1643:. The time period that human MRCA lived is unknown. Rohde et al put forth a "rough guess" that the MRCA could have existed 5000 years ago; however, the authors state that this estimate is "extremely tentative, and the model contains several obvious sources of error, as it was motivated more by considerations of theoretical insight and tractability than by realism." Just a few thousand years before the most recent single ancestor shared by all living humans was the time at which all humans who were then alive either left no descendants alive today or were common ancestors of all humans alive today. However, such a late date is difficult to reconcile with the geographical spread of our species and the consequent isolation of different groups from each other. For example, it is generally accepted that the indigenous population of Tasmania was isolated from all other humans between the rise in sea level after the last ice age some 8000 years ago and the arrival of Europeans. Estimates of the MRCA of even closely related human populations have been much more than 5000 years ago.
1492:
more than one daughter with living maternal line descendants alive today. The number of mutations that can be found distinguishing modern people is determined by two criteria: first and most obviously, the time back to her, but second and less obviously by the varying rates at which new branches have come into existence and old branches have become extinct. By looking at the number of mutations which have been accumulated in different branches of this family tree, and looking at which geographical regions have the widest range of least related branches, the region where Eve lived can be proposed.
2084:"Caution: This does not make Mitochondrial Eve the first woman, or the first human, or the first member of a new species. Further Caution: This does not mean that other women alive when Eve was do not have descendants today; they simply do not have living descendants who are descended only through female links. Yet Further Caution: If a person were to be discovered whose mtDNA showed a pattern of mutations of greater time depth, then the status of Mitochondrial Eve would be reassigned to the most recent female ancestor shared by both that person and the person we now call Mitochondrial Eve."
1614:(from whom all living males are descended patrilineally), and perhaps even met and mated with him. Even if this were true, which is currently regarded as highly unlikely, this would only be a coincidence. Like Mitochondrial "Eve", Y-chromosomal "Adam" probably lived in Africa. A recent study (March 2013) concluded however that "Eve" lived much later than "Adam" – some 140,000 years later. (Earlier studies considered, conversely, that "Eve" lived earlier than "Adam".) More recent studies indicate that Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam may indeed have lived around the same time.
2386:"we date the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) in Africa at 254 (95% CI 192–307) kya and detect a cluster of major non-African founder haplogroups in a narrow time interval at 47–52 kya, consistent with a rapid initial colonization model of Eurasia and Oceania after the out-of-Africa bottleneck. In contrast to demographic reconstructions based on mtDNA, we infer a second strong bottleneck in Y-chromosome lineages dating to the last 10 ky. We hypothesize that this bottleneck is caused by cultural changes affecting variance of reproductive success among males."
1371:
8551:
1437:
7194:
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6211:
8539:
7206:
1636:. Since the mtDNA is inherited maternally and recombination is either rare or absent, it is relatively easy to track the ancestry of the lineages back to a MRCA; however, this MRCA is valid only when discussing mitochondrial DNA. An approximate sequence from newest to oldest can list various important points in the ancestry of modern human populations:
2053:"the synonymous mutation rate of Kivisild et al. estimates the coalescence time of the mtDNA tree overall at ~160,000 kya We present a revised chronology using the complete mtDNA genome rate and an ML approach for the mtDNA tree in Figure 6, with full details of the age estimates and associated 95% confidence regions in Table S5." See:
1594:
remaining daughter through her matrilineal descendants, until the first descendant is reached who had two or more daughters who together have all living humans as their matrilineal descendants. Once a lineage has died out it is irretrievably lost and this mechanism can thus only shift the title of "Mitochondrial Eve" forward in time.
2065:"we estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of the Y chromosome to be 120 to 156 thousand years and the mitochondrial genome TMRCA to be 99 to 148 thousand years. Our findings suggest that, contrary to previous claims, male lineages do not coalesce significantly more recently than female lineages."
1491:
Mitochondrial Eve is the most recent common matrilineal ancestor for all modern humans. Whenever one of the two most ancient branch lines dies out (by producing only non-matrilinear descendants at that time), the MRCA will move to a more recent female ancestor, always the most recent mother to have
1487:
The variation of mitochondrial DNA between different people can be used to estimate the time back to a common ancestor, such as
Mitochondrial Eve. This works because, along any particular line of descent, mitochondrial DNA accumulates mutations at the rate of approximately one every 3,500 years per
1588:
The definition of
Mitochondrial Eve is fixed, but the woman in prehistory who fits this definition can change. That is, not only can our knowledge of when and where Mitochondrial Eve lived change due to new discoveries, but the actual Mitochondrial Eve can change. The Mitochondrial Eve can change,
2074:
Two studies published in 2013 had 95% confidence intervals barely overlapping in the neighbourhood of 15 ka, a third study had a 95% confidence interval intermediate between the two others: "99 to 148 ka" according to Poznik, 2013 (ML whole-mtDNA age estimate: 178.8 , ρ whole-mtDNA age estimate:
1526:
publications since the 1990s have been emphatic in pointing out that the name is merely a popular convention, and that the mt-MRCA was not in any way the "first woman". Her position is purely the result of genealogical history of human populations later, and as matrilineal lineages die out, the
1593:
lineages that have survived to the present day. In every generation mitochondrial lineages end – when a woman with unique mtDNA dies with no daughters. When the mitochondrial lineages of daughters of
Mitochondrial Eve die out, then the title of "Mitochondrial Eve" shifts forward from the
1294:(1997) asserted that the study did "not support the hypothesis of a recent African origin for all of humanity following a split between Africans and non-Africans 100,000 years ago" and also did "not support the hypothesis of a recent global replacement of humans coming out of Africa."
1597:
Because mtDNA mapping of humans is very incomplete, the discovery of living mtDNA lines which predate our current concept of "Mitochondrial Eve" could result in the title moving to an earlier woman. This happened to her male counterpart, "Y-chromosomal Adam", when an older Y line,
1289:
Shortly after the 1987 publication, criticism of its methodology and secondary conclusions was published. Both the dating of mt-Eve and the relevance of the age of the purely matrilineal descent for population replacement were subjects of controversy during the 1990s;
42:
1488:
nucleotide. A certain number of these new variants will survive into modern times and be identifiable as distinct lineages. At the same time some branches, including even very old ones, come to an end when the last family in a distinct branch has no daughters.
140:
humans. In other words, she is defined as the most recent woman from whom all living humans descend in an unbroken line purely through their mothers and through the mothers of those mothers, back until all lines converge on one woman.
1378:
or selection the female lineage will trace back to a single female, such as
Mitochondrial Eve. In this example over five generations colors represent extinct matrilineal lines and black the matrilineal line descended from mtDNA
1232:
in late 1985 or early 1986 and published on 1 January 1987. The published conclusion was that all current human mtDNA originated from a single population from Africa, at the time dated to between 140,000 and 200,000 years ago.
1304:
In 1999, Krings et al. eliminated problems in molecular clocking postulated by Nei (1992) when it was found that the mtDNA sequence for the same region was substantially different from the MRCA relative to any human sequence.
1247:
Cann, Stoneking and Wilson did not use the term "Mitochondrial Eve" or even the name "Eve" in their original paper. It is however used by Cann in an article entitled "In Search of Eve" in the
September–October 1987 issue of
1650:. In other words, "each present-day human has exactly the same set of genealogical ancestors" alive at the "identical ancestors point" in time. This is far more recent than when Mitochondrial Eve was proposed to have lived.
3846:
1198:) and humans. With data from 21 human individuals, Brown published the first estimate on the age of the mt-MRCA at 180,000 years ago in 1980. A statistical analysis published in 1982 was taken as evidence for
200:
presentations of the topic usually point out such possible misconceptions by emphasizing the fact that the position of mt-MRCA is neither fixed in time (as the position of mt-MRCA moves forward in time as
189:), they need not have lived at the same time. As of 2015, estimates of the age of the Y-MRCA range around 200,000 to 300,000 years ago, roughly consistent with the emergence of anatomically modern humans.
1510:
The popular name "mitochondrial Eve", of 1980s coinage, has contributed to a number of popular misconceptions. At first, the announcement of a "mitochondrial Eve" was even greeted with endorsement from
1326:
Although the original research did have analytical limitations, the estimate on the age of the mt-MRCA has proven robust. More recent age estimates have remained consistent with the 140–200
3501:
Parsons TJ, Muniec DS, Sullivan K, Woodyatt N, Alliston-Greiner R, Wilson MR, et al. (April 1997). "A high observed substitution rate in the human mitochondrial DNA control region".
1395:
of a cell) and Y-chromosome DNA are commonly used to trace ancestry in this manner. mtDNA is generally passed un-mixed from mothers to children of both sexes, along the maternal line, or
1301:
of a relatively small population of humans in sub-Saharan Africa was consistent with the hypothesis of Cann (1982) and lent considerable support for the "recent out-of-Africa" scenario.
8368:
1387:) of any individual who died very long ago. By analysing descendants' DNA, however, parts of ancestral genomes are estimated by scientists. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA, the DNA located in
5499:
Santos C, Sierra B, Alvarez L, Ramos A, Fernández E, Nogués R, Aluja MP (August 2008). "Frequency and pattern of heteroplasmy in the control region of human mitochondrial DNA".
1269:
Wilson himself preferred the term "Lucky Mother" and thought the use of the name Eve "regrettable". But the concept of Eve caught on with the public and was repeated in a
8149:
8427:
8586:
7091:
3015:
6076:
White TD, Asfaw B, Beyene Y, Haile-Selassie Y, Lovejoy CO, Suwa G, WoldeGabriel G (October 2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids".
1417:. Scientists sort mitochondrial DNA results into more or less related groups, with more or less recent common ancestors. This leads to the construction of a DNA
6156:
Wilson AC, Cann RL, Carr SM, George M, Gyllensten UB, Helm-Bychowski KM, et al. (1985). "Mitochondrial DNA and two perspectives on evolutionary genetics".
1580:
of ancient humans never dropped below tens of thousands. Other women living during Eve's time may have descendants alive today but not in a direct female line.
7721:
1589:
when a mother-daughter line comes to an end. It follows from the definition of
Mitochondrial Eve that she had at least two daughters who both have unbroken
1457:" as it exists today. In principle, earlier Eves can also be defined going beyond the species, for example one who is ancestral to both modern humanity and
4604:
Cox MP (August 2008). "Accuracy of molecular dating with the rho statistic: deviations from coalescent expectations under a range of demographic models".
1275:
cover story (11 January 1988 issue featured a depiction of Adam and Eve on the cover, with the title "The Search for Adam and Eve"), and a cover story in
2093:
There are sites in mtDNA (such as: 16129, 16223, 16311, 16362) that evolve more rapidly, have been noted to change within intragenerational timeframes –
988:
205:(mtDNA) lineages become extinct), nor does it refer to a "first woman", nor the only living female of her time, nor the first member of a "new species".
6327:
858:
1507:
study in
January 1988, under a heading of "Scientists Explore a Controversial Theory About Man's Origins". The edition sold a record number of copies.
8259:
6287:
4771:"Estimating effective population size from samples of sequences: inefficiency of pairwise and segregating sites as compared to phylogenetic estimates"
6337:
8596:
8157:
7179:
7023:
6201:
878:
247:
8141:
8611:
8109:
6332:
5996:
Vigilant L, Stoneking M, Harpending H, Hawkes K, Wilson AC (September 1991). "African populations and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA".
3966:
3847:"Can the human arguments about mitochondrial Eve and y-chromosome Adam be extended to the animal world to test the reality of the flood of Noah?"
2776:
Vigilant L, Stoneking M, Harpending H, Hawkes K, Wilson AC (September 1991). "African populations and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA".
1330:
estimate published in 1987: A 2013 estimate dated
Mitochondrial Eve to about 160 kya (within the reserved estimate of the original research) and
838:
7457:
7380:
7256:
7081:
2054:
1241:
171:
6342:
3795:
8576:
8238:
7086:
6964:
6249:
5699:
5680:
5367:
5082:
4652:
3976:
3949:
3913:
3886:
3778:
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1727:
1314:
1262:, headlined "The Unmasking of Mitochondrial Eve". The biblical connotation was very clear from the start. The accompanying research news in
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145:
82:
8266:
8197:
8013:
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7018:
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8571:
8205:
2075:
185.2 , ρ synonymous age estimate: 174.8 ), "134 to 188 ka", according to Fu, 2013, and 150 to 234 ka (95% CI) from Soares, 2009.
1323:
family of
Russian royalty). In this study, they calculated a mutation rate upwards of twenty times higher than previous results.
4987:
Ingman M, Kaessmann H, Pääbo S, Gyllensten U (December 2000). "Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans".
1182:
in human mtDNA was unexpectedly fast, at 0.02 substitution per base (1%) in a million years, which is 5–10 times faster than in
8224:
7162:
7058:
6939:
1480:
because this macro-haplogroup contains all surviving human mitochondrial lineages today, and she must predate the emergence of
1425:, and the common ancestors such as Mitochondrial Eve sit at branching points in this tree. Major branches are said to define a
1357:
1028:
4937:
Hazelwood L, Steele J (2004). "Spatial dynamics of human dispersals: Constraints on modelling and archaeological validation".
8037:
7157:
6458:
4210:
1540:
discussed human ancestry in the context of a "river of genes", including an explanation of the concept of
Mitochondrial Eve.
1411:
5781:"Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees"
3570:
Cyran KA, Kimmel M (November 2010). "Alternatives to the Wright-Fisher model: the robustness of mitochondrial Eve dating".
160:. As of 2013, estimates on the age of this split ranged at around 155,000 years ago, consistent with a date later than the
7958:
7861:
6280:
4135:
2964:
8529:
4705:
Endicott P, Ho SY, Metspalu M, Stringer C (September 2009). "Evaluating the mitochondrial timescale of human evolution".
2287:
Endicott P, Ho SY, Metspalu M, Stringer C (September 2009). "Evaluating the mitochondrial timescale of human evolution".
7550:
7028:
6905:
6791:
1407:
1338:
of 69 people from 9 different populations) reported the age of Mitochondrial Eve between 99 and 148 kya and that of the
468:
240:
6235:
3023:
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8543:
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7488:
7222:
7126:
6944:
6465:
6319:
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1640:
1623:
818:
217:
133:
8581:
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8485:
8375:
8133:
8069:
7590:
7279:
7249:
7210:
6984:
6915:
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6444:
6437:
6216:
5670:
1791:
1712:
1542:
1477:
1351:
921:
655:
647:
639:
149:
8245:
8101:
7895:
7662:
7478:
7167:
7063:
6959:
4087:"An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree"
2396:
1647:
1577:
759:
8601:
8117:
8093:
7346:
7198:
6501:
6273:
1737:
1237:
1167:
7875:
2965:"The scientists behind Mitochondrial Eve tell us about the 'lucky mother' who changed human evolution forever"
4162:"A revised root for the human Y chromosomal phylogenetic tree: the origin of patrilineal diversity in Africa"
2820:
8045:
7606:
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7341:
7136:
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7033:
6479:
1707:
1512:
729:
233:
6231:
5444:
Rohde DL, Olson S, Chang JT (September 2004). "Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans".
4736:"Substitution rate variation among sites in mitochondrial hypervariable region I of humans and chimpanzees"
4247:
Rohde DL, Olson S, Chang JT (September 2004). "Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans".
185:
descended. As the identity of both matrilineal and patrilineal MRCAs is dependent on genealogical history (
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8231:
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1568:
One common misconception surrounding Mitochondrial Eve is that since all women alive today descended in a
1516:
688:
7473:
4310:"Estimating time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA): comparison and application of eight methods"
1226:
respectively, were available. After more than 40 revisions of the draft, the manuscript was submitted to
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8300:
8284:
7566:
7503:
7385:
7242:
6515:
5859:"History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation"
5816:"Frequentist estimation of coalescence times from nucleotide sequence data using a tree-based partition"
5377:
3545:
2005:
2000:
1967:
1874:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1831:
1823:
1818:
1742:
1682:
1199:
460:
196:, which has led to repeated misrepresentations or misconceptions in journalistic accounts on the topic.
157:
93:
89:
4033:
1399:. Matrilineal descent goes back through mothers, to their mothers, until all female lineages converge.
8382:
8173:
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7902:
7783:
7528:
7096:
6999:
6900:
6861:
6806:
6711:
6415:
6408:
6085:
6005:
5956:
5905:
5508:
5453:
5240:
5142:
4996:
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4435:
4256:
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2553:
2494:
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2017:
2010:
1993:
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1402:
Branches are identified by one or more unique markers which give a mitochondrial "DNA signature" or "
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599:
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8475:
8420:
7678:
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6508:
6255:
5624:
Suissa S, Wang Z, Poole J, Wittkopp S, Feder J, Shutt TE, et al. (May 2009). Desalle R (ed.).
5466:
4269:
2599:
Cann RL, Brown WM, Wilson AC (1982). "Evolution of human mitochondrial DNA: a preliminary report".
1762:
1752:
1553:
7217:
3054:
2180:"Sequencing Y chromosomes resolves discrepancy in time to common ancestor of males versus females"
8501:
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7913:
7840:
7713:
7598:
7558:
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5532:
5487:
5346:
5227:
Mishmar D, Ruiz-Pesini E, Golik P, Macaulay V, Clark AG, Hosseini S, et al. (January 2003).
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3483:
3299:
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3115:
2945:
2758:
1757:
1611:
1008:
178:
4381:"Bayesian coalescent inference of major human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup expansions in Africa"
3395:"mtDNA analysis of Nile River Valley populations: A genetic corridor or a barrier to migration?"
5892:
Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Friedlaender FR, Ehret C, Ranciaro A, Froment A, et al. (May 2009).
5857:
Tishkoff SA, Gonder MK, Henn BM, Mortensen H, Knight A, Gignoux C, et al. (October 2007).
8452:
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4693:
4648:
4621:
4592:
4553:"Polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of humans as revealed by restriction endonuclease analysis"
4539:
4508:
Behar DM, Villems R, Soodyall H, Blue-Smith J, Pereira L, Metspalu E, et al. (May 2008).
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2707:
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2581:
2542:"Polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of humans as revealed by restriction endonuclease analysis"
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2217:
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1976:
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4714:
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4400:
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4274:
4218:
4181:
4173:
4106:
4098:
4085:
Mendez FL, Krahn T, Schrack B, Krahn AM, Veeramah KR, Woerner AE, et al. (March 2013).
4005:
3903:
3818:
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3636:
3626:
3579:
3510:
3465:
3455:
3414:
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3181:
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2207:
2199:
2145:
2137:
1331:
1227:
680:
629:
137:
5032:
Kaessmann H, Pääbo S (January 2002). "The genetical history of humans and the great apes".
2178:
Poznik GD, Henn BM, Yee MC, Sliwerska E, Euskirchen GM, Lin AA, et al. (August 2013).
1449:
8591:
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8292:
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5745:
5727:
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5398:
5381:
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5281:
4752:
4735:
4010:
3993:
3796:"Mitochondrial Eve and biblical Eve are looking good: criticism of young age is premature"
3470:
3370:
3186:
3169:
2676:"All about mitochondrial eve: an interview with Rebecca Cann. Interview by Jane Gitschier"
2350:
1697:
1667:
1537:
1523:
1277:
1175:
1163:
713:
482:
438:
197:
5415:
Reed FA, Tishkoff SA (December 2006). "African human diversity, origins and migrations".
4467:"Climate shaped the worldwide distribution of human mitochondrial DNA sequence variation"
2346:"A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture"
1223:
1186:. Related work allowed for an analysis of the evolutionary relationships among gorillas,
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5909:
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5146:
5000:
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Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Massaia A, Destro-Bisol G, Sellitto D, Scozzari R (June 2011).
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2498:
2439:
2195:
8189:
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8000:
7966:
7822:
7748:
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7705:
7427:
7375:
6675:
6379:
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6304:
6169:
6059:
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5893:
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5652:
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5607:
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5165:
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4405:
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4186:
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2372:
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2179:
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534:
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182:
130:
110:
5979:
5944:
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5113:
4840:
4805:
4587:
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3641:
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3460:
3443:
3330:
2576:
2541:
2517:
2482:
2458:
2423:
41:
8565:
7942:
7855:
7845:
7814:
7498:
7483:
7432:
7412:
7309:
6843:
6696:
6386:
5583:"Correcting for purifying selection: an improved human mitochondrial molecular clock"
5333:
5316:
5210:
5183:
5045:
4633:
4230:
3938:
3393:
Krings M, Salem AE, Bauer K, Geisert H, Malek AK, Chaix L, et al. (April 1999).
2126:"Correcting for purifying selection: an improved human mitochondrial molecular clock"
1805:
1692:
1677:
1656:"Y-chromosomal Adam", the most recent male-line common ancestor of all living people.
1481:
1454:
1433:), and large branches containing several haplogroups are called "macro-haplogroups".
1396:
1388:
1383:
Without a DNA sample, it is not possible to reconstruct the complete genetic makeup (
1375:
721:
153:
85:
6243:
6123:"Genetic evidence for unequal effective population sizes of human females and males"
6113:
5573:
5350:
5024:
4894:
3750:
3530:
3487:
3353:
3252:
2949:
2238:
Fu Q, Mittnik A, Johnson PL, Bos K, Lari M, Bollongino R, et al. (April 2013).
1653:
Mitochondrial Eve, the most recent female-line common ancestor of all living people.
8508:
8434:
8350:
7670:
7646:
7518:
7370:
7265:
6849:
6837:
6779:
6653:
6601:
6566:
6491:
6398:
5581:
Soares P, Ermini L, Thomson N, Mormina M, Rito T, Röhl A, et al. (June 2009).
5536:
5491:
5382:"Population growth of human Y chromosomes: a study of Y chromosome microsatellites"
5061:
4294:
3699:
3303:
3119:
3022:. Carter G. Woodson Institute for Afro-American and African Studies. Archived from
2762:
2483:"Evolutionary tree for apes and humans based on cleavage maps of mitochondrial DNA"
2124:
Soares P, Ermini L, Thomson N, Mormina M, Rito T, Röhl A, et al. (June 2009).
1952:
1547:
1319:
published a study of mtDNA mutation rates in a single, well-documented family (the
1129:
703:
670:
584:
508:
495:
166:
4448:
4423:
4361:
3235:
3210:
1546:(2002) presented the topic of human mitochondrial genetics to a general audience.
6199:
5831:
5642:
5155:
3768:
2725:
Cann RL, Stoneking M, Wilson AC (1987). "Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution".
2692:
2639:
8470:
8323:
7493:
7365:
6733:
6660:
6632:
6625:
6573:
5945:"Mitochondrial DNA sequences in single hairs from a southern African population"
5129:
Loogväli EL, Kivisild T, Margus T, Villems R (December 2009). O'Rourke D (ed.).
4958:
Ho SY, Larson G (February 2006). "Molecular clocks: when times are a-changin'".
4878:
3734:
2240:"A revised timescale for human evolution based on ancient mitochondrial genomes"
1573:
1569:
1458:
1418:
1392:
1259:
1187:
1183:
775:
399:
5949:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5598:
5233:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4810:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4718:
4679:
4617:
4557:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4525:
4177:
4102:
3611:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3442:
Krings M, Stone A, Schmitz RW, Krainitzki H, Stoneking M, Pääbo S (July 1997).
2989:
Cann RL (1997). "Chapter 4: Mothers, Labels, and Misogyny". In Hager LD (ed.).
2546:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2487:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2428:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2300:
2141:
1476:. According to current nomenclature, Mitochondrial Eve's haplogroup was within
1214:
By 1985, data from the mtDNA of 145 women of different populations, and of two
6718:
6639:
5943:
Vigilant L, Pennington R, Harpending H, Kocher TD, Wilson AC (December 1989).
5520:
5428:
4971:
4950:
4787:
4770:
4222:
3682:
3665:
3583:
2255:
1722:
1426:
1215:
161:
5626:"Ancient mtDNA genetic variants modulate mtDNA transcription and replication"
4335:
2844:
7888:
7882:
6785:
6690:
6139:
6122:
6097:
6017:
5969:
5917:
5875:
5858:
5253:
5131:"Explaining the imperfection of the molecular clock of hominid mitochondria"
5100:
Loewe L, Scherer S (November 1997). "Mitochondrial Eve: the plot thickens".
4920:
4903:
4830:
3631:
3133:
Maddison DR (1991). "African Origin of human mitochondrial DNA reexamined".
2884:
2797:
2203:
1403:
1313:
harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFParsonsMuniecSullivanAlliston-Greiner1997 (
1113:
944:
790:
6148:
6105:
5935:
5884:
5849:
5771:
5661:
5616:
5565:
5528:
5483:
5436:
5407:
5342:
5272:
5219:
5200:
5174:
5121:
5053:
5016:
4979:
4929:
4761:
4726:
4697:
4625:
4577:
4543:
4500:
4482:
4414:
4396:
4353:
4286:
4195:
4120:
3691:
3591:
3428:
3295:
2711:
2566:
2507:
2448:
2381:
2308:
2273:
2221:
2159:
1527:
position of mt-MRCA keeps moving forward to younger individuals over time.
1466:
8538:
6068:
6025:
5988:
5806:
5736:
5307:
5092:
4886:
4849:
4796:
4596:
4457:
4326:
4019:
3742:
3650:
3522:
3479:
3379:
3338:
3244:
3195:
3111:
2941:
2892:
2805:
2754:
2657:
2608:
2585:
2526:
2363:
1410:
is a haplotype). Each marker is a DNA base-pair that has resulted from an
7622:
7442:
7400:
6646:
6611:
6588:
6309:
6219:
was created from a revision of this article dated 22 April 2005
3940:
The Seven Daughters of Eve: The Science That Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry
2467:
1610:
Sometimes Mitochondrial Eve is assumed to have lived at the same time as
1472:
1414:
1271:
1179:
1075:
1053:
964:
412:
386:
5544:
Schaffner SF (January 2004). "The X chromosome in population genetics".
5475:
4902:
Gonder MK, Mortensen HM, Reed FA, de Sousa A, Tishkoff SA (March 2007).
4278:
1572:
from her, she must have been the only woman alive at the time. However,
6796:
6372:
5184:"Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions"
3514:
3317:
Templeton AR (December 1997). "Out of Africa? What do genes tell us?".
3154:
1445:
1320:
1032:
569:
561:
547:
371:
17:
5069:
Kimura M, Ota T (2001). "Theoretical aspects of population genetics".
7447:
7422:
7326:
5894:"The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans"
5008:
3102:
3077:
2932:
2907:
2746:
1384:
1339:
1309:
1195:
6244:
Krishna Kunchithapadam, "What, if anything, is a Mitochondrial Eve?"
5557:
5182:
Maca-Meyer N, González AM, Larruga JM, Flores C, Cabrera VM (2001).
3287:
3146:
6050:
3410:
1202:(a hypothesis which at the time was competing with Asian origin of
6871:
6762:
6752:
6265:
4904:"Whole-mtDNA genome sequence analysis of ancient African lineages"
4465:
Balloux F, Handley LJ, Jombart T, Liu H, Manica A (October 2009).
1462:
1435:
1422:
1369:
1240:, which was debated at the time, and a boost to the theory of the
4857:
Gibbons A (January 1998). "Calibrating the mitochondrial clock".
4664:"A Bayesian evaluation of human mitochondrial substitution rates"
3713:
Gibbons A (January 1998). "Calibrating the mitochondrial clock".
7336:
7319:
7314:
7288:
6530:
4061:"No, a Mitochondrial 'Eve' Is Not the First Female in a Species"
1327:
1219:
56:
7238:
7234:
6269:
5814:
Tang H, Siegmund DO, Shen P, Oefner PJ, Feldman MW (May 2002).
3546:"(Mathematics of the coalescent) An example: Mitochondrial Eve"
1444:
The mitochondrial clade which Mitochondrial Eve defines is the
7293:
6033:
Watson E, Forster P, Richards M, Bandelt HJ (September 1997).
2863:
Lewin R (October 1987). "The unmasking of mitochondrial Eve".
2323:"New 'molecular clock' aids dating of human migration history"
1146:
212:
193:
181:" (or Y-MRCA), the individual from whom all living humans are
5229:"Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA variation in humans"
6197:
5380:, Seielstad MT, Perez-Lezaun A, Feldman MW (December 1999).
4804:
Ferris SD, Brown WM, Davidson WS, Wilson AC (October 1981).
1768:
27:
Matrilineal most recent common ancestor of all living humans
3266:
Templeton A (March 2002). "Out of Africa again and again".
4644:
The ancestor's tale: a pilgrimage to the dawn of evolution
3878:
The ancestor's tale: a pilgrimage to the dawn of evolution
3444:"Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans"
4806:"Extensive polymorphism in the mitochondrial DNA of apes"
4211:"Genetic Adam and Eve did not live too far apart in time"
1461:, or, further back, an "Eve" ancestral to all members of
6035:"Mitochondrial footprints of human expansions in Africa"
3605:
Giles RE, Blanc H, Cann HM, Wallace DC (November 1980).
5282:"Age of the common ancestor of human mitochondrial DNA"
3354:"Age of the common ancestor of human mitochondrial DNA"
3170:"Age of the common ancestor of human mitochondrial DNA"
1166:
methods was done during the late 1970s to early 1980s.
4424:"The myth of Eve: molecular biology and human origins"
3211:"The myth of Eve: molecular biology and human origins"
1606:
Not necessarily a contemporary of "Y-chromosomal Adam"
8527:
8369:
Doraemon: Nobita's Diary on the Creation of the World
4034:"Are we all descended from a common female ancestor?"
192:
The name "Mitochondrial Eve" alludes to the biblical
1222:
and GM 3043, derived from an African American and a
8463:
8444:
8392:
8360:
8332:
8311:
8276:
8216:
7993:
7833:
7775:
7732:
7689:
7542:
7466:
7358:
7302:
7272:
7145:
7119:
7072:
7010:
6929:
6888:
6881:
6827:
6760:
6751:
6674:
6599:
6546:
6529:
6489:
6425:
6396:
6351:
6318:
6303:
1298:
177:
The male analog to the "Mitochondrial Eve" is the "
99:
78:
70:
62:
48:
34:
6775:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
6121:Wilder JA, Mobasher Z, Hammer MF (November 2004).
5746:"Testing multiregionality of modern human origins"
4379:Atkinson QD, Gray RD, Drummond AJ (January 2009).
3937:
3762:
3760:
3607:"Maternal inheritance of human mitochondrial DNA"
1618:Not the most recent ancestor shared by all humans
1252:. It also appears in the October 1987 article in
8428:Daesong Heavy Industries II: Return to Innocence
6251:The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa
5360:The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa
3968:The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa
3770:The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa
1984:
1981:
1827:
1549:The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa
1503:reported on Mitochondrial Eve based on the Cann
1515:, who viewed the theory as a validation of the
1453:itself, or at least the current population or "
148:, the mt-MRCA is situated at the divergence of
6210:
3078:"Disputed African origin of human populations"
1334:to about 95 kya. Another 2013 study (based on
7250:
6281:
5744:Takahata N, Lee SH, Satta Y (February 2001).
5417:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
3319:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
2624:"Length mutations in human mitochondrial DNA"
2481:Ferris SD, Wilson AC, Brown WM (April 1981).
2424:"Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA"
2094:
241:
8:
7722:The Creation of the World and Other Business
4242:
4240:
4136:"The father of all men is 340,000 years old"
3870:
3868:
3666:"Uniparental inheritance of organelle genes"
2908:"Human evolution. Out of the garden of Eden"
2601:Progress in Clinical and Biological Research
2422:Brown WM, George M, Wilson AC (April 1979).
1628:Mitochondrial Eve is the most recent common
3905:River out of eden: a Darwinian view of life
1776:human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups
1421:where the branches are in biological terms
1266:had the title "Out of the garden of Eden".
7257:
7243:
7235:
6885:
6757:
6550:
6543:
6357:
6315:
6288:
6274:
6266:
5317:"Statistical inferences in phylogeography"
3819:"Genetics and Biblical Demographic Events"
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
1522:Due to such misunderstandings, authors of
248:
234:
40:
6158:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
6138:
6058:
5978:
5968:
5925:
5874:
5839:
5796:
5761:
5726:
5651:
5641:
5606:
5465:
5397:
5332:
5297:
5262:
5252:
5209:
5199:
5164:
5154:
4919:
4839:
4829:
4786:
4751:
4687:
4586:
4576:
4533:
4510:"The dawn of human matrilineal diversity"
4490:
4447:
4404:
4343:
4325:
4268:
4185:
4110:
4009:
3681:
3640:
3630:
3469:
3459:
3418:
3369:
3234:
3185:
3101:
2931:
2701:
2691:
2647:
2575:
2565:
2516:
2506:
2457:
2447:
2371:
2263:
2211:
2149:
119:Mitochondrial-Most Recent Common Ancestor
7180:Human evolutionary developmental biology
6227:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
4308:Zhou, Jin; Teo, Yik-Ying (August 2016).
2233:
2231:
1440:Simplified human mitochondrial phylogeny
8534:
8110:The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man
5711:"Allelic genealogy and human evolution"
3994:"Allelic genealogy and human evolution"
2109:
2046:
1236:The dating for "Eve" was a blow to the
8587:Recent African origin of modern humans
8260:Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance
7458:Allegorical interpretations of Genesis
7381:Tree of the knowledge of good and evil
2858:
2856:
2854:
2669:
2667:
1916:
1868:
1835:
1830:
1812:
1809:
1796:
1786:
31:
6965:Evolutionary models of human drug use
5798:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040023
5763:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003791
5728:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a039995
5399:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026091
5315:Nielsen R, Beaumont MA (March 2009).
5299:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040785
5077:. Princeton University Press: 1–219.
4753:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026046
4011:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a039995
3371:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040785
3187:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040785
2993:. London: Routledge. pp. 75–89.
2173:
2171:
2169:
1863:
1858:
1728:Neutral theory of molecular evolution
7:
7205:
4734:Excoffier L, Yang Z (October 1999).
2009:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1822:
1817:
1804:
1799:
1783:
1496:Popular reception and misconceptions
1085:
1063:
1041:
1017:
997:
977:
953:
933:
910:
887:
867:
847:
827:
807:
7921:Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan
1703:Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
1366:Human mitochondrial molecular clock
1299:Cann, Stoneking & Wilson (1987)
8126:Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden
6170:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1985.tb02048.x
6039:American Journal of Human Genetics
5692:Adam's curse: a future without men
5587:American Journal of Human Genetics
4668:American Journal of Human Genetics
4514:American Journal of Human Genetics
4314:European Journal of Human Genetics
4166:American Journal of Human Genetics
4091:American Journal of Human Genetics
3399:American Journal of Human Genetics
2837:10.1002/j.2326-1951.1987.tb02967.x
2622:Cann RL, Wilson AC (August 1983).
2325:. University of Leeds. 3 June 2009
2130:American Journal of Human Genetics
25:
8267:Man Gave Names to All the Animals
8158:Expulsion from the Garden of Eden
8014:Expulsion from the Garden of Eden
7983:The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve
7583:The Private Lives of Adam and Eve
5102:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
4939:Journal of Archaeological Science
4707:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
3544:Holsinger K (29 September 2012).
2289:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1346:Female and mitochondrial ancestry
8549:
8537:
8206:The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve
7216:
7204:
7193:
7192:
6209:
5362:. New York: Carroll & Graf.
5334:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04059.x
5071:Monographs in Population Biology
5046:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.00907.x
4662:Endicott P, Ho SY (April 2008).
4471:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
4385:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
3047:"Everyone's Genealogical Mother"
1584:Not a fixed individual over time
8597:Hebrew Bible in popular culture
6127:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5863:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5785:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5750:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5715:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5386:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5286:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4908:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4740:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3998:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3358:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3174:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3045:Lemonick MD (26 January 1987).
1556:(2003) was adapted into a 2002
1358:Genetic genealogy (matrilineal)
117:(more technically known as the
83:Mitochondrial macro-haplogroups
8612:Events in biological evolution
8038:The Garden of Earthly Delights
5501:Journal of Molecular Evolution
3944:. W. W. Norton & Company.
3572:Theoretical Population Biology
3471:11858/00-001M-0000-0025-0960-8
172:recent out-of-Africa dispersal
1:
7862:Book of the Penitence of Adam
5114:10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01204-4
4449:10.1126/science.270.5244.1930
3965:Oppenheimer, Stephen (2003).
3461:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80310-4
3331:10.1016/S0959-437X(97)80049-4
3236:10.1126/science.270.5244.1930
3034:– via Internet Archive.
3016:"The Search for Adam and Eve"
2963:Wilkins A (27 January 2012).
2397:"Jordan: 'Mitochondrial Eve'"
52:
8577:Human mitochondrial genetics
8225:Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again
5779:Tamura K, Nei M (May 1993).
5643:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000474
5156:10.1371/journal.pone.0008260
5034:Journal of Internal Medicine
4769:Felsenstein J (April 1992).
4647:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
4209:Callaway E (6 August 2013).
3881:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
2693:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000959
2603:. 103 Pt A (Pt A): 157–165.
2344:Karmin; et al. (2015).
1285:Criticism and later research
1178:and Wesley Brown found that
7489:Adam in rabbinic literature
7223:Evolutionary biology Portal
5709:Takahata N (January 1993).
4879:10.1126/science.279.5347.28
3992:Takahata N (January 1993).
3845:Oakes J (25 January 2007).
3735:10.1126/science.279.5347.28
2095:Excoffier & Yang (1999)
1748:Timeline of human evolution
1634:most recent common ancestor
1624:Most recent common ancestor
1570:direct unbroken female line
134:most recent common ancestor
8628:
8517:Ransom theory of atonement
8486:Adam and Eve cylinder seal
8070:Eve, the Serpent and Death
7959:Extracts from Adam's Diary
7280:Genesis creation narrative
5832:10.1093/genetics/161.1.447
5672:The Seven Daughters of Eve
5599:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001
4719:10.1016/j.tree.2009.04.006
4680:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.019
4618:10.3378/1534-6617-80.4.335
4526:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002
4422:Ayala FJ (December 1995).
4178:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.002
4103:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002
3817:Nelson CW (1 April 2003).
3209:Ayala FJ (December 1995).
2640:10.1093/genetics/104.4.699
2301:10.1016/j.tree.2009.04.006
2142:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001
1771:
1713:Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA)
1621:
1576:studies indicate that the
1543:The Seven Daughters of Eve
1478:mitochondrial haplogroup L
1355:
1352:Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA)
1349:
7479:Adam and Eve in Mormonism
7188:
7168:Evolutionary anthropology
6553:
6360:
5521:10.1007/s00239-008-9138-9
5429:10.1016/j.gde.2006.10.008
4972:10.1016/j.tig.2005.11.006
4951:10.1016/j.jas.2003.11.009
4788:10.1017/S0016672300030354
4223:10.1038/nature.2013.13478
4134:Barras C (6 March 2013).
3851:Evidence for Christianity
3773:. New York: Basic Books.
3683:10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.049
3584:10.1016/j.tpb.2010.06.001
3076:Darlu P, Tassy P (1987).
2256:10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.044
1648:identical ancestors point
1578:effective population size
1470:and chimpanzees in genus
1342:between 120 and 156 kya.
1142:
226:
215:
146:mitochondrial haplogroups
39:
5546:Nature Reviews. Genetics
3664:Birky CW (August 2008).
2991:Women in Human Evolution
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
1992:
1738:Single origin hypothesis
1513:young earth creationists
1238:multiregional hypothesis
63:Possible place of origin
8572:Human mtDNA haplogroups
8142:The Koren Picture-Bible
7591:El pecado de Adán y Eva
7534:Our Lady of Endor Coven
7074:Origin of modern humans
6098:10.1126/science.1175802
6018:10.1126/science.1840702
5970:10.1073/pnas.86.23.9350
5918:10.1126/science.1172257
5280:Nei M (November 1992).
5254:10.1073/pnas.0136972100
4831:10.1073/pnas.78.10.6319
3632:10.1073/pnas.77.11.6715
3168:Nei M (November 1992).
2885:10.1126/science.3116666
2798:10.1126/science.1840702
2204:10.1126/science.1237619
1708:Last universal ancestor
1517:biblical creation story
1130:P a r a n t h r o p u s
989:Dispersal beyond Africa
49:Possible time of origin
8491:Genealogies of Genesis
8481:Cave of the Patriarchs
8414:Simpsons Bible Stories
7524:Tree of Jiva and Atman
6205:
6185:Listen to this article
5358:Oppenheimer S (2004).
5201:10.1186/1471-2156-2-13
4578:10.1073/pnas.77.6.3605
4551:Brown WM (June 1980).
4483:10.1098/rspb.2009.0752
4397:10.1098/rspb.2008.0785
3971:. Carroll & Graf.
3767:Oppenheimer S (2003).
2567:10.1073/pnas.77.6.3605
2540:Brown WM (June 1980).
2508:10.1073/pnas.78.4.2432
2449:10.1073/pnas.76.4.1967
1733:Prehistoric demography
1441:
1380:
261:−10 —
8407:Probe 7, Over and Out
8301:Snakes for the Divine
8285:The Cainian Chronicle
7876:El amigo de Él y Ella
7386:Serpents in the Bible
7082:Recent African origin
6320:Last common ancestors
6204:
6140:10.1093/molbev/msh214
5876:10.1093/molbev/msm155
4921:10.1093/molbev/msl209
4327:10.1038/ejhg.2015.258
2364:10.1101/gr.186684.114
1774:Phylogenetic tree of
1743:Timeline of evolution
1683:Genealogical DNA test
1439:
1429:(e.g. CRS belongs to
1391:, different from the
1373:
1356:Further information:
1310:Parsons et al. (1997)
1200:recent African origin
1162:Early research using
351:−1 —
341:−2 —
331:−3 —
321:−4 —
311:−5 —
301:−6 —
291:−7 —
281:−8 —
271:−9 —
170:but earlier than the
8544:Evolutionary biology
8361:Story within a story
8062:The Haywain Triptych
8054:The Creation of Adam
8007:Tapestry of Creation
7903:Life of Adam and Eve
7529:Tree of life (Quran)
7097:Behavioral modernity
7087:Multiregional origin
6867:archaic Homo sapiens
6862:Homo heidelbergensis
6807:Red Deer Cave people
6246:a simple explanation
6236:More spoken articles
5675:. New York: Norton.
4065:Smithsonian Magazine
3853:. Answers in Genesis
3057:on 23 September 2008
2906:Wainscoat J (1987).
1718:Mitochondrial genome
1450:Homo sapiens sapiens
1281:on 26 January 1987.
945:Earliest stone tools
8476:Generations of Adam
8421:In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela
7975:The Book of Genesis
7514:Mashya and Mashyana
6734:H. neanderthalensis
6654:H. e. tautavelensis
6256:Stephen Oppenheimer
6090:2009Sci...326...75W
6010:1991Sci...253.1503V
6004:(5027): 1503–1507.
5961:1989PNAS...86.9350V
5910:2009Sci...324.1035T
5904:(5930): 1035–1044.
5513:2008JMolE..67..191S
5476:10.1038/nature02842
5458:2004Natur.431..562R
5245:2003PNAS..100..171M
5147:2009PLoSO...4.8260L
5001:2000Natur.408..708I
4871:1998Sci...279...28G
4822:1981PNAS...78.6319F
4569:1980PNAS...77.3605B
4477:(1672): 3447–3455.
4440:1995Sci...270.1930A
4434:(5244): 1930–1936.
4279:10.1038/nature02842
4261:2004Natur.431..562R
3800:Journal of Creation
3727:1998Sci...279...28G
3623:1980PNAS...77.6715G
3280:2002Natur.416...45T
3227:1995Sci...270.1930A
3221:(5244): 1930–1936.
3094:1987Natur.329..111D
2924:1987Natur.325...13W
2877:1987Sci...238...24L
2790:1991Sci...253.1503V
2784:(5027): 1503–1507.
2739:1987Natur.325...31C
2674:Cann R (May 2010).
2558:1980PNAS...77.3605B
2499:1981PNAS...78.2432F
2440:1979PNAS...76.1967B
2196:2013Sci...341..562P
1763:Women in prehistory
1753:Y-chromosomal Aaron
1554:Stephen Oppenheimer
1242:recent origin model
8502:Legend of the Rood
8345:Y-chromosomal Adam
8253:In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida
8246:The Garden of Eden
8166:The First Mourning
7914:Testimony of Truth
7841:Apocalypse of Adam
7714:The Tragedy of Man
7663:The Tragedy of Man
7599:La Biblia en pasta
7559:Good Morning, Eve!
6921:Self-domestication
6712:H. heidelbergensis
6661:H. e. yuanmouensis
6626:H. e. lantianensis
6353:Australopithecines
6206:
5694:. London: Bantam.
4960:Trends in Genetics
4775:Genetical Research
4641:Dawkins R (2004).
3902:Dawkins R (1995).
3875:Dawkins R (2004).
3824:Answers in Genesis
3794:Wieland C (2005).
3515:10.1038/ng0497-363
3135:Systematic Zoology
3014:Tierney J (1992).
2821:"In Search of Eve"
2055:Supplemental Data.
1758:Y-chromosomal Adam
1632:ancestor, not the
1612:Y-chromosomal Adam
1602:, was discovered.
1564:Not the only woman
1442:
1393:DNA in the nucleus
1381:
746:H. heidelbergensis
179:Y-chromosomal Adam
150:macro-haplogroup L
100:Defining mutations
8582:Genetic genealogy
8525:
8524:
8453:Demon: The Fallen
8340:Mitochondrial Eve
8030:The Last Judgment
7936:Adam lay ybounden
7929:Old Saxon Genesis
7909:Testament of Adam
7896:Harrowing of Hell
7869:Cave of Treasures
7615:Second Time Lucky
7474:Adam–God doctrine
7438:Seed of the woman
7408:Figs in the Bible
7232:
7231:
7173:Paleoanthropology
7115:
7114:
7092:Archaic admixture
6970:Stoned ape theory
6906:Endurance running
6823:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6670:
6669:
6633:H. e. nankinensis
6589:H. tsaichangensis
6525:
6524:
6260:Discovery Channel
6202:
6133:(11): 2047–2057.
5955:(23): 9350–9354.
5869:(10): 2180–2195.
5701:978-0-593-05005-7
5690:Sykes BD (2003).
5682:978-0-393-02018-2
5452:(7008): 562–566.
5392:(12): 1791–1798.
5369:978-0-7867-1334-9
5321:Molecular Ecology
5084:978-0-691-08098-7
4995:(6813): 708–713.
4816:(10): 6319–6323.
4746:(10): 1357–1368.
4654:978-0-618-00583-3
4391:(1655): 367–373.
4255:(7008): 562–566.
4040:. 14 January 2008
3978:978-0-7867-1192-5
3951:978-0-393-32314-6
3915:978-0-465-06990-3
3888:978-0-618-00583-3
3780:978-0-7867-1192-5
3676:(16): R692–R695.
3617:(11): 6715–6719.
3088:(6135): 111–112.
2190:(6145): 562–565.
2038:
2037:
1979:
1788:Mitochondrial Eve
1688:Genetic genealogy
1673:Coalescent theory
1558:Discovery Channel
1533:River Out of Eden
1362:Mitochondrial DNA
1336:genome sequencing
1297:The placement by
1192:common chimpanzee
1155:
1154:
1147:million years ago
1106:
1105:
1084:
1083:
1062:
1061:
1054:Earliest rock art
1040:
1039:
1016:
1015:
1009:Earliest language
996:
995:
976:
975:
952:
951:
932:
931:
922:Earliest sign of
909:
908:
899:Earliest sign of
886:
885:
866:
865:
846:
845:
826:
825:
469:Ou. macedoniensis
203:mitochondrial DNA
187:pedigree collapse
115:Mitochondrial Eve
107:
106:
16:(Redirected from
8619:
8554:
8553:
8552:
8542:
8541:
8533:
8496:Carnal knowledge
8400:"Adam & Eve"
8134:The Four Seasons
8073:(1510s or 1520s)
7951:Le Dernier Homme
7938:" (15th century)
7765:Children of Eden
7757:Up from Paradise
7607:The Annunciation
7575:The Original Sin
7359:Related theology
7259:
7252:
7245:
7236:
7220:
7208:
7207:
7196:
7195:
7132:Human prehistory
7107:Recent evolution
7102:Early migrations
7044:Thermoregulation
6945:Expensive tissue
6916:Sexual selection
6886:
6758:
6640:H. e. pekinensis
6551:
6544:
6459:A. bahrelghazali
6428:Australopithecus
6358:
6328:Chimpanzee–human
6316:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6267:
6226:
6224:
6213:
6212:
6203:
6193:
6191:
6186:
6173:
6152:
6142:
6117:
6072:
6062:
6029:
5992:
5982:
5972:
5939:
5929:
5888:
5878:
5853:
5843:
5810:
5800:
5775:
5765:
5740:
5730:
5705:
5686:
5669:Sykes B (2001).
5665:
5655:
5645:
5620:
5610:
5577:
5540:
5495:
5469:
5440:
5411:
5401:
5373:
5354:
5336:
5327:(6): 1034–1047.
5311:
5301:
5292:(6): 1176–1178.
5276:
5266:
5256:
5223:
5213:
5203:
5178:
5168:
5158:
5125:
5096:
5065:
5028:
5009:10.1038/35047064
4983:
4954:
4933:
4923:
4898:
4853:
4843:
4833:
4800:
4790:
4765:
4755:
4730:
4701:
4691:
4658:
4637:
4600:
4590:
4580:
4563:(6): 3605–3609.
4547:
4537:
4520:(5): 1130–1140.
4504:
4494:
4461:
4451:
4418:
4408:
4366:
4365:
4347:
4329:
4320:(8): 1195–1201.
4305:
4299:
4298:
4272:
4244:
4235:
4234:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4189:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4013:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3943:
3936:Sykes B (2002).
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3685:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3473:
3463:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3405:(4): 1166–1176.
3390:
3384:
3383:
3373:
3364:(6): 1176–1178.
3349:
3343:
3342:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3238:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3180:(6): 1176–1178.
3165:
3159:
3158:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3105:
3103:10.1038/329111b0
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3053:. Archived from
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3026:on 20 March 2015
3011:
3005:
3004:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2935:
2933:10.1038/325013a0
2903:
2897:
2896:
2860:
2849:
2848:
2819:Cann RL (1987).
2816:
2810:
2809:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2747:10.1038/325031a0
2722:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2552:(6): 3605–3609.
2537:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2493:(4): 2432–2436.
2478:
2472:
2471:
2461:
2451:
2434:(4): 1967–1971.
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2375:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2175:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2121:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2051:
1975:
1769:
1332:Out of Africa II
1318:
1210:1987 publication
1135:
1133:
1132:
1118:
1116:
1100:
1091:
1086:
1078:
1076:Earliest clothes
1069:
1064:
1056:
1047:
1042:
1023:
1018:
1003:
998:
983:
978:
965:Earliest sign of
959:
954:
939:
934:
924:Australopithecus
916:
911:
893:
888:
879:Earliest bipedal
873:
868:
859:Chimpanzee split
853:
848:
833:
828:
813:
808:
794:
793:
779:
778:
762:
748:
734:
706:
693:
673:
660:
632:
630:Australopithecus
619:
604:
587:
574:
550:
537:
524:
511:
498:
485:
473:
454:
441:
428:
416:
402:
389:
376:
374:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
250:
243:
236:
230:
220:
219:Hominin timeline
213:
54:
44:
32:
21:
8627:
8626:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8618:
8617:
8616:
8607:Women's history
8602:Women in Africa
8562:
8561:
8560:
8550:
8548:
8536:
8528:
8526:
8521:
8459:
8440:
8388:
8356:
8328:
8319:Adam-ondi-Ahman
8307:
8293:Visions of Eden
8272:
8239:Forbidden Fruit
8232:Adam-ondi-Ahman
8212:
8118:The Fall of Man
8094:The Fall of Man
7989:
7931:" (9th century)
7851:Book of Abraham
7829:
7771:
7728:
7685:
7538:
7509:Manu (Hinduism)
7462:
7418:Adamic language
7391:Forbidden fruit
7354:
7298:
7284:Book of Genesis
7268:
7263:
7233:
7228:
7184:
7141:
7127:Human evolution
7111:
7068:
7012:
7006:
6985:Cooperative eye
6930:Specific models
6925:
6877:
6856:Homo antecessor
6811:
6747:
6741:H. rhodesiensis
6705:H. floresiensis
6666:
6647:H. e. soloensis
6619:H. e. georgicus
6595:
6559:H. gautengensis
6534:
6532:
6521:
6485:
6421:
6392:
6347:
6338:Orangutan–human
6307:
6299:
6297:Human evolution
6294:
6240:
6239:
6228:
6222:
6220:
6217:This audio file
6214:
6207:
6198:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6176:
6155:
6120:
6084:(5949): 75–86.
6075:
6032:
5995:
5942:
5891:
5856:
5813:
5778:
5743:
5708:
5702:
5689:
5683:
5668:
5636:(5): e1000474.
5623:
5580:
5558:10.1038/nrg1247
5543:
5498:
5443:
5414:
5376:
5370:
5357:
5314:
5279:
5226:
5181:
5128:
5108:(11): 422–423.
5099:
5085:
5068:
5031:
4986:
4957:
4936:
4901:
4865:(5347): 28–29.
4856:
4803:
4768:
4733:
4704:
4661:
4655:
4640:
4603:
4550:
4507:
4464:
4421:
4378:
4374:
4372:Further reading
4369:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4246:
4245:
4238:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4142:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4067:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4043:
4041:
4032:
4031:
4027:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3908:. Basic Books.
3901:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3766:
3765:
3758:
3721:(5347): 28–29.
3712:
3711:
3707:
3670:Current Biology
3663:
3662:
3658:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3503:Nature Genetics
3500:
3499:
3495:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3288:10.1038/416045a
3274:(6876): 45–51.
3265:
3264:
3260:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3147:10.2307/2992327
3132:
3131:
3127:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2871:(4823): 24–26.
2862:
2861:
2852:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2733:(6099): 31–36.
2724:
2723:
2719:
2686:(5): e1000959.
2673:
2672:
2665:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2351:Genome Research
2343:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2244:Current Biology
2237:
2236:
2229:
2177:
2176:
2167:
2123:
2122:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2043:
1767:
1698:Human evolution
1668:Archaeogenetics
1663:
1626:
1620:
1608:
1600:haplogroup A-00
1586:
1566:
1538:Richard Dawkins
1524:popular science
1498:
1368:
1354:
1348:
1312:
1287:
1212:
1176:Rebecca L. Cann
1164:molecular clock
1160:
1151:
1150:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1114:H o m i n i d s
1112:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1001:
992:
991:
981:
972:
971:
966:
957:
948:
947:
937:
928:
927:
914:
905:
904:
891:
882:
881:
871:
862:
861:
851:
842:
841:
831:
822:
821:
811:
804:
803:
802:
797:
796:
795:
789:
788:
784:
782:
781:
780:
774:
773:
769:
767:
766:
765:
758:
752:
751:
750:
744:
739:
737:
736:
735:
726:
718:
710:
709:
702:
696:
695:
694:
685:
677:
676:
669:
663:
662:
661:
652:
644:
636:
635:
628:
622:
621:
620:
611:
607:
606:
605:
596:
592:
591:
590:
583:
577:
576:
575:
566:
558:
554:
553:
552:
546:
541:
540:
539:
533:
528:
527:
526:
520:
515:
514:
513:
507:
502:
501:
500:
494:
489:
488:
487:
483:Chororapithecus
481:
476:
475:
474:
465:
457:
456:
450:
445:
444:
443:
439:Samburupithecus
437:
432:
431:
430:
424:
419:
418:
417:
410:
406:
405:
404:
398:
393:
392:
391:
385:
380:
379:
378:
372:
370:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
254:
228:
222:
218:
211:
198:Popular science
121:, shortened to
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8625:
8623:
8615:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8564:
8563:
8559:
8558:
8546:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8519:
8514:
8513:
8512:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8467:
8465:
8461:
8460:
8458:
8457:
8448:
8446:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8431:
8424:
8417:
8410:
8403:
8396:
8394:
8390:
8389:
8387:
8386:
8379:
8376:Island of Love
8372:
8364:
8362:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8347:
8342:
8336:
8334:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8321:
8315:
8313:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8305:
8297:
8289:
8280:
8278:
8274:
8273:
8271:
8270:
8263:
8256:
8249:
8242:
8235:
8228:
8220:
8218:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8210:
8202:
8194:
8186:
8178:
8170:
8162:
8154:
8153:(19th century)
8146:
8138:
8130:
8122:
8114:
8106:
8098:
8090:
8082:
8074:
8066:
8058:
8050:
8042:
8034:
8026:
8025:(15th century)
8022:Vienna Diptych
8018:
8010:
8009:(11th century)
8004:
8001:Bernward Doors
7997:
7995:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7987:
7979:
7971:
7963:
7955:
7947:
7939:
7932:
7925:
7917:
7911:
7906:
7899:
7892:
7879:
7872:
7865:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7837:
7835:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7827:
7819:
7811:
7803:
7799:La mort d'Adam
7795:
7794:
7793:
7779:
7777:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7761:
7753:
7745:
7741:The Apple Tree
7736:
7734:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7726:
7718:
7710:
7706:The Broken Jug
7702:
7701:(12th century)
7693:
7691:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7683:
7675:
7667:
7659:
7651:
7643:
7635:
7627:
7619:
7611:
7603:
7595:
7587:
7579:
7571:
7567:The Broken Jug
7563:
7555:
7546:
7544:
7540:
7539:
7537:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7470:
7468:
7467:Other cultures
7464:
7463:
7461:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7428:Protevangelium
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7404:
7403:
7398:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7376:Garden of Eden
7373:
7368:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7324:
7323:
7322:
7317:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7239:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7214:
7202:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7177:
7176:
7175:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7137:Human timeline
7134:
7129:
7123:
7121:
7117:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7078:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7015:
7013:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6960:Drunken monkey
6954:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6933:
6931:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6892:
6890:
6889:General models
6883:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6833:
6831:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6782:
6777:
6768:
6766:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6737:
6730:
6723:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6693:
6688:
6680:
6678:
6676:Archaic humans
6672:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6607:
6605:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6585:
6581:H. rudolfensis
6577:
6570:
6563:
6554:
6548:
6541:
6527:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6502:P. aethiopicus
6497:
6495:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6441:
6433:
6431:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6412:
6404:
6402:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6383:
6380:Sahelanthropus
6376:
6369:
6366:Nakalipithecus
6361:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6324:
6322:
6313:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6247:
6229:
6215:
6208:
6196:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:External links
6177:
6175:
6174:
6164:(4): 375–400.
6153:
6118:
6073:
6051:10.1086/515503
6045:(3): 691–704.
6030:
5993:
5940:
5889:
5854:
5826:(1): 447–459.
5811:
5791:(3): 512–526.
5776:
5756:(2): 172–183.
5741:
5706:
5700:
5687:
5681:
5666:
5621:
5593:(6): 740–759.
5578:
5541:
5507:(2): 191–200.
5496:
5467:10.1.1.78.8467
5441:
5423:(6): 597–605.
5412:
5374:
5368:
5355:
5312:
5277:
5239:(1): 171–176.
5224:
5179:
5126:
5097:
5083:
5066:
5029:
4984:
4955:
4934:
4914:(3): 757–768.
4899:
4854:
4801:
4781:(2): 139–147.
4766:
4731:
4713:(9): 515–521.
4702:
4674:(4): 895–902.
4659:
4653:
4638:
4612:(4): 335–357.
4601:
4548:
4505:
4462:
4419:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4300:
4270:10.1.1.78.8467
4236:
4201:
4172:(6): 814–818.
4152:
4126:
4097:(3): 454–459.
4077:
4051:
4025:
3984:
3977:
3957:
3950:
3928:
3914:
3894:
3887:
3864:
3837:
3809:
3786:
3779:
3756:
3705:
3656:
3597:
3578:(3): 165–172.
3562:
3536:
3509:(4): 363–368.
3493:
3434:
3411:10.1086/302314
3385:
3352:Nei M (1992).
3344:
3325:(6): 841–847.
3309:
3258:
3201:
3160:
3125:
3068:
3037:
3006:
2999:
2981:
2955:
2898:
2850:
2811:
2768:
2717:
2663:
2634:(4): 699–711.
2614:
2591:
2532:
2473:
2414:
2401:weber.ucsd.edu
2388:
2336:
2314:
2295:(9): 515–521.
2279:
2250:(7): 553–559.
2227:
2165:
2136:(6): 740–759.
2108:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2086:
2077:
2067:
2058:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1644:
1641:The human MRCA
1622:Main article:
1619:
1616:
1607:
1604:
1585:
1582:
1565:
1562:
1497:
1494:
1350:Main article:
1347:
1344:
1292:Alan Templeton
1286:
1283:
1211:
1208:
1172:Mark Stoneking
1159:
1158:Early research
1156:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1038:
1037:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
994:
993:
987:
986:
984:
974:
973:
963:
962:
960:
950:
949:
943:
942:
940:
930:
929:
920:
919:
917:
907:
906:
897:
896:
894:
884:
883:
877:
876:
874:
864:
863:
857:
856:
854:
844:
843:
837:
836:
834:
824:
823:
817:
816:
814:
805:
800:
799:
798:
787:
786:
785:
783:
772:
771:
770:
768:
755:
754:
753:
742:
741:
740:
738:
699:
698:
697:
681:H. rudolfensis
666:
665:
664:
625:
624:
623:
610:
609:
608:
595:
594:
593:
580:
579:
578:
557:
556:
555:
544:
543:
542:
535:Graecopithecus
531:
530:
529:
522:Sahelanthropus
518:
517:
516:
505:
504:
503:
492:
491:
490:
479:
478:
477:
452:Ouranopithecus
448:
447:
446:
435:
434:
433:
426:Nakalipithecus
422:
421:
420:
409:
408:
407:
396:
395:
394:
383:
382:
381:
368:
367:
366:
364:
361:0 —
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
256:
255:
253:
252:
245:
238:
227:
224:
223:
216:
210:
207:
136:(MRCA) of all
111:human genetics
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8624:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8567:
8557:
8547:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8531:
8518:
8515:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8462:
8455:
8454:
8450:
8449:
8447:
8443:
8436:
8432:
8429:
8425:
8422:
8418:
8415:
8411:
8408:
8404:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8391:
8385:
8384:
8380:
8378:
8377:
8373:
8371:
8370:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8359:
8353:
8352:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8331:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8310:
8303:
8302:
8298:
8295:
8294:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8275:
8268:
8264:
8261:
8257:
8254:
8250:
8247:
8243:
8240:
8236:
8233:
8229:
8226:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8215:
8208:
8207:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8195:
8192:
8191:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8150:Paradise Lost
8147:
8144:
8143:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8123:
8120:
8119:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8107:
8104:
8103:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8091:
8088:
8087:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8027:
8024:
8023:
8019:
8016:
8015:
8011:
8008:
8005:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7992:
7985:
7984:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7943:Paradise Lost
7940:
7937:
7933:
7930:
7926:
7924:(6th century)
7923:
7922:
7918:
7916:(3rd century)
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7904:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7893:
7891:
7890:
7885:
7884:
7880:
7877:
7873:
7871:
7870:
7866:
7864:
7863:
7859:
7857:
7856:Books of Adam
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7846:Book of Moses
7844:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7832:
7825:
7824:
7820:
7817:
7816:
7815:Genesis Suite
7812:
7809:
7808:
7804:
7801:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7785:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7774:
7767:
7766:
7762:
7759:
7758:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7743:
7742:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7731:
7724:
7723:
7719:
7716:
7715:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7698:Le Jeu d'Adam
7695:
7694:
7692:
7688:
7681:
7680:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7604:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7551:Mama's Affair
7548:
7547:
7545:
7541:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7499:Book of Moses
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7484:Adam in Islam
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7465:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7433:Rosh Hashanah
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7330:
7329:
7328:
7325:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7310:Cain and Abel
7308:
7307:
7305:
7301:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7260:
7255:
7253:
7248:
7246:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7225:
7224:
7219:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7181:
7178:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7071:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7009:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6991:Life history
6990:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6928:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6845:
6844:Homo ergaster
6840:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6826:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6774:
6773:H. s. sapiens
6770:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6753:Modern humans
6750:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6727:H. luzonensis
6724:
6721:
6720:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6685:H. antecessor
6682:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6663:
6662:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6612:H. e. erectus
6609:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6528:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6466:A. deyiremeda
6463:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6387:Kenyanthropus
6384:
6382:
6381:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6333:Gorilla–human
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6291:
6286:
6284:
6279:
6277:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6218:
6178:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5707:
5703:
5697:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5630:PLOS Genetics
5627:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5141:(12): e8260.
5140:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4945:(6): 669–79.
4944:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4606:Human Biology
4602:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4153:
4141:
4140:New Scientist
4137:
4130:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4078:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4052:
4039:
4038:HowStuffWorks
4035:
4029:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3961:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3932:
3929:
3917:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3838:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3563:
3551:
3550:Holsinger Lab
3547:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3141:(3): 355–63.
3140:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3069:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3007:
3002:
3000:9780415108331
2996:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2680:PLOS Genetics
2677:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2358:(4): 459–66.
2357:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1833:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Haplogroup L0
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1678:Eurasian Adam
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1561:
1560:documentary.
1559:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:chronospecies
1452:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1397:matrilineally
1394:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1117:
1115:
1099:
1098:Modern humans
1093:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1029:Earliest fire
1025:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
990:
985:
980:
979:
970:
969:
961:
956:
955:
946:
941:
936:
935:
926:
925:
918:
913:
912:
903:
902:
895:
890:
889:
880:
875:
870:
869:
860:
855:
850:
849:
840:
839:Gorilla split
835:
830:
829:
820:
815:
810:
809:
806:
792:
777:
764:
763:
761:
749:
747:
733:
731:
725:
723:
717:
715:
714:H. antecessor
708:
707:
705:
692:
690:
684:
682:
675:
674:
672:
659:
657:
656:Au. anamensis
651:
649:
648:Au. afarensis
643:
641:
640:Au. africanus
634:
633:
631:
618:
616:
603:
601:
589:
588:
586:
573:
571:
570:O. tugenensis
565:
563:
551:
549:
538:
536:
525:
523:
512:
510:
499:
497:
486:
484:
472:
470:
464:
462:
455:
453:
442:
440:
429:
427:
415:
414:
403:
401:
390:
388:
377:
375:
365:
258:
257:
251:
246:
244:
239:
237:
232:
231:
225:
221:
214:
208:
206:
204:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
183:patrilineally
180:
175:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
102:
98:
95:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
8556:Paleontology
8509:Ystorya Adaf
8507:
8500:
8451:
8435:Holly Bibble
8383:The Visitors
8381:
8374:
8367:
8351:The Real Eve
8349:
8339:
8299:
8291:
8283:
8204:
8198:Adam and Eve
8196:
8188:
8182:Adam and Eve
8180:
8174:Adam and Eve
8172:
8164:
8156:
8148:
8140:
8132:
8124:
8116:
8108:
8102:Adam and Eve
8100:
8092:
8086:Adam and Eve
8084:
8078:Adam and Eve
8076:
8068:
8060:
8052:
8046:Adam and Eve
8044:
8036:
8028:
8020:
8012:
7981:
7973:
7965:
7957:
7949:
7941:
7919:
7901:
7894:
7887:
7881:
7867:
7860:
7821:
7813:
7805:
7797:
7784:The Creation
7782:
7776:Compositions
7763:
7755:
7747:
7739:
7720:
7712:
7704:
7696:
7677:
7671:Adam and Dog
7669:
7661:
7653:
7647:The Last Eve
7645:
7637:
7629:
7621:
7613:
7605:
7597:
7589:
7581:
7573:
7565:
7557:
7549:
7519:Serpent seed
7453:Tree of life
7371:Original sin
7266:Adam and Eve
7221:
7209:
7197:
7064:Gender roles
7059:Intelligence
6872:Homo sapiens
6870:
6866:
6860:
6854:
6850:Homo erectus
6848:
6842:
6838:Homo habilis
6836:
6797:Manot people
6786:H. s. idaltu
6784:
6780:Jebel Irhoud
6772:
6763:Homo sapiens
6761:
6739:
6732:
6725:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6695:
6683:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6638:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6602:Homo erectus
6600:
6587:
6579:
6572:
6565:
6557:
6547:Proto-humans
6536:
6533:proto-humans
6514:
6507:
6500:
6492:Paranthropus
6490:
6478:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6452:A. anamensis
6450:
6445:A. africanus
6443:
6438:A. afarensis
6436:
6426:
6414:
6407:
6399:Ardipithecus
6397:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6343:Gibbon–human
6250:
6161:
6157:
6130:
6126:
6081:
6077:
6042:
6038:
6001:
5997:
5952:
5948:
5901:
5897:
5866:
5862:
5823:
5819:
5788:
5784:
5753:
5749:
5718:
5714:
5691:
5671:
5633:
5629:
5590:
5586:
5552:(1): 43–51.
5549:
5545:
5504:
5500:
5449:
5445:
5420:
5416:
5389:
5385:
5378:Pritchard JK
5359:
5324:
5320:
5289:
5285:
5236:
5232:
5191:
5188:BMC Genetics
5187:
5138:
5134:
5105:
5101:
5074:
5070:
5037:
5033:
4992:
4988:
4966:(2): 79–83.
4963:
4959:
4942:
4938:
4911:
4907:
4862:
4858:
4813:
4809:
4778:
4774:
4743:
4739:
4710:
4706:
4671:
4667:
4643:
4609:
4605:
4560:
4556:
4517:
4513:
4474:
4470:
4431:
4427:
4388:
4384:
4317:
4313:
4303:
4252:
4248:
4214:
4204:
4169:
4165:
4155:
4143:. Retrieved
4139:
4129:
4094:
4090:
4080:
4068:. Retrieved
4064:
4054:
4042:. Retrieved
4037:
4028:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3967:
3960:
3939:
3931:
3919:. Retrieved
3904:
3897:
3877:
3855:. Retrieved
3850:
3840:
3828:. Retrieved
3822:
3812:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3769:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3553:. Retrieved
3549:
3539:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3454:(1): 19–30.
3451:
3447:
3437:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3055:the original
3050:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:the original
3019:
3009:
2990:
2984:
2972:. Retrieved
2968:
2958:
2918:(6099): 13.
2915:
2911:
2901:
2868:
2864:
2831:(5): 30–37.
2828:
2825:The Sciences
2824:
2814:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2683:
2679:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2600:
2594:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2400:
2391:
2355:
2349:
2339:
2327:. Retrieved
2317:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2247:
2243:
2187:
2183:
2133:
2129:
2089:
2080:
2070:
2061:
2049:
1787:
1773:
1772:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1609:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1567:
1548:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1521:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1471:
1465:
1459:Neanderthals
1448:
1443:
1431:haplogroup H
1406:" (e.g. the
1401:
1389:mitochondria
1382:
1376:random drift
1325:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1288:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1254:
1250:The Sciences
1249:
1246:
1235:
1228:
1213:
1203:
1168:Allan Wilson
1161:
1126:
1111:
967:
923:
901:Ardipithecus
900:
819:Earlier apes
776:Neanderthals
760:Homo sapiens
757:
756:
743:
727:
719:
711:
701:
700:
686:
678:
668:
667:
653:
645:
637:
627:
626:
612:
597:
585:Ardipithecus
582:
581:
567:
559:
545:
532:
519:
509:Sivapithecus
506:
496:Oreopithecus
493:
480:
466:
458:
449:
436:
423:
411:
397:
384:
369:
191:
176:
167:Homo sapiens
165:
144:In terms of
143:
126:
122:
118:
114:
108:
35:Haplogroup L
29:
8471:Pre-Adamite
8324:Tomb of Eve
8145:(1692–1696)
7967:Eve's Diary
7366:Fall of man
6995:Grandmother
6950:Shore-based
6911:Aquatic ape
6802:Tam Pa Ling
6697:H. ergaster
6516:P. robustus
5721:(1): 2–22.
5040:(1): 1–18.
4070:23 February
4004:(1): 2–22.
3806:(1): 57–59.
2974:23 December
2329:23 December
1630:matrilineal
1574:nuclear DNA
1419:family tree
1260:Roger Lewin
1188:chimpanzees
1184:nuclear DNA
722:H. ergaster
615:Ar. ramidus
600:Ar. kadabba
562:O. praegens
400:Pleistocene
229:This box:
131:matrilineal
79:Descendants
66:East Africa
8566:Categories
8393:Television
7834:Literature
7413:Adam's ale
7034:Skin color
7019:Bipedalism
6980:Killer ape
6792:Cro-Magnon
6691:Denisovans
6567:H. habilis
6531:Humans and
6416:A. ramidus
6409:A. kadabba
6232:Audio help
6223:2005-04-22
4059:Learn JP.
3921:5 December
2105:References
1723:Monogenism
1427:haplogroup
1216:cell lines
1204:H. sapiens
791:Denisovans
730:Au. sediba
704:H. erectus
671:H. habilis
461:Ou. turkae
162:speciation
8312:Geography
8129:(c. 1650)
8105:(c. 1550)
7889:Genesis B
7883:Genesis A
7791:structure
7504:Endowment
7303:Offspring
7153:Theorists
7120:Timelines
7000:Patriarch
6976:Behavior
6901:Gathering
6829:Ancestors
6574:H. naledi
6509:P. boisei
6480:A. sediba
5462:CiteSeerX
5194:(1): 13.
4634:207701422
4336:1476-5438
4265:CiteSeerX
4231:170608686
2845:2326-1951
2407:7 January
1404:haplotype
1308:In 1997,
689:Au. garhi
129:) is the
8409:" (1963)
8269:" (1979)
8262:" (1970)
8255:" (1968)
8248:" (1956)
8241:" (1915)
8234:" (1835)
7733:Musicals
7655:Year One
7623:Adipapam
7494:Al-A'raf
7443:Shamsiel
7401:Fig leaf
7199:Category
7054:Language
7024:Skeleton
6719:H. longi
6473:A. garhi
6310:Hominins
6305:Taxonomy
6234: ·
6149:15317874
6114:20189444
6106:19810190
5936:19407144
5885:17656633
5850:12019257
5820:Genetics
5772:11158376
5662:19424428
5617:19500773
5574:15772901
5566:14708015
5529:18618067
5484:15457259
5437:17056248
5408:10605120
5351:13613087
5343:19207258
5273:12509511
5220:11553319
5175:20041137
5135:PLOS ONE
5122:21238138
5054:11851860
5025:52850476
5017:11130070
4980:16356585
4930:17194802
4895:29855766
4762:10563016
4727:19682765
4698:18371929
4626:19317593
4544:18439549
4501:19586946
4415:18826938
4354:26669663
4287:15457259
4196:21601174
4145:13 March
4121:23453668
3751:29855766
3692:18727899
3592:20600209
3531:32812244
3488:13581775
3429:10090902
3296:11882887
3253:42801341
3020:Newsweek
2950:13187170
2712:20523888
2628:Genetics
2382:25770088
2309:19682765
2274:23523248
2222:23908239
2160:19500773
1661:See also
1536:(1995),
1501:Newsweek
1415:mutation
1374:Through
1272:Newsweek
1180:mutation
413:Hominini
387:Pliocene
71:Ancestor
55:100–230
8530:Portals
8333:Biology
8137:(1660s)
7787:(1798)
7679:Tropico
7351:Jumella
7282:in the
7211:Commons
7163:Fossils
7029:Muscles
6940:Cooking
6896:Hunting
6373:Orrorin
6221: (
6192:minutes
6086:Bibcode
6078:Science
6069:9326335
6060:1715955
6026:1840702
6006:Bibcode
5998:Science
5989:2594772
5957:Bibcode
5927:2947357
5906:Bibcode
5898:Science
5841:1462078
5807:8336541
5737:8450756
5653:2673036
5608:2694979
5537:1143395
5509:Bibcode
5492:3563900
5454:Bibcode
5308:1435241
5241:Bibcode
5166:2794369
5143:Bibcode
5093:5162676
5062:7453672
4997:Bibcode
4887:9441404
4867:Bibcode
4859:Science
4850:6273863
4818:Bibcode
4797:1628818
4689:2427281
4597:6251473
4565:Bibcode
4535:2427203
4492:2817182
4458:8533083
4436:Bibcode
4428:Science
4406:2674340
4345:4970674
4295:3563900
4257:Bibcode
4187:3113241
4112:3591855
4020:8450756
3743:9441404
3723:Bibcode
3715:Science
3700:9866662
3651:6256757
3619:Bibcode
3523:9090380
3480:9230299
3420:1377841
3380:1435241
3339:9468796
3304:4397398
3276:Bibcode
3245:8533083
3223:Bibcode
3215:Science
3196:1435241
3155:2992327
3120:4313392
3112:3114640
3090:Bibcode
3030:21 July
2969:Gizmodo
2942:3796736
2920:Bibcode
2893:3116666
2873:Bibcode
2865:Science
2806:1840702
2786:Bibcode
2778:Science
2763:4285418
2755:3025745
2735:Bibcode
2703:2877732
2658:6311667
2649:1202135
2609:6298804
2586:6251473
2554:Bibcode
2527:6264476
2495:Bibcode
2436:Bibcode
2373:4381518
2265:5036973
2213:4032117
2192:Bibcode
2184:Science
2151:2694979
1990:
1982:
1972:
1922:
1899:
1869:
1839:
1836:
1828:
1813:
1800:
1797:
1784:
1446:species
1321:Romanov
1255:Science
1090:←
1068:←
1046:←
1033:cooking
1022:←
1002:←
982:←
958:←
938:←
915:←
892:←
872:←
852:←
832:←
812:←
548:Orrorin
373:Miocene
356:–
346:–
336:–
326:–
316:–
306:–
296:–
286:–
276:–
266:–
209:History
127:mt-MRCA
18:Mt-MRCA
8592:Female
8456:(2002)
8402:(1992)
8304:(2010)
8296:(2006)
8288:(1996)
8277:Albums
8209:(1958)
8201:(1932)
8193:(1931)
8185:(1909)
8177:(1905)
8169:(1888)
8161:(1828)
8121:(1628)
8113:(1617)
8097:(1550)
8089:(1550)
8081:(1528)
8065:(1516)
8057:(1512)
8049:(1507)
8041:(1504)
8033:(1482)
8017:(1425)
8003:(1015)
7986:(2017)
7978:(2009)
7970:(1905)
7962:(1904)
7954:(1805)
7946:(1667)
7826:(2001)
7823:Lilith
7818:(1945)
7810:(1875)
7802:(1809)
7768:(1991)
7760:(1973)
7752:(1972)
7744:(1966)
7725:(1972)
7717:(1861)
7709:(1808)
7682:(2013)
7674:(2011)
7666:(2011)
7658:(2009)
7650:(2005)
7642:(2000)
7634:(1992)
7626:(1988)
7618:(1984)
7610:(1984)
7602:(1984)
7594:(1969)
7586:(1960)
7578:(1948)
7570:(1937)
7562:(1934)
7554:(1921)
7448:Lilith
7423:Camael
7331:Luluwa
7327:Aclima
7273:Source
7146:Others
7049:Speech
7011:Topics
6956:Drugs
6882:Models
6262:, 2002
6147:
6112:
6104:
6067:
6057:
6024:
5987:
5980:298493
5977:
5934:
5924:
5883:
5848:
5838:
5805:
5770:
5735:
5698:
5679:
5660:
5650:
5615:
5605:
5572:
5564:
5535:
5527:
5490:
5482:
5464:
5446:Nature
5435:
5406:
5366:
5349:
5341:
5306:
5271:
5264:140917
5261:
5218:
5208:
5173:
5163:
5120:
5091:
5081:
5060:
5052:
5023:
5015:
4989:Nature
4978:
4928:
4893:
4885:
4848:
4841:349030
4838:
4795:
4760:
4725:
4696:
4686:
4651:
4632:
4624:
4595:
4588:349666
4585:
4542:
4532:
4499:
4489:
4456:
4413:
4403:
4362:965600
4360:
4352:
4342:
4334:
4293:
4285:
4267:
4249:Nature
4229:
4215:Nature
4194:
4184:
4119:
4109:
4044:17 May
4018:
3975:
3948:
3912:
3885:
3857:16 May
3830:16 May
3777:
3749:
3741:
3698:
3690:
3649:
3642:350359
3639:
3590:
3555:16 May
3529:
3521:
3486:
3478:
3427:
3417:
3378:
3337:
3302:
3294:
3268:Nature
3251:
3243:
3194:
3153:
3118:
3110:
3082:Nature
3061:13 May
2997:
2948:
2940:
2912:Nature
2891:
2843:
2804:
2761:
2753:
2727:Nature
2710:
2700:
2656:
2646:
2607:
2584:
2577:349666
2574:
2525:
2518:319360
2515:
2468:109836
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