1092:
505:
76:
879:
997:, who was critical of Stalin's policies and was arrested on 25 October 1938 on charges of being a "Trotskyist". At the time of her arrest Ekaterina and her husband Mikhail Kalinin were not living together. Although her husband was the chair of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1938–46), she was tortured in Lefortovo Prison and on 22 April 1939, she was sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment in a labour camp. She was released shortly before her husband's death in 1946.
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908:
Kalinin was one of the comparatively few members of Stalin's inner circle springing from peasant origins. The lowly social origins were widely publicised in the official press, which habitually referred to
Kalinin as the "All-Union Elder" (Всесоюзный староста), a term harking back to the village
3904:
1020:
Old Uncle
Kalinin, who could barely see, had difficulty finding his glass, plate, bread, and I kept helping him solicitously ... Stalin certainly knew of Kalinin's decrepitude, for he made heavy-handed fun of him when the old man asked Tito for a Yugoslav cigarette. 'Don't take any – those are
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3014:
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2708:
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2372:
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916:
executive branch of the Soviet Union, and nominally held the second-highest state post in the USSR, Kalinin held little power or influence. His role was mostly limited to receiving diplomatic letters from abroad. Recalling him, future Soviet leader
664:
Kalinin worked with his father on the land until the age of 13. When he was 10, he was taught to read and write by an army veteran. At 11, he entered a primary school run by a local landowning family. When he finished school, the family took him to
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333:
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329:
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For a long time, he was afraid to tie his own fate to Stalin's. 'That horse', he was wont to say to his intimates, 'will some day drag our wagon into a ditch.' But gradually, groaning and resisting, he turned first against me, then against
4044:
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2358:
3527:
3414:
3296:
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3630:
4059:
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said, "I don't know what practical work
Kalinin carried out under Lenin. But under Stalin he was the nominal signatory of all decrees, while in reality he rarely took part in government business."
3191:
2865:
2381:
1998:
589:
349:
345:
284:
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272:
757:
341:
337:
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685:
in 1898, while still working at the
Putilov works. The following year, he was arrested, imprisoned for 10 months, then exiled to the Caucasus, and found work as a craftsman at the
764:, where he was elected an alternate member of the governing Central Committee and sent to work inside Russia. He did not become a full member because he was suspected of being an
1021:
capitalist cigarettes,' said Stalin, and
Kalinin confusedly dropped the cigarette from his trembling fingers, whereupon Stalin laughed and the expression on his face was like a
593:
352:
287:
1280:. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 134–36 (This volume contains a translation of a short authorised biography of Kalinin published in a Soviet encyclopaedia c1927).
2218:
956:
Despite the very high offices he occupied, Kalinin had very little real power, and was principally a figurehead, easily dominated by Stalin. According to the
Russian writer,
909:
community, in conjunction with his role as titular head of state. In practical terms, by the 1930s, Kalinin's role as a decision-maker in the Soviet government was nominal.
4104:
1991:
901:
Kalinin was a factional ally of Stalin during the bitter struggle for power after the death of Lenin in 1924. He delivered a report on Lenin and the
Comintern to the
4114:
2497:
856:
155:
1147:
4054:
75:
2164:
848:
554:
423:
264:
4049:
1984:
2007:
1945:
1917:
1911:
585:
90:
1153:
1538:
776:, while he was again working in a factory in St Petersburg, Kalinin was arrested again and was due to be deported to Siberia, but was freed during the
4099:
1084:) were renamed after Kalinin. Tver's historic name was restored in 1990, and Korolyov's in 1996 in honour of a famous Soviet/Russian rocket scientist
2154:
603:, with whom he enjoyed a privileged relationship, but held little real power or influence. He retired in 1946 and died in the same year. The former
4089:
4079:
3859:
2173:
1469:("Stalin's Circle: A Historico-Biographical Handbook") St. Petersburg: Philology Department of St. Petersburg State University, 2000; pp. 240–241.
852:
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201:
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682:
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1723:
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1522:
465:
459:
1858:
964:
agents constantly in his apartment. Kalinin completely surrendered to Stalin, covering up the dictator's crimes with his great prestige.
4094:
825:
669:
to work as a footman. At 16, he was sent as an apprentice in a cartridge factory, and at 18, he was employed as a lathe operator in the
562:
471:
252:
197:
1638:
1393:
1336:
844:
1237:
806:
faction of the RSDLP, a position at odds with that of Lenin. He continued to oppose an armed uprising to overthrow the government of
4074:
1423:
1285:
878:
2339:
2178:
1747:
944:, priests, and military officers) kept at camps and prisons in occupied western Ukraine and Belarus, ultimately leading to the
205:
832:. He was promoted to full membership on the Politburo in January 1926, a position which he retained until his death in 1946.
799:
870:
in Moscow as part of the
Russian delegation. He was seated on the presidium rostrum and took an active part in the debates.
3160:
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2518:
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542:
31:
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2787:
2564:
2396:
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1854:
705:, where he was arrested again in 1903, he spent six months in custody in St Petersburg, then two and a half months in
3935:
Candidates of the
Central Committee of the 6th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
1440:
697:
family. Dismissed for taking part in a strike, and later deprived of the right to work in the
Caucasus, he moved to
4034:
1135:
4069:
3940:
Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
2306:
2224:
1882:
788:
Kalinin joined the Petrograd Bolshevik committee and assisted in the organization of the party daily newspaper
712:
Released in 1905, Kalinin returned to St Petersburg, and moved from job to job. In 1906, he married the ethnic
260:
817:
City Duma in autumn 1917, Kalinin was chosen as mayor of the city, which he administered during and after the
3874:
2140:
1058:
1039:
573:
437:
1326:
748:
1682:
960:, "on the pretext of protecting Kalinin, Stalin kept him under virtual house arrest for a long time, with
1099:
941:
940: – signed an order to execute 25,700 Polish "nationalists and counterrevolutionaries" (
3854:
3849:
2073:
818:
1103:
859:
in 1938. Kalinin continued to hold the post without interruption until his retirement at the end of
3995:
Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3990:
Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3985:
Members of the Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3980:
Members of the Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3975:
Members of the Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3970:
Members of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3144:
2782:
2604:
2487:
2451:
2199:
1874:
777:
694:
228:
4029:
3965:
Members of the Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3960:
Members of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3955:
Members of the Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3776:
3673:
3611:
3508:
3390:
3272:
3262:
3058:
3043:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2762:
2757:
2732:
2599:
2594:
2569:
2426:
2401:
2037:
994:
933:
925:
886:
807:
716:
709:. After his release, he returned to Reval, but was arrested again in 1904 and exiled in Siberia.
640:
581:
485:
395:
190:
111:
3950:
Members of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3945:
Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3395:
3267:
3114:
3083:
2910:
2767:
2650:
3905:
Candidates of the Politburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3252:
3109:
3099:
2961:
2813:
2675:
2640:
2436:
2294:
2085:
1719:
1713:
1634:
1609:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1389:
1332:
1281:
918:
584:, he served as mayor of Petrograd (St. Petersburg). After the revolution, Kalinin became the
3900:
Candidates of the Politburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3895:
Candidates of the Politburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3890:
Candidates of the Politburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3812:
3807:
3709:
3704:
3601:
3565:
3498:
3452:
3380:
3334:
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3206:
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2752:
2737:
2589:
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2502:
2482:
2456:
2411:
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2114:
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2031:
1955:
1601:
1034:
982:
974:
929:
769:
720:
666:
650:
569:
545:
7 November] 1875 – 3 June 1946) was a Soviet politician and Russian
529:
399:
125:
3930:
Members of the Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3925:
Members of the Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3920:
Members of the Politburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3915:
Members of the Politburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3910:
Members of the Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3885:
Candidates of the Politburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3880:
Candidates of the Politburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4015:
Candidates of the Orgburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4010:
Candidates of the Orgburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4005:
Candidates of the Orgburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3139:
3119:
2966:
2956:
2808:
2645:
2635:
2614:
2492:
2477:
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2441:
2421:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2120:
2061:
2049:
2043:
1814:
Dnipro municipality for the second time decided to rename Kalinin avenue to Sergey Nigoyan
1245:
1077:
1062:
1013:
937:
798:
In April 1917, Kalinin, like many other Bolsheviks, advocated conditional support for the
623:
until 1990, when its historic name was restored, one year before the eventual fall of the
248:
4020:
Members of the Orgburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3781:
3678:
3575:
3477:
3462:
3359:
3344:
3277:
3231:
3073:
2920:
2670:
2660:
2507:
2461:
2406:
2314:
2282:
2232:
2192:
2108:
2079:
1709:
1379:
1131:
1085:
1005:
986:
945:
894:
836:
742:
403:
232:
182:
4000:
Members of the Orgburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1963:
3843:
3822:
3786:
3683:
3580:
3472:
3354:
3226:
3068:
2915:
2777:
2609:
2431:
2320:
2132:
2067:
1976:
1892:
1829:
1687:
1081:
1054:
882:
706:
690:
658:
635:
Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin was born on 19 November 1875 to a peasant family of ethnic
608:
600:
550:
546:
115:
4025:
Signatories of the Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
1813:
1739:
3791:
3688:
3585:
3482:
3467:
3364:
3349:
3236:
3221:
3134:
3078:
3063:
2946:
2905:
2772:
2747:
2665:
2584:
2011:
1833:
1478:
Torchinov and Leontiuk refer to Kalinin in the 1930s as a "decorative figure." See
1066:
1016:, who dined in the Kremlin with Stalin and other Soviet leaders. Djilas recalled:
978:
965:
957:
890:
860:
624:
604:
557:
and later of the Soviet Union from 1919 to 1946. From 1926, he was a member of the
427:
186:
1883:
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets
1850:
1383:
1200:
1176:
599:
Kalinin remained the titular head of state of the Soviet Union after the rise of
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3668:
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3216:
3149:
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2619:
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2186:
924:
On 5 March 1940, six members of the Politburo – Kalinin, Stalin,
824:
In 1919, Kalinin was elected a member of the governing Central Committee of the
773:
670:
612:
1786:
1605:
1009:
1001:
803:
577:
35:
1839:
1313:
Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern: New, Revised, and Expanded Edition.
17:
1761:
1595:
902:
867:
839:
died in March 1919 from influenza, Kalinin replaced him as President of the
814:
738:
713:
558:
1225:
Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party: A Study in the Technology of Power.
1444:
636:
989:, with whom he was more closely connected because of his moderate views.
1127:
1115:
1111:
765:
702:
698:
686:
306:
43:
1843:
by A. Dementyev and A. Pyanov, a 1975 English-language Soviet work in
1123:
1050:
1046:
790:
761:
654:
419:
760:, in April 1906, and to the 1912 Bolshevik Party Conference held in
1787:"Kaliningrad | History, Map, & Points of Interest | Britannica"
91:
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
4045:
Heads of state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1119:
1107:
1090:
1033:
1022:
877:
747:
1095:
Monument to Mikhail Kalinin at the Kalinin Square in Kaliningrad
1073:
961:
616:
3729:
3626:
3523:
3410:
3292:
3164:
2996:
2838:
2690:
2522:
2354:
2136:
1980:
1967:
1844:
745:, and was on the staff of the Central Union of Metal Workers.
568:
Born to a peasant family, Kalinin worked as a metal worker in
1631:
The Perversion of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science
1122:
Street following Estonian independence. Prospekt Kalinina in
3192:
13th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3024:
14th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2866:
15th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2718:
16th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2550:
17th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2382:
18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1566:
Let History Judge, The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism
1061:, in one of the twelve individual tombs located between the
689:
railway depot, where he met Sergei Alliluyev, the father of
1946:
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
851:. The name of this position was changed to Chairman of the
3551:
10th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3438:
11th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3320:
12th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1315:
Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1986; pp. 204–205.
758:
4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
4065:
Second convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
3757:
8th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3654:
9th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4060:
First convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
1912:
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR
1600:. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 115.
1762:"Korolyov | city, Moscow oblast, Russia | Britannica"
1467:
Vokrug Stalina: Istoriko-biograficheskii spravochnik.
1202:
Calendar: Thirty Years of the Soviet State, 1917–1947
977:, and finally, with even greater reluctance, against
1495:. Pennsylvania State University Press. 2007. p. 488.
1238:"Биография: Калинин Михаил Иванович - Praviteli.org"
868:
Second World Congress of the Communist International
737:
after the marriage. In the same year, he joined the
3800:
3764:
3697:
3661:
3594:
3558:
3491:
3445:
3373:
3327:
3245:
3199:
3092:
3031:
2929:
2873:
2796:
2725:
2628:
2557:
2470:
2389:
2304:
2216:
2171:
2095:
2018:
1658:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. pp. 83–4.
693:'s second wife. He came to know Stalin through the
611:, annexed by the Soviet Union in 1945, was renamed
499:
491:
481:
452:
444:
433:
409:
378:
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323:
304:
270:
238:
222:
196:
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153:
143:
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107:
89:
57:
1672:, John Murray (Publishers), London, 2003, page 231
1506:
1493:Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman: 1953–1964
1368:Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989; pp. 295–296.
1157:, contains significant information about Kalinin
1385:Stalin: Volume I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928
1018:
970:
912:Although he was a member of the Politburo, the
857:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
156:Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union
3870:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
1581:Stalin, Volume Two: The Revolutionary in Power
1148:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
1106:which were named after Kalinin are located in
3741:
3638:
3535:
3422:
3304:
3176:
3008:
2850:
2702:
2534:
2366:
2148:
1992:
1276:Georges Haupt, and Jean-Jaques Marie (1974).
728:
644:
8:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1311:Branko Lazitch and Milorad M. Drachkovitch,
555:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1897:as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Presidium
1668:Brent, Jonathan and Naumov, Vladimir P. in
1633:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 68.
1227:New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959; p. 1.
772:, a full member). In November 1916, during
733:, 1882–1960). She changed her last name to
3748:
3734:
3726:
3645:
3631:
3623:
3542:
3528:
3520:
3429:
3415:
3407:
3311:
3297:
3289:
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3169:
3161:
3015:
3001:
2993:
2857:
2843:
2835:
2709:
2695:
2687:
2541:
2527:
2519:
2373:
2359:
2351:
2155:
2141:
2133:
1999:
1985:
1977:
1964:
1863:
1715:Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis
1205:. Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1947
897:, October Revolution military parade, 1924
74:
54:
4105:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
1851:Newspaper clippings about Mikhail Kalinin
1718:. Harvard University Press. p. 352.
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1931:as Chair of the Supreme Soviet Presidium
1597:Collective Leadership in Soviet Politics
1364:Jackson, George; Devlin, Robert (eds.),
993:Kalinin was unable to protect his wife,
752:Kalinin pictured in his hometown in 1922
590:Central Committee of the Communist Party
103:17 January 1938 – 19 March 1946
1683:"Funeral Of Russia's President Kalinin"
1167:
853:Central Executive Committee of the USSR
841:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
365:25 March 1919 – 1 January 1926
4115:Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis
683:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1750:from the original on 18 January 2017.
1568:. Nottingham: Spokesman. p. 349.
1366:Dictionary of the Russian Revolution.
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1154:Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941
828:as well as a candidate member of the
528:
300:1 January 1926 – 3 June 1946
218:30 March 1919 – 15 July 1938
7:
4055:Russian Constituent Assembly members
1439:Waksberg, Arkadi (21 January 2011).
1175:Agentstvo pechati "Novosti" (1975).
1045:Kalinin retired in 1946 and died of
615:after him a year later. The city of
319:16 March 1921 – 2 June 1924
1969:Articles related to Mikhail Kalinin
1543:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History
563:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
486:Ekaterina Ivanovna Lorberg-Kalinina
4050:Heads of state of the Soviet Union
1465:Torchinov, V. A.; Leontiuk, A. M.
1331:. Perspective Press. p. 279.
1181:. Novosti Press Agency. p. 73
25:
1000:Shortly before Kalinin died, the
795:now legalized by the new regime.
4100:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
2335:
2334:
1278:Makers of the Russian Revolution
741:faction of the RSDLP, headed by
503:
2179:All-Russian Congress of Soviets
1583:. London: Panther. p. 209.
1513:. Ecco/HarperCollins. pp.
1441:"From Hell to Heaven and forth"
756:He served as a delegate at the
206:All-Russian Congress of Soviets
4090:World War II political leaders
4080:Russian people of World War II
3860:People from Kashinsky District
1539:"Order for the Katyn Massacre"
1509:The Rise and Fall of Communism
1178:Socialism: Theory and Practice
866:In 1920, Kalinin attended the
813:In the elections held for the
657:. He was the elder brother of
1:
4085:Soviet people of World War II
3865:People from Korchevskoy Uyezd
1410:Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich
1328:Anti-Judaism: a psychohistory
1008:, was one of a delegation of
588:, as well as a member of the
32:Eastern Slavic naming customs
27:Soviet politician (1875–1946)
4110:Deaths from cancer in Russia
1443:(in Russian). Archived from
1415:Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev
1325:Ernest A. Rappaport (1975).
586:head of the new Soviet state
549:revolutionary. He served as
2174:Central Executive Committee
1855:20th Century Press Archives
1134:in January 2015 as part of
730:Yekaterina Ivanovna Lorberg
729:
202:Central Executive Committee
4131:
4095:Heroes of Socialist Labour
2340:Heads of state of the USSR
1629:Vadim J. Bristein (2001).
1491:Khrushchev, Sergei (Ed.).
1136:decommunization in Ukraine
768:agent (the real agent was
725:Екатерина Ивановна Лорберг
576:as an early member of the
522:Михаи́л Ива́нович Кали́нин
30:In this name that follows
29:
2330:
1974:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1925:
1909:
1903:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1866:
1656:Conversations with Stalin
1606:10.1007/978-3-319-76962-2
1223:Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov,
1053:. He was honoured with a
724:
645:
639:origin in the village of
521:
518:Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin
511:
383:Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin
369:
358:
312:
293:
211:
167:
96:
85:
73:
64:
4075:Great Purge perpetrators
1654:Djilas, Milovan (1969).
810:throughout that summer.
802:in cooperation with the
541:; 19 November [
324:Candidate member of the
65:
1830:Mikhail Kalinin Archive
1059:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
1049:on 3 June that year in
1040:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
826:Russian Communist Party
580:. During and after the
574:1905 Russian Revolution
438:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
2163:Heads of state of the
1579:Trotsky, Leon (1969).
1564:Medvedev, Roy (1976).
1505:Brown, Archie (2009).
1118:, Estonia was renamed
1096:
1057:and was buried in the
1042:
1038:Kalinin's tomb in the
1027:
991:
898:
800:Provisional Government
753:
677:Early political career
2605:Grigory Ordzhonikidze
2498:Alexander Shcherbakov
1130:was renamed Prospekt
1094:
1037:
942:Polish intelligentsia
881:
845:titular head of state
751:
572:and took part in the
1816:, (23 February 2018)
1594:Graeme Gill (2018).
1418:. Penn State Press.
1114:. Kalinin Street in
1072:Three large cities (
903:Fifth World Congress
819:Bolshevik Revolution
530:[kɐˈlʲinʲɪn]
138:Position established
3145:Sergo Ordzhonikidze
2783:Sergo Ordzhonikidze
2488:Nikolai Voznesensky
2452:Nikolai Voznesensky
2242:(1943–1944, acting)
2096:Vice heads of state
1875:Mikhail Vladimirsky
1746:. 18 January 2017.
1670:Stalin's Last Crime
1248:on 28 November 2020
1012:communists, led by
784:Russian Revolutions
778:February Revolution
681:Kalinin joined the
271:Full member of the
229:Mikhail Vladimirsky
4040:Russian communists
3777:Nikolay Krestinsky
3674:Nikolay Krestinsky
3612:Vyacheslav Molotov
3509:Vyacheslav Molotov
3391:Vyacheslav Molotov
3273:Grigori Sokolnikov
3263:Vyacheslav Molotov
3059:Vyacheslav Molotov
3044:Kliment Voroshilov
2901:Vyacheslav Molotov
2896:Valerian Kuybyshev
2886:Kliment Voroshilov
2763:Vyacheslav Molotov
2758:Valerian Kuybyshev
2733:Kliment Voroshilov
2600:Vyacheslav Molotov
2595:Valerian Kuybyshev
2570:Kliment Voroshilov
2427:Vyacheslav Molotov
2402:Kliment Voroshilov
1867:Political offices
1791:www.britannica.com
1766:www.britannica.com
1710:Colton, Timothy J.
1097:
1043:
995:Ekaterina Kalinina
934:Kliment Voroshilov
926:Vyacheslav Molotov
899:
808:Alexander Kerensky
754:
641:Verkhnyaya Troitsa
619:was also known as
582:October Revolution
466:RSDLP (Bolsheviks)
396:Verkhnyaya Troitsa
245:Position Abolished
191:Vyacheslav Molotov
112:Vyacheslav Molotov
4035:Anti-revisionists
3837:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3801:Candidate members
3723:
3722:
3698:Candidate members
3620:
3619:
3595:Candidate members
3517:
3516:
3492:Candidate members
3404:
3403:
3374:Candidate members
3286:
3285:
3253:Felix Dzerzhinsky
3246:Candidate members
3158:
3157:
3110:Grigory Petrovsky
3100:Felix Dzerzhinsky
3093:Candidate members
2990:
2989:
2962:Grigory Petrovsky
2930:Candidate members
2832:
2831:
2814:Grigory Petrovsky
2797:Candidate members
2684:
2683:
2676:Nikita Khrushchev
2641:Grigory Petrovsky
2629:Candidate members
2516:
2515:
2471:Candidate members
2437:Nikita Khrushchev
2348:
2347:
2130:
2129:
1962:
1961:
1953:Succeeded by
1932:
1926:Succeeded by
1920:
1898:
1890:Succeeded by
1725:978-0-674-58749-6
1615:978-3-319-76961-5
1524:978-0-06-113879-9
1242:www.praviteli.org
919:Nikita Khrushchev
717:Ekaterina Lorberg
515:
514:
16:(Redirected from
4122:
4070:Russian atheists
3813:Grigory Zinoviev
3808:Nikolai Bukharin
3750:
3743:
3736:
3727:
3710:Grigory Zinoviev
3705:Nikolai Bukharin
3647:
3640:
3633:
3624:
3602:Nikolai Bukharin
3566:Grigory Zinoviev
3544:
3537:
3530:
3521:
3499:Nikolai Bukharin
3453:Grigory Zinoviev
3431:
3424:
3417:
3408:
3381:Nikolai Bukharin
3335:Grigory Zinoviev
3313:
3306:
3299:
3290:
3212:Grigory Zinoviev
3207:Nikolai Bukharin
3185:
3178:
3171:
3162:
3130:Lazar Kaganovich
3049:Grigory Zinoviev
3039:Nikolai Bukharin
3017:
3010:
3003:
2994:
2952:Stanislav Kosior
2942:Lazar Kaganovich
2881:Nikolai Bukharin
2859:
2852:
2845:
2836:
2753:Stanislav Kosior
2738:Lazar Kaganovich
2711:
2704:
2697:
2688:
2590:Stanislav Kosior
2575:Lazar Kaganovich
2543:
2536:
2529:
2520:
2503:Nikolai Bulganin
2483:Nikolai Shvernik
2457:Nikolai Bulganin
2412:Lazar Kaganovich
2375:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2338:
2337:
2305:Chairmen of the
2217:Chairmen of the
2172:Chairmen of the
2157:
2150:
2143:
2134:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1965:
1956:Nikolay Shvernik
1938:Preceded by
1930:
1915:
1904:Preceded by
1896:
1872:Preceded by
1864:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1740:"Довоенные годы"
1736:
1730:
1729:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1545:. 31 August 2015
1535:
1529:
1528:
1512:
1502:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1447:on 25 April 2012
1436:
1430:
1429:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1343:
1342:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1292:
1291:
1273:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1244:. Archived from
1234:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1172:
1030:Death and legacy
930:Lazar Kaganovich
770:Roman Malinovsky
732:
726:
667:Saint Petersburg
651:Tver Governorate
648:
647:
570:Saint Petersburg
540:
539:
538:
532:
527:
523:
507:
416:
400:Tver Governorate
393:19 November 1875
392:
390:
374:Personal details
363:
317:
298:
241:
225:
216:
172:
163:
154:Chairman of the
149:Nikolai Shvernik
146:
134:
126:Nikolai Shvernik
101:
78:
68:
55:
21:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4119:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3818:Mikhail Kalinin
3796:
3760:
3754:
3724:
3719:
3715:Mikhail Kalinin
3693:
3657:
3651:
3621:
3616:
3607:Mikhail Kalinin
3590:
3554:
3548:
3518:
3513:
3504:Mikhail Kalinin
3487:
3441:
3435:
3405:
3400:
3396:Jānis Rudzutaks
3386:Mikhail Kalinin
3369:
3323:
3317:
3287:
3282:
3268:Jānis Rudzutaks
3258:Mikhail Kalinin
3241:
3195:
3189:
3159:
3154:
3140:Anastas Mikoyan
3125:Andrey Andreyev
3120:Nikolai Uglanov
3115:Jānis Rudzutaks
3088:
3084:Jānis Rudzutaks
3054:Mikhail Kalinin
3027:
3021:
2991:
2986:
2967:Nikolai Uglanov
2957:Anastas Mikoyan
2937:Andrey Andreyev
2925:
2911:Jānis Rudzutaks
2891:Mikhail Kalinin
2869:
2863:
2833:
2828:
2809:Anastas Mikoyan
2804:Andrey Andreyev
2792:
2788:Andrey Andreyev
2768:Jānis Rudzutaks
2743:Mikhail Kalinin
2721:
2715:
2685:
2680:
2651:Jānis Rudzutaks
2646:Pavel Postyshev
2636:Anastas Mikoyan
2624:
2615:Anastas Mikoyan
2580:Mikhail Kalinin
2565:Andrey Andreyev
2553:
2547:
2517:
2512:
2493:Georgy Malenkov
2478:Lavrentiy Beria
2466:
2447:Georgy Malenkov
2442:Lavrentiy Beria
2422:Anastas Mikoyan
2417:Mikhail Kalinin
2397:Andrey Andreyev
2385:
2379:
2349:
2344:
2326:
2300:
2222:
2212:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2131:
2126:
2091:
2014:
2005:
1970:
1958:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1878:
1840:Mikhail Kalinin
1826:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1480:Vokrug Stalina,
1477:
1473:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1380:Kotkin, Stephen
1378:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1346:
1339:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1295:
1288:
1275:
1274:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1144:
1063:Lenin Mausoleum
1032:
1014:Josip Broz Tito
954:
938:Anastas Mikoyan
876:
855:in 1922 and to
821:of 7 November.
786:
679:
671:Putilov factory
633:
535:
534:
533:
525:
477:
453:Political party
418:
414:
394:
388:
386:
385:
384:
364:
359:
318:
313:
299:
294:
249:Aleksei Badayev
247:
239:
223:
217:
212:
173:
168:
159:
158:
144:
132:
114:
102:
97:
81:
80:Kalinin in 1920
69:
66:
60:
59:Mikhail Kalinin
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4128:
4126:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3875:Old Bolsheviks
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:Vladimir Lenin
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3679:Vladimir Lenin
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3576:Vladimir Lenin
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3478:Mikhail Tomsky
3475:
3470:
3465:
3463:Vladimir Lenin
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3360:Mikhail Tomsky
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:Vladimir Lenin
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3278:Mikhail Frunze
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3232:Mikhail Tomsky
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:Mikhail Tomsky
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2982:Sergei Syrtsov
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2921:Mikhail Tomsky
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2819:Sergei Syrtsov
2816:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2671:Nikolai Yezhov
2668:
2663:
2661:Andrei Zhdanov
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2508:Alexei Kosygin
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2462:Alexei Kosygin
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2407:Andrei Zhdanov
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2307:Supreme Soviet
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2225:Supreme Soviet
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2202:(1919, acting)
2196:
2190:
2183:
2181:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2019:Heads of state
2016:
2015:
2008:Heads of state
2006:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1891:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1848:
1836:
1825:
1824:External links
1822:
1819:
1818:
1811:(in Ukrainian)
1803:
1778:
1753:
1731:
1724:
1701:
1674:
1661:
1646:
1640:978-0813339078
1639:
1621:
1614:
1586:
1571:
1556:
1530:
1523:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1458:
1431:
1424:
1401:
1395:978-1594203794
1394:
1370:
1344:
1338:978-0960338207
1337:
1317:
1293:
1286:
1259:
1229:
1216:
1192:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1132:Serhiy Nigoyan
1104:Kalinin Street
1100:Kalinin Square
1086:Sergey Korolev
1031:
1028:
1006:Milovan Djilas
953:
950:
946:Katyn massacre
893:, Kalinin and
875:
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837:Yakov Sverdlov
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743:Vladimir Lenin
678:
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3227:Joseph Stalin
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1893:Alexei Badaev
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1055:state funeral
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884:
880:
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871:
869:
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862:
858:
854:
850:
849:Soviet Russia
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
811:
809:
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796:
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792:
783:
781:
779:
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771:
767:
763:
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746:
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740:
736:
731:
722:
718:
715:
710:
708:
707:Kresty Prison
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:Joseph Stalin
688:
684:
676:
674:
672:
668:
662:
660:
659:Fedor Kalinin
656:
652:
642:
638:
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:East Prussian
602:
601:Joseph Stalin
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:head of state
548:
547:Old Bolshevik
544:
537:
531:
519:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:Civil servant
494:
490:
487:
484:
480:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:
434:Resting place
432:
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421:
412:
408:
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397:
381:
377:
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177:
171:
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157:
152:
148:
142:
139:
136:
130:
127:
124:
120:
117:
116:Joseph Stalin
113:
110:
106:
100:
95:
92:
88:
84:
77:
72:
63:
56:
53:
49:
45:
42: and the
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:M. I. Kalinin
3817:
3792:Leon Trotsky
3765:Full members
3714:
3689:Leon Trotsky
3662:Full members
3606:
3586:Leon Trotsky
3559:Full members
3503:
3483:Leon Trotsky
3468:Alexei Rykov
3446:Full members
3385:
3365:Leon Trotsky
3350:Alexei Rykov
3328:Full members
3257:
3237:Leon Trotsky
3222:Alexei Rykov
3200:Full members
3135:Sergei Kirov
3079:Leon Trotsky
3064:Alexei Rykov
3053:
3032:Full members
2947:Sergei Kirov
2906:Alexei Rykov
2890:
2874:Full members
2773:Alexei Rykov
2748:Sergei Kirov
2742:
2726:Full members
2666:Robert Eikhe
2585:Sergei Kirov
2579:
2558:Full members
2416:
2390:Full members
2238:
2206:
2198:
2165:Russian SFSR
2025:
2012:Soviet Union
1944:
1910:
1881:
1838:
1834:marxists.org
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
1790:
1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:
1756:
1743:
1734:
1714:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1686:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1655:
1649:
1630:
1624:
1596:
1589:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:the original
1434:
1414:
1404:
1384:
1373:
1365:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1277:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:the original
1241:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1201:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1177:
1170:
1152:
1098:
1071:
1067:Kremlin Wall
1044:
1019:
999:
992:
971:
958:Roy Medvedev
955:
923:
913:
911:
907:
900:
874:Soviet Union
865:
861:World War II
834:
823:
812:
797:
789:
787:
755:
734:
711:
680:
663:
634:
625:Soviet Union
620:
598:
567:
517:
516:
415:(1946-06-03)
360:
314:
295:
265:Russian SFSR
244:
240:Succeeded by
213:
187:Alexei Rykov
185:
169:
160:
145:Succeeded by
137:
98:
52:
47:
39:
3855:1946 deaths
3850:1875 births
3772:Lev Kamenev
3759:(1919–1920)
3669:Lev Kamenev
3656:(1920–1921)
3571:Lev Kamenev
3553:(1921–1922)
3458:Lev Kamenev
3440:(1922–1923)
3340:Lev Kamenev
3322:(1923–1924)
3217:Lev Kamenev
3194:(1924–1926)
3150:Vlas Chubar
3105:Lev Kamenev
3026:(1926–1927)
2977:Karl Bauman
2972:Vlas Chubar
2868:(1927–1930)
2824:Vlas Chubar
2720:(1930–1934)
2656:Vlas Chubar
2620:Vlas Chubar
2552:(1934–1939)
2384:(1939–1952)
2323:(1990–1991)
2297:(1988–1990)
2291:(1985–1988)
2285:(1966–1985)
2279:(1962–1966)
2273:(1959–1962)
2261:(1950–1959)
2255:(1946–1950)
2249:(1944–1946)
2235:(1938–1944)
2209:(1919–1938)
2200:Vladimirsky
2195:(1917–1919)
2123:(1990–1991)
2117:(1988–1990)
2111:(1986–1988)
2105:(1977–1986)
2088:(1988–1991)
2082:(1985–1988)
2076:(1984–1985)
2070:(1983–1984)
2064:(1977–1982)
2058:(1965–1977)
2052:(1964–1965)
2046:(1960–1964)
2040:(1953–1960)
2034:(1946–1953)
2028:(1922–1946)
1916:Along with
1744:www.tver.ru
1388:. Penguin.
1209:19 November
1185:19 November
1004:communist,
1002:Montenegrin
952:Personality
774:World War I
613:Kaliningrad
474:(1918–1946)
468:(1903–1918)
462:(1898–1903)
445:Nationality
413:3 June 1946
224:Preceded by
133:Preceded by
44:family name
3844:Categories
2295:Vorotnikov
2038:Voroshilov
1950:1938–1946
1923:1922–1938
1887:1919–1938
1796:8 December
1771:8 December
1694:8 December
1162:References
1082:Königsberg
887:Voroshilov
631:Early life
609:Königsberg
578:Bolsheviks
520:(Russian:
492:Occupation
389:1875-11-19
36:patronymic
4030:Stalinism
2219:Presidium
2103:Kuznetsov
2086:Gorbachev
2074:Chernenko
1451:5 October
905:in 1924.
830:Politburo
815:Petrograd
804:Menshevik
780:of 1917.
739:Bolshevik
695:Alliluyev
594:Politburo
559:Politburo
500:Signature
361:In office
353:Politburo
315:In office
296:In office
288:Politburo
257:Presidium
231:(acting)
214:In office
174:1922–1938
170:In office
99:In office
40:Ivanovich
2247:Shvernik
2193:Sverdlov
2115:Lukyanov
2109:Demichev
2068:Andropov
2062:Brezhnev
2056:Podgorny
2044:Brezhnev
2032:Shvernik
1748:Archived
1712:(1995).
1412:(2006).
1382:(2014).
1252:2 August
1142:See also
1078:Korolyov
1065:and the
1010:Yugoslav
983:Bukharin
975:Zinoviev
914:de facto
735:Kalinina
714:Estonian
607:city of
592:and the
440:, Moscow
253:Chairman
198:Chairman
161:(shared)
2321:Yeltsin
2315:Zhdanov
2277:Ignatov
2271:Organov
2265:Ignatov
2259:Tarasov
2233:Badayev
2207:Kalinin
2187:Kamenev
2177:of the
2121:Yanayev
2080:Gromyko
2050:Mikoyan
2026:Kalinin
2010:of the
1928:Himself
1857:of the
1853:in the
1549:4 March
1482:p. 241.
1128:Ukraine
1116:Tallinn
1112:Belarus
1023:satyr's
968:wrote:
966:Trotsky
891:Trotsky
766:Okhrana
721:Russian
703:Estonia
687:Tbilisi
637:Russian
621:Kalinin
561:of the
553:of the
307:Orgburo
263:of the
259:of the
255:of the
204:of the
200:of the
179:Premier
108:Premier
48:Kalinin
2317:(1938)
2283:Yasnov
2267:(1959)
2253:Vlasov
2240:Vlasov
2189:(1917)
1918:others
1877:acting
1847:format
1722:
1637:
1612:
1521:
1422:
1392:
1335:
1284:
1124:Dnipro
1051:Moscow
1047:cancer
987:Tomsky
936:, and
895:Frunze
883:Bubnov
843:, the
791:Pravda
762:Prague
655:Russia
482:Spouse
472:VKP(b)
448:Soviet
420:Moscow
122:Deputy
34:, the
2289:Orlov
1120:Kopli
1108:Minsk
979:Rykov
835:When
701:, in
699:Reval
460:RSDLP
424:RSFSR
2223:the
1940:None
1906:None
1798:2021
1773:2021
1720:ISBN
1696:2021
1635:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1551:2024
1519:ISBN
1453:2011
1420:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1254:2022
1211:2018
1187:2018
1102:and
1080:and
1074:Tver
985:and
962:NKVD
617:Tver
543:O.S.
526:IPA:
428:USSR
410:Died
379:Born
350:14th
346:13th
342:12th
338:11th
334:10th
285:18th
281:17th
277:16th
273:15th
1859:ZBW
1845:PDF
1832:at
1602:doi
1515:140
847:of
649:),
330:9th
326:8th
251:as
46:is
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283:,
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275:,
3749:e
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3735:v
3646:e
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