to work as a

1736:

was non-existent", adding that her ideas were "firmly set in an exaggerated and distorted version of the Frazerian mould". That same year, the historian of religion

7478: 1325:, it was noted that Murray was "the only Fellow of the Institute to within living memory, if not in its whole history". That year she published two books; one was 925:, which was aimed at a wider, non-academic audience. In this book, she cut out or toned down what she saw as the more unpleasant aspects of the witch-cult, such as 1043:; she did not publish an excavation report and did not mention the event in her autobiography, with her motives for carrying out the excavation remaining unclear. 2146: 752: 2003: 167: 51: 1851:

never thrust her ideas on anyone. she behaved in fact rather like someone who was a fully convinced member of some unusual religious sect, or perhaps, of the

661: 475:. Murray began her studies at UCL at age 30 in January 1894, as part of a class composed largely of other women and older men. There, she took courses in the 7493: 7488: 7473: 545:

At this point, Murray had no experience in field archaeology, and so during the 1902–03 field season, she travelled to Egypt to join Petrie's excavations at

7518: 7503: 7468: 514:

Among Murray's students – to whom she referred as "the Gang" – were several who went on to produce noted contributions to Egyptology, including

1859:

observed that Murray remained mentally alert into her old age, commenting that "her vigour and forthrightness and ruthless energy never deserted her".

1132:, and also gave lectures in Egyptology at the university until 1942. Her interest in folklore more broadly continued and she wrote the introduction to 7523: 2204:

made it accessible to "journalists, film-makers popular novelists and thriller writers", who adopted it "enthusiastically". It influenced the work of

665: 4334: 707: 239: 266: 645:

of June 1911. She concealed the militancy of her actions in order to retain the image of respectability within academia. Murray also pushed the

7443: 4273: 494:

Murray soon got to know Petrie, becoming his copyist and illustrator and producing the drawings for the published report on his excavations at

1460:

were members of the witch-cult and were executed for it, a claim which has been refuted by historians, especially in the case of Joan of Arc.

7463: 7448: 7181: 7162: 7090: 7042: 7005: 6986: 6871: 6817: 6783: 6761: 6699: 6651: 6601: 6534: 977: 634: 254: 7239:

Winick, Mimi (2015). "Modernist Feminist Witchcraft: Margaret Murray's Fantastic Scholarship and Sylvia Townsend Warner's Realist Fantasy".

1425: 367:

In 1870, Margaret and her sister Mary were sent to Britain, moving in with their uncle John, a vicar, and his wife Harriet at their home in

7300: 855:

Murray's interest in folklore led her to develop an interest in the witch trials of Early Modern Europe. In 1917, she published a paper in

731: 581:

in 1904; in the report, she examined the inscriptions that had been discovered at the site to discern the purpose and use of the building.

710:

with solid scholarship about Ancient Egypt, and to this end authored a series of books aimed at a general audience. In 1905 she published

222:

cemetery, both of which established her reputation in Egyptology. Supplementing her UCL wage by giving public classes and lectures at the

1405:, Murray stated that she had restricted her research to Great Britain, although made some recourse to sources from France, Flanders, and 7433: 1898: 387:. In 1875 they returned to Calcutta, staying there till 1877. They then moved with their parents back to England, where they settled in 1584:

incorporated her theories into their work, although the latter subsequently distanced himself from the theory. For the 1961 reprint of

649:

for women throughout her own career, and mentored other women in archaeology and throughout academia. As women could not use the men's

7513: 673: 277:. Although later academically discredited, the theory gained widespread attention and proved a significant influence on the emerging 7508: 7453: 825:, although few agreed with her conclusions and it was criticised for making unsubstantiated leaps with the evidence by the likes of 976:

and her friend Liza Galea. In 1932 Murray returned to Malta to aid in the cataloguing of the Bronze Age pottery collection held in

1777:

European witchcraft had "roots in an ancient fertility cult", something that he argued was vindicated by his work researching the

1740:

described Murray's work as "hopelessly inadequate", containing "numberless and appalling errors". In 1996, the feminist historian

1214:

view that Egypt was the source of all global civilisation. The book received a mixed reception from the archaeological community.

1031:(1931), which received largely positive reviews. In the summer of 1925 she led a team of volunteers to excavate Homestead Moat in 206:, who encouraged her early academic publications and appointed her junior lecturer in 1898. In 1902–03, she took part in Petrie's 7483: 7428: 7423: 6379: 3512: 2082:

1935 by esotericists aware of Murray's theory and who may have believed themselves to be reincarnated witch-cult members. It was

1956: 1211: 875: 642: 31: 1329:, in which she argued that humanity's first deities had been goddesses rather than male gods. The second was her autobiography, 726:'s "The Wisdom of the East" series. She was particularly pleased with the increased public interest in Egyptology that followed 1322: 1168: 757: 616:

proved to be very influential in the Egyptological community, with Petrie recognising Murray's contribution to his own career.

1659:

during the 1920s and 1930s were largely critical. George L. Burr reviewed both of her initial books on the witch-cult for the

1306: 7438: 2023: 1695:'s in 1963. She highlighted that when regional studies of British folklore were published in this period by folklorists like 1152: 894:

As a result of her work in this area, she was invited to provide the entry on "witchcraft" for the fourteenth edition of the

723: 771:(BSAE), which was based at UCL. Given that he was often away from London excavating in Egypt, Murray was left to operate as 768: 553:, had been excavating at the site since 1899, having taken over the archaeological investigation from French Coptic scholar 557:. Murray at first joined as site nurse, but was subsequently taught how to excavate by Petrie and given a senior position. 7418: 1967:

and the other in the library of the UCL Institute of Archaeology. This sculpture was commissioned by one of her students,

404: 1821: 1581: 1179: 1156: 1802:

were the "survival of an age-old fertility cult". Echoing these views, Hutton commented that Ginzburg's claim that the

584:

During the 1903–04 field season, Murray returned to Egypt, and at Petrie's instruction began her investigations at the

965: 949: 351:

and educating Indian women. She continued with this work after marrying James and giving birth to her two daughters.

676:, being elected a Fellow of the latter in thanks. Petrie had established connections with the Egyptological wing of 302:

in Jordan. Taking on the presidency of the Folklore Society in later life, she lectured at such institutions as the

7498: 7359: 2050:

God and Mother Goddess, was adopted from Murray's ideas about the ancient witch-cult, and Wiccan groups were named

1661: 1473: 996: 896: 869: 743: 484: 1732:

commented that Murray's "knowledge of European history, even of English history, was superficial and her grasp of

1562:

was really a ritual sacrifice. No academic took the book seriously, and it was ignored by many of her supporters.

7458: 7371: 7052:

Sheppard, Kathleen L. (2012). "Between Spectacle and Science: Margaret Murray and the Tomb of the Two Brothers".

1129: 464: 448: 188: 114: 2216:. Murray's ideas about religion can also be discerned in the fictions of another British historical novelist, 1721: 1202: 739: 439: 207: 1016: 447:

Encouraged by her mother and sister, Murray decided to enroll at the newly opened department of Egyptology at

6956:

Noble, Catherine (2005). "From Fact to Fallacy: The Evolution of Margaret Alice Murray's Witch-Cult Theory".

2532: 953: 2179: 2118: 2038: 1987: 1867: 1671: 1283: 1187: 1183: 941: 826: 646: 638: 307: 303: 7146:

Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England

2236: 2007: 1766: 1692: 1333:, which received predominantly positive reviews. She died on 13 November 1963, and her body was cremated. 821:. Pursuing this interest, she published the paper "Egyptian Elements in the Grail Romance" in the journal 278: 4326: 364:

later life expressed pride in the fact that she had never had to sit an exam before entering university.

2842: 2818: 2800: 2446: 2427: 2170: 1601: 1559: 1342: 918: 760:. It was at Seligman's recommendation that she was invited to become a member of the Institute in 1916. 698: 262: 2550: 2464: 1885:. She was openly critical of organised religion, although continued to maintain a personal belief in a 1246: 554: 238: – the first time that a woman had publicly unwrapped a mummy. Recognising that British 7366: 7343: 7319: 7269: 2114: 1968: 1796:; Cohn stated that there was "nothing whatsoever" in the source material to justify the idea that the 1046:

In 1924, UCL promoted Murray to the position of assistant professor, and, in 1927, she was awarded an

7413: 7408: 1972: 1825: 1630: 1362: 1207: 1193:

Murray's interest in popularising Egyptology among the wider public continued; in 1949 she published

964:, all of which were threatened by the construction of a new aerodrome. In this she was funded by the 940:

in 1922. From 1921 to 1927, she led archaeological excavations on Malta, assisted by Edith Guest and

738:

in 1922. From at least 1911 until his death in 1940, Murray was a close friend of the anthropologist

688: 574: 519: 235: 2265: 695:, which remained a key publication on Middle Kingdom mummification practices into the 21st century. 187:. The first woman to be appointed as a lecturer in archaeology in the United Kingdom, she worked at 7193:"Margaret Murray (1863–1963): Pioneer Egyptologist, Feminist and First Female Archaeology Lecturer" 1863: 1593: 1577: 1431: 1087: 1032: 914: 818: 408: 250: 7333: 6636:

Drower, Margaret S. (2004). "Margaret Alice Murray". In Getzel M. Cohen; Martha Joukowsky (eds.).

1197:, her second work for John Murray's "The Wisdom of the East" series. That year she also published 7256: 7105: 7069: 6850: 6740: 6732: 6678: 6513: 6492: 6450: 2154: 1902: 1890: 1621: 1047: 515: 396: 6643: 6637: 1990:

authored a short biography of her, which was included as a chapter in the 2004 edited volume on

1745:

methodologically sound interpretation against Murray's "feminised belief" about the witch-cult.

257:

and devoting much time to improving women's status at UCL. Unable to return to Egypt due to the

1816: 1444:

were based on the witches' use of animals, which she divided into "divining familiars" used in

7384: 7177: 7158: 7086: 7038: 7001: 6982: 6867: 6813: 6779: 6757: 6695: 6647: 6597: 6530: 4265: 2213: 2063: 1906: 1901:, when she felt that his promotion to the position of Professor of Egyptology over her friend 1733: 1725:

trial accounts provided by Ewen and instead used sources very selectively to argue her point.

1314: 1078:, and then in late 1935 she undertook a lecture tour of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Estonia. 1008: 806: 677: 488: 476: 472: 332: 227: 1058:, whose theme was the prehistory of southern Africa. In the early 1930s she travelled to the 1012: 7393: 7281: 7248: 7227: 7204: 7130: 7061: 6965: 6898: 6840: 6722: 6670: 6624: 6580: 6557: 6471: 4257: 3517: 2184: 2093: 2087: 2075: 1976: 1837: 1833:

teaching them, Murray was known to socialise with her UCL students outside of class hours.

1626: 1554: 1265: 1144: 961: 926: 901:

subject had such a significant impact. It received a particularly enthusiastic reception by

860: 597: 388: 192: 6776:

The Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

933:

sacrifice, and began describing the religion in more positive terms as "the Old Religion".

6754:

Imagining the Pagan Past: Gods and Goddesses in Literature and History Since the Dark Ages

2867: 2221: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2086:, who claimed to be an initiate of the New Forest coven, who established the tradition of 2071: 2059: 1995: 1717: 1589: 1529: 1277: 1273: 1160: 937: 930: 480: 468: 384: 258: 203: 2407: 2002:, a biography of Murray authored by Kathleen L. Sheppard, then an assistant professor at 1683:

religion. Simpson noted that despite these critical reviews, within the field of British

6771: 2857: 2241: 2189: 2166: 2142: 2083: 1982:

The historian of archaeology Rosalind M. Janssen titled her study of Egyptology at UCL

1773: 1751: 1457: 1370: 1302: 1023:. Murray also continued to publish works on Egyptology for a general audience, such as 787: 654: 531: 460: 456: 360: 223: 180: 136: 6375: 2327: 886: 230:, it was at the latter in 1908 that she led the unwrapping of Khnum-nakht, one of the 61: 7402: 7260: 7073: 6807: 6744: 6682: 2862: 2847: 2371: 2350: 2334: 2307: 2212:. Murray's ideas shaped the depiction of paganism in the work of historical novelist 2209: 2205: 2138: 2046: 1964: 1874: 1855:, but never on any account got into arguments about it in public." The archaeologist 1741: 1737: 1684: 1613: 1464: 1310: 1178:

room in Endsleigh Street, which was close to University College London (UCL) and the

1164: 1100: 1040: 957: 880: 783: 727: 546: 527: 420: 295: 243: 211: 176: 131: 2161:. The Murrayite witch-cult theory also provided the basis for the ideas espoused in 1115: 2852: 2765:

The Splendour that was Egypt: A General Survey of Egyptian Culture and Civilisation

2249: 2217: 2158: 1538: 1525: 1505: 1501: 1374: 1366: 1358: 1137: 1059: 1051: 973: 910: 906: 550: 530:. She supplemented her UCL salary by teaching evening classes in Egyptology at the 412: 392: 348: 172: 126: 7231: 6903: 6882: 6845: 6828: 6584: 6475: 4261: 3529: 1151:

of London by moving to Cambridge, where she volunteered for a group (probably the

375:. Although John provided them with a strongly Christian education and a belief in 7338: 7314: 6936: 6692:

Satanic Feminism: Lucifer as the Liberator of Woman in Nineteenth-Century Culture

2568: 1500:, and asserted that it was an entity who had been worshipped in Europe since the 1167:; she never published her findings. In 1945, she briefly became involved in the " 879:, published by Oxford University Press after receiving a positive peer review by 628:

Murray came to do much lecturing and cataloguing at Manchester Museum (pictured).

7017:

A Razor for a Goat: A Discussion of Certain Problems in Witchcraft and Diabolism

6727: 6710: 4245: 2762: 2150: 1882: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1729: 1704: 1700: 1612:

it confirmed "the general picture of pre-Christian Europe a reader of Frazer or

1528:. Within continental Europe, she claimed that the Horned God was represented by 1489: 1453: 1406: 1269: 1256: 1237: 810: 798: 779: 735: 650: 624: 593: 523: 336: 7380: 3521: 2389: 2070:

transport them into the realm of fantasy for which they longed". The historian

1365:, and she was also influenced by the interpretative approaches of E. O. James, 1123:

During Murray's 1935 trip to Palestine, she had taken the opportunity to visit

7375: 7065: 6912:

Merrifield, Ralph (June 1993). "G.B. Gardner and the 20th Century 'Witches'".

6778:. Translated by John Tedeschi; Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. 6628: 6562: 6545: 6529:. Sussex and London: Sussex University Press and Heinemann Educational Books. 1897:

against those she felt deserved it; in one case she cursed a fellow academic,

1878: 1780: 1696: 1552:, in which she greatly extended on the theory, taking influence from Frazer's 1497: 1445: 945: 814: 809:

and the folklore surrounding it which connected it to the legendary figure of

791: 681: 452: 428: 344: 274: 184: 141: 4269: 7285: 6571:

Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1987). "Changes in the Folklore Society, 1949–1986".

2027: 1542: 1533: 1509: 1349: 1298: 1250:

folklore in favour of that from other nations. For the autumn 1961 issue of

1148: 1104: 1083: 1063: 1036: 902: 702:

Glastonbury Abbey (pictured) inspired Murray's interest in British folklore.

669: 604:, although would not publish translations of the inscriptions until 1937 as 372: 356: 340: 6864:

The First Hundred Years: Egyptology at University College London, 1892–1992

2006:; the book was based upon Sheppard's doctoral dissertation produced at the 987: 246:, Murray wrote several books on Egyptology targeted at a general audience. 17: 7354: 7252: 7100:

Simpson, Jacqueline (1994). "Margaret Murray: Who Believed Her and Why?".

2031: 1521: 1441: 1268:'s controversial claims that he had discovered three pre-Christian chalk 1186:; upon her retirement from this position she nominated her former pupil, 802: 562: 423:, living with him until his death in 1891. In 1893 she then travelled to 376: 368: 270: 215: 199: 6998:

The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations

6969: 6736: 4550: 4548: 2239:

cited Murray's work on the witch-cult as an influence on her 1926 novel

2141:

during the late 1960s, Murray's writings were among the sources used by

1140:, in which she discussed how superior women were as folklorists to men. 1050:

for her career in Egyptology. That year, Murray was tasked with guiding

7109: 6854: 6517: 6496: 6462:

Bonser, Wilfrid (1961). "A Bibliography of the Writings of Dr Murray".

6454: 2229: 2018: 1873:

Raised a devout Christian by her mother, Murray had initially become a

1222: 1071: 1004: 585: 424: 328: 310:, and continued to publish in an independent capacity until her death. 290: 285:. From 1921 to 1931, she undertook excavations of prehistoric sites on 219: 195:

from 1953 to 1955, and published widely over the course of her career.

83: 1786: 1513: 1201:, in which she collated many of her UCL lectures. The book adopted a 1175: 1067: 747: 570: 566: 416: 102: 7209: 7192: 3510:

Mallowan, Max; Simpson, R. S. "Murray, Margaret Alice (1863–1963)".

1828:

after having been commissioned by Murray's student Violet MacDermot.

537: 467:(EEF), the department was run by the pioneering early archaeologist 6674: 6661:

Eliade, Mircea (1975). "Some Observations on European Witchcraft".

5472: 5470: 2188:

arbiter of truth. A few "counter-revisionist" Wiccans – among them

2045:, with Murray being referred to as the "Grandmother of Wicca". The 7135: 7118: 6527:

Europe's Inner Demons: An Enquiry Inspired by the Great Witch-Hunt

2042: 2017: 1894: 1815: 1424: 1414: 1282: 1221: 1124: 1114: 986: 972:, much of which was a translation of earlier stories collected by 885: 697: 623: 589: 536: 438: 299: 286: 282: 231: 443:

Murray studied Egyptology at the UCL Wilkins Building (pictured).

7083:

The Life of Margaret Alice Murray: A Woman's Work in Archaeology

6613:

The Life of Margaret Alice Murray: A Woman's Work in Archaeology

6594:

Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft

2000:

The Life of Margaret Alice Murray: A Woman's Work in Archaeology

1517: 1075: 495: 380: 7024:

Runciman, Steven (1962). "Foreword". In Margaret Murray (ed.).

2200:

Simpson noted that the publication of the Murray thesis in the

6441:

Anonymous (1963). "Dr. Margaret Murray's Hundredth Birthday".

2613:

A Coptic Reading Book, with Glossary, for the Use of Beginners

1886: 6809:

The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft

6017: 6015: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 2157:

when she was establishing her feminist-oriented tradition of

1496:

In this book she began to refer to the witches' deity as the

797:

After being taken ill herself, she was sent to recuperate in

6979:

A Coven of Scholars: Margaret Murray and her Working Methods

5606: 5604: 2738:

British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Bernard Quaritch

2037:

Murray's witch-cult theories provided the blueprint for the

1174:

After the war ended she returned to London, settling into a

1007:

from 1930 to 1931. With the aid of Guest, she excavated the

541:

The Osireion (pictured), which was first excavated by Murray

7035:

A New History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics and Pagans

6958:

The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies

2260:

A bibliography of Murray's published work was published in

2252:

is based on the same idea of the role of the royal family.

1090:

with his wife; Murray therefore took over as editor of the

706:

Murray was dedicated to public education, hoping to infuse

242:

reflected the existence of a widespread public interest in

171:(13 July 1863 – 13 November 1963) was an Anglo-Indian 4569: 4567: 3683: 3681: 3679: 873:. She articulated these views more fully in her 1921 book 399:, while their father worked at his firm's London office. 6611:—— (2016b). "Review of Kathleen L. Sheppard, 6596:. Brighton, Chicago, and Toronto: Sussex Academic Press. 5683: 5681: 5679: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5579: 5577: 5342: 5340: 5179: 5177: 5074: 5072: 4975: 4973: 4648: 4646: 2467:

The Witch-Cult in Western Europe: A Study in Anthropology

2220:. It was also an influence on the American horror author 1959:

visited the room and there was gifted a copy of Murray's

782:

in 1914, in which the United Kingdom went to war against

269:

were an attempt to extinguish a surviving pre-Christian,

5645: 5643: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4309: 4307: 4051: 4049: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3873: 3871: 3822: 3820: 191:(UCL) from 1898 to 1935. She served as president of the 5397: 5395: 5164: 5162: 1975:. UCL also possess a watercolour painting of Murray by 936:

At UCL, Murray was promoted to lecturer in 1921 and to

5137: 5135: 4392: 4390: 4388: 991:

Murray excavated at Borġ in-Nadur in Malta (pictured).

620:

Feminism, the First World War, and folklore: 1905–1920

431:, where her sister had moved to with her new husband. 6483:

Burr, George L. (1922). "Review of Margaret Murray's

1963:. UCL also hold two busts of Murray, one kept in the 1264:

In May 1957, Murray had championed the archaeologist

6793:

Halliday, W.R. (1922). "Review of Margaret Murray's

6642:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 6504:—— (1935). "Review of Margaret Murray's 2456:

John Murray (London); The Wisdom of the East Series

2022:

A sculpture of the Horned God of Wicca found in the

1448:

and "domestic familiars" used in other magic rites.

7218:Williams, Mary (1961). "Ninety-Eight Years Young". 6617:

Aries: Journal for the Study of Western Esotericism

2784:

The Divine King of England. A Study in Anthropology

1003:, invited her to lead excavations on the island of 504:

Proceedings of the Society for Biblical Archaeology

435:

Early years at University College London: 1894–1905

149: 120: 110: 91: 71: 41: 7274:The Pomegranate: A New Journal of Neopagan Thought 6981:. Archive Series 1. London: The Folklore Society. 6935: 1785:, an agrarian visionary tradition recorded in the 1361:, who had argued for the existence of a pervasive 1082:In 1933, Petrie had retired from UCL and moved to 1056:British Association for the Advancement of Science 218:temple and the following season investigated the 198:Born to a wealthy middle-class English family in 6639:Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists 6376:"Lammas Night: Magical smack down on the Führer" 5476: 5437: 5362: 2399:British School of Archaeology in Egypt (London) 2299:Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art (Edinburgh) 2078:– the oldest alleged Wiccan group – was founded 1992:Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists 335:, then a major military city and the capital of 7033:Russell, Jeffrey B.; Alexander, Brooks (2007). 2292:Guide to the Collection of Egyptian Antiquities 2100: 1931: 1748: 1645: 1508:, which are often interpreted as depictions of 1387:The extreme negative and positive reactions to 1385: 1229: 842: 569:which had been constructed by order of Pharaoh 6512:. Vol. 40, no. 3. pp. 491–492. 6491:. Vol. 27, no. 4. pp. 780–783. 2147:New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn 1759:Jeffrey B. Russell and Brooks Alexander, 2007. 1637:. A new approach, and such a surprising one." 1001:Cambridge Museum of Ethnology and Anthropology 763:In 1914, Petrie launched the academic journal 407:. In 1887, she returned to England, moving to 2145:in the creation of his Wiccan tradition, the 2004:Missouri University of Science and Technology 1803: 1797: 1791: 1778: 383:in Germany, where they both became fluent in 8: 5994: 5966: 5954: 3516:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2636:Cambridge Excavations in Minorca, Sa Torreta 2391:Index of Names and Titles of the Old Kingdom 2228:in his writings about the fictional cult of 1210:'s highly unorthodox and heavily criticised 637:, she was present at large marches like the 327:Margaret Murray was born on 13 July 1863 in 30:For other people named Margaret Murray, see 7174:T.C. Lethbridge: The Man Who Saw the Future 6285: 6273: 6261: 6249: 6237: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6173: 6161: 6149: 6125: 6093: 6081: 6069: 6057: 6045: 6033: 6021: 6006: 4995: 4964: 4948: 4808: 4744: 4692: 4479: 459:. Having been founded by an endowment from 249:Murray also became closely involved in the 5914: 5890: 5827: 5791: 5610: 3270: 3230: 2270: 2153:during the early 1970s, they were used by 1986:"as a tribute" to Murray. Murray's friend 1820:Bust of Murray held in the library of the 298:and in 1937 she led a small excavation at 60: 38: 7208: 7134: 6902: 6844: 6726: 6561: 6121: 5859: 5727: 5323: 5275: 5114: 4637: 4621: 4573: 4539: 4491: 4408: 4091: 3932: 3838: 3799: 3775: 3755: 3687: 3222: 2982: 2691:Cambridge Excavations in Minorca, Trapucó 2652:Corpus of the Bronze-Age Pottery of Malta 1261:willing to defend her witch-cult theory. 982:Corpus of the Bronze Age Pottery of Malta 838:Witch-cult, Malta, and Menorca: 1921–1935 6977:Oates, Caroline; Wood, Juliette (1998). 6424: 6185: 6109: 5982: 5950: 5815: 5803: 5699: 5622: 5512: 5500: 5247: 5207: 5090: 5047: 4944: 4558: 4527: 4507: 4463: 4416: 4379: 4367: 4298: 4231: 4207: 4199: 4187: 4175: 4155: 4099: 4075: 4040: 4028: 4020: 4008: 3992: 3976: 3960: 3936: 3901: 3846: 3811: 3783: 3763: 3743: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3606: 3590: 3586: 3574: 3570: 3554: 3482: 3470: 3454: 3442: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3390: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3302: 3290: 3274: 3250: 3234: 3206: 3194: 3174: 3158: 3146: 3126: 3102: 3086: 3074: 3058: 3042: 3026: 3014: 2998: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2926: 2910: 2898: 2890: 2560:Sampson Low, Marston & Co. (London) 1843:One of Murray's friends in the Society, 1307:Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital, Welwyn 600:. She published her findings in 1905 as 267:witch trials of Early Modern Christendom 7270:"Margaret Murray and the Rise of Wicca" 6349: 6321: 6233: 6105: 5978: 5926: 5902: 5855: 5839: 5759: 5711: 5670: 5595: 5583: 5488: 5461: 5425: 5346: 5319: 5153: 4979: 4940: 4519: 4451: 4167: 4151: 4111: 4067: 3948: 3889: 3858: 3513:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3505: 3503: 3286: 3266: 3218: 3138: 3118: 2883: 2066:were also based on Murray's framework. 1111:Petra, Cambridge, and London: 1935–1953 395:. There, they spent much time visiting 7479:Academics of University College London 7176:. Winchester and Washington: O-Books. 6412: 6400: 6361: 6337: 6325: 6309: 6297: 5938: 5779: 5767: 5763: 5747: 5743: 5715: 5687: 5568: 5556: 5528: 5449: 5413: 5386: 5374: 5358: 5327: 5315: 5279: 5251: 5195: 5183: 5078: 5059: 5043: 5031: 5019: 5007: 4991: 4960: 4916: 4904: 4892: 4880: 4868: 4856: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4768: 4756: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4688: 4676: 4664: 4652: 4625: 4597: 4585: 4554: 4523: 4503: 4467: 4435: 4412: 4396: 4355: 4313: 4294: 4246:"Obituary: Ethel H. Rudkin, 1893–1985" 4219: 4203: 4171: 4139: 4127: 4115: 4095: 4071: 4055: 4024: 4004: 3988: 3972: 3956: 3952: 3920: 3897: 3893: 3877: 3862: 3842: 3826: 3795: 3779: 3759: 3739: 3699: 3602: 3566: 3542: 3494: 3466: 3438: 3386: 3354: 3318: 3246: 3226: 3190: 3170: 3142: 3122: 3098: 3070: 3054: 3038: 3010: 2994: 2938: 2922: 2894: 2165:, a 1978 book written by the American 1669:, as was E. M. Loeb in his review for 769:British School of Archaeology in Egypt 471:, and based in the Edwards Library of 6866:. London: University College London. 6812:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6694:. Stockholm: Molin & Sorgenfrei. 6137: 5871: 5649: 5331: 5063: 4928: 4609: 4447: 4087: 3382: 3350: 3314: 3262: 3186: 3114: 2163:Witchcraft and the Gay Counterculture 1336: 1287:Murray being interviewed by the BBC, 592:, which dated from the period of the 153:University College London (1898–1935) 27:Anglo-Indian Egyptologist (1863–1963) 7: 7148:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 7019:. Toronto: Toronto University Press. 5843: 5731: 5634: 5544: 5532: 5524: 5401: 5303: 5291: 5263: 5235: 5223: 5219: 5168: 5141: 5126: 5102: 4337:from the original on 2 December 2020 980:, resulting in another publication, 7494:20th-century British archaeologists 7489:19th-century British archaeologists 7474:Alumni of University College London 2682:Egyptian Research Account (London) 2429:Elementary Coptic (Sahidic) Grammar 2363:Egyptian Research Account (London) 2319:Egyptian Research Account (London) 1633:, "and exciting her first book was 1598:Witches, Demons and Fertility Magic 995:On the basis of her work in Malta, 716:Elementary Coptic (Sahidic) Grammar 577:. She published her site report as 7519:Presidents of the Folklore Society 7504:19th-century British women writers 7469:20th-century British women writers 6756:. London and New York: Routledge. 4327:"Who put Bella down the Wych Elm?" 2810:William Kimber & Co. (London) 2438:University College Press (London) 2419:Sheratt & Hughes (Manchester) 2381:University College Press (London) 1824:. The bronze cast was produced by 1301:, Murray had moved into a home in 1019:, resulting in the publication of 674:Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 635:Women's Social and Political Union 261:, she focused her research on the 255:Women's Social and Political Union 25: 7390:Works by or about Margaret Murray 7104:. Vol. 105. pp. 89–96. 6801:. Vol. 33. pp. 224–230. 6382:from the original on 25 June 2023 4276:from the original on 20 July 2023 2747:Ancient Egyptian Religious Poetry 2476:Oxford University Press (Oxford) 2352:Saqqara Mastabas Part I and Gurob 1488:, published by the popular press 1195:Ancient Egyptian Religious Poetry 805:, where she became interested in 124: 7524:British people in colonial India 7365: 7353: 7026:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 6927:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 6885:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 6795:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 6485:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 2226:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 1957:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother 1620:Related to this, the folklorist 1586:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 1482:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 1469:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 1403:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 1389:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 1021:Cambridge Excavations in Minorca 876:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 463:, one of the co-founders of the 32:Margaret Murray (disambiguation) 6711:"The Legacy of T.C. Lethbridge" 6374:Lasiter, Kelly (16 July 2010). 2774:Philosophical Library (London) 1545:as evidence of his veneration. 1363:dying-and-resurrecting god myth 1357:the work of the anthropologist 1323:Royal Anthropological Institute 1062:, where she visited museums in 944:. She excavated the Bronze Age 758:Royal Anthropological Institute 483:languages which were taught by 7381:Works by Margaret Alice Murray 7119:"Margaret Murray's Meat Curry" 4244:Brown, Theo (1 January 1986). 2517:Excavations in Malta, Part III 2064:system of seasonal festivities 2024:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic 1944:In his obituary for Murray in 1337:Murray's witch-cult hypotheses 1169:Who put Bella in the Wych Elm? 1153:Army Bureau of Current Affairs 1103:, a Bronze Age mound south of 714:which was followed in 1911 by 687:In 1907, Petrie excavated the 666:National Museum of Antiquities 565:, a temple devoted to the god 1: 7444:British women anthropologists 7232:10.1080/0015587X.1961.9717291 7085:. New York: Lexington Books. 7037:. London: Thames and Hudson. 6925:Murray, Margaret A. (1962) . 6904:10.1525/aa.1922.24.4.02a00150 6862:Janssen, Rosalind M. (1992). 6846:10.1080/0015587x.1963.9716934 6585:10.1080/0015587X.1987.9716407 6476:10.1080/0015587X.1961.9717300 4466:, pp. 157–159, 164–165; 4262:10.1080/0015587X.1986.9716384 2501:Excavations in Malta, Part II 1971:, and produced by the artist 1691:between Murray's in 1917 and 1288: 750:, and thus were published in 643:Women's Coronation Procession 561:Abydos, Murray uncovered the 82:Calcutta, British India (now 7464:20th-century British writers 7449:British women archaeologists 7344:Resources in other libraries 7320:Resources in other libraries 5477:Russell & Alexander 2007 5438:Russell & Alexander 2007 5363:Russell & Alexander 2007 3673:, pp. 197–198, 202–205. 3530:UK public library membership 2707:Petra, the Rock City of Edom 2485:Excavations in Malta, Part I 2410:The Tomb of the Two Brothers 2339:With chapters by Kurt Sethe 1822:UCL Institute of Archaeology 1199:The Splendour That Was Egypt 767:, published through his own 693:The Tomb of the Two Brothers 6728:10.1080/0015587032000059915 6592:Doyle White, Ethan (2016). 2792:Faber & Faber (London) 2581:Faber & Faber (London) 2373:Elementary Egyptian Grammar 1157:The British Way and Purpose 1128:of Egyptian antiquities at 712:Elementary Egyptian Grammar 506:in 1895. Becoming Petrie's 469:Sir William Flinders Petrie 7540: 7434:British women centenarians 7028:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 6942:. London: Faber and Faber. 6929:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 6510:American Historical Review 6489:American Historical Review 2698:Bernard Quaritch (London) 2666:Bernard Quaritch (London) 2643:Bernard Quaritch (London) 2627:Bernard Quaritch (London) 2524:Bernard Quaritch (London) 2508:Bernard Quaritch (London) 2492:Bernard Quaritch (London) 2342:Bernard Quaritch (London) 2054:and their meetings termed 1662:American Historical Review 1550:The Divine King in England 1340: 1254:, the society published a 1096:Ancient Egypt and the East 966:Percy Sladen Memorial Fund 870:Scottish Historical Review 817:had been brought there by 744:London School of Economics 485:Francis Llewellyn Griffith 29: 7514:British women folklorists 7339:Resources in your library 7315:Resources in your library 7197:Archaeology International 7191:Whitehouse, Ruth (2013). 7155:The Rebirth of Witchcraft 7153:Valiente, Doreen (1989). 7066:10.1017/S0269889712000221 6951:. London: William Kimber. 6629:10.1163/15700593-01501015 6563:10.1017/S0003598X00068708 3573:, pp. 526, 536–537; 3129:, pp. 26, 37, 41–44. 1939:Jacqueline Simpson, 1994. 1588:, the Medieval historian 1512:, as well as the deities 1130:Girton College, Cambridge 813:and to the idea that the 718:. In 1913, she published 573:during the period of the 449:University College London 189:University College London 115:University College London 59: 7509:British women historians 7454:Historians of witchcraft 7172:Welbourn, Terry (2011). 7117:Thornton, Amara (2014). 6934:—— (1952) . 6709:Finneran, Niall (2003). 5034:, pp. 32–37, 43–44. 3577:, pp. 121, 126–127. 2675:Saqqara Mastabas Part II 2663:and Themosticles Zammit 2448:Ancient Egyptian Legends 2108:Ethan Doyle White, 2016. 1429:The Devil on horseback. 1203:diffusionist perspective 1180:Institute of Archaeology 1017:Sa Torreta de Tramuntana 890:Murray in London in 1928 740:Charles Gabriel Seligman 720:Ancient Egyptian Legends 689:Tomb of the Two Brothers 377:the inferiority of women 214:, there discovering the 105:, Hertfordshire, England 7484:British women academics 7429:British anthropologists 7424:Scientists from Kolkata 7286:10.1558/pome.v13.i10.45 7268:Wood, Juliette (2001). 7157:. London: Robert Hale. 7081:—— (2013). 7000:. Abingdon: Routledge. 6996:Purkiss, Diane (1996). 6947:—— (1963). 6891:American Anthropologist 6806:Hutton, Ronald (1999). 6752:Gibson, Marion (2013). 2821:The Genesis of Religion 2202:Encyclopædia Britannica 2180:The Triumph of the Moon 2129:. The prominent Wiccan 1988:Margaret Stefana Drower 1984:The First Hundred Years 1728:In 1975, the historian 1672:American Anthropologist 1548:In 1954, she published 1474:Encyclopædia Britannica 1418:those deemed traitors. 1327:The Genesis of Religion 1188:Veronica Seton-Williams 1184:City Literary Institute 954:Santa Maria tal-Bakkari 942:Gertrude Caton Thompson 897:Encyclopædia Britannica 734:of the tomb of Pharaoh 647:professional boundaries 549:. Petrie and his wife, 308:City Literary Institute 304:University of Cambridge 7203:(2012–2013): 120–127. 7144:Thomas, Keith (1971). 6949:My First Hundred Years 6938:The God of the Witches 6506:The God of the Witches 6378:. Fantasy Literature. 4795:, pp. 12–13, 109. 4719:, pp. 71, 79, 82. 3522:10.1093/ref:odnb/35169 2802:My First Hundred Years 2571:The God of the Witches 2310:The Osireion at Abydos 2237:Sylvia Townsend Warner 2105: 2034: 2008:University of Oklahoma 1961:My First Hundred Years 1936: 1829: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1779: 1772:The Italian historian 1767:Jeffrey Burton Russell 1756: 1650: 1486:The God of the Witches 1436: 1393: 1331:My First Hundred Years 1294: 1234: 1226: 1218:Final years: 1953–1963 1120: 992: 923:The God of the Witches 891: 850:Margaret Murray, 1963. 847: 703: 662:Dublin National Museum 629: 610:The Osireion at Abydos 579:The Osireion at Abydos 542: 465:Egypt Exploration Fund 444: 279:new religious movement 273:religion devoted to a 265:, the theory that the 253:movement, joining the 7439:British Egyptologists 7253:10.1353/mod.2015.0051 7015:Rose, Elliot (1962). 6914:Folklore Society News 6829:"Dr. Margaret Murray" 6827:James, E. O. (1963). 6690:Faxneld, Per (2014). 6544:Daniel, Glyn (1964). 6525:Cohn, Norman (1975). 6324:, pp. 642, 644; 6122:Oates & Wood 1998 5860:Oates & Wood 1998 5728:Oates & Wood 1998 5324:Oates & Wood 1998 5276:Oates & Wood 1998 5115:Oates & Wood 1998 4638:Oates & Wood 1998 4622:Oates & Wood 1998 4574:Oates & Wood 1998 4492:Oates & Wood 1998 4409:Oates & Wood 1998 4092:Oates & Wood 1998 3933:Oates & Wood 1998 3839:Oates & Wood 1998 3800:Oates & Wood 1998 3776:Oates & Wood 1998 3756:Oates & Wood 1998 3688:Oates & Wood 1998 3223:Oates & Wood 1998 3209:, pp. 48–49, 52. 2983:Oates & Wood 1998 2843:Johann Jakob Bachofen 2754:John Murray (London) 2603:Empire Press (Malta) 2021: 1819: 1653:George L. Burr, 1922. 1428: 1343:Witch-cult hypothesis 1341:Further information: 1321:, the journal of the 1286: 1225: 1118: 1094:journal, renaming it 999:, the curator of the 990: 889: 859:, the journal of the 756:, the journal of the 701: 627: 540: 473:UCL's South Cloisters 442: 263:witch-cult hypothesis 160:Margaret Alice Murray 76:Margaret Alice Murray 7419:Writers from Kolkata 7362:at Wikimedia Commons 6881:Loeb, E. M. (1922). 6663:History of Religions 5830:, pp. 120, 125. 5766:, pp. 200–201; 5746:, pp. 196–204; 5222:, pp. 780–783; 4743:, pp. 190–191; 4297:, pp. 130–131; 4174:, pp. 127–128; 3975:, pp. 121–122; 3702:, pp. 118–119; 3229:, pp. 112–113; 3057:, pp. 110–111; 2830:Kegan Paul (London) 2274:Year of publication 1693:Rossell Hope Robbins 1631:Hilda Ellis Davidson 1463:The later historian 1208:Grafton Elliot Smith 1134:Lincolshire Folklore 778:The outbreak of the 236:Tomb of two Brothers 7241:Modernism/Modernity 6970:10.1558/pome.v7i1.5 6427:, pp. 253–254. 6415:, pp. 135–140. 6403:, pp. 560–566. 6340:, pp. 576–577. 5969:, pp. 155–156. 5416:, pp. 152–153. 5266:, pp. 476–478. 5226:, pp. 491–492. 4919:, pp. 270–279. 4907:, pp. 14, 238. 4883:, pp. 205–208. 4859:, pp. 152–162. 4823:, pp. 111–112. 4771:, pp. 194–200. 4530:, pp. 230–231. 4382:, pp. 178–188. 4358:, pp. 131–132. 4234:, pp. 226–227. 4222:, pp. 128–129. 4210:, pp. 224–226. 4130:, pp. 124–125. 4043:, pp. 144–150. 4031:, pp. 212–215. 3995:, pp. 210–211. 3979:, pp. 207–210. 3963:, pp. 169–171. 3849:, pp. 168–169. 3814:, pp. 166–166. 3786:, pp. 164–165. 3746:, pp. 98, 162. 3706:, pp. 199–201. 3649:, pp. 140–141. 3593:, pp. 126–129. 3557:, pp. 106–107. 3485:, pp. 111–112. 3473:, pp. 110–111. 3457:, pp. 108–109. 2957:, pp. 3–4, 13. 2542:Duckworth (London) 2074:suggested that the 1578:George Norman Clark 1432:Nuremberg Chronicle 1088:Mandatory Palestine 819:Joseph of Aramathea 606:Saqqara Mastabas II 251:first-wave feminist 234:recovered from the 7370:Works by or about 7328:By Margaret Murray 7054:Science in Context 6264:, pp. 77, 82. 6240:, pp. 17, 81. 4522:, pp. 80–81; 4494:, pp. 32, 35. 4411:, pp. 9, 91; 3405:, pp. 60, 75. 3373:, pp. 60, 68. 3197:, pp. 39, 47. 2590:Maltese Folk-Tales 2534:Egyptian Sculpture 2248:The fantasy novel 2155:Zsuzsanna Budapest 2039:contemporary Pagan 2035: 1903:Walter Bryan Emery 1830: 1711:Academic rejection 1622:Jacqueline Simpson 1602:Pennethorne Hughes 1566:Academic reception 1437: 1396:Mimi Winick, 2015. 1295: 1227: 1190:, to replace her. 1121: 1048:honorary doctorate 1025:Egyptian Sculpture 993: 919:J. W. Brodie Innes 892: 845:persecuting form. 704: 630: 614:Saqqara Mastabas I 602:Saqqara Mastabas I 543: 516:Reginald Engelbach 445: 397:The Crystal Palace 7499:British feminists 7385:Project Gutenberg 7358:Media related to 7301:Library resources 7183:978-1-84694-500-7 7164:978-0-7090-3715-6 7092:978-0-7391-7417-3 7044:978-0-500-28634-0 7007:978-0-415-08762-9 6988:978-0-903515-16-0 6873:978-0-902137-33-2 6819:978-0-19-820744-3 6785:978-0-8018-4386-0 6763:978-0-415-67419-5 6701:978-91-87515-04-0 6653:978-0-472-11372-9 6603:978-1-84519-754-4 6536:978-0-435-82183-8 6288:, pp. 82–83. 6252:, pp. 81–83. 6048:, pp. 97–98. 6009:, pp. 16–17. 5995:Doyle White 2016b 5967:Doyle White 2016b 5955:Doyle White 2016b 5598:, pp. 30–31. 5535:, pp. 46–47. 5464:, pp. 90–91. 5428:, pp. 62–63. 5306:, pp. 56–61. 5117:, pp. 28–29. 5022:, pp. 28–29. 5010:, pp. 24–27. 4871:, pp. 30–32. 4707:, pp. 28–31. 4679:, pp. 11–12. 4640:, pp. 16–18. 4333:. 24 April 2015. 3528:(Subscription or 3393:, pp. 70–76. 3361:, pp. 66–67. 3337:, pp. 64–66. 3325:, pp. 61–63. 3293:, pp. 90–91. 3253:, pp. 52–53. 3237:, pp. 52–53. 3177:, pp. 45–46. 3149:, pp. 44–45. 3077:, pp. 24–25. 3061:, pp. 22–24. 3045:, pp. 21–22. 3001:, pp. 16–20. 2834: 2833: 2724:A Street in Petra 2214:Rosemary Sutcliff 1907:Kaiser Wilhelm II 1734:historical method 1604:in his 1952 book 1596:in his 1947 book 1520:in Egypt and the 1315:Ayot St. Lawrence 1247:John Mavrogordato 1212:hyperdiffusionist 970:Maltese Folktales 807:Glastonbury Abbey 678:Manchester Museum 588:cemetery near to 489:Walter Ewing Crum 333:Bengal Presidency 228:Manchester Museum 183:, historian, and 157: 156: 16:(Redirected from 7531: 7459:Pseudohistorians 7394:Internet Archive 7369: 7357: 7289: 7264: 7235: 7214: 7212: 7187: 7168: 7149: 7140: 7138: 7113: 7096: 7077: 7048: 7029: 7020: 7011: 6992: 6973: 6952: 6943: 6941: 6930: 6921: 6908: 6906: 6877: 6858: 6848: 6823: 6802: 6789: 6767: 6748: 6730: 6705: 6686: 6657: 6632: 6607: 6588: 6567: 6565: 6540: 6521: 6500: 6479: 6458: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6286:Doyle White 2016 6283: 6277: 6274:Doyle White 2016 6271: 6265: 6262:Doyle White 2016 6259: 6253: 6250:Doyle White 2016 6247: 6241: 6238:Doyle White 2016 6231: 6225: 6222:Doyle White 2016 6219: 6213: 6210:Doyle White 2016 6207: 6201: 6198:Doyle White 2016 6195: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6174:Doyle White 2016 6171: 6165: 6162:Doyle White 2016 6159: 6153: 6150:Doyle White 2016 6147: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6126:Doyle White 2016 6119: 6113: 6103: 6097: 6094:Doyle White 2016 6091: 6085: 6082:Doyle White 2016 6079: 6073: 6070:Doyle White 2016 6067: 6061: 6058:Doyle White 2016 6055: 6049: 6046:Doyle White 2016 6043: 6037: 6034:Doyle White 2016 6031: 6025: 6022:Doyle White 2016 6019: 6010: 6007:Doyle White 2016 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5853: 5847: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5757: 5751: 5741: 5735: 5725: 5719: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5674: 5668: 5653: 5647: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5335: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5172: 5166: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5067: 5057: 5051: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4996:Doyle White 2016 4989: 4983: 4977: 4968: 4965:Doyle White 2016 4958: 4952: 4949:Doyle White 2016 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4809:Doyle White 2016 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4745:Doyle White 2016 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4693:Doyle White 2016 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4562: 4552: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4517: 4511: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4480:Doyle White 2016 4477: 4471: 4461: 4455: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4420: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4302: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4165: 4159: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4109: 4103: 4085: 4079: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4018: 4012: 4002: 3996: 3986: 3980: 3970: 3964: 3946: 3940: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3905: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3866: 3856: 3850: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3793: 3787: 3773: 3767: 3753: 3747: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3600: 3594: 3584: 3578: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3525: 3507: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3284: 3278: 3260: 3254: 3244: 3238: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3184: 3178: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3136: 3130: 3112: 3106: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3068: 3062: 3052: 3046: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3008: 3002: 2992: 2986: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2945:, pp. 8–10. 2936: 2930: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2888: 2823: 2786: 2767: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2726: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2615: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2573: 2552:Egyptian Temples 2469: 2412: 2329:Saqqara Mastabas 2312: 2271: 2185:article of faith 2115:Bob Clay-Egerton 2109: 2094:Witchcraft Today 2088:Gardnerian Wicca 2076:New Forest coven 2062:. Wicca's early 1977:Winifred Brunton 1969:Violet MacDermot 1940: 1850: 1838:Ralph Merrifield 1807: 1801: 1795: 1784: 1760: 1654: 1627:Montague Summers 1582:Christopher Hill 1555:The Golden Bough 1480:Murray followed 1397: 1293: 1290: 1266:T. C. Lethbridge 1241: 1147:, Murray evaded 1145:Second World War 1029:Egyptian Temples 861:Folklore Society 851: 641:of 1907 and the 598:Auguste Mariette 477:Ancient Egyptian 405:cholera outbreak 359:. The historian 323:Youth: 1863–1893 193:Folklore Society 170: 98: 95:13 November 1963 64: 54: 39: 21: 7539: 7538: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7399: 7398: 7372:Margaret Murray 7360:Margaret Murray 7350: 7349: 7348: 7325: 7324: 7309: 7308: 7306:Margaret Murray 7304: 7297: 7292: 7267: 7238: 7217: 7210:10.5334/ai.1608 7190: 7184: 7171: 7165: 7152: 7143: 7116: 7099: 7093: 7080: 7051: 7045: 7032: 7023: 7014: 7008: 6995: 6989: 6976: 6955: 6946: 6933: 6924: 6911: 6880: 6874: 6861: 6826: 6820: 6805: 6792: 6786: 6772:Ginzburg, Carlo 6770: 6764: 6751: 6708: 6702: 6689: 6660: 6654: 6635: 6610: 6604: 6591: 6570: 6543: 6537: 6524: 6503: 6482: 6461: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6385: 6383: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6360: 6356: 6348: 6344: 6336: 6332: 6320: 6316: 6308: 6304: 6296: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6148: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6120: 6116: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6032: 6028: 6020: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5977: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5953:, p. vii; 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5929:, p. xiii. 5925: 5921: 5915:Whitehouse 2013 5913: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5891:Whitehouse 2013 5889: 5878: 5870: 5866: 5854: 5850: 5838: 5834: 5828:Whitehouse 2013 5826: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5802: 5798: 5792:Whitehouse 2013 5790: 5786: 5778: 5774: 5758: 5754: 5742: 5738: 5726: 5722: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5677: 5669: 5656: 5648: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5617: 5611:Merrifield 1993 5609: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5582: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5531:, p. 378; 5527:, p. 223; 5523: 5519: 5515:, p. xiii. 5511: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5475: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5361:, p. 362; 5357: 5353: 5345: 5338: 5330:, p. 198; 5318:, p. 516; 5314: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5274: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5218: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5182: 5175: 5167: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5077: 5070: 5062:, p. 272; 5058: 5054: 5046:, p. 272; 5042: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4971: 4963:, p. 196; 4959: 4955: 4947:, p. 169; 4939: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4620: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4565: 4557:, p. 132; 4553: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4526:, p. 132; 4518: 4514: 4506:, p. 132; 4502: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4462: 4458: 4450:, p. 569; 4446: 4442: 4434: 4423: 4415:, p. 132; 4407: 4403: 4395: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4331:Strange Remains 4325: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4305: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206:, p. 128; 4202:, p. 434; 4198: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4166: 4162: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4110: 4106: 4098:, p. 115; 4090:, p. 569; 4086: 4082: 4074:, p. 115; 4066: 4062: 4054: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4027:, p. 123; 4023:, p. 434; 4019: 4015: 4007:, p. 112; 4003: 3999: 3991:, p. 112; 3987: 3983: 3971: 3967: 3959:, p. 119; 3955:, p. 196; 3947: 3943: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3908: 3900:, p. 119; 3896:, p. 199; 3888: 3884: 3876: 3869: 3857: 3853: 3845:, p. 195; 3837: 3833: 3825: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798:, p. 104; 3794: 3790: 3782:, p. 118; 3774: 3770: 3762:, p. 118; 3754: 3750: 3742:, p. 118; 3738: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3609:, p. 526; 3605:, p. 116; 3601: 3597: 3589:, p. 539; 3585: 3581: 3569:, p. 116; 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3509: 3508: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469:, p. 118; 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389:, p. 114; 3385:, p. 569; 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3357:, p. 114; 3353:, p. 569; 3349:, p. 434; 3345: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3321:, p. 113; 3317:, p. 569; 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3285: 3281: 3273:, p. 121; 3271:Whitehouse 2013 3265:, p. 568; 3261: 3257: 3249:, p. 115; 3245: 3241: 3233:, p. 120; 3231:Whitehouse 2013 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193:, p. 112; 3189:, p. 568; 3185: 3181: 3173:, p. 112; 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3145:, p. 111; 3137: 3133: 3125:, p. 111; 3117:, p. 568; 3113: 3109: 3101:, p. 111; 3097: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3073:, p. 111; 3069: 3065: 3053: 3049: 3041:, p. 110; 3037: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3013:, p. 110; 3009: 3005: 2997:, p. 110; 2993: 2989: 2981:, p. 434; 2977: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2941:, p. 110; 2937: 2933: 2925:, p. 110; 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897:, p. 110; 2893:, p. 433; 2889: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2868:Flinders Petrie 2839: 2819: 2782: 2763: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2722: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2621:Dorothy Pilcher 2620: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2569: 2465: 2432:(2nd ed. 1927) 2408: 2308: 2258: 2222:H. P. Lovecraft 2198: 2131:Doreen Valiente 2127:Rosaleen Norton 2123:Charles Cardell 2119:Robert Cochrane 2111: 2107: 2072:Philip Heselton 2060:Book of Shadows 2016: 1996:Lexington Books 1973:Stephen Rickard 1942: 1938: 1921: 1916: 1848: 1826:Stephen Rickard 1814: 1762: 1758: 1718:Alan Macfarlane 1713: 1656: 1652: 1643: 1641:Early criticism 1590:Steven Runciman 1573: 1568: 1467:commented that 1399: 1395: 1383: 1345: 1339: 1291: 1278:Gog Magog Hills 1274:Wandlebury Hill 1243: 1236: 1220: 1171:" murder case. 1161:Downing College 1113: 938:senior lecturer 853: 849: 840: 835: 780:First World War 622: 555:Émile Amélineau 520:Georgina Aitken 437: 325: 320: 259:First World War 204:Flinders Petrie 162: 111:Alma mater 106: 100: 99:(aged 100) 96: 87: 80: 78: 77: 67: 55: 46: 44: 43:Margaret Murray 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7537: 7535: 7527: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7401: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7387: 7378: 7363: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295:External links 7293: 7291: 7290: 7265: 7247:(3): 565–592. 7236: 7226:(3): 433–437. 7215: 7188: 7182: 7169: 7163: 7150: 7141: 7114: 7097: 7091: 7078: 7060:(4): 525–549. 7049: 7043: 7030: 7021: 7012: 7006: 6993: 6987: 6974: 6953: 6944: 6931: 6922: 6909: 6878: 6872: 6859: 6839:(4): 568–569. 6824: 6818: 6803: 6790: 6784: 6768: 6762: 6749: 6721:(1): 107–114. 6706: 6700: 6687: 6675:10.1086/462721 6669:(3): 149–172. 6658: 6652: 6633: 6623:(1): 154–156. 6608: 6602: 6589: 6579:(2): 123–130. 6568: 6541: 6535: 6522: 6501: 6480: 6470:(3): 560–566. 6459: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6417: 6405: 6393: 6366: 6364:, p. 565. 6354: 6352:, p. 645. 6342: 6330: 6328:, p. 565. 6314: 6312:, p. 144. 6302: 6300:, p. 294. 6290: 6278: 6266: 6254: 6242: 6236:, p. 95; 6226: 6214: 6202: 6190: 6178: 6176:, p. 188. 6166: 6154: 6142: 6130: 6128:, p. 186. 6124:, p. 14; 6114: 6112:, p. 177. 6108:, p. 89; 6098: 6086: 6084:, p. 132. 6074: 6072:, p. 120. 6062: 6060:, p. 101. 6050: 6038: 6026: 6011: 5999: 5997:, p. 156. 5987: 5985:, p. 176. 5981:, p. 89; 5971: 5959: 5943: 5931: 5919: 5917:, p. 120. 5907: 5895: 5893:, p. 125. 5876: 5864: 5858:, p. 89; 5848: 5842:, p. 89; 5832: 5820: 5808: 5806:, p. 108. 5796: 5784: 5782:, p. 120. 5772: 5770:, p. 121. 5762:, p. 31; 5752: 5750:, p. 200. 5736: 5730:, p. 12; 5720: 5718:, p. 200. 5714:, p. 89; 5704: 5702:, p. 532. 5692: 5690:, p. 194. 5675: 5654: 5652:, p. 568. 5639: 5627: 5625:, p. 123. 5615: 5600: 5588: 5573: 5571:, p. 277. 5561: 5559:, p. 278. 5549: 5547:, p. 223. 5537: 5517: 5505: 5503:, p. xix. 5493: 5481: 5479:, p. 154. 5466: 5454: 5452:, p. 196. 5442: 5430: 5418: 5406: 5404:, p. 109. 5391: 5389:, p. 514. 5379: 5377:, p. 362. 5367: 5365:, p. 154. 5351: 5336: 5326:, p. 28; 5322:, p. 90; 5308: 5296: 5284: 5282:, p. 198. 5278:, p. 28; 5268: 5256: 5254:, p. 198. 5240: 5238:, p. 781. 5228: 5212: 5210:, p. 169. 5200: 5198:, p. 152. 5188: 5186:, p. 198. 5173: 5171:, p. 782. 5158: 5146: 5131: 5119: 5107: 5105:, p. 108. 5095: 5083: 5081:, p. 515. 5068: 5052: 5050:, p. 170. 5036: 5024: 5012: 5000: 4994:, p. 13; 4984: 4969: 4953: 4943:, p. 89; 4933: 4921: 4909: 4897: 4885: 4873: 4861: 4849: 4847:, p. 169. 4837: 4835:, p. 124. 4825: 4813: 4807:, p. 97; 4797: 4785: 4773: 4761: 4759:, p. 186. 4749: 4733: 4731:, p. 225. 4721: 4709: 4697: 4691:, p. 13; 4681: 4669: 4657: 4655:, p. 570. 4642: 4630: 4628:, p. 119. 4624:, p. 16; 4614: 4602: 4600:, p. 569. 4590: 4588:, p. 567. 4578: 4563: 4561:, p. 231. 4544: 4542:, p. 106. 4540:Anonymous 1963 4532: 4512: 4510:, p. 230. 4496: 4484: 4472: 4456: 4440: 4438:, p. 132. 4421: 4419:, p. 229. 4401: 4384: 4372: 4370:, p. 140. 4360: 4348: 4318: 4316:, p. 131. 4303: 4301:, p. 228. 4287: 4256:(2): 222–223. 4236: 4224: 4212: 4192: 4190:, p. 201. 4180: 4178:, p. 224. 4170:, p. 30; 4160: 4154:, p. 22; 4144: 4142:, p. 125. 4132: 4120: 4118:, p. 121. 4114:, p. 21; 4104: 4080: 4070:, p. 10; 4060: 4058:, p. 124. 4045: 4033: 4013: 4011:, p. 210. 3997: 3981: 3965: 3951:, p. 93; 3941: 3939:, p. 175. 3925: 3923:, p. 199. 3906: 3904:, p. 169. 3892:, p. 89; 3882: 3880:, p. 119. 3867: 3865:, p. 198. 3861:, p. 90; 3851: 3841:, p. 12; 3831: 3829:, p. 195. 3816: 3804: 3788: 3778:, p. 19; 3768: 3766:, p. 163. 3758:, p. 18; 3748: 3732: 3730:, p. 161. 3720: 3708: 3692: 3675: 3663: 3661:, p. 152. 3651: 3639: 3627: 3625:, p. 121. 3615: 3613:, p. 130. 3595: 3579: 3559: 3547: 3545:, p. 116. 3535: 3499: 3497:, p. 115. 3487: 3475: 3459: 3447: 3445:, p. 117. 3431: 3419: 3407: 3395: 3375: 3363: 3339: 3327: 3307: 3295: 3289:, p. 14; 3279: 3269:, p. 12; 3255: 3239: 3221:, p. 11; 3211: 3199: 3179: 3163: 3151: 3141:, p. 10; 3131: 3121:, p. 10; 3107: 3091: 3079: 3063: 3047: 3031: 3019: 3003: 2987: 2971: 2959: 2947: 2931: 2915: 2903: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2727: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2616: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2355: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2266:Wilfrid Bonser 2257: 2254: 2242:Lolly Willowes 2197: 2194: 2190:Donald H. Frew 2167:gay liberation 2143:Aidan A. Kelly 2099: 2084:Gerald Gardner 2015: 2012: 1955:In June 1983, 1930: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1899:Jaroslav Černý 1836:Archaeologist 1813: 1810: 1774:Carlo Ginzburg 1752:Stilton cheese 1747: 1712: 1709: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1635:at that period 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1458:Gilles de Rais 1384: 1382: 1379: 1371:Herbert Fleure 1338: 1335: 1303:North Finchley 1297:Crippled with 1228: 1219: 1216: 1119:Murray in 1938 1112: 1109: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 788:Ottoman Empire 655:Winifred Smith 621: 618: 532:British Museum 491:respectively. 461:Amelia Edwards 457:Central London 436: 433: 361:Amara Thornton 324: 321: 319: 316: 224:British Museum 181:anthropologist 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 145: 144: 139: 137:anthropologist 134: 129: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 101: 93: 89: 88: 81: 75: 73: 69: 68: 66:Murray in 1928 65: 57: 56: 45: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7536: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7356: 7352: 7351: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7294: 7287: 7283: 7280:(15): 45–54. 7279: 7275: 7271: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7185: 7179: 7175: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7156: 7151: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7136:10.5334/pp.59 7132: 7128: 7124: 7123:Present Pasts 7120: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7098: 7094: 7088: 7084: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7036: 7031: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7013: 7009: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6980: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6954: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6939: 6932: 6928: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6897:(4): 476–78. 6896: 6892: 6888: 6886: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6811: 6810: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6755: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6595: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6426: 6425:Sheppard 2013 6421: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6394: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6279: 6276:, p. 82. 6275: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6230: 6227: 6224:, p. 63. 6223: 6218: 6215: 6212:, p. 59. 6211: 6206: 6203: 6200:, p. 55. 6199: 6194: 6191: 6188:, p. 24. 6187: 6186:Valiente 1989 6182: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6167: 6164:, p. 38. 6163: 6158: 6155: 6152:, p. 34. 6151: 6146: 6143: 6140:, p. 17. 6139: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6110:Sheppard 2013 6107: 6102: 6099: 6096:, p. 28. 6095: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6039: 6036:, p. 87. 6035: 6030: 6027: 6024:, p. 77. 6023: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5983:Sheppard 2013 5980: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5951:Sheppard 2013 5947: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5911: 5908: 5905:, p. 88. 5904: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5874:, p. 24. 5873: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5849: 5846:, p. 45. 5845: 5841: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5816:Thornton 2014 5812: 5809: 5805: 5804:Finneran 2003 5800: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5737: 5734:, p. 46. 5733: 5729: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5700:Sheppard 2012 5696: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5673:, p. 89. 5672: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5637:, p. 45. 5636: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5623:Davidson 1987 5619: 5616: 5613:, p. 10. 5612: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5589: 5586:, p. 79. 5585: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5513:Ginzburg 1983 5509: 5506: 5502: 5501:Ginzburg 1983 5497: 5494: 5491:, p. 95. 5490: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5443: 5440:, p. 42. 5439: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5352: 5349:, p. 94. 5348: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5297: 5294:, p. 56. 5293: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5248:Halliday 1922 5244: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5208:Sheppard 2013 5204: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5156:, p. 90. 5155: 5150: 5147: 5144:, p. 15. 5143: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5129:, p. 14. 5128: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5091:Runciman 1962 5087: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5066:, p. 12. 5065: 5061: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5048:Sheppard 2013 5045: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5001: 4998:, p. 87. 4997: 4993: 4988: 4985: 4982:, p. 93. 4981: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4967:, p. 16. 4966: 4962: 4957: 4954: 4951:, p. 16. 4950: 4946: 4945:Sheppard 2013 4942: 4937: 4934: 4931:, p. 14. 4930: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4898: 4895:, p. 19. 4894: 4889: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4814: 4811:, p. 16. 4810: 4806: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4786: 4783:, p. 15. 4782: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4750: 4747:, p. 16. 4746: 4742: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4698: 4695:, p. 16. 4694: 4690: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4615: 4612:, p. 12. 4611: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4559:Sheppard 2013 4556: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4528:Sheppard 2013 4525: 4521: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4508:Sheppard 2013 4505: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4485: 4482:, p. 16. 4481: 4476: 4473: 4470:, p. 94. 4469: 4465: 4464:Welbourn 2011 4460: 4457: 4454:, p. 94. 4453: 4449: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4417:Sheppard 2013 4414: 4410: 4405: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4380:Sheppard 2013 4376: 4373: 4369: 4368:Sheppard 2013 4364: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4349: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4299:Sheppard 2013 4296: 4291: 4288: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4232:Sheppard 2013 4228: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4208:Sheppard 2013 4205: 4201: 4200:Williams 1961 4196: 4193: 4189: 4188:Sheppard 2013 4184: 4181: 4177: 4176:Sheppard 2013 4173: 4169: 4164: 4161: 4158:, p. 99. 4157: 4156:Sheppard 2013 4153: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4105: 4102:, p. 97. 4101: 4100:Sheppard 2013 4097: 4094:, p. 9; 4093: 4089: 4084: 4081: 4078:, p. 97. 4077: 4076:Sheppard 2013 4073: 4069: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4041:Sheppard 2013 4037: 4034: 4030: 4029:Sheppard 2013 4026: 4022: 4021:Williams 1961 4017: 4014: 4010: 4009:Sheppard 2013 4006: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3993:Sheppard 2013 3990: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3977:Sheppard 2013 3974: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3961:Sheppard 2013 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3937:Sheppard 2013 3935:, p. 9; 3934: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3902:Sheppard 2013 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3847:Sheppard 2013 3844: 3840: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3812:Sheppard 2013 3808: 3805: 3802:, p. 18. 3801: 3797: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3784:Sheppard 2013 3781: 3777: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3764:Sheppard 2013 3761: 3757: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3744:Sheppard 2013 3741: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3728:Sheppard 2013 3724: 3721: 3718:, p. 97. 3717: 3716:Sheppard 2013 3712: 3709: 3705: 3704:Sheppard 2013 3701: 3696: 3693: 3690:, p. 13. 3689: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3671:Sheppard 2013 3667: 3664: 3660: 3659:Sheppard 2013 3655: 3652: 3648: 3647:Sheppard 2013 3643: 3640: 3637:, p. 89. 3636: 3635:Sheppard 2013 3631: 3628: 3624: 3623:Sheppard 2013 3619: 3616: 3612: 3611:Sheppard 2013 3608: 3607:Sheppard 2012 3604: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3591:Sheppard 2013 3588: 3587:Sheppard 2012 3583: 3580: 3576: 3575:Sheppard 2013 3572: 3571:Sheppard 2012 3568: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3555:Sheppard 2013 3551: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3536: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3483:Sheppard 2013 3479: 3476: 3472: 3471:Sheppard 2013 3468: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3455:Sheppard 2013 3451: 3448: 3444: 3443:Sheppard 2013 3440: 3435: 3432: 3429:, p. 86. 3428: 3427:Sheppard 2013 3423: 3420: 3417:, p. 60. 3416: 3415:Sheppard 2013 3411: 3408: 3404: 3403:Sheppard 2013 3399: 3396: 3392: 3391:Sheppard 2013 3388: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3371:Sheppard 2013 3367: 3364: 3360: 3359:Sheppard 2013 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347:Williams 1961 3343: 3340: 3336: 3335:Sheppard 2013 3331: 3328: 3324: 3323:Sheppard 2013 3320: 3316: 3311: 3308: 3305:, p. 84. 3304: 3303:Sheppard 2013 3299: 3296: 3292: 3291:Sheppard 2013 3288: 3283: 3280: 3277:, p. 87. 3276: 3275:Sheppard 2013 3272: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3251:Sheppard 2013 3248: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3235:Sheppard 2013 3232: 3228: 3225:, p. 9; 3224: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3207:Sheppard 2013 3203: 3200: 3196: 3195:Sheppard 2013 3192: 3188: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3175:Sheppard 2013 3172: 3167: 3164: 3161:, p. 45. 3160: 3159:Sheppard 2013 3155: 3152: 3148: 3147:Sheppard 2013 3144: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3127:Sheppard 2013 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3105:, p. 26. 3104: 3103:Sheppard 2013 3100: 3095: 3092: 3089:, p. 25. 3088: 3087:Sheppard 2013 3083: 3080: 3076: 3075:Sheppard 2013 3072: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3059:Sheppard 2013 3056: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3043:Sheppard 2013 3040: 3035: 3032: 3029:, p. 21. 3028: 3027:Sheppard 2013 3023: 3020: 3017:, p. 21. 3016: 3015:Sheppard 2013 3012: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2999:Sheppard 2013 2996: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2979:Williams 1961 2975: 2972: 2968: 2967:Thornton 2014 2963: 2960: 2956: 2955:Sheppard 2013 2951: 2948: 2944: 2943:Sheppard 2013 2940: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2927:Sheppard 2013 2924: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2911:Sheppard 2013 2907: 2904: 2900: 2899:Sheppard 2013 2896: 2892: 2891:Williams 1961 2887: 2884: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2863:Robert Graves 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2848:Howard Carter 2846: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2210:Robert Graves 2207: 2206:Aldous Huxley 2203: 2196:In literature 2195: 2193: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139:San Francisco 2135: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2047:Pagan studies 2044: 2040: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965:Petrie Museum 1962: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1925: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1893:, performing 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875:Sunday School 1871: 1869: 1868:Jessie Weston 1865: 1864:Jane Harrison 1860: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1834: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1812:Personal life 1811: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1783: 1782: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1761: 1755: 1753: 1746: 1743: 1742:Diane Purkiss 1739: 1738:Mircea Eliade 1735: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685:folkloristics 1680: 1676: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1655: 1649: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1615: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594:Arno Runeberg 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1571:Early support 1570: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1465:Ronald Hutton 1461: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1434: 1433: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1392: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1351: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311:Hertfordshire 1308: 1304: 1300: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1242: 1239: 1233: 1224: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1165:Ely Cathedral 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1117: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1101:Tall al-Ajjul 1097: 1093: 1092:Ancient Egypt 1089: 1085: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1041:Hertfordshire 1038: 1034: 1033:Whomerle Wood 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 989: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 962:Borġ in-Nadur 959: 955: 951: 948:monuments of 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915:Ralph Shirley 912: 908: 904: 899: 898: 888: 884: 882: 881:Henry Balfour 878: 877: 872: 871: 866: 862: 858: 852: 846: 837: 832: 830: 828: 827:Jessie Weston 824: 823:Ancient Egypt 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 776: 774: 770: 766: 765:Ancient Egypt 761: 759: 755: 754: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 728:Howard Carter 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 700: 696: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 626: 619: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 558: 556: 552: 548: 539: 535: 533: 529: 528:Myrtle Broome 525: 521: 517: 512: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 441: 434: 432: 430: 426: 422: 421:Hertfordshire 418: 414: 410: 406: 400: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 365: 362: 358: 352: 350: 346: 342: 338: 337:British India 334: 330: 322: 317: 315: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 296:Tall al-Ajjul 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 247: 245: 244:Ancient Egypt 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 212:Abydos, Egypt 209: 205: 201: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 177:archaeologist 174: 169: 165: 161: 152: 148: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 132:archaeologist 130: 128: 125: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 104: 94: 90: 85: 74: 70: 63: 58: 53: 49: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7334:Online books 7327: 7305: 7277: 7273: 7244: 7240: 7223: 7219: 7200: 7196: 7173: 7154: 7145: 7126: 7122: 7101: 7082: 7057: 7053: 7034: 7025: 7016: 6997: 6978: 6961: 6957: 6948: 6937: 6926: 6917: 6913: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6863: 6836: 6832: 6808: 6798: 6794: 6775: 6753: 6718: 6714: 6691: 6666: 6662: 6638: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6593: 6576: 6572: 6556:(149): 1–6. 6553: 6549: 6526: 6509: 6505: 6488: 6484: 6467: 6463: 6446: 6442: 6434:Bibliography 6420: 6408: 6396: 6384:. Retrieved 6369: 6357: 6350:Faxneld 2014 6345: 6333: 6322:Faxneld 2014 6317: 6305: 6293: 6281: 6269: 6257: 6245: 6234:Simpson 1994 6229: 6217: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6169: 6157: 6145: 6133: 6117: 6106:Simpson 1994 6101: 6089: 6077: 6065: 6053: 6041: 6029: 6002: 5990: 5979:Simpson 1994 5974: 5962: 5946: 5934: 5927:Janssen 1992 5922: 5910: 5903:Janssen 1992 5898: 5867: 5862:, p. 8. 5856:Simpson 1994 5851: 5840:Simpson 1994 5835: 5823: 5818:, p. 1. 5811: 5799: 5787: 5775: 5760:Janssen 1992 5755: 5739: 5723: 5712:Simpson 1994 5707: 5695: 5671:Simpson 1994 5630: 5618: 5596:Janssen 1992 5591: 5584:Janssen 1992 5564: 5552: 5540: 5520: 5508: 5496: 5489:Simpson 1994 5484: 5462:Simpson 1994 5457: 5445: 5433: 5426:Purkiss 1996 5421: 5409: 5382: 5370: 5354: 5347:Simpson 1994 5334:, p. 5. 5320:Simpson 1994 5311: 5299: 5287: 5271: 5259: 5243: 5231: 5215: 5203: 5191: 5154:Simpson 1994 5149: 5122: 5110: 5098: 5093:, p. 5. 5086: 5055: 5039: 5027: 5015: 5003: 4987: 4980:Simpson 1994 4956: 4941:Simpson 1994 4936: 4924: 4912: 4900: 4888: 4876: 4864: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4764: 4752: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4684: 4672: 4667:, p. 6. 4660: 4633: 4617: 4605: 4593: 4581: 4576:, p. 7. 4535: 4520:Janssen 1992 4515: 4499: 4487: 4475: 4459: 4452:Simpson 1994 4443: 4404: 4399:, p. 2. 4375: 4363: 4351: 4339:. Retrieved 4330: 4321: 4290: 4278:. Retrieved 4253: 4249: 4239: 4227: 4215: 4195: 4183: 4168:Janssen 1992 4163: 4152:Janssen 1992 4147: 4135: 4123: 4112:Janssen 1992 4107: 4083: 4068:Janssen 1992 4063: 4036: 4016: 4000: 3984: 3968: 3949:Simpson 1994 3944: 3928: 3890:Simpson 1994 3885: 3859:Simpson 1994 3854: 3834: 3807: 3791: 3771: 3751: 3735: 3723: 3711: 3695: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3598: 3582: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3511: 3490: 3478: 3462: 3450: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3378: 3366: 3342: 3330: 3310: 3298: 3287:Janssen 1992 3282: 3267:Janssen 1992 3258: 3242: 3219:Janssen 1992 3214: 3202: 3182: 3166: 3154: 3139:Janssen 1992 3134: 3119:Janssen 1992 3110: 3094: 3082: 3066: 3050: 3034: 3022: 3006: 2990: 2985:, p. 9. 2974: 2969:, p. 5. 2962: 2950: 2934: 2929:, p. 6. 2918: 2913:, p. 2. 2906: 2901:, p. 2. 2886: 2853:James Frazer 2820: 2801: 2783: 2764: 2746: 2723: 2706: 2690: 2674: 2651: 2635: 2612: 2589: 2570: 2551: 2533: 2516: 2500: 2484: 2466: 2447: 2428: 2409: 2390: 2372: 2357: 2351: 2328: 2309: 2291: 2261: 2259: 2256:Bibliography 2250:Lammas Night 2247: 2240: 2234: 2225: 2224:, who cited 2218:Henry Treece 2201: 2199: 2178: 2175: 2171:Arthur Evans 2162: 2159:Dianic Wicca 2136: 2112: 2106: 2101: 2092: 2079: 2068: 2055: 2051: 2041:religion of 2036: 1999: 1991: 1983: 1981: 1960: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1937: 1932: 1926: 1922: 1872: 1861: 1842: 1835: 1831: 1771: 1763: 1757: 1749: 1727: 1722:Keith Thomas 1714: 1688: 1681: 1677: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1651: 1646: 1619: 1610: 1605: 1597: 1585: 1574: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1539:Dorset Ooser 1526:Minoan Crete 1506:Mohenjo-Daro 1502:Palaeolithic 1495: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1472: 1468: 1462: 1450: 1438: 1430: 1420: 1411: 1402: 1400: 1394: 1388: 1386: 1375:Harold Peake 1367:Karl Pearson 1359:James Frazer 1355: 1346: 1330: 1326: 1318: 1296: 1270:hill figures 1263: 1255: 1251: 1244: 1235: 1230: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1173: 1142: 1138:Ethel Rudkin 1133: 1122: 1095: 1091: 1080: 1060:Soviet Union 1052:Mary of Teck 1045: 1028: 1024: 1020: 997:Louis Clarke 994: 981: 978:Malta Museum 974:Manuel Magri 969: 935: 922: 911:Lewis Spence 907:Dion Fortune 895: 893: 874: 868: 864: 856: 854: 848: 843: 822: 796: 794:in France. 777: 772: 764: 762: 751: 719: 715: 711: 705: 692: 686: 659: 631: 613: 609: 605: 601: 583: 578: 559: 551:Hilda Petrie 544: 513: 507: 503: 499: 493: 446: 417:Bushey Heath 413:Warwickshire 401: 393:South London 366: 353: 349:Christianity 347:, preaching 326: 312: 248: 197: 173:Egyptologist 159: 158: 127:Egyptologist 97:(1963-11-13) 79:13 July 1863 36: 7414:1963 deaths 7409:1863 births 6964:(1): 5–26. 6883:"Review of 6546:"Editorial" 6413:Drower 2004 6401:Bonser 1961 6362:Winick 2015 6338:Winick 2015 6326:Winick 2015 6310:Gibson 2013 6298:Hutton 1999 5939:Drower 2004 5780:Drower 2004 5768:Drower 2004 5764:Hutton 1999 5748:Hutton 1999 5744:Murray 1963 5716:Hutton 1999 5688:Hutton 1999 5569:Hutton 1999 5557:Hutton 1999 5529:Hutton 1999 5450:Hutton 1999 5414:Eliade 1975 5387:Thomas 1971 5375:Hutton 1999 5359:Hutton 1999 5328:Hutton 1999 5316:Thomas 1971 5280:Hutton 1999 5252:Hutton 1999 5196:Eliade 1975 5184:Hutton 1999 5079:Thomas 1971 5060:Hutton 1999 5044:Hutton 1999 5032:Murray 1952 5020:Murray 1952 5008:Murray 1952 4992:Murray 1952 4961:Hutton 1999 4917:Murray 1962 4905:Murray 1962 4893:Murray 1962 4881:Murray 1962 4869:Murray 1962 4857:Murray 1962 4845:Murray 1962 4833:Murray 1962 4821:Murray 1962 4805:Murray 1962 4793:Murray 1962 4781:Murray 1962 4769:Murray 1962 4757:Murray 1962 4741:Murray 1962 4729:Murray 1962 4717:Murray 1962 4705:Murray 1962 4689:Murray 1962 4677:Murray 1962 4665:Murray 1962 4653:Winick 2015 4626:Drower 2004 4598:Winick 2015 4586:Winick 2015 4555:Drower 2004 4524:Drower 2004 4504:Drower 2004 4468:Gibson 2013 4436:Drower 2004 4413:Drower 2004 4397:Daniel 1964 4356:Drower 2004 4314:Drower 2004 4295:Drower 2004 4280:16 November 4220:Drower 2004 4204:Drower 2004 4172:Drower 2004 4140:Drower 2004 4128:Drower 2004 4116:Drower 2004 4096:Drower 2004 4072:Drower 2004 4056:Drower 2004 4025:Drower 2004 4005:Drower 2004 3989:Drower 2004 3973:Drower 2004 3957:Drower 2004 3953:Hutton 1999 3921:Hutton 1999 3898:Drower 2004 3894:Hutton 1999 3878:Drower 2004 3863:Hutton 1999 3843:Hutton 1999 3827:Hutton 1999 3796:Murray 1963 3780:Drower 2004 3760:Drower 2004 3740:Drower 2004 3700:Drower 2004 3603:Drower 2004 3567:Drower 2004 3543:Drower 2004 3495:Drower 2004 3467:Drower 2004 3439:Drower 2004 3387:Drower 2004 3355:Drower 2004 3319:Drower 2004 3247:Drower 2004 3227:Drower 2004 3191:Drower 2004 3171:Drower 2004 3143:Drower 2004 3123:Drower 2004 3099:Drower 2004 3071:Drower 2004 3055:Drower 2004 3039:Drower 2004 3011:Drower 2004 2995:Drower 2004 2939:Drower 2004 2923:Drower 2004 2895:Drower 2004 2858:René Girard 2732:J. C. Ellis 2659:Horace Beck 2360:by L. Loat 2280:Co-authors 2235:The author 2151:Los Angeles 1994:. In 2013, 1919:In academia 1883:rationalist 1857:Glyn Daniel 1845:E. O. James 1730:Norman Cohn 1705:Enid Porter 1701:Ruth Tongue 1600:as well as 1532:in Greece, 1490:Sampson Low 1454:Joan of Arc 1407:New England 1292: 1960 1257:festschrift 1238:Glyn Daniel 1143:During the 1027:(1930) and 950:Santa Sofia 811:King Arthur 799:Glastonbury 736:Tutankhamun 724:John Murray 708:Egyptomania 651:common room 594:Old Kingdom 575:New Kingdom 524:Guy Brunton 240:Egyptomania 208:excavations 121:Occupations 18:M.A. Murray 7403:Categories 7376:Wikisource 7129:(1): 1–7. 6138:Noble 2005 5872:Noble 2005 5650:James 1963 5332:Noble 2005 5064:Noble 2005 4929:Noble 2005 4610:Noble 2005 4448:James 1963 4341:17 January 4088:James 1963 3532:required.) 3383:James 1963 3351:James 1963 3315:James 1963 3263:James 1963 3187:James 1963 3115:James 1963 2874:References 2575:(Ed/1960) 2283:Publisher 1998:published 1853:Freemasons 1805:benandanti 1799:benandanti 1793:benandanti 1781:benandanti 1697:Theo Brown 1560:William II 1498:Horned God 1446:divination 958:Għar Dalam 946:megalithic 903:occultists 833:Later life 815:Holy Grail 792:Saint-Malo 682:Manchester 672:, and the 453:Bloomsbury 429:Tamil Nadu 345:missionary 318:Early life 275:Horned God 185:folklorist 142:folklorist 7261:143216129 7074:144547116 6774:(1983) . 6745:216644161 6683:161503454 6550:Antiquity 5844:Wood 2001 5732:Wood 2001 5635:Wood 2001 5545:Cohn 1975 5533:Wood 2001 5525:Cohn 1975 5402:Cohn 1975 5304:Rose 1962 5292:Rose 1962 5264:Loeb 1922 5236:Burr 1922 5224:Burr 1935 5220:Burr 1922 5169:Burr 1922 5142:Rose 1962 5127:Rose 1962 5103:Cohn 1975 4270:0015-587X 2879:Footnotes 2335:Part II. 2169:activist 2028:Boscastle 1543:Puck Fair 1534:Cernunnos 1510:Pashupati 1442:familiars 1350:free will 1299:arthritis 1149:the Blitz 1084:Jerusalem 1064:Leningrad 1037:Stevenage 1011:sites of 1009:talaiotic 732:discovery 670:Edinburgh 639:Mud March 451:(UCL) in 373:Berkshire 357:Mussoorie 341:Serampore 7220:Folklore 7102:Folklore 6833:Folklore 6799:Folklore 6737:30035070 6715:Folklore 6573:Folklore 6464:Folklore 6380:Archived 4335:Archived 4274:Archived 4250:Folklore 2837:See also 2714:Blackie 2597:L. Galea 2331:. Part I 2262:Folklore 2032:Cornwall 2014:In Wicca 1946:Folklore 1689:Folklore 1667:Folklore 1541:and the 1522:Minotaur 1381:Argument 1252:Folklore 1035:near to 905:such as 867:and the 857:Folklore 803:Somerset 786:and the 773:de facto 563:Osireion 508:de facto 389:Sydenham 369:Lambourn 329:Calcutta 216:Osireion 200:Calcutta 164:FSA Scot 150:Employer 86:, India) 48:FSA Scot 7392:at the 7110:1260633 6855:1258738 6644:109–141 6518:1838913 6497:1837549 6455:2796898 6449:: 106. 6386:25 June 2230:Cthulhu 1952:1989. 1910:magic. 1879:sceptic 1606:Witches 1435:(1493). 1276:in the 1072:Kharkiv 1013:Trepucó 1005:Menorca 784:Germany 742:of the 608:. Both 586:Saqqara 291:Menorca 232:mummies 220:Saqqara 84:Kolkata 7303:about 7259: 7180: 7161: 7108: 7089: 7072: 7041: 7004: 6985: 6870: 6853: 6816: 6782: 6760: 6743: 6735: 6698: 6681: 6650: 6600: 6533: 6516: 6495: 6453: 4268: 3526: 2277:Title 2125:, and 2056:esbats 2052:covens 1914:Legacy 1895:curses 1881:and a 1849: 1787:Friuli 1614:Graves 1514:Osiris 1415:covens 1373:, and 1240:, 1964 1176:bedsit 1163:, and 1074:, and 1068:Moscow 960:, and 927:animal 917:, and 748:uterus 664:, the 571:Seti I 567:Osiris 547:Abydos 526:, and 500:Koptos 481:Coptic 425:Madras 385:German 103:Welwyn 7257:S2CID 7106:JSTOR 7070:S2CID 6920:: 10. 6851:JSTOR 6741:S2CID 6733:JSTOR 6679:S2CID 6514:JSTOR 6493:JSTOR 6451:JSTOR 2815:1963 2797:1963 2779:1954 2759:1949 2743:1949 2719:1940 2703:1939 2687:1938 2671:1937 2648:1934 2632:1934 2608:1933 2586:1932 2565:1931 2547:1931 2529:1930 2513:1929 2497:1925 2481:1923 2461:1921 2443:1913 2424:1911 2404:1910 2386:1908 2368:1905 2358:Gurob 2347:1905 2324:1905 2304:1904 2288:1903 2149:. In 2080:circa 2043:Wicca 1891:magic 1703:, or 1484:with 1125:Petra 931:child 590:Cairo 409:Rugby 300:Petra 287:Malta 283:Wicca 271:pagan 166: 50: 7178:ISBN 7159:ISBN 7087:ISBN 7039:ISBN 7002:ISBN 6983:ISBN 6868:ISBN 6814:ISBN 6780:ISBN 6758:ISBN 6696:ISBN 6648:ISBN 6598:ISBN 6531:ISBN 6388:2023 4343:2018 4282:2020 4266:ISSN 2208:and 1866:and 1580:and 1537:the 1518:Amon 1516:and 1456:and 1105:Gaza 1076:Kyiv 1015:and 929:and 722:for 612:and 496:Qift 487:and 479:and 381:Bonn 306:and 289:and 226:and 168:FRAI 92:Died 72:Born 52:FRAI 7383:at 7374:at 7282:doi 7249:doi 7228:doi 7205:doi 7131:doi 7062:doi 6966:doi 6899:doi 6841:doi 6797:". 6723:doi 6719:114 6671:doi 6625:doi 6615:". 6581:doi 6558:doi 6508:". 6487:". 6472:doi 6443:Man 4258:doi 3518:doi 2264:by 2137:In 2026:in 1887:God 1530:Pan 1524:of 1401:In 1319:Man 1272:on 1155:or 1136:by 1086:in 865:Man 753:Man 730:'s 680:in 668:in 281:of 210:at 7405:: 7278:13 7276:. 7272:. 7255:. 7245:22 7243:. 7224:72 7222:. 7201:16 7199:. 7195:. 7125:. 7121:. 7068:. 7058:25 7056:. 6960:. 6918:17 6916:. 6895:24 6893:. 6889:. 6849:. 6837:74 6835:. 6831:. 6739:. 6731:. 6717:. 6713:. 6677:. 6667:14 6665:. 6646:. 6621:16 6619:. 6577:98 6575:. 6554:38 6552:. 6548:. 6468:72 6466:. 6447:63 6445:. 6014:^ 5879:^ 5678:^ 5657:^ 5642:^ 5603:^ 5576:^ 5469:^ 5394:^ 5339:^ 5250:; 5176:^ 5161:^ 5134:^ 5071:^ 4972:^ 4645:^ 4566:^ 4547:^ 4424:^ 4387:^ 4329:. 4306:^ 4272:. 4264:. 4254:97 4252:. 4248:. 4048:^ 3909:^ 3870:^ 3819:^ 3678:^ 3502:^ 3441:; 2827:— 2807:— 2789:— 2771:— 2751:— 2711:— 2695:— 2679:— 2640:— 2578:— 2557:— 2539:— 2521:— 2505:— 2489:— 2473:— 2453:— 2435:— 2416:— 2396:— 2378:— 2333:; 2316:— 2296:— 2232:. 2173:. 2121:, 2117:, 2030:, 1699:, 1675:. 1377:. 1369:, 1309:, 1289:c. 1107:. 1070:, 1066:, 1039:, 984:. 956:, 952:, 913:, 909:, 829:. 801:, 534:. 522:, 518:, 498:, 455:, 427:, 419:, 411:, 391:, 371:, 331:, 179:, 175:, 7288:. 7284:: 7263:. 7251:: 7234:. 7230:: 7213:. 7207:: 7186:. 7167:. 7139:. 7133:: 7127:6 7112:. 7095:. 7076:. 7064:: 7047:. 7010:. 6991:. 6972:. 6968:: 6962:7 6907:. 6901:: 6887:" 6876:. 6857:. 6843:: 6822:. 6788:. 6766:. 6747:. 6725:: 6704:. 6685:. 6673:: 6656:. 6631:. 6627:: 6606:. 6587:. 6583:: 6566:. 6560:: 6539:. 6520:. 6499:. 6478:. 6474:: 6457:. 6390:. 5957:. 5941:. 5794:. 4345:. 4284:. 4260:: 3524:. 3520:: 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.