Mount Tambora - Knowledge

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native team climbed down the southern caldera wall, reaching the caldera floor while experiencing extreme conditions. The team stayed in the caldera for nine days. People had reached the caldera floor only in a few cases as the descent down the steep wall is difficult and dangerous, subject to earthquakes, landslides and rockfalls. Moreover, only relatively short stays on the caldera floor had been possible because of logistical problems, so that extensive studies had been impossible. The investigation program of Georesearch Volcanedo on the caldera floor included researching the visible effects of smaller eruptions which had taken place since 1815, gas measurements, studies of flora and fauna and measurement of weather data. Especially striking was the relatively high activity of Doro Api Toi ("Gunung Api Kecil" means "small volcano") in the southern part of the caldera and the gases escaping under high pressure on the lower north-east wall. Besides the team discovered near the Doro Api Toi a lavadome which had not yet been mentioned in scientific studies. The team called this new discovery "Adik Api Toi (Indonesian "adik": younger brother). Later this lavadome was called by the Indonesians "Doro Api Bou" ("new volcano"). This lavadome probably appeared in 2011/2012 when there was an increased seismic activity and probably volcanic activity on the caldera floor (there is no exact information about the caldera floor at that time). In 2014 the same research team carried out a further expedition into the caldera and set a new record: over 12 days the investigations of 2013 were continued.

374: 1948: 47: 2091: 1061:, another 10,000 died from disease and hunger. Petroeschevsky (1949) estimated that about 48,000 and 44,000 people were killed on Sumbawa and Lombok, respectively. Several authors have used Petroeschevsky's figures, such as Stothers (1984), who estimated 88,000 deaths in total. However, Tanguy et al. (1998) considered Petroeschevsky's figures based on untraceable sources, so developed an estimate based solely on two primary sources: Zollinger, who spent several months on Sumbawa after the eruption, and the notes of 140: 1439: 1404: 133: 4673: 2150: 545: 1544: 1940: 829: 1159: 1124: 4661: 1369: 1334: 1289: 1194: 4685: 1509: 1474: 1579: 1254: 1775: 366: 1627: 961:(810 mi). A pitch of darkness was observed as far away as 600 kilometres (370 mi) from the mountain summit for up to two days. Pyroclastic flows spread to distances of about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the summit and an estimated 9.3–11.8 × 10 g of stratospheric sulfate aerosols were generated by the eruption. 1040:

creating optical phenomena. Between 28 June and 2 July, and between 3 September and 7 October 1815, prolonged and brilliantly coloured sunsets and twilights were frequently seen in London, England. Most commonly, pink or purple colours appeared above the horizon at twilight and orange or red near the horizon.

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Zollinger (1847), van Rheden (1913) and W. A. Petroeschevsky (1947) could only observe the caldera floor from the crater rim. In 2013, a German research team (Georesearch Volcanedo Germany) for the first time carried out a longer expedition into this caldera, about 1300 m deep, and with the help of a

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of the East", and media reports referred to the "Lost Kingdom of Tambora". Sigurdsson intended to return to Tambora in 2007 to search for the rest of the villages, and hopefully to find a palace. Many villages in the area had converted to Islam in the 17th century, but the structures uncovered so far

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and minor lava domes and flows have been extruded on the caldera floor during the 19th and 20th centuries. The last eruption was recorded in 1967. However, it was a gentle eruption with a VEI of 0, which means it was non-explosive. Another very small eruption was reported in 2011. In August 2011, the

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map for Mount Tambora, which designates two zones for an eruption: a dangerous zone and a cautious zone. The dangerous zone identifies areas that would be directly affected by pyroclastic flows, lava flows or pyroclastic falls. It includes areas such as the caldera and its surroundings, a span of up

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at an altitude of more than 43 kilometres (141,000 ft). Coarser ash particles fell one to two weeks after the eruptions, while finer particles stayed in the atmosphere for months to years at an altitude of 10 to 30 kilometres (33,000 to 98,000 ft). There are various estimates of the volume

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flows and other pumice stones. The size of the cautious area is 185 square kilometres (46,000 acres), and includes Pasanggrahan, Doro Peti, Rao, Labuan Kenanga, Gubu Ponda, Kawindana Toi and Hoddo villages. A river, called Guwu, at the southern and northwest part of the mountain is also included in

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company began to operate in the area in 1972, posing a threat to the rain forest. The company holds a timber-cutting concession for an area of 20,000 hectares (49,000 acres), or 25% of the total area. Another part of the rain forest is used as a hunting ground. In between the hunting ground and the

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trees had grown at an altitude of 1,000 to 2,800 metres (3,300 to 9,200 ft). It covers an area up to 80,000 hectares (200,000 acres). The rain forest was discovered by a Dutch team, led by Koster and de Voogd in 1933. From their accounts, they started their journey in a "fairly barren, dry and

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before the 1815 eruption, but the magnitudes of these eruptions are unknown. Their estimated dates are 3910 BC ± 200 years, 3050 BC and 740 AD ± 150 years. An earlier caldera was filled with lava flows starting from 43,000 years BC; two pyroclastic eruptions occurred later and formed

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plantation to an elevation of 1,150 metres (3,770 ft). The road terminates at the southern part of the caldera, which at 1,950 metres (6,400 ft) is reachable only by hiking. This location is only one hour from the caldera, and usually serves as a base camp from which volcanic activity can

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were also found. In August 2015 a team of Georesearch Volcanedo Germany followed the way used by Zollinger and explored this way for the first time since 1847. Because of the length of the distance to be travelled on foot, the partly very high temperatures and the lack of water it was a particular

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volume for the ash of 23 ± 3 cubic kilometres (5.52 ± 0.72 cu mi) and a dense-rock equivalent volume of 18 ± 6 cubic kilometres (4.3 ± 1.4 cu mi) for the pyroclastic flows. Longitudinal winds spread these fine particles around the globe,

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Since the eruption, a violent diarrhoea has prevailed in Bima, Dompo, and Sang’ir, which has carried off a great number of people. It is supposed by the natives to have been caused by drinking water which has been impregnated with ashes; and horses have also died, in great numbers, from a similar

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and a considerable part of Bima. The extreme misery to which the inhabitants have been reduced is shocking to behold. There were still on the road side the remains of several corpses, and the marks of where many others had been interred: the villages almost entirely deserted and the houses fallen

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travelled long distances as refugees, begging for food. Famine was prevalent in north and southwest Ireland, following the failure of wheat, oat and potato harvests. The crisis was severe in Germany, where food prices rose sharply. Demonstrations at grain markets and bakeries, followed by riots,

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That year became the second-coldest year in the northern hemisphere since 1400, while the 1810s were the coldest decade on record, a result of Tambora's eruption and other suspected volcanic events between 1809 and 1810. (See sulfate concentration chart.) Surface-temperature anomalies during the

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The 1815 Tambora eruption is the largest and most devastating observed eruption in recorded history; a comparison with other major eruptions is listed below. The explosion was heard 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) away, and ash deposits were registered at a distance of at least 1,300 kilometres

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be monitored. The second route starts from Pancasila village at the northwest of the mountain and is only accessible on foot. The 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) hike from Pancasila at 740 metres (2,430 ft) elevation to the caldera of the volcano takes approximately 14 hours with several stops (

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Guillet, Sébastien; Corona, Christophe; Stoffel, Markus; Khodri, Myriam; Lavigne, Franck; Ortega, Pablo; Eckert, Nicolas; Sielenou, Pascal Dkengne; Daux, Valérie; (Sidorova), Olga V. Churakova; Davi, Nicole; Edouard, Jean-Louis; Zhang, Yong; Luckman, Brian H.; Myglan, Vladimir S.; Guiot, Joël;

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Vidal, CélineM.; Komorowski, Jean-Christophe; Métrich, Nicole; Pratomo, Indyo; Kartadinata, Nugraha; Prambada, Oktory; Michel, Agnès; Carazzo, Guillaume; Lavigne, Franck; Rodysill, Jessica; Fontijn, Karen (8 August 2015). "Dynamics of the major plinian eruption of Samalas in 1257 A.D. (Lombok,

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Memoir of the life and public services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, F.R.S. &c., particularly in the government of Java 1811–1816, and of Bencoolen and its dependencies 1817–1824: with details of the commerce and resources of the eastern archipelago, and selections from his

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in Tambora. Over six weeks, they unearthed evidence of habitation about 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of the caldera, deep in jungle, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from shore. The team excavated 3 metres (9.8 ft) of deposits of pumice and ash. The scientists used

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was 636 kg/m. Before the explosion, Mount Tambora was approximately 4,300 metres (14,100 ft) high, one of the tallest peaks in the Indonesian archipelago. After the eruption of 1815, the maximum elevation was reduced to 2,851 metres (9,354 ft).

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traveled to Sumbawa in 1847 and recollected witness accounts about the 1815 eruption of Tambora. In 1855, he published estimates of directly killed people at 10,100, mostly from pyroclastic flows. A further 37,825 were numbered having died from starvation on

933:-tinged rain did not recede until 17 April. Analysis of various sites on Mount Tambora using ground-penetrating radar has revealed alternations of pumice and ash deposits covered by the pyroclastic surge and flow sediments that vary in thickness regionally. 3048: 1073:

because of famine and disease, and estimated 11,000 deaths from direct volcanic action and 49,000 from post-eruption famine and epidemics. Oppenheimer (2003) estimated at least 71,000 deaths, and numbers as high as 117,000 have been proposed.

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struck the shores of various islands in the Indonesian archipelago on 10 April, with waves reaching 4 metres (13 ft) in Sanggar at around 10 p.m. A tsunami causing waves of 1 to 2 metres (3.3 to 6.6 ft) was reported in Besuki,

875:. Overpressure of the chamber of about 4,000 to 5,000 bars (58,000 to 73,000 psi) was generated as temperatures ranged from 700 to 850 °C (1,292 to 1,562 °F). In 1812, the crater began to rumble and generated a dark cloud. 2365: 1693:

veil, described then as a "dry fog", was observed in the northeastern United States. It was not dispersed by wind or rainfall, and it reddened and dimmed sunlight to an extent that sunspots were visible to the naked eye. Areas of the

1963:. He was the first person after the eruption to ascend the summit, which was still covered by smoke. As Zollinger climbed, his feet sank several times through a thin surface crust into a warm layer of powder-like 3052: 345:, and the maximum elevation of Tambora was reduced from about 4,300 to 2,850 metres (14,110 to 9,350 feet). Although estimates vary, the death toll was at least 71,000 people. The eruption contributed to global 4458:

Simpson, Alanna; Johnson, R. Wally; Cummins, Phil (1 May 2011). "Volcanic threat in developing countries of the Asia–Pacific region: probabilistic hazard assessment, population risks, and information gaps".

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hot country", and then they entered "a mighty jungle" with "huge, majestic forest giants". At 1,100 metres (3,600 ft), the trees became thinner in shape. Above 1,800 metres (5,900 ft), they found

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Fiorentini, Marco L.; Garwin, Steve L. (2010). "Evidence of a mantle contribution in the genesis of magmatic rocks from the Neogene Batu Hijau district in the Sunda Arc, South Western Sumbawa, Indonesia".

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Dekov, V.M.; Van Put, A.; Eisma, D.; Van Grieken, R. (March 1999). "Single particle analysis of suspended matter in the Makassar Strait and Flores Sea with particular reference to tin-bearing particles".

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to locate a small buried house which contained the remains of two adults, bronze bowls, ceramic pots, iron tools and other artifacts. Tests revealed that objects had been carbonized by the heat of the

1702:". Average global temperatures decreased about 0.4 to 0.7 °C (0.7 to 1.3 °F), enough to cause significant agricultural problems around the globe. After 4 June 1816, when there were frosts in 448:. There are three concentrations of villages around the mountain slope. At the east is Sanggar village, to the northwest are Doro Peti and Pesanggrahan villages, and to the west is Calabai village. 2357: 2113:

in Indonesia is monitored by the Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation with the monitoring post for Mount Tambora located at Doro Peti village. They focus on seismic and

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and caldera collapse. This eruption had an effect on global climate. Volcanic activity ceased on 15 July 1815. Activity resumed in August 1819—a small eruption with "flames" and rumbling

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Indonesia's population has been increasing rapidly since the 1815 eruption. In 2020, the population of the country reached 270 million people, of which 56% concentrated on the island of

2121:. There has been no significant increase in seismic activity since the 1880 eruption. Monitoring is continuously performed inside the caldera, with a focus on the parasitic cone 3565: 3808: 969:

The island's entire vegetation was destroyed as uprooted trees, mixed with pumice ash, washed into the sea and formed rafts of up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) across. One

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Briffa, K.R.; Jones, P.D.; Schweingruber, F.H.; Osborn, T.J. (1998). "Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years".

1718:. Similar conditions persisted for at least three months, ruining most crops across North America while Canada experienced extreme cold. Snow fell until 10 June near 3833: 1726:

summers of 1816, 1817 and 1818 were −0.51, −0.44 and −0.29 °C, respectively. Along with a cooler summer, parts of Europe experienced a stormier winter, and the

952:. This has left a caldera measuring 6 to 7 kilometres (3.7 to 4.3 mi) across and 600 to 700 metres (2,000 to 2,300 ft) deep. The density of fallen ash in 4616: 4402: 4710: 4131: 820:

alert level for the volcano was raised from level I to level II after increased activity was reported in the caldera, including earthquakes and steam emissions.

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was lost with the eruption. Linguists have examined remnant lexical material, such as records by Zollinger and Raffles, and established that Tambora was not an

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ejecta volume of up to 1.8 × 10 cubic metres. Its eruptive characteristics included central vent and explosive eruptions, pyroclastic flows,

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shape. The diameter at the base is 60 kilometres (37 mi). The volcano frequently erupted lava, which descended over steep slopes. Tambora has produced

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are hunted for food. This bird exploitation has resulted in population declines, and the yellow-crested cockatoo is nearing extinction on Sumbawa island.

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to 58.7 square kilometres (14,500 acres) where habitation is prohibited. The cautious zone consists of land that might be indirectly affected, either by

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The eruption is captured in latter-day folklore, which explains the cataclysm as divine retribution. A local ruler is said to have incurred the wrath of

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Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815".

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Resettlement of the area began in 1907, and a coffee plantation was established in the 1930s in the Pekat village on the northwestern slope. A dense

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Around 1880 ± 30 years, eruptions at Mount Tambora have been registered only inside the caldera. It created small lava flows and lava dome

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cooled gradually in a closed magma chamber. Inside the chamber, at depths of 1.5 to 4.5 kilometres (0.93 to 2.80 mi), cooling and partial

576:. The latter estimate published in 2012 is based on argon dating of the first pre-caldera lava flows. The formation of Tambora drained a large 132: 5666: 4193: 3393: 894:, with faint detonation sounds lasting until 10 April. What was first thought to be the sound of firing guns was heard on 10 and 11 April on 3255: 3225:"Characterization of pyroclastic fall and flow deposits from the 1815 eruption of Tambora volcano, Indonesia using ground-penetrating radar" 2507: 647:, while it is absent in the more silica-rich volcanics, characterised by the presence of biotite phenocrysts. The mafic series also contain 5701: 3863: 2670:

Foden, J.; Varne, R. (1980). "The petrology and tectonic setting of Quaternary—Recent volcanic centres of Lombok and Sumbawa, Sunda arc".

2026:. Several other zoological surveys followed and found other bird species, with over 90 bird species discoveries in this period, including 905:

of up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in diameter rained down at approximately 8 p.m., followed by ash at around 9–10 p.m. The

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in a series of eruptions beginning 5 April 1815, culminating in the largest eruption in recorded human history and the largest of the

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and species of reptiles and birds can be found. In 2015, the conservation area protecting the mountain's ecosystem was upgraded to a

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In 1812, Mount Tambora became highly active, with its maximum eruptive intensity occurring in April 1815. The magnitude was 7 on the

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pre-existing under the mountain. The Mojo islet was formed as part of this geological process in which Saleh Bay first appeared as a

302:, its elevation reached more than 4,300 metres (14,100 feet) high, making it one of the tallest peaks in the Indonesian archipelago. 5706: 5365: 5099: 5079: 3032: 1431: 4109: 3559:"Der Ausbruch des Vulkans Tambora in Indonesien im Jahr 1815 und seine weltweiten Folgen, insbesondere das "Jahr ohne Sommer" 1816" 3497: 917:, wiping out the village of Tambora. Loud explosions were heard until the next evening, 11 April. The veil of ash spread as far as 3769: 2989: 5696: 5640: 1761:

during the winter of 1816–1817, while cool temperatures and heavy rains led to failed harvests in the British Isles. Families in

4075: 1065:, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies during the event. Tanguy pointed out that there may have been additional victims on 1536: 1151: 716:

materials. Approximately 40% of the layers are represented in the 1-to-4 m-thick (3.3-to-13.1 ft) lava flows. Thick

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as it refilled. Volcanic activity reached a peak that year, culminating in an explosive eruption. The explosion was heard on

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is 7.8 centimetres (3.1 in) per year. Estimates for the onset of the volcanism at Mount Tambora range from 57 to 43

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Cole-Dai, Jihong; Ferris, David; Lanciki, Alyson; Savarino, Joël; Baroni, Mélanie; Thiemens, Mark H. (1 November 2009).

82: 4135: 3051:(in Indonesian). Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Indonesia. 30 August 2011. Archived from 5418: 5039: 3623:

Tanguy, J.-C.; Scarth, A.; Ribière, C.; Tjetjep, W. S. (1998). "Victims from volcanic eruptions: a revised database".

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beds were produced by the fragmentation of lava flows. Within the upper section, the lava is interbedded with scoria,

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Sigurdsson, H.; Carey, S. (1989). "Plinian and co-ignimbrite tephra fall from the 1815 eruption of Tambora volcano".

697:. SrSr ratios of Mount Tambora are similar to those of Mount Rinjani, but lower than those measured at Sangeang Api. 5272: 5204: 5189: 4651: 4345: 4331:"Birds of Gunung Tambora, Sumbawa, Indonesia: effects of altitude, the 1815 catalysmic volcanic eruption and trade" 1793: 1221: 949: 937: 786: 487: 3412:

Cao, S.; Li, Y.; Yang, B. (2012). "Mt. Tambora, Climatic Changes, and China's Decline in the Nineteenth Century".

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is absent in the trachyandesites of Tambora. Olivine is most present in the rocks with less than 53 percent SiO

499: 2090: 1663:, causing a global climate anomaly. Different methods have been used to estimate the ejected sulfur mass: the 1361: 878:

A moderate-sized eruption on 5 April 1815 was followed by thunderous detonation sounds that could be heard in

3484: 2760:"Processes and Timescales of Magma Genesis and Differentiation Leading to the Great Tambora Eruption in 1815" 455:. The first begins at Doro Mboha village on the southeast of the mountain and follows a paved road through a 5503: 3871: 2997: 2942: 2336: 2200: 2051: 2027: 1757:

epidemic in southeast Europe and the eastern Mediterranean. In addition, large numbers of livestock died in

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The number of fatalities has been estimated by various sources since the nineteenth century. Swiss botanist

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the Black Sands and Brown Tuff formations, the last of which was emplaced between about 3895 BC and 800 AD.

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A human settlement obliterated by the Tambora eruption was discovered in 2004. That summer, a team led by

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system and 180 to 190 kilometres (110 to 120 mi) above the upper surface of the active north-dipping

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Besteigung des Vulkans Tamboro auf der Insel Sumbawa und Schiderung der Eruption desselben im Jahren 1815

5625: 5380: 5340: 4949: 3964:"Cold decade (AD 1810–1819) caused by Tambora (1815) and another (1809) stratospheric volcanic eruption" 2758:

Gertisser, R.; Self, S.; Thomas, L.E.; Handley, H.K.; Van Calsteren, P.; Wolff, J.A. (1 February 2012).

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arrived on Sumbawa in 1847. Zollinger sought to study the area of eruption and its effects on the local

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origin, the team concluded that the people were well-off traders. The Sumbawa people were known in the

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The eruptions intensified at about 7:00 p.m. on the 10th. Three plumes rose and merged. Pieces of

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Estimated depth of volcanic ashfall during the 1815 eruption—the outermost region (1 cm) reached

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Kandlbauer, J.; Sparks, R.S.J. (October 2014). "New estimates of the 1815 Tambora eruption volume".

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arson and looting, took place in many European cities. It was the worst famine of the 19th century.

5645: 5292: 5219: 5069: 4746: 4511: 3875: 2129: 1975: 1695: 805: 523: 471: 354: 193: 4403:"Geckos, moths and spider-scorpions: Six new species on Mount Tambora, say Indonesian researchers" 4201: 2932: 544: 5635: 5612: 5593: 5257: 5024: 4954: 4484: 4255: 4247: 3994: 3929: 3800: 3692: 3648: 3489: 3429: 3310: 3224: 3161: 2903: 2735: 2618: 2583: 2511: 2305: 1992: 1956: 1715: 1049: 771: 591:

A high volcanic cone with a single central vent formed before the 1815 eruption, which follows a

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Petroeschevsky, W.A. (1949). "A contribution to the knowledge of the Gunung Tambora (Sumbawa)".

3449:"Magma volume, volatile emissions, and stratospheric aerosols from the 1815 eruption of Tambora" 2396:

Foden, J. (1986). "The petrology of Tambora volcano, Indonesia: A model for the 1815 eruption".

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Brázdil, Rudolf; Řezníčková, Ladislava; Valášek, Hubert; Dolák, Lukáš; Kotyza, Oldřich (2016).

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Since the 1815 eruption, the lowermost portion contains deposits of interlayered sequences of

5573: 5493: 5209: 5009: 4881: 4689: 4677: 4665: 4510:(in Indonesian). Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation. Archived from 4476: 4239: 4048: 3986: 3921: 3792: 3739: 3731: 3684: 3640: 3539: 3479: 3471: 3421: 3366: 3349:

Stothers, Richard B. (2004). "Density of fallen ash after the eruption of Tambora in 1815".

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Plate boundaries of Indonesia, with the location of Mount Tambora to the lower right of "11"

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and to the south is the 86 kilometres (53 mi) long and 36 kilometres (22 mi) wide

3899:"Ice core evidence for an explosive tropical volcanic eruption six years preceding Tambora" 3001: 2967: 2810: 5578: 5478: 5433: 5302: 5282: 5199: 5134: 5074: 5059: 5044: 5019: 4959: 4944: 4934: 4771: 3336: 3187: 2436:

Degens, E.T.; Buch, B. (1989). "Sedimentological events in Saleh Bay, off Mount Tambora".

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The petrology of some young volcanic rocks from Lombok and Sumbawa, Lesser Sunda Islands

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On my trip towards the western part of the island, I passed through nearly the whole of

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under Tambora had been drained by previous eruptions and underwent several centuries of

5608: 5598: 5533: 5453: 5413: 5307: 5179: 4896: 4886: 4866: 4836: 4766: 4564: 4029:"Climatic effects and impacts of the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in the Czech Lands" 3744: 3711: 3339:; article; ; By Robert Evans; Smithsonian Magazine, online; accessed September 10, 2020 2047: 1778:

Size comparison of Mount Tambora ("Pompeii of the East") and Mount Vesuvius ("Pompeii")

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Self, S.; Gertisser, R.; Thordarson, T.; Rampino, M.R.; Wolff, J.A. (1 October 2004).

2493: 639:, with the exact composition of the phenocrysts varying between different rock types. 5660: 5508: 5139: 5119: 4989: 4979: 4851: 4831: 4781: 4761: 4751: 4488: 4079: 3804: 3770:"Climate response to the Samalas volcanic eruption in 1257 revealed by proxy records" 3696: 3652: 3543: 3433: 3370: 3251: 3128:

Stothers, Richard B. (1984). "The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath".

3087: 2907: 2739: 2691: 2457: 2417: 2309: 2063: 1731: 1466: 1444: 1409: 886:, 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) from Mount Tambora. On the morning of 6 April 1815, 694: 671: 640: 620: 592: 577: 561: 429: 425: 378: 314: 275: 218: 4259: 3998: 3493: 3165: 693:

sediments, fluids derived from the subducted crust and crystallization processes in

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Whelley, Patrick L.; Newhall, Christopher G.; Bradley, Kyle E. (22 January 2015).

3149: 1973:

forest was noted at 2,200 to 2,550 metres (7,220 to 8,370 ft), while several

670:

are especially rich in the lavas from Tambora, more than the comparable ones from

464:) en route to the top. The trail leads through dense jungle with wildlife such as 409:

on Sumbawa, known as the Sanggar peninsula. To the north of the peninsula is the

357:, crops failed and livestock died, resulting in the worst famine of the century. 5630: 5548: 5528: 5518: 5159: 5129: 5124: 5094: 5054: 4999: 4826: 2221: 2118: 1987: 1838: 1834: 1758: 1753:

This climate anomaly has been cited as a reason for the severity of the 1816–19

1719: 1707: 1703: 1626: 1549: 1164: 1129: 970: 655: 636: 569: 553: 466: 402: 198: 4684: 3593:, Winterthur: Zurcher and Fürber, Wurster and Co., cited by Oppenheimer (2003). 2784: 2759: 2190: 1849:

and medications). The area was thought to be highly productive agriculturally.

5355: 5249: 4964: 4806: 4480: 3735: 3688: 2899: 2553: 2301: 2110: 2071: 1951:

Tephra layers near the caldera (left) and summit (background) of Mount Tambora

1842: 1822: 1727: 1683: 798: 774:

has established that Mount Tambora had erupted three times during the current

702: 608: 519: 410: 4078:(Press release). University of Rhode Island. 27 February 2006. Archived from 440:

and wildlife activities, though in small numbers. The two nearest cities are

428:

who monitor the mountain's activity, Mount Tambora is an area of interest to

104: 91: 5458: 5448: 5428: 5403: 5169: 5149: 5144: 4974: 4841: 4776: 4730: 4053: 4028: 2067: 2035: 2009: 1979: 1969: 1960: 1734:

froze over a period of twelve days in February 1816. As a result, prices of

1679: 1638: 1396: 1374: 1339: 1294: 1199: 1070: 1019: 918: 914: 891: 760: 737: 698: 663: 651: 628: 604: 581: 573: 515: 479: 433: 414: 406: 394: 283: 230: 181: 3753: 3157: 2554:"Mount Tambora in 1815: A Volcanic Eruption in Indonesia and its Aftermath" 1774: 17: 3644: 3425: 385:

Mount Tambora, also known as Tomboro, is situated in the northern part of

365: 5558: 5553: 5523: 5473: 5468: 5443: 5322: 5229: 5174: 4816: 4372:"Mount Tambora National Park Transformed Into New Ecotourism Destination" 4243: 3990: 3475: 2114: 2031: 1830: 1675: 1634: 1514: 1326: 978: 953: 837: 775: 757: 701:

levels of Tambora volcanics exceed 3 weight percent, placing them in the

659: 648: 334: 310: 4251: 944:. An estimated 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of pyroclastic 913:

that cascaded down the mountain and towards the sea on all sides of the

5408: 5287: 4738: 3768:

Beniston, Martin; Masson-Delmotte, Valérie; Oppenheimer, Clive (2017).

3605:

Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap

2731: 2587: 2058: 1846: 1826: 1814: 1690: 1668: 1656: 1630: 1054: 1023: 1014: 1006: 926: 895: 883: 879: 808:; this was recorded at two on the VEI scale. This eruption created the 794: 690: 632: 624: 616: 612: 452: 386: 353:" because of the impact on North American and European weather. In the 346: 322: 287: 173: 4623:. Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. Archived from 3925: 2578: 5538: 5423: 5375: 5224: 5154: 5114: 5109: 5084: 5004: 4901: 3796: 1967:. Some vegetation had regrown, including trees on the lower slope. A 1964: 1754: 1743: 1689:

In the spring and summer of 1816, a persistent stratospheric sulfate

1479: 1058: 930: 902: 833: 790: 717: 675: 456: 437: 381:

from Mount Tambora. Viewing distance is 165 kilometres (103 mi).

330: 62: 2569: 1645:

seasonal variations. There is an unknown eruption around the 1810s.

1022:

before midnight and another exceeded 2 metres (6.6 ft) in the

991:

down, the surviving inhabitants having dispersed in search of food.

5543: 4939: 3306: 2134: 2089: 1946: 1938: 1881:

and killing him. This is expressed in a poem written around 1830:

1877: 1872: 1810: 1773: 1762: 1735: 1698:

suffered extreme weather conditions and 1816 became known as the "

1678:

sulfate concentration method, which calibrated against cores from

1625: 1584: 987: 860: 827: 682: 543: 441: 372: 364: 349:

anomalies in the following years, while 1816 became known as the "

169: 4132:"Indonesian Volcano Site Reveals 'Pompeii of the East' (Update1)" 3712:"The frequency of explosive volcanic eruptions in Southeast Asia" 2062:

logging area, there is a designated wildlife reserve where deer,

5588: 5488: 5029: 4921: 4871: 2508:"Hobi Mendaki Gunung – Menyambangi Kawah Raksasa Gunung Tambora" 2104: 1747: 1259: 1066: 721: 709: 445: 338: 4699: 1883: 1739: 1100: 552:

Tambora is located 340 kilometres (210 mi) north of the

325:

island, more than 2,600 kilometres (1,600 miles) away. Heavy

3074:

Wunderman, Richard (2011). "Report on Tambora (Indonesia)".

4432: 4300: 4164:""Lost Kingdom" Discovered on Volcanic Island in Indonesia" 1860:

language, as would be expected in the area, but possibly a

417:. At the mouth of Saleh Bay there is an islet called Mojo. 898:

island (more than 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) away).

2094:

An infrared image of Mount Tambora (north is on the left)

2022:

An 1896 survey records 56 species of birds including the

3384:

Monk, K.A.; Fretes, Y.; Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996).

1943:

The floor of the caldera of Mount Tambora, looking north

1868:

found 500 kilometres (310 mi) or more to the east.

4435:(in Indonesian). Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau. 1800:

and the Indonesian Directorate of Volcanology began an

3049:"Peningkatan Status G. Tambora dari Normal ke Waspada" 560:. Sumbawa Island is flanked to the north and south by 4649: 4076:"URI volcanologist discovers lost kingdom of Tambora" 3897:

Dai, J.; Mosley-Thompson, E.; Thompson, L.G. (1991).

2321: 2319: 1655:

The 1815 eruption released 10 to 120 million tons of

369:

Mount Tambora and its surroundings as seen from space

3564:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. pp. 1–18. 2966:. Vulcanological Survey of Indonesia. Archived from 2809:. Vulcanological Survey of Indonesia. Archived from 2510:(in Indonesian). Sinar Harapan. 2003. Archived from 5607: 5394: 5321: 5248: 4920: 4737: 2159:

Panorama of the caldera of Mount Tambora, July 2017

251: 246: 236: 224: 205: 192: 187: 161: 120: 81: 71: 61: 56: 34: 4134:. Bloomberg Asia. 28 February 2006. Archived from 2964:"Tambora Historic Eruptions and Recent Activities" 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 1920:The cause was said to be the wrath of God Almighty 401:that make up the southern chain of the Indonesian 3485:20.500.11820/6925218f-d09e-4f9d-9f2e-3ab8419b223f 2705: 2703: 2701: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 1983:challenge for the team of Georesearch Volcanedo. 1924:In murdering a worthy pilgrim, spilling his blood 3388:. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. p. 60. 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 1864:, or perhaps a member of one of the families of 685:involved in the 1815 eruption originated in the 674:. The lavas of Tambora are slightly enriched in 3223:Abrams, Lewis J.; Sigurdsson, Haraldur (2007). 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 1722:, accumulating to 30 centimetres (12 in). 984: 756:. The main product of these parasitic vents is 689:and was further modified by melts derived from 4324: 4322: 3524:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3351:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3232:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3027:. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–312. 2998:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History 2398:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1667:method, an optical depth measurement based on 4711: 3280: 3278: 3276: 8: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4295: 4293: 3906:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 3025:Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World 2753: 2751: 2749: 2665: 2663: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2431: 2429: 2427: 27:Active stratovolcano in Sumbawa in Indonesia 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 1035:of ash emitted: a recent study estimates a 925:, while a "nitrous odor" was noticeable in 4718: 4704: 4696: 2608: 2606: 2604: 1913:Torrents of water mixed with ash descended 1798:University of North Carolina at Wilmington 1076: 940:of 7. It had 4–10 times the energy of the 436:. The mountain also attracts tourists for 31: 4287:Zollinger (1855) cited by Trainor (2002). 4157: 4155: 4153: 4052: 3743: 3483: 2880:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2783: 2577: 3076:Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network 936:The eruption is estimated to have had a 5331:Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park 4907:Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra 4656: 4194:"'Lost kingdom' springs from the ashes" 3386:The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku 2175: 1915:Children and mothers screamed and cried 1825:and finely decorated china possibly of 654:and the trachybasalts are dominated by 4413:from the original on 30 September 2017 4382:from the original on 30 September 2017 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 3407: 3405: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2368:from the original on 30 September 2021 1821:Based on the artifacts found, such as 1079:Comparison of major volcanic eruptions 451:There are two routes of ascent to the 4307:from the original on 24 December 2018 4112:from the original on 19 December 2006 3571:from the original on 16 February 2020 2640:Febriyanto, Erwin (18 October 2015). 2327:"Tambora: Synonyms & Subfeatures" 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 1917:Believing the world had turned to ash 1706:, cold weather expanded over most of 1165:Democratic People's Republic of Korea 139: 7: 4439:from the original on 5 November 2010 4008:from the original on 6 December 2019 1902:Membunuh tuan haji menumpahkan darah 948:was ejected, weighing approximately 855:Before 1815, Mount Tambora had been 5336:Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park 5268:Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park 5015:Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park 4787:Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park 4597:"Indonesia Volcanoes and Volcanics" 2438:Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 812:parasitic cone inside the caldera. 329:rains were observed as far away as 313:(10,000 years ago to present). The 4102:"'Pompeii of the East' discovered" 3814:from the original on 28 April 2019 3503:from the original on 26 April 2019 3261:from the original on 4 August 2020 3203:from the original on 2 August 2018 2990:"Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)" 2232:from the original on 19 March 2007 1922:At the deed of the King of Tambora 1813:. Sigurdsson dubbed the find the " 859:for several centuries, as hydrous 25: 5366:Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park 5100:Mount Halimun Salak National Park 5080:Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat 1955:A team led by the Swiss botanist 1607:Sources: Oppenheimer (2003), and 5641:Teluk Cenderawasih National Park 4683: 4671: 4659: 4225:"The Papuan Language of Tambora" 4162:Roach, John (27 February 2006). 3544:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.08.020 3371:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.03.010 3252:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.11.008 3088:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN201108-264040 2648:from the original on 4 June 2019 2148: 2082:Exploration of the caldera floor 2007:trees. On the summit was sparse 1895:Disangkanya dunia menjadi kelabu 1893:Berteriak memanggil anak dan ibu 1577: 1542: 1507: 1472: 1437: 1402: 1367: 1332: 1287: 1252: 1192: 1157: 1122: 678:compared with those of Rinjani. 138: 131: 45: 4640:WikiSatellite view at WikiMapia 4401:Rahmad, Rahmadi (14 May 2015). 1898:Asalnya konon Allah Taala marah 1889:Bunyi bahananya sangat berjabuh 1818:do not show Islamic influence. 1710:. On 6 June 1816, it snowed in 5569:Taman Werdhi Budaya Art Centre 5351:Kepulauan Togean National Park 4433:"Penduduk Migran Seumur Hidup" 4200:. 1 March 2006. Archived from 3613:, cited by Oppenheimer (2003). 2615:"Tambora, Nusa Tenggara Barat" 2282:Progress in Physical Geography 2003:flowering plants dominated by 1904:Kuranglah pikir dan kira-kira 1854:language of the Tambora people 846:1815 eruption of Mount Tambora 564:. The convergence rate of the 294:, it was formed by the active 1: 5682:Active volcanoes of Indonesia 4985:Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark 4617:"Tambora, Sumbawa, Indonesia" 3834:"Tambora, Sumbawa, Indonesia" 3150:10.1126/science.224.4654.1191 2494:10.1016/S1385-1101(98)00035-5 1911:Its noise reverberated loudly 1900:Perbuatan sultan Raja Tambora 1841:(for producing red dye), and 1001:—Lt. Philips, ordered by Sir 5667:Stratovolcanoes of Indonesia 5464:Gunung Rinjani National Park 5371:Taka Bone Rate National Park 5346:Gandang Dewata National Park 5278:Danau Sentarum National Park 5263:Betung Kerihun National Park 4812:Kerinci Seblat National Park 4601:Cascades Volcano Observatory 4198:International Herald Tribune 3971:Geophysical Research Letters 3456:Geophysical Research Letters 3023:Wood, Gillen D'Arcy (2014). 2807:"Geology of Tambora Volcano" 2692:10.1016/0009-2541(80)90106-0 2458:10.1016/0077-7579(89)90117-8 2418:10.1016/0377-0273(86)90079-X 77:2,722 m (8,930 ft) 67:2,850 m (9,350 ft) 5702:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes 5419:Bali Safari and Marine Park 5040:Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument 4508:"Tambora Hazard Mitigation" 3213:Cited by Oppenheimer (2003) 2933:"Tambora: Eruptive History" 1750:rose dramatically by 1817. 705:range for alkaline series. 5728: 5712:Drainage basins of Sumbawa 5273:Baning Nature Tourist Park 5205:Taman Mini Indonesia Indah 5190:Sukorambi Botanical Garden 3864:"Large Holocene Eruptions" 3557:Haeseler, Susanne (2016). 2552:de Jong Boers, B. (1995). 2128:The directorate created a 1794:University of Rhode Island 1781: 1648: 1222:1452/1453 mystery eruption 938:Volcanic Explosivity Index 851:Chronology of the eruption 843: 789:(VEI) scale, with a total 787:Volcanic Explosivity Index 732:. Tambora has at least 20 488:pale-shouldered cicadabird 5240:Ujung Kulon National Park 5090:Meru Betiri National Park 5050:Karimunjawa National Park 4757:Baiturrahman Grand Mosque 4481:10.1007/s11069-010-9601-y 3736:10.1007/s00445-014-0893-8 3689:10.1007/s00445-015-0960-9 2900:10.1007/s00410-009-0457-7 2302:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra 1926:Rashly and thoughtlessly 1875:by feeding dog meat to a 1837:for their horses, honey, 1792:with scientists from the 1605: 1572:Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai 909:collapsed, producing hot 393:. It is a segment of the 125: 44: 39: 5707:Holocene stratovolcanoes 5361:Lore Lindu National Park 4930:Alas Purwo National Park 4912:Way Kambas National Park 4857:Mentawai Islands Regency 4802:Gunongan Historical Park 4370:Fardah (15 April 2015). 3868:Global Volcanism Program 3414:Journal of World History 2994:Global Volcanism Program 2938:Global Volcanism Program 2785:10.1093/petrology/egr062 2642:"Potensi Gunung Tambora" 2332:Global Volcanism Program 2196:Global Volcanism Program 2028:yellow-crested cockatoos 1807:ground-penetrating radar 1613:Global Volcanism Program 607:. The volcanics contain 603:rocks which are rich in 530:History of Mount Tambora 500:scaly-crowned honeyeater 405:. Tambora forms its own 51:Caldera of Mount Tambora 5697:Two-thousanders of Asia 4344:: 49–61. Archived from 4054:10.5194/cp-12-1361-2016 3872:Smithsonian Institution 3838:volcano.oregonstate.edu 3716:Bulletin of Volcanology 3669:Bulletin of Volcanology 3625:Bulletin of Volcanology 3196:. London: John Murray. 2943:Smithsonian Institution 2712:Bulletin of Volcanology 2474:Journal of Sea Research 2337:Smithsonian Institution 2201:Smithsonian Institution 2052:Orange-footed scrubfowl 1891:Ditempuh air timpa habu 1609:Smithsonian Institution 815:Mount Tambora is still 508:yellow-ringed white-eye 504:yellow-crested cockatoo 484:orange-footed scrubfowl 5386:Wakatobi National Park 5298:Sabangau National Park 4995:Dieng Volcanic Complex 4574:University of Tasmania 4329:Trainor, C.R. (2002). 4223:Donohue, Mark (2007). 2095: 1952: 1944: 1909: 1887: 1779: 1671:observations, and the 1646: 998: 942:1883 Krakatoa eruption 841: 549: 382: 370: 5692:Calderas of Indonesia 5626:Lorentz National Park 5381:Trans Studio Makassar 5341:Bunaken National Park 4950:Baluran National Park 3645:10.1007/s004450050222 3426:10.1353/jwh.2012.0066 3335:15 March 2022 at the 2093: 2050:by the local people. 1950: 1942: 1777: 1700:year without a summer 1651:Year Without a Summer 1629: 1037:dense-rock equivalent 831: 547: 376: 368: 351:year without a summer 259:Southeast: Doro Mboha 172:, Sanggar peninsula, 152:Location in Indonesia 5677:Volcanoes of Sumbawa 5672:Subduction volcanoes 5484:Komodo National Park 5439:Garuda Wisnu Kencana 5396:Lesser Sunda Islands 5313:The Equator monument 4847:Lumbini Natural Park 4797:East Lampung Regency 4563:Foden, J.D. (1979). 4540:on 29 September 2007 4534:"Tambora Geophysics" 4514:on 29 September 2007 4244:10.1353/ol.2008.0014 4138:on 30 September 2007 4108:. 28 February 2006. 3991:10.1029/2009GL040882 3476:10.1029/2004GL020925 3186:Raffles, S. (1830). 2970:on 27 September 2007 2764:Journal of Petrology 2621:on 29 September 2007 2117:activity by using a 1641:, dated by counting 1063:Sir Stamford Raffles 668:phosphorus pentoxide 524:crab-eating macaques 391:Lesser Sunda Islands 389:island, part of the 361:Geographical setting 292:Lesser Sunda Islands 261:Northwest: Pancasila 178:Lesser Sunda Islands 5646:Wasur National Park 5293:Kutai National Park 5220:Tirto Samodra Beach 5070:Keraton Kacirebonan 4767:Bandar Lampung City 4747:Aceh Tsunami Museum 4727:Tourist attractions 4473:2011NatHa..57..151S 4351:on 26 February 2012 4232:Oceanic Linguistics 4174:on 14 November 2006 4168:National Geographic 4045:2016CliPa..12.1361B 4033:Climate of the Past 3983:2009GeoRL..3622703C 3918:1991JGR....9617361D 3912:(D9): 17361–17366. 3789:2017NatGe..10..123G 3728:2015BVol...77....1W 3681:2015BVol...77...73V 3637:1998BVol...60..137T 3536:2014JVGR..286...93K 3468:2004GeoRL..3120608S 3363:2004JVGR..134..343S 3329:Blast from the Past 3299:1998Natur.393..450B 3244:2007JVGR..161..352A 3142:1984Sci...224.1191S 3136:(4654): 1191–1198. 3055:on 8 September 2011 3004:on 10 November 2011 2892:2010CoMP..159..819F 2776:2012JPet...53..271G 2724:1989BVol...51..243S 2684:1980ChGeo..30..201F 2613:Nasution, Aswanir. 2486:1999JSR....41...35D 2450:1989NJSR...24..399D 2410:1986JVGR...27....1F 2294:2003PrPG...27..230O 2138:the cautious zone. 2130:disaster mitigation 2046:are hunted for the 1976:Imperata cylindrica 1790:Haraldur Sigurðsson 1696:northern hemisphere 1362:Santa María Volcano 1108:summer anomaly (°C) 1081: 658:-rich plagioclase. 584:about 25,000 years 472:Asian water monitor 355:Northern Hemisphere 298:beneath it. Before 101: / 5636:Raja Ampat Islands 5594:Ujung Water Palace 5258:Beras Basah Island 5025:House of Sampoerna 4955:Banyuwangi Regency 3589:Zollinger (1855): 2858:Foden, 1979, p. 56 2849:Foden, 1979, p. 51 2840:Foden, 1979, p. 50 2831:Foden, 1979, p. 49 2813:on 24 October 2007 2732:10.1007/BF01073515 2096: 1993:Duabanga moluccana 1957:Heinrich Zollinger 1953: 1945: 1802:archaeological dig 1780: 1716:Dennysville, Maine 1647: 1077: 1050:Heinrich Zollinger 842: 772:Radiocarbon dating 550: 535:Geological history 512:helmeted friarbird 476:reticulated python 383: 371: 280:West Nusa Tenggara 57:Highest point 5654: 5653: 5185:Sidoarjo mud flow 5065:Keraton Kasepuhan 4877:Pagaruyung Palace 3926:10.1029/91JD01634 3777:Nature Geoscience 3395:978-962-593-076-3 3293:(6684): 450–455. 2867:Foden, 1979, p.60 2644:(in Indonesian). 2514:on 7 January 2007 2044:rainbow lorikeets 2024:crested white-eye 1932: 1931: 1633:concentration in 1619: 1618: 973:was found in the 911:pyroclastic flows 890:began to fall in 730:pyroclastic falls 726:pyroclastic flows 492:Coracina dohertyi 307:violently erupted 265: 264: 105:8.250°S 118.000°E 16:(Redirected from 5719: 5494:Lake Segara Anak 5215:Thousand Islands 5210:Tangkuban Perahu 5010:Gembira Loka Zoo 4882:Penyengat Island 4720: 4713: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4687: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4655: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4576:. pp. 1–306 4571: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4504: 4493: 4492: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4350: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4297: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4269:on 2 August 2018 4268: 4262:. Archived from 4229: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4204:on 13 March 2006 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4170:. Archived from 4159: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4072: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4039:(6): 1361–1374. 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4007: 3968: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3943:on 2 August 2018 3942: 3936:. Archived from 3903: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3874:. Archived from 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3840:. Archived from 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3813: 3797:10.1038/ngeo2875 3774: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3747: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3620: 3614: 3612: 3600: 3594: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3570: 3563: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3502: 3487: 3453: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3346: 3340: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3282: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3260: 3229: 3220: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3202: 3195: 3183: 3170: 3169: 3125: 3092: 3091: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3000:. Archived from 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2929: 2912: 2911: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2859: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2803: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2755: 2744: 2743: 2707: 2696: 2695: 2672:Chemical Geology 2667: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2610: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2581: 2549: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2433: 2422: 2421: 2393: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2277: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2222:"Gunung Tambora" 2218: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2187: 2152: 2111:Seismic activity 2040:green junglefowl 2000:Dodonaea viscosa 1884: 1866:Papuan languages 1862:language isolate 1712:Albany, New York 1615: 1583: 1581: 1580: 1548: 1546: 1545: 1513: 1511: 1510: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1432:Mount St. Helens 1408: 1406: 1405: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1338: 1336: 1335: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1258: 1256: 1255: 1198: 1196: 1195: 1163: 1161: 1160: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1082: 1009: 1003:Stamford Raffles 767:Eruptive history 566:Australian Plate 399:volcanic islands 296:subduction zones 255: 199:Late Pleistocene 142: 141: 135: 116: 115: 113: 112: 111: 106: 102: 99: 98: 97: 94: 49: 32: 21: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5687:VEI-7 volcanoes 5657: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5603: 5579:Tanjung Ringgit 5434:Dreamland Beach 5390: 5317: 5303:Samboja Lestari 5283:Derawan Islands 5244: 5235:Yogyakarta City 5200:Suramadu Bridge 5135:Patenggang Lake 5075:Keraton Kanoman 5060:Kenjeran Bridge 5045:Jawa Timur Park 5035:Istiqlal Mosque 5020:Heroes Monument 4945:Arjuno-Welirang 4935:Ancol Dreamland 4916: 4772:Barelang Bridge 4733: 4724: 4694: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4650: 4630: 4628: 4615: 4606: 4604: 4595: 4592: 4579: 4577: 4569: 4562: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4506: 4505: 4496: 4461:Natural Hazards 4457: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4333: 4328: 4327: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4299: 4298: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4227: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4161: 4160: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4082:on 21 July 2006 4074: 4073: 4062: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4011: 4009: 4005: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3844:on 17 June 2017 3832: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3451: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3411: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3337:Wayback Machine 3326: 3322: 3284: 3283: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3227: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3185: 3184: 3173: 3127: 3126: 3095: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2931: 2930: 2915: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2805: 2804: 2793: 2757: 2756: 2747: 2709: 2708: 2699: 2669: 2668: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2612: 2611: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2570:10.2307/3351140 2551: 2550: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2435: 2434: 2425: 2395: 2394: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2358:"Mount Tambora" 2356: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2325: 2324: 2317: 2279: 2278: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2189: 2188: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2153: 2144: 2101: 2084: 1937: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1786: 1784:Tambora culture 1772: 1653: 1624: 1606: 1578: 1576: 1543: 1541: 1508: 1506: 1502:Nevado del Ruiz 1473: 1471: 1438: 1436: 1403: 1401: 1368: 1366: 1333: 1331: 1288: 1286: 1253: 1251: 1193: 1191: 1158: 1156: 1152:Paektu Mountain 1123: 1121: 1107: 1095: 1080: 1046: 1028:eruption column 1024:Molucca Islands 1011: 1000: 994: 992: 967: 907:eruption column 884:Molucca Islands 865:crystallization 853: 848: 826: 769: 734:parasitic cones 646: 558:subduction zone 542: 537: 532: 363: 274:, is an active 260: 253: 216:trachyandesitic 170:Dompu Regencies 157: 156: 155: 154: 153: 150: 149: 148: 147: 143: 110:-8.250; 118.000 109: 107: 103: 100: 95: 92: 90: 88: 87: 52: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5725: 5723: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5659: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5617: 5615: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5534:Nusa Lembongan 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5454:Gili Trawangan 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5414:Bali Bird Park 5411: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5308:Tanjung Puting 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4897:Samosir Island 4894: 4889: 4887:Pugung Raharjo 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4867:Mursala Island 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4837:Lake Singkarak 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4700: 4693: 4692: 4680: 4668: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4627:on 2 July 2007 4613: 4591: 4590:External links 4588: 4587: 4586: 4572:(PhD thesis). 4558: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4525: 4494: 4450: 4424: 4393: 4362: 4318: 4289: 4280: 4238:(2): 520–537. 4215: 4185: 4149: 4123: 4093: 4060: 4019: 3977:(22): L22703. 3954: 3889: 3855: 3825: 3783:(2): 123–128. 3759: 3702: 3658: 3631:(2): 137–144. 3615: 3611:(66): 688–703. 3595: 3582: 3549: 3514: 3462:(20): L20608. 3439: 3420:(3): 587–607. 3401: 3394: 3376: 3357:(4): 343–345. 3341: 3320: 3272: 3238:(4): 352–361. 3215: 3190:correspondence 3171: 3093: 3066: 3040: 3033: 3015: 2981: 2955: 2913: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2791: 2770:(2): 271–297. 2745: 2718:(4): 243–270. 2697: 2678:(3): 201–206. 2659: 2632: 2600: 2525: 2499: 2463: 2444:(4): 399–404. 2423: 2379: 2349: 2315: 2288:(2): 230–259. 2243: 2213: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2155: 2154: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2100: 2097: 2083: 2080: 2064:water buffalos 2048:cagebird trade 1936: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1907: 1782:Main article: 1771: 1768: 1643:oxygen isotope 1623: 1622:Global effects 1620: 1617: 1616: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1539: 1537:Mount Pinatubo 1533: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1249: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1104: 1097: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1078: 1045: 1042: 983: 966: 963: 950:1.4×10 kg 946:trachyandesite 923:South Sulawesi 873:magmatic fluid 871:high-pressure 852: 849: 844:Main article: 825: 822: 768: 765: 695:magma chambers 644: 601:trachyandesite 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 430:archaeologists 426:vulcanologists 362: 359: 343:Maluku islands 263: 262: 257: 249: 248: 244: 243: 240: 234: 233: 228: 222: 221: 212:Trachybasaltic 209: 203: 202: 196: 190: 189: 185: 184: 163: 159: 158: 151: 145: 144: 137: 136: 130: 129: 128: 127: 126: 123: 122: 118: 117: 85: 79: 78: 75: 69: 68: 65: 59: 58: 54: 53: 50: 42: 41: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5724: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5514:Mount Tambora 5512: 5510: 5509:Mount Rinjani 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5140:Palabuhanratu 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5120:Museum Angkut 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4990:Cukang Taneuh 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4980:Cemoro Lawang 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852:Maimun Palace 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4832:Lake Maninjau 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4782:Bintan Island 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4762:Bagansiapiapi 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4752:Ampera Bridge 4750: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4626: 4622: 4621:Volcano World 4618: 4614: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4575: 4568: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4451: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4394: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4363: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4216: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4020: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3955: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3893: 3890: 3878:on 7 May 2013 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3763: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3667:Indonesia)". 3662: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3616: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3567: 3560: 3553: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3515: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3443: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3307:10.1038/30943 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3219: 3216: 3199: 3192: 3191: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3067: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3036: 3034:9780691168623 3030: 3026: 3019: 3016: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2633: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2564:(60): 37–59. 2563: 2559: 2555: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2404:(1–2): 1–41. 2403: 2399: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2367: 2363: 2362:Mount Tambora 2359: 2353: 2350: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2157: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2106: 2098: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2076:national park 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2057:A commercial 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1949: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1908: 1905: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1785: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1637:from Central 1636: 1632: 1628: 1621: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1445:United States 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1410:United States 1400: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1391:7,000–13,000 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1285: 1283: 1282:Mount Tambora 1280: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1190: 1188: 1187:Mount Samalas 1185: 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