587:
974:
2017:
851:
1783:
out by the volcano. The remaining 62% of remains found at
Pompeii were in the pyroclastic surge deposits, and thus were probably killed by them – probably from a combination of suffocation from inhaling ashes and blast and debris thrown around. Examination of cloth, frescoes and skeletons shows that, in contrast to the victims found at Herculaneum, it is unlikely that high temperatures were a significant cause of the destruction at Pompeii. Herculaneum, much closer to the crater, was saved from tephra falls by the wind direction but was buried under 23 metres (75 ft) of material deposited by pyroclastic surges. Likely, most of the known victims in this town were killed by the surges.
2136:
2037:
kilometres (0.024 cu mi), such as those of 472 and 1631, have been more frequent with a few hundred years between them. From the 1631 eruption until 1944, there was a comparatively small eruption every few years, emitting 0.001–0.01 km of magma. For
Vesuvius, the amount of magma expelled in an eruption increases roughly linearly with the interval since the previous one, and at a rate of around 0.001 cubic kilometres (0.00024 cu mi) for each year. This gives an approximate figure of 0.08 cubic kilometres (0.019 cu mi) for an eruption after 80 years of inactivity.
1171:
931:
785:
1825:
982:
2194:
2280:
202:
90:
73:
1345:
195:
1802:
1645:
49:
1276:, Italian archaeologists using the technique of filling every cavity with plaster or substitute compound, recovered some remarkably well-preserved forms of perishable objects, such as fence rails, a bucket and especially in the vicinity, thousands of human footprints pointing into the Apennines to the north. The settlement had huts, pots and goats. The residents had hastily abandoned the village, leaving it to be buried under
1924:
4763:
2147:) to reduce the population living in the red zone, by demolishing illegally constructed buildings, establishing a national park around the whole volcano to prevent the future construction of buildings and by offering sufficient financial incentives to people for moving away. One of the underlying goals is to reduce the time needed to evacuate the area, over the next twenty to thirty years, to two or three days.
2252:
1742:
emitting loud snoring. They elected to take to the fields with pillows tied to their heads to protect them from the raining debris. They approached the beach again, but the wind prevented the ships from leaving. Pliny sat down on a sail that had been spread for him and could not rise even with assistance when his friends departed. Though Pliny the Elder died, his friends ultimately escaped by land.
1760:
1722:) across the bay. Fearing for their lives, the population began to flee the shore along the road. An ash rain fell, causing Pliny to shake it off periodically to avoid being buried. Later that same day, the pumice and ash stopped falling, and the sun shone weakly through the cloud, encouraging Pliny and his mother to return to their home and wait for news of Pliny the Elder.
2266:
2081:
1455:
1903:
1628:, which caused widespread destruction around the Bay of Naples, and particularly to Pompeii. Some of the damage had still not been repaired when the volcano erupted. The deaths of 600 sheep from "tainted air" in the vicinity of Pompeii indicates that the earthquake of AD 62 may have been related to new activity by Vesuvius.
947:
1270, 1347, and 1500. The volcano erupted again in 1631, six times in the 18th century (including 1779 and 1794), eight times in the 19th century (notably in 1872), and in 1906, 1929 and 1944. There have been no eruptions since 1944, and none of the eruptions after AD 79 were as large or destructive as the
Pompeian one.
1741:
Pliny the Elder and his party saw what they believed to be flames coming from several parts of the crater. After staying overnight, the party was driven from the building by an accumulation of material, presumably tephra, which threatened to block all egress. They woke Pliny, who had been napping and
1652:
Reconstructions of the eruption and its effects vary considerably in the details but have the same overall features. The eruption lasted two days. The morning of the first day was perceived as normal by the only eyewitness to leave a surviving document, Pliny the
Younger. In the middle of the day, an
834:
The cliffs forming the northern ridge of Monte Somma's caldera rim reach a maximum height of 1,132 m (3,714 ft) at Punta Nasone. The summit of the main cone of
Vesuvius is 1,281 m (4,203 ft) above sea level and more than 400 m (1,300 ft) above the 5 km (3.1 mi)
484:
Vesuvius has erupted many times since. It is the only volcano on Europe's mainland to have erupted in the last hundred years. It is regarded as one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world because 3,000,000 people live near enough to be affected by an eruption, with at least 600,000 in the danger
1673:
Another study used the magnetic characteristics of over 200 samples of roof-tile and plaster fragments collected around
Pompeii to estimate the equilibrium temperature of the pyroclastic flow. The magnetic study revealed that on the first day of the eruption a fall of white pumice containing clastic
946:
around 1800 BC, which engulfed several Bronze Age settlements. Since AD 79, the volcano has also erupted repeatedly, in 172, 203, 222, possibly in 303, 379, 472, 512, 536, 685, 787, around 860, around 900, 968, 991, 999, 1006, 1037, 1049, around 1073, 1139, 1150, and there may have been eruptions in
560:, "fiery"), "from the mountain which of old spouted forth a huge fire the mountain is called Vesuvius." It was inhabited by giant bandits, "the sons of the Earth. With the gods' assistance, he pacified the region and continued. The facts behind the tradition, if any, remain unknown, as does whether
1729:
at
Misenum and had meanwhile decided to investigate the phenomenon at close hand in a light vessel. As the ship was preparing to leave the area, a messenger came from his friend Rectina (wife of Tascius) living on the coast near the foot of the volcano, explaining that her party could only get away
1665:
The latest scientific studies of the ash produced by
Vesuvius reveal a multi-phase eruption. The initial major explosion produced a column of ash and pumice ranging between 15 and 30 kilometres (49,000 and 98,000 ft) high, which rained on Pompeii to the southeast but not on Herculaneum upwind.
2216:
on 5 June 1995. The summit of
Vesuvius is open to visitors, and there is a small network of paths around the volcano that are maintained by the park authorities on weekends. There is access by road to within 200 metres (660 ft) of the summit (measured vertically), but after that, access is on
1782:
Thirty-eight percent of the 1,044 were found in the ash fall deposits, the majority inside buildings. These are thought to have been killed mainly by roof collapses, with the smaller number of victims found outside of buildings probably being killed by falling roof slates or by larger rocks thrown
1669:
Subsequently, the cloud collapsed as the gases expanded and lost their capability to support their solid contents, releasing it as a pyroclastic surge, which first reached
Herculaneum but not Pompeii. Additional blasts reinstituted the column. The eruption alternated between Plinian and Peléan six
2123:
region, and may have to stay away for several months. However, the dilemma that would face those implementing the plan is when to start this massive evacuation: If it starts too late, thousands could be killed, whereas if it is started too early, the indicators of an eruption may turn out to be a
1702:
The two men saw an extraordinarily dense cloud rising rapidly above the peak. This cloud and a request by a messenger for an evacuation by sea prompted the elder Pliny to order rescue operations in which he sailed away to participate. His nephew attempted to resume a normal life, but that night a
1698:
across the Bay of Naples from the volcano, approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi), the elder Pliny launched a rescue fleet and went himself to the rescue of a personal friend. His nephew declined to join the party. One of the nephew's letters relates what he could discover from witnesses of his
1677:
The collapse of the Plinian columns on the second day caused pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) that devastated Herculaneum and Pompeii. The depositional temperature of these pyroclastic surges reached up to 300 °C (572 °F). Any population remaining in structural refuges could not have
2064:
caused by the reduction in weight of the overlying rock (which drops to zero at the surface) causes the gases to come out of solution, the volume of gas increasing explosively from nothing to perhaps many times that of the accompanying magma. Additionally, the removal of the higher melting point
2036:
Large Vesuvian eruptions which emit volcanic material in quantities of about 1 cubic kilometre (0.24 cu mi), the most recent of which overwhelmed Pompeii and Herculaneum, have happened after periods of inactivity of a few thousand years. Sub-Plinian eruptions producing about 0.1 cubic
1778:
By 2003, around 1,044 casts made from impressions of bodies in the ash deposits had been recovered in and around Pompeii, with the scattered bones of another 100. The remains of about 332 bodies have been found at Herculaneum (300 in arched vaults discovered in 1980). What percentage these
1217:
About 19,000 years ago: the style of eruption changed to a sequence of large explosive and caldera-forming Plinian eruptions, of which the AD 79 one was the most recent. The calderas are aligned in a roughly east–west direction, and all contributed to forming present-day's Somma caldera. The
1657:
in the close vicinity of the volcano began. Lights were seen on the peak, interpreted as fires. People as far away as Misenum fled for their lives. The flows were rapid-moving, dense and very hot, knocking down, wholly or partly, all structures in their path, incinerating or suffocating all
1786:
People caught on the former seashore by the first surge died of thermal shock. The rest were concentrated in arched chambers at a density of as high as three persons per square metre. As only 85 metres (279 ft) of the coast have been excavated, further casualties may be discovered.
1745:
In the first letter to Tacitus, Pliny the Younger suggested that his uncle's death was due to the reaction of his weak lungs to a cloud of poisonous, sulphurous gas that wafted over the group. However, Stabiae was 16 km from the vent (roughly where the modern town of
1892:
were also created, adding to the devastation. Activity thereafter became almost continuous, with relatively severe eruptions occurring in 1660, 1682, 1694, 1698, 1707, 1737, 1760, 1767, 1779, 1794, 1822, 1834, 1839, 1850, 1855, 1861, 1868, 1872, 1906, 1926, 1929, and
1420:
as having a predominantly flat, barren summit covered with sooty, ash-coloured rocks, and suggested that it might once have had "craters of fire". He also perceptively suggested that the fertility of the surrounding slopes may be due to volcanic activity, as at Mount
593:
1750:
is situated), and his companions were unaffected by the volcanic gases. It is more likely that the corpulent Pliny died from another cause, such as a stroke or heart attack. His body was found with no apparent injuries the next day, after dispersal of the plume.
2097:, towns and cities south and east of the volcano are most at risk from this. It is assumed that tephra accumulation exceeding 100 kilograms per square metre (20 lb/sq ft)—at which point people are at risk from collapsing roofs—may extend out as far as
958:, a Roman writer who published a detailed description of the AD 79 eruption, including his uncle's death. On occasion, eruptions from Vesuvius have been so large that the whole of southern Europe has been blanketed by ash; in 472 and 1631, Vesuvian ash fell on
1981:. From 13 to 18 March 1944, activity was confined within the rim. Finally, on 18 March 1944, lava overflowed the rim. Lava flows destroyed nearby villages from 19 March through 22 March. On 24 March, an explosive eruption created an ash plume and a small
2092:
4 eruption. In this scenario, the volcano's slopes, extending out to about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the vent, may be exposed to pyroclastic surges sweeping down them, whilst much of the surrounding area could suffer from tephra falls. Because of
2119:("red zone"), i.e. at greatest risk from pyroclastic flows. The evacuation, by train, ferry, car, and bus, is planned to take about seven days, and the evacuees would mostly be sent to other parts of the country, rather than to safe areas in the local
1733:
He set off across the bay but, in the shallows on the other side, encountered thick showers of hot cinders, lumps of pumice and pieces of rock. Advised by the helmsman to turn back, he stated, "Fortune favors the brave" and ordered him to continue to
1635:
even wrote that they "were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania". Small earthquakes started taking place four days before the eruption becoming more frequent over the next four days, but the warnings were not recognized.
1907:
1213:
Vesuvius was then built up by a series of lava flows, with some smaller explosive eruptions interspersed between them. By this time, the volcano was 2,000 meters (6,560 feet) tall, with the summit being 500 meters (1,640 feet) east of the current
1910:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1911:
2105:
to the south-east. Near Naples, this tephra fall hazard is assumed to extend barely past the volcano's slopes to the northwest. The specific areas affected by the ash cloud depend upon the circumstances surrounding the eruption.
1908:
1883:
The volcano became quiescent at the end of the 13th century, and in the following years, it again became covered with gardens and vineyards as old. Even the inside of the crater was moderately filled with shrubbery.
922:. Vesuvius is the only one to have erupted in recent history, although some of the others have erupted within the last few hundred years. Many are either extinct or have not erupted for tens of thousands of years.
1388:
Several surviving works written over the 200 years preceding the AD 79 eruption describe the mountain as having had a volcanic nature, although Pliny the Elder did not depict the mountain in this way in his
885:
beneath the latter, deeper into the earth. As the water-saturated sediments of the African oceanic plate were pushed to hotter depths inside the planet, the water boiled off and lowered the melting point of the
586:
2181:. This indicates a state of low volcanic activity. The surveillance system has not detected any significant changes in Vesuvius' activity state. The low-energy earthquakes are attributable to gravitational
890:
enough to partially melt the rocks. Because magma is less dense than the solid rock around it, it was pushed upward. Finding a weak spot at the Earth's surface, it broke through, thus forming the volcano.
1558:, a Roman administrator and poet. Several dates are given in the surviving copies of the letters. The latest evidence supports earlier findings and indicates that the eruption occurred after 17 October.
1648:
Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as other cities affected by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The black cloud represents the general distribution of ash, pumice and cinders. Modern coast lines are shown.
1666:
The chief energy supporting the column came from the escape of steam superheated by the magma, created from seawater seeping over time into the deep faults of the region, which interacted with magma.
1653:
explosion threw up a high-altitude column from which ash and pumice began to fall, blanketing the area. Rescues and escapes occurred during this time. At some time in the night or early the next day,
1229: 6, the original formation of the Somma caldera. The caldera's formation was asymmetric towards the west. The eruption was followed by a period of much less violent, lava-producing eruptions.
2028:
The eruption could be seen from Naples. Different perspectives and the damage caused to the local villages were recorded by USAAF photographers and other personnel based nearer to the volcano.
473:
10 cu yd) per second. More than 1,000 people are thought to have died in the eruption, though the exact toll is unknown. The only surviving witness account consists of two letters by
2229:— a type of vertical transport that uses two opposing, interconnected, rail-guided passenger cars always moving in concert — opened in 1880, subsequently destroyed by the March 1944 eruption.
2479:
Vocabolario della lingua latina : IL : latino-italiano, italiano-latino / Luigi Castiglioni, Scevola Mariotti; redatto con la collaborazione di Arturo Brambilla e Gaspare Campagna
1674:
fragments of up to 3 centimetres (1.2 in) fell for several hours. It heated the roof tiles up to 140 °C (284 °F). This period would have been the last opportunity to escape.
1730:
by sea and asking for rescue. Pliny ordered the immediate launching of the fleet galleys to the evacuation of the coast. He continued in his light ship to the rescue of Rectina's party.
4980:
1670:
times. Surges 3 and 4 are believed by the authors to have buried Pompeii. Surges are identified in the deposits by dune and cross-bedding formations, which are not produced by fallout.
910:, a volcanic island 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the west, and several undersea volcanoes to the south. The arc forms the southern end of a larger chain of volcanoes produced by the
2005:, Italy, just a few kilometres from the eastern base of the volcano. The tephra and hot ash from multiple days of the eruption damaged the fabric control surfaces, the engines, the
1703:
tremor awoke him and his mother, prompting them to abandon the house for the courtyard. Further tremors near dawn caused the population to abandon the village and caused disastrous
1288:
deposits were distributed to the northwest of the vent, travelling as far as 15 km (9.3 mi) from it, and lie up to 3 m (9.8 ft) deep in the area now occupied by
1027:
produced in the more explosive eruptions (e.g. the eruption in 1631 displaying a complete stratigraphic and petrographic description: phonolite was firstly erupted, followed by a
1376:, except at the top, which was craggy. The volcano may have had only one summit at that time, judging by a wall painting, "Bacchus and Vesuvius", found in a Pompeian house, the
4199:
1678:
escaped, as gases of incinerating temperatures surrounded the city. The lowest temperatures were in rooms under collapsed roofs, at approximately 100 °C (212 °F).
1194:. The area has been subject to volcanic activity for at least 400,000 years; the lowest layer of eruption material from the Somma caldera lies on top of the 40,000-year‑old
996:
Vesuvius is still regarded as an active volcano, although its current activity produces little more than sulfur-rich steam from vents at the bottom and walls of the crater.
5282:
4295:
942:
Mount Vesuvius has erupted many times. Numerous others preceded the eruption in AD 79 in prehistory, including at least three significantly larger; an example is the
2403:
The dates of the earthquakes and of the eruption are contingent on a final determination of the time of year, but there is no reason to change the relative sequence.
1905:
993:
has had as many long-duration eruptions in the last 270 years. The two most recent eruptions of Vesuvius (1875–1906 and 1913–1944) each lasted more than 30 years.
5277:
973:
1318:
The last of these may have been in 217 BC. There were earthquakes in Italy during that year and the sun was reported as being dimmed by gray haze or dry fog.
4973:
4724:
3449:
VIII 653–655 "Aetnaeos quoque contorquens e cautibus ignes / Vesvius intonuit, scopulisque in nubila iactis / Phlegraeus tetigit trepidantia sidera vertex."
2016:
1662:
in the Bay of Naples. By late afternoon of the second day, the eruption was over, leaving only haze in the atmosphere through which the sun shone weakly.
4847:
4562:
Sigurdsson, Haraldur; Carey, Steven (2002). "The Eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79". In Jashemski, Wilhelmina Mary Feemster; Meyer, Frederick Gustav (eds.).
1332:
that Vesuvius had thundered and produced flames worthy of Mount Etna in that year. However, both authors were writing around 250 years later. Greenland
3325:
1597:
747:
681:, the etymology depends to a large degree on the presumption of what language was spoken there at the time. Naples was settled by Greeks, as the name
2528:
Woods, Andrew W. (2013). "Sustained explosive activity: volcanic eruption columns and hawaiian fountains". In Fagents, Sarah A.; Gregg, Tracy K. P.;
1888:
Vesuvius entered a new phase in December 1631, when a major eruption buried many villages under lava flows, killing around 3,000 people. Torrents of
5511:
3699:
2298:
1767:
Along with Pliny the Elder, the only other noble casualties of the eruption to be known by name were Agrippa (a son of the Herodian Jewish princess
1443:–?) reported that fires had once existed abundantly below the peak and that it had spouted fire onto the surrounding fields. He described Pompeiian
4966:
1547:
4432:
2726:
2866:
1828:
2888:
105:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5359:
5267:
4584:"Influences of urban fabric on pyroclastic density currents at Pompeii (Italy): Part II: temperature of the deposits and hazard implications"
4321:
4026:
3644:
3468:
2664:
2088:
The government emergency plan for an eruption therefore assumes that the worst case will be an eruption of similar size and type to the 1631
4553:
Sigurdsson, Haraldur (2002). "Mount Vesuvius before the Disaster". In Jashemski, Wilhelmina Mary Feemster; Meyer, Frederick Gustav (eds.).
3343:
1256:(Pomici di Avellino), VEI 6; its vent was apparently 2 km (1.2 mi) west of the current crater and the eruption destroyed several
850:
705:
settlements were in the vicinity. Other peoples of unknown provenance are said to have been there at some time by various ancient authors.
4338:
2909:
5506:
5018:
4614:
3972:
1541:
419:
3396:
2541:
2486:
1658:
population remaining there and altering the landscape, including the coastline. Additional light tremors accompanied these and a mild
485:
zone. This is the most densely populated volcanic region in the world. Eruptions tend to be violent and explosive; these are known as
194:
3543:
2815:
838:
The volcano's slopes are scarred by lava flows, while the rest are heavily vegetated, with scrub and forests at higher altitudes and
5496:
5451:
1495:
366:
4269:
2614:
Inscriptiones Bruttiorum, Lucaniae, Campaniae, Siciliae, Sardiniae Latinae. Pars Prior: Inscriptiones Bruttiorum Lucaniae Campaniae
1531:) because of the peak, Vesuvius, which had spouted flames like Etna and showed signs of the fire that had burnt in ancient history.
4168:
4113:
5099:
4717:
2056:) in the remaining liquid magma, making the subsequent eruption more violent. As gas-rich magma approaches the surface during an
1768:
4238:
2135:
5501:
5426:
1805:
1796:
4840:
4514:
4434:
Early Warning of Volcanic eruptions and Earthquakes in the Neapolitan area, Campania Region, South Italy (Submitted Abstract)
2607:
4671:
1368:
The volcano was then quiet (for 295 years, if the 217 BC date for the last previous eruption is true) and was described by
5456:
5114:
5023:
1990:
1962:
Vesuvius was active from 1913 through 1944, with lava filling the crater and occasional outflows of small amounts of lava.
1699:
uncle's experiences. In a second letter, the younger Pliny details his own observations after the departure of his uncle.
930:
784:
5441:
2021:
816:. The Gran Cono was produced during the A.D. 79 eruption. For this reason, the volcano is also called Somma-Vesuvius or
98:
1824:
501:
type at the time of the eruption of AD 79: it appears under the inscribed name Vesuvius as a serpent in the decorative
5227:
5129:
5124:
5094:
5089:
5084:
4710:
1928:
1864:
The eruptions of 512 were so severe that those inhabiting the slopes of Vesuvius were granted exemption from taxes by
1170:
824:
293:
3085:
Stoppa, Francesco; Principe, Claudia; Schiazza, Mariangela; Liu, Yu; Giosa, Paola; Crocetti, Sergio (15 March 2017).
2177:
The official INGV monitoring bulletin from the Vesuvius Observatory, as of July 2024, classifies Mount Vesuvius at a
1473:
1272:
on wood and bones offer a range of possible dates of about 500 years in the mid-2nd millennium BC. In May 2001, near
5466:
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5289:
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1056:
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981:
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5436:
5421:
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5257:
5109:
4833:
1966:
1686:
The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian
31:
1336:
samples of around that period show relatively high acidity, which is assumed to have been caused by atmospheric
5461:
5222:
5191:
5139:
5013:
3190:
Sbrana, Alessandro; Cioni, Rafaello; Marianelli, Paola; Andronico, Daniele; Pasqiuni, Giuseppe (January 2020).
3140:
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2293:
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1048:
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4441:
2581:
2233:
2193:
1714:
A massive black cloud glistering with lightning obscured the early-morning light, a scene Pliny describes as
5416:
5201:
5181:
3684:. Pompeii Forum Project, Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities (IATH), University of Virginia.
3261:"Pyroclastic deposits as a guide for reconstructing the multi-stage evolution of the Somma-Vesuvius Caldera"
3146:
3031:
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2308:
1994:
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deposits produced by them, which in turn are named after the place where the deposits were first identified:
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relates a tradition that Hercules, in the performance of his labors, passed through the country of nearby
404:
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260:
81:
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4142:
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1465:
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1978:
1943:
The eruption of 5 April 1906 killed more than 100 people and ejected the most lava ever recorded from a
1779:
numbers are of the total dead or the percentage of the dead to the total number at risk remain unknown.
1625:
1344:
823:
The caldera started forming during an eruption around 17,000–18,000 years ago and was enlarged by later
702:
3525:
3426:
Stothers, R.B.; Klenk, Hans-Peter (2002). "The case for an eruption of Vesuvius in 217 BC (abstract)".
2790:
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950:
The eruptions vary greatly in severity but are characterized by explosive outbursts of the kind dubbed
3924:
3852:
3344:"An ancient Bronze Age village (3500 bp) destroyed by the pumice eruption in Avellino (Nola-Campania)"
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4445:
4374:
4183:
3506:
3272:
3203:
3098:
2151:
2110:
1948:
1809:
1295:
The volcano then entered a stage of more frequent, but less violent eruptions, until the most recent
1195:
1182:
taken from a 2,000 m (6,600 ft) plus borehole on the flanks of the volcano, extending into
580:, patroness of Pompeii, and Hercules were worshipped in the region devastated by the eruption of 79.
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3485:
2874:
2691:. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 303. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 410–411.
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243:
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2818:. Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology. Archived from
2024:
medium bomber of the 340th Bombardment Group on 23 March 1944 after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius
4733:
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4080:
Giacomelli, Lisetta; Perrotta, Annamaria; Scandone, Roberto; Scarpati, Claudio (September 2003).
4060:
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3231:
3023:
2167:
967:
498:
3347:
2751:
1965:
That eruptive period ended in the major eruption of March 1944, which destroyed the villages of
989:
Since 1750, seven of the eruptions of Vesuvius have had durations of more than five years; only
89:
72:
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1944:
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1285:
1253:
955:
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772:
577:
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48:
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Further eruptions were recorded in 787, 968, 991, 999, 1007 and 1036 with the first recorded
1690:. Pliny the Younger describes, amongst other things, the last days in the life of his uncle,
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2257:
2154:
in Ercolano with extensive networks of seismic and gravimetric stations, a combination of a
2094:
1998:
1982:
1644:
1509:
1369:
1337:
1312:
1296:
1261:
1239:
1207:
694:
543:
331:
156:
2616:. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Vol. X.1. Berolini: Georgius Reimerus. p. 380.
1923:
1311:
deposits that have been dubitatively assigned to either the Somma-Vesuvius complex, or the
1187:
5385:
5272:
4473:. Naples: Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology
4098:
4081:
3958:
3886:
3649:
3551:
2819:
2502:
2048:
crystallizing out. The effect is to increase the concentration of dissolved gases (mostly
1813:
1715:
1691:
1427:
1323:
1235:
Around 11,000 years ago: the Lagno Amendolare eruption, smaller than the Mercato eruption.
1959:. Funds were diverted to reconstructing Naples, and the Games were transferred to London.
497:
Vesuvius has a long historic and literary tradition. It was considered a divinity of the
4602:
4273:
4187:
3326:"Village found that was preserved by Mount Vesuvius eruption 2,000 years before Pompeii"
3276:
3207:
3102:
1801:
4121:
2786:
2372:
2364:
2240:
song, was written to commemorate the opening of the first funicular on Mount Vesuvius.
2053:
2049:
1970:
1858:
1772:
1593:
1052:
959:
874:
866:
859:
855:
698:
678:
614:
384:
4544:
Guest, John; Cole, Paul; Duncan, Angus; Chester, David (2003). "Chapter 2: Vesuvius".
2745:
2109:
The plan assumes between two weeks and 20 days notice of an eruption and foresees the
827:
eruptions, ending in the one of AD 79. This structure has given its name to the term "
5410:
5324:
5196:
4907:
4246:
4195:
3445:
3292:
3260:
3235:
3191:
2647:
Kozák, Jan; Cermák, Vladimir (2010). "Vesuvius-Somma Volcano, Bay of Naples, Italy".
2285:
2217:
foot only. There is a spiral walkway around the volcano from the road to the crater.
2129:
2041:
2010:
1708:
1562:
1328:
1269:
1199:
914:
process described above, which extends northwest along the length of Italy as far as
899:
870:
828:
801:
764:
743:
443:
408:
380:
281:
269:
4634:
5390:
4927:
4897:
4784:
4566:. Cambridge UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 37–64.
4557:. Cambridge UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 29–36.
4408:
2586:
2529:
2271:
1936:
1857:
In 472, it ejected such a volume of ash that ashfalls were reported as far away as
1570:
1566:
1356:
1281:
1249:
Around 5,000 years ago: two explosive eruptions smaller than the Avellino eruption.
1004:
970:
in the crater have raised clouds of ash dust, raising false alarms of an eruption.
915:
887:
812:
caused by the collapse of an earlier (and originally much higher) structure called
618:
451:
447:
423:
308:
277:
3216:
3060:
2766:
2143:
Ongoing efforts are being made by the government at various levels (especially of
1759:
788:
The main cone of Vesuvius and the cliff of Monte Somma's caldera separated by the
4679:
4470:
4082:"The eruption of Vesuvius of 79 AD and its impact on human environment in Pompei"
3623:
739:"violence", "hurling violence", *vesbia, taking advantage of the collateral form.
5307:
4942:
4651:
4633:
Purcell, N.; Talbert, R.; Gillies, S.; Elliott, T.; Becker, J. (20 March 2015).
3582:
3401:
Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology
3087:"Magma evolution inside the 1631 Vesuvius magma chamber and eruption triggering"
2914:
Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology
2656:
2561:
2125:
1851:
1605:
1416:
1304:
1179:
813:
563:
431:
4572:
3135:
2944:
2451:
2424:
2251:
865:
Vesuvius is a stratovolcano and was formed as a result of the collision of two
835:
long valley of Atrio di Cavallo (the northern floor of Monte Somma's caldera).
831:", which describes any volcano with a summit caldera surrounding a newer cone.
5380:
4912:
4877:
4867:
4789:
4223:
4006:. University of California at Santa Barbara, Department of Geological Sciences
3039:
2621:
2247:
2182:
1876:
1726:
1257:
990:
911:
3999:
3120:
120:
107:
4892:
4887:
4804:
4747:
4695:
4379:
3259:
Cioni, Raffaello; Santacroce, Roberto; Sbrana, Alessandro (September 1999).
2226:
2201:
2159:
2006:
1974:
1846:
Since the eruption of AD 79, Vesuvius has erupted around three dozen times.
1631:
The Romans grew accustomed to minor earth tremors in the region; the writer
1433:
1024:
1020:
935:
878:
670:
17:
4702:
2113:
of 600,000 people, almost entirely comprising all those living in the
2044:
for many years will start to see higher melting point constituents such as
1718:. The cloud obscured Point Misenum near at hand and the island of Capraia (
1550:
eruptions of all time. Historians have learned about the eruption from the
4492:
3284:
3111:
3086:
5319:
4698:. Global Volcanic and Environmental Systems Simulation (GVES). 1996–2003.
4655:
4610:
4056:
3627:
2174:. All of this is intended to track magma rising underneath the volcano.
2171:
2144:
2120:
2098:
2070:
2057:
2002:
1373:
1333:
1319:
1308:
1265:
1183:
1072:
1032:
963:
839:
674:
539:
435:
388:
230:
214:
4431:
Gasparini, Paolo; Barberi, Franco; Belli, Attilio (16–18 October 2003).
4298:. Central University Library (CUL), Southern Methodist University (SMU).
4222:(The Travel Film Archive). Naples: Castle Films, YouTube. Archived from
3901:
3829:
3226:
3001:
2975:
2204:
cable cars on Mount Vesuvius; the other cable car of the pair was named
2080:
1284:
in much the same way that Pompeii and Herculaneum were later preserved.
1242:(Pomici di Mercato) – also known as Pomici Gemelle or Pomici Ottaviano,
5331:
5186:
4989:
4882:
4814:
4752:
4345:. Dipartimento di Fisica E. Amaldi, Università Roma Tre. Archived from
4245:. Dipartimento di Fisica E. Amaldi, Università Roma Tre. Archived from
2102:
2074:
2045:
1956:
1735:
1704:
1695:
1687:
1659:
1601:
1592:
10 cu yd) per second, ultimately releasing 100,000 times the
1551:
1360:
1352:
1300:
1015:
make up the volcanic peak. Their mineralogy is variable, but generally
951:
919:
903:
809:
622:
573:
569:
514:
486:
478:
439:
427:
412:
400:
2132:
area, another volcanic complex near Naples, but no eruption occurred.
1232:
16,000 years ago: the Green Pumice (Pomici Verdoline) eruption, VEI 5.
5003:
4937:
4809:
4779:
2534:
Modeling Volcanic Processes: The Physics and Mathematics of Volcanism
2066:
1952:
1613:
1581:
1444:
1400:
1348:
1289:
1277:
1219:
1016:
1012:
1008:
966:), over 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) away. A few times since 1944,
907:
768:
690:
613:
was a name of the volcano in frequent use by the authors of the late
551:
502:
462:
396:
64:
4120:. Chicago: The Field Museum of Natural History. 2007. Archived from
1202:
complex. The volcanic complex stands on a large, sedimentary plain.
1178:
Scientific knowledge of the geologic history of Vesuvius comes from
415:, resulting from the collapse of an earlier, much higher structure.
4825:
2013:
medium bombers. Estimates ranged from 78 to 88 aircraft destroyed.
5061:
4932:
2192:
2134:
2079:
2015:
1932:
1922:
1901:
1889:
1869:
1823:
1800:
1758:
1719:
1643:
1343:
1169:
980:
972:
929:
849:
783:
756:
751:
547:
518:
392:
376:
265:
4167:
Scandone, Roberto; Giacomelli, Lisetta; Gasparini, Paolo (1993).
4143:
Vesuvius Causes Terror; Loud Detonations and Frequent Earthquakes
3606:"When Did Vesuvius Erupt? The Evidence for and against August 24"
3028:
Global Volcanism Program — Volcanoes of the World (Version 4.9.2)
4571:
Waldstein, Charles; Shoobridge, Leonard Knollys Haywood (1908).
4155:
Vesuvius Threatens Destruction Of Towns; Bosco Trecase Abandoned
4027:"Lecture 19: Greek, Carthaginian and Roman Agricultural Writers"
1577:
1273:
1000:
673:. Given that peoples of varying ethnicity and language occupied
458:
4962:
4829:
4706:
3459:
de Boer; Jelle Zeilinga & Sanders; Donald Theodore (2002).
1951:
when Mount Vesuvius violently erupted, devastating the city of
4515:"What are the lyrics and translation of 'Funiculì, Funiculà'?"
2768:
Local etymology, a derivative dictionary of geographical names
2155:
2089:
1850:
It erupted again in 203, during the lifetime of the historian
1448:
1243:
1226:
1225:
18,300 years ago: the Basal Pumice (Pomici di Base) eruption,
4696:"Vesuvius: The making of a catastrophe: Il problema ignorato"
3624:"Pompeii: Vesuvius eruption may have been later than thought"
2689:
Diodorus of Sicily: The Library of History: Books II.34–IV.58
734:
728:
719:
718:= "not" prefixed to a root from or related to the Greek word
713:
683:
664:
658:
346:
4582:
Zanella, E.; Gurioli, L.; Pareschi, M.T.; Lanza, R. (2007).
4169:"Mount Vesuvius: 2000 years of volcanological observations"
3815:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3767:
1915:
Vesuvius erupting (seen from the surrounding caldera wall)
1059:(VEI) has been assigned to all but one of these eruptions.
355:
352:
4958:
3192:"Volcanic Evolution of the Somma-Vesuvius Complex (Italy)"
399:
and a short distance from the shore. It is one of several
2560:
C. Plinii Caecilii Secundi. "Liber Sextus; 16 & 20".
1307:. Evidence of these eruptions comes from badly preserved
1206:
25,000 years ago: Vesuvius started forming in the Codola
750:, "shine", "burn", sense "the one who lightens", through
337:
4442:
Second International Conference on Early Warning (EWCII)
4067:
Also known to have been mentioned in a section now lost.
1927:
The March 1944 eruption of Vesuvius, by Jack Reinhardt,
3143:, Volcanoes of the World, version 4.11.0 (08 June 2022)
1075:
eruptions for which a VEI has been assigned (total=53)
858:
overlooking the city of Naples in the 19th century, by
800:
Vesuvius is a "humpbacked" peak, consisting of a large
554:
and found there a place called "the Phlegraean Plain" (
538:
The Romans regarded Mount Vesuvius as being devoted to
442:
and other settlements. The eruption ejected a cloud of
248:
25,000 years before present to 1944; age of volcano =
3371:"Vesuvius' Next Eruption May Put Metro Naples at Risk"
3312:
3166:
2536:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 158.
2128:. In 1984, 40,000 people were evacuated from the
1725:
Pliny's uncle, Pliny the Elder, was in command of the
4471:"Official INGV monitoring bulletin of Mount Vesuvius"
4368:
4366:
4364:
3604:
Lapatin, Kenneth; Kozlovski, Alina (23 August 2019).
3017:
3015:
2733:. Medford, MA: The Perseus Project, Tufts University.
2481:(in Italian) (4th ed.). Loescher. p. 1505.
2084:
The area around the volcano is now densely populated.
1414:) described the mountain in Book V, Chapter 4 of his
1051:, Vesuvius has had 54 confirmed eruptions during the
367:
358:
343:
4307:
4305:
2904:
2902:
349:
334:
5373:
5352:
5345:
5298:
5240:
5210:
5174:
5153:
5060:
5039:
5032:
4996:
4770:
4740:
4670:Garrett, Roger A.; Klenk, Hans-Peter (April 2005).
2939:
2937:
2935:
2709:
2634:
2212:The area around Vesuvius was officially declared a
1447:
as having been burnt from another species of stone.
1067:
808:) partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit
340:
307:
302:
292:
275:
259:
242:
237:
226:
182:
141:
136:
97:
80:
63:
58:
41:
3998:Fisher, Richard V.; et al. (and volunteers).
3693:
3691:
2842:"Geology and Vulcanology | Vesuvius National Park"
2697:10.4159/DLCL.diodorus_siculus-library_history.1933
2077:, adding to the explosive nature of the eruption.
1791:Later eruptions from the 3rd to the 19th centuries
4548:. London: The Geological Society. pp. 25–62.
3639:
3637:
2816:"Summary of the eruptive history of Mt. Vesuvius"
1947:. Italian authorities were preparing to hold the
1523:), another Greek writer, wrote in Book IV of his
411:partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit
27:Active stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples, Italy
4114:"Pompeii, Stories from an eruption: Herculaneum"
3024:"What volcanoes have had the longest eruptions?"
2353:
1372:writers as having been covered with gardens and
1322:wrote of the sky being on fire near Naples, and
938:during an eruption of Vesuvius (painted in 1822)
163:
4404:"Italy ready to pay to clear slopes of volcano"
3755:
2503:"Vesuvio o Vesevius nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"
2009:windscreens and the gun turrets of the 340th's
527:indicates that he was worshipped as a power of
30:"Vesuvius" redirects here. For other uses, see
5278:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum
4176:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
3700:"Visiting Pompeii – AD 79 – Vesuvius explodes"
3571:
3569:
2477:Castiglioni, Luigi; Mariotti, Scevola (2007).
701:also competed for the occupation of Campania.
4974:
4841:
4718:
4375:"Italians trying to prevent a modern Pompeii"
4219:Mt Vesuvius erupts near Naples, Italy in 1944
2575:
2573:
2555:
2553:
1694:. Observing the first volcanic activity from
1612:and the ruins buried under tens of metres of
724:= "I quench", in the sense of "unquenchable".
148:
8:
4296:"Melvin C. Shaffer World War II Photographs"
3706:. London: Current Publishing. Archived from
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2725:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (2010) .
2649:The Illustrated History of Natural Disasters
2170:and chemical analyses of gases emitted from
1476:. There might be a discussion about this on
4339:"Activity of Vesuvio between 1631 and 1799"
4312:Kilburn, Chris & McGuire, Bill (2001).
4270:"The Mount Vesuvius Eruption of March 1944"
4075:
4073:
3908:. The Harvard Classics. New York: Bartelby.
3836:. The Harvard Classics. New York: Bartelby.
3576:Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew (15 October 2010).
3008:. The Harvard Classics. New York: Bartleby.
2795:Indogermanisches etymologisches Woerterbuch
2389:
2383:
2377:
1527:that the Campanian plain was called fiery (
1425:
669:. Many scholars since then have offered an
651:
643:
635:
627:
607:
561:
522:
507:
5349:
5036:
4981:
4967:
4959:
4848:
4834:
4826:
4725:
4711:
4703:
4337:Giacomelli, L.; Scandone, R. (1996–2009).
4237:Giacomelli, L.; Scandone, R. (1996–2009).
3744:
3728:
3254:
3252:
2020:Ash being swept off a wing of an American
894:The volcano is one of several forming the
88:
71:
38:
4097:
3548:Department of Physics, University of Rome
3225:
3215:
3110:
2793:. In Lubotsky, A.; Starostin, G. (eds.).
2065:material will raise the concentration of
1829:An eruption of Vesuvius seen from Portici
1546:In AD 79, Vesuvius erupted in one of the
1496:Learn how and when to remove this message
854:Famous view of Vesuvius and the historic
4239:"The eruption of vesuvius of March 1944"
3678:"2: Identifying Potential Damage Events"
2720:
2718:
2299:List of volcanic eruptions by death toll
2166:to measure ground movement and by local
2150:The volcano is closely monitored by the
1573:to a height of 33 km (21 mi),
1063:Volcanic explosivity index for Vesuvius
1061:
454:to a height of 33 km (21 mi),
395:, about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of
4574:Herculaneum, past, present & future
2797:(in German). Leiden: Leiden University.
2771:. London: Houlston and Wright. p.
2416:
2320:
1252:3,800 years ago (19th century BC): the
513:, or household shrines, surviving from
3954:
3944:
3882:
3872:
2358:
2347:
2185:activity of rocks inside the crater.
697:people, lived in the countryside. The
201:
5360:Naples National Archaeological Museum
5268:Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum
4652:"Vesuvius escape plan 'insufficient'"
4650:Fraser, Christian (10 January 2007).
4620:from the original on 11 October 2007.
4118:Soprintendenza archeologica di Pompei
3731:, p. 35, on Seneca the Younger,
3682:Patterns of Reconstruction at Pompeii
2371:
2334:
1763:Pompeii, with Vesuvius towering above
1624:The AD 79 eruption was preceded by a
7:
4205:from the original on 10 August 2017.
3022:Venzke, E., ed. (10 December 2020).
2750:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp.
2712:, p. 108 re Epigram IV line 44.
2425:"Vesuvio nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"
2073:, potentially making the magma more
906:a few kilometers to the north-west,
708:Some theories about its origin are:
5019:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
4033:. Purdue University. Archived from
3490:. Translated by John Bostock &
1542:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
420:eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
4157:, The New York Times, 7 April 1906
4145:, The New York Times, 6 April 1906
4000:"Derivation of the name "Plinian""
3919:Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (
3847:Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (
2765:Charnock, Richard Stephen (1859).
1738:(about 4.5 km from Pompeii).
596:City of Naples with Mount Vesuvius
86:1,232 m (4,042 ft)
69:1,281 m (4,203 ft)
25:
3653:. 15 October 1956. Archived from
3375:University at Buffalo News Center
2580:McGuire, Bill (16 October 2003).
5100:House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto
4761:
3676:Martini, Kirk (September 1998).
2612:Mommsen, Theodorus, ed. (1883).
2278:
2264:
2250:
2040:Magma sitting in an underground
1453:
1359:with Mount Vesuvius, as seen in
985:The eruption of Vesuvius in 1794
977:Lava flows from Vesuvius in 1760
657:. Writers in ancient Greek used
585:
330:
200:
193:
47:
5512:Tourist attractions in Campania
4591:Journal of Geophysical Research
4444:. Bonn, Germany. Archived from
4373:Hale, Ellen (21 October 2003).
4099:10.18814/epiiugs/2003/v26i3/014
3578:"Pompeii: Portents of Disaster"
3369:Ellen Goldbaum (6 March 2006).
2710:Waldstein & Shoobridge 1908
2635:Waldstein & Shoobridge 1908
1797:1631 eruption of Mount Vesuvius
1561:The volcano ejected a cloud of
1174:Vesuvius erupting (before 1923)
407:. Vesuvius consists of a large
4635:"Places: 433189 (Vesuvius M.)"
4564:The natural history of Pompeii
4555:The natural history of Pompeii
4004:The Volcano Information Center
3463:. Princeton University Press.
3377:. State University of New York
3004:. In Eliot, Charles W. (ed.).
2687:Oldfather, C. H., ed. (1935).
2582:"In the shadow of the volcano"
2139:The crater of Vesuvius in 2012
1861:(760 mi.; 1,220 km).
1218:eruptions are named after the
1:
5115:House of the Prince of Naples
5024:Foreign influences on Pompeii
4495:. Vesuvioinrete.it. 2001–2010
3904:. In Charles W. Eliot (ed.).
3832:. In Charles W. Eliot (ed.).
3397:"Pomici di Avellino eruption"
3217:10.1080/17445647.2019.1706653
3136:"Vesuvius – Eruption History"
2976:"Definition of somma volcano"
2910:"The Pomici Di Base Eruption"
2450:Grasso, Alfonso, ed. (2007).
1991:United States Army Air Forces
1916:
1898:Eruptions in the 20th century
1836:
1513:
1437:
1404:
746:root, *eus- < *ewes- <
689:, "New City", testifies. The
249:
5492:16th-century volcanic events
5487:17th-century volcanic events
5482:18th-century volcanic events
5477:19th-century volcanic events
5472:20th-century volcanic events
4402:Arie, Sophie (5 June 2003).
4196:10.1016/0377-0273(93)90099-D
3902:"LXVI. To Cornelius Tacitus"
2651:. Springer. pp. 45–54.
1806:Eruption of 16 December 1631
1019:-undersaturated and rich in
684:
576:in 88 AD suggests that both
5130:House of the Small Fountain
5125:House of the Silver Wedding
5095:House of Loreius Tiburtinus
5090:House of the Greek Epigrams
5085:The Garden of the Fugitives
4577:. London: Macmillan and Co.
4546:Volcanoes of Southern Italy
3900:Pliny the Younger (2001) .
3828:Pliny the Younger (2001) .
3756:Sigurdsson & Carey 2002
2889:"The world's top volcanoes"
2846:Parco Nazionale del Vesuvio
2657:10.1007/978-90-481-3325-3_3
1598:Hiroshima-Nagasaki bombings
1326:mentioned in his epic poem
1055:(the last 11,700 years). A
5528:
5507:Geological type localities
5290:Pompeii in popular culture
4343:Esplora i Vulcani Italiani
4243:Esplora i Vulcani Italiani
3461:Volcanoes in Human History
3000:Pliny the Younger (1909).
2304:List of volcanoes in Italy
2158:-based geodetic array and
1794:
1539:
1186:rock. Cores were dated by
1057:volcanic explosivity index
1039:Volcanic explosivity index
735:
729:
720:
714:
665:
659:
29:
5263:Portrait of Terentius Neo
5110:House of Octavius Quartio
4863:
4759:
4672:"Vesuvius' next eruption"
3698:Jones, Rick (2004–2010).
3645:"Science: Man of Pompeii"
3524:Marcus Vitruvius Pollio.
3346:. Meridie. Archived from
3040:10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013
2622:10.1515/9783112610220-011
2200:, one of a pair of early
1967:San Sebastiano al Vesuvio
1626:powerful earthquake in 62
1620:Precursors and foreshocks
1363:'s House of the Centenary
1149:
1135:
1121:
1107:
1093:
1079:
1070:
1031:and finally a phonolitic
319:
187:
46:
32:Vesuvius (disambiguation)
5497:Medieval volcanic events
5452:Stratovolcanoes of Italy
5140:House of the Tragic Poet
5014:AD 62 Pompeii earthquake
4734:Major volcanoes of Italy
4216:Stevens, Robert (1944).
3906:Vol. IX, Part 4: Letters
3834:Vol. IX, Part 4: Letters
3342:Livadie, Claude Albore.
3141:Global Volcanism Program
3134:Venzke, E., ed. (2013).
3006:Vol. IX, Part 4: Letters
2950:Global Volcanism Program
2891:. Scenta. Archived from
2294:Battle of Mount Vesuvius
2164:synthetic aperture radar
1474:clarify the bullet point
1049:Global Volcanism Program
4741:Roman comagmatic region
4031:History of Horticulture
3265:Bulletin of Volcanology
3147:Smithsonian Institution
3032:Smithsonian Institution
2955:Smithsonian Institution
2744:Phillips, John (1869).
2354:
2344:
2309:List of stratovolcanoes
1995:340th Bombardment Group
1748:Castellammare di Stabia
1045:Smithsonian Institution
568:was named after it. An
164:
5502:Pompeii (ancient city)
5427:Campanian volcanic arc
5258:Plato's Academy mosaic
5070:House of the Centenary
5052:Villa of the Mysteries
4772:Campanian volcanic arc
4025:Janick, Jules (2002).
2390:
2384:
2378:
2368:
2331:
2225:Mount Vesuvius' first
2209:
2140:
2085:
2025:
1939:
1920:
1843:
1821:
1764:
1649:
1426:
1378:House of the Centenary
1364:
1175:
986:
978:
939:
896:Campanian volcanic arc
862:
797:
652:
644:
636:
628:
608:
562:
523:
517:. An inscription from
508:
405:Campanian volcanic arc
287:Campanian volcanic arc
149:
5365:Secret Museum, Naples
5299:Other sites destroyed
3285:10.1007/s004450050272
3112:10.1515/geo-2017-0003
2682:Bibliotheca historica
2196:
2138:
2083:
2019:
1979:San Giorgio a Cremano
1926:
1914:
1827:
1804:
1762:
1647:
1525:Bibliotheca Historica
1347:
1238:8,000 years ago: the
1173:
984:
976:
933:
853:
787:
121:40.82139°N 14.42611°E
5457:Subduction volcanoes
5248:Achilles and Briseis
5135:House of the Surgeon
5080:House of Julia Felix
4611:10.1029/2006jb004775
4451:on 27 September 2009
4316:. Terra Publishing.
3923:) (September 2001).
3851:) (September 2001).
3407:on 18 September 2010
2566:. The Latin Library.
2454:[Vesuvius].
2373:[wɛˈsʊwi.ʊs]
2360:[amunˈdaɲɲə]
2152:Osservatorio Vesuvio
2111:emergency evacuation
1949:1908 Summer Olympics
1810:Joachim von Sandrart
1588:10 cubic metres (7.8
1466:confusing or unclear
1399:The Greek historian
1264:, including ancient
1196:Campanian ignimbrite
469:10 cubic metres (7.8
5442:Geography of Naples
5393:(CIL IV 8123, 8623)
5313:Villa of the Papyri
5166:Macellum of Pompeii
5145:House of the Vettii
4603:2007JGRB..112.5214Z
4493:"The National Park"
4249:on 30 December 2009
4226:on 30 October 2021.
4188:1993JVGR...58....5S
3973:"Pliny Letter 6.16"
3816:Zanella et al. 2007
3804:Zanella et al. 2007
3792:Zanella et al. 2007
3780:Zanella et al. 2007
3768:Zanella et al. 2007
3657:on 14 December 2008
3487:The Natural History
3277:1999BVol...61..207C
3208:2020JMaps..16..137S
3103:2017OGeo....9....3S
2530:Lopes, Rosaly M. C.
2456:ilportaledelsud.org
2349:[vəˈsuːvjə]
2336:[veˈzuːvjo]
2238:Neapolitan language
2069:components such as
2060:, the huge drop in
1989:In March 1944, the
1931:tail gunner in the
1866:Theodoric the Great
1771:and the procurator
1640:Scientific analysis
1382:Casa del Centenario
1260:settlements of the
1064:
1029:tephritic phonolite
883:convergent boundary
117: /
5301:in the 79 eruption
4753:Vulsinian district
4349:on 19 January 2011
4276:on 3 November 2011
4062:Jewish Antiquities
3704:Current Archeology
3630:. 16 October 2018.
3507:"Book V Chapter 4"
3492:Henry Thomas Riley
3428:Ancient Hist. Bull
3332:, October 11, 2022
2920:on 22 October 2006
2895:on 26 August 2010.
2822:on 3 December 2006
2731:A Latin Dictionary
2679:Diodorus Siculus,
2363:("the Mountain");
2234:Funiculì, Funiculà
2210:
2141:
2086:
2026:
1940:
1921:
1844:
1822:
1765:
1655:pyroclastic surges
1650:
1610:pyroclastic surges
1608:were destroyed by
1462:This bullet point
1365:
1299:, which destroyed
1192:argon–argon dating
1176:
1062:
987:
979:
940:
863:
798:
126:40.82139; 14.42611
59:Highest point
5467:Parks in Campania
5432:Complex volcanoes
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5283:Pompeian frescoes
5236:
5235:
5228:Temple of Jupiter
5105:House of Menander
5075:House of the Faun
5047:Villa of Diomedes
4956:
4955:
4823:
4822:
4800:Phlegraean Fields
4748:Ciminian district
4383:. Gannett Co. Inc
4323:978-1-903544-04-4
4314:Italian Volcanoes
4057:Josephus, Flavius
3931:Project Gutenberg
3921:Pliny the Younger
3859:Project Gutenberg
3849:Pliny the Younger
3830:"LXV. To Tacitus"
3733:Natural Questions
3484:Pliny the Elder.
3470:978-0-691-05081-2
3313:Guest et al. 2003
3167:Guest et al. 2003
2867:"Vesuvius, Italy"
2666:978-90-481-3325-3
2179:Green Alert Level
2062:internal pressure
1945:Vesuvian eruption
1912:
1633:Pliny the Younger
1556:Pliny the Younger
1548:most catastrophic
1536:Eruption of AD 79
1506:
1505:
1498:
1286:Pyroclastic surge
1254:Avellino eruption
1163:
1162:
1043:According to the
956:Pliny the Younger
944:Avellino eruption
898:. Others include
877:. The former was
477:to the historian
475:Pliny the Younger
323:
322:
16:(Redirected from
5519:
5447:Sacred mountains
5437:Decade Volcanoes
5422:Active volcanoes
5350:
5337:Villa Boscoreale
5253:Alexander Mosaic
5218:Temple of Apollo
5120:House of Sallust
5037:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4960:
4857:Decade Volcanoes
4850:
4843:
4836:
4827:
4765:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4704:
4699:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4678:. Archived from
4666:
4664:
4662:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4621:
4619:
4588:
4578:
4567:
4558:
4549:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4450:
4439:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4370:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4309:
4300:
4299:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4272:. Archived from
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4173:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4124:on 18 March 2009
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4077:
4068:
4066:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3975:. Archived from
3969:
3963:
3962:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3926:LETTERS OF PLINY
3916:
3910:
3909:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3854:LETTERS OF PLINY
3844:
3838:
3837:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3758:, pp. 42–43
3753:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3554:on 12 April 2011
3550:. Archived from
3544:"Somma-Vesuvius"
3540:
3534:
3533:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3456:
3450:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3403:. Archived from
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3339:
3333:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3229:
3219:
3187:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3091:Open Geosciences
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3019:
3010:
3009:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2941:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2916:. Archived from
2906:
2897:
2896:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2873:. Archived from
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2812:
2799:
2798:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2722:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2421:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2338:
2325:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2258:Volcanoes portal
2255:
2254:
2095:prevailing winds
1999:Pompeii Airfield
1983:pyroclastic flow
1955:and surrounding
1918:
1913:
1841:
1838:
1775:) and his wife.
1600:. The cities of
1596:released by the
1591:
1587:
1584:at the rate of 6
1522:
1518:
1515:
1510:Diodorus Siculus
1501:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1432:, the architect
1431:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1338:hydrogen sulfide
1313:Phlegrean fields
1297:Plinian eruption
1262:Apennine culture
1240:Mercato eruption
1208:Plinian eruption
1198:produced by the
1158:
1157:
1144:
1143:
1130:
1129:
1116:
1115:
1102:
1101:
1088:
1087:
1065:
771:" (compare e.g.
760:
738:
737:
732:
731:
723:
722:
717:
716:
687:
668:
667:
662:
661:
655:
647:
639:
631:
623:collateral forms
611:
589:
567:
557:Φλεγραῖον πεδίον
544:Diodorus Siculus
542:. The historian
533:Jupiter Vesuvius
526:
511:
472:
468:
465:at the rate of 6
371:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
311:
298:17–23 March 1944
255:years to present
254:
251:
204:
203:
197:
175:
167:
160:
152:
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
93:
92:
76:
75:
51:
39:
21:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5462:VEI-6 volcanoes
5407:
5406:
5405:
5396:
5386:Pompeii Lakshmi
5369:
5341:
5300:
5294:
5273:Pompeian Styles
5232:
5206:
5170:
5149:
5056:
5028:
4992:
4987:
4957:
4952:
4859:
4854:
4824:
4819:
4766:
4757:
4736:
4731:
4694:
4685:
4683:
4669:
4660:
4658:
4649:
4640:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4624:
4617:
4586:
4581:
4570:
4561:
4552:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4533:
4523:
4521:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4498:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4476:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4437:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4372:
4371:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4311:
4310:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4252:
4250:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4202:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4125:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4079:
4078:
4071:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4037:on 18 July 2012
4024:
4023:
4019:
4009:
4007:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3953:
3943:
3936:
3934:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3881:
3871:
3864:
3862:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3745:Sigurdsson 2002
3743:
3739:
3729:Sigurdsson 2002
3727:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3710:on 8 March 2012
3697:
3696:
3689:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3612:. Getty Museum.
3603:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3530:de Architectura
3523:
3522:
3518:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3439:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3350:on 18 June 2012
3341:
3340:
3336:
3324:Halpin, Danny.
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3196:Journal of Maps
3189:
3188:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3065:volcanotrek.com
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3021:
3020:
3013:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2943:
2942:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2877:on 5 July 2008.
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2802:
2787:Pokorny, Julius
2785:
2784:
2780:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2507:www.treccani.it
2501:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2429:www.treccani.it
2423:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2223:
2191:
2101:to the east or
2034:
1902:
1900:
1839:
1814:Matthias Merian
1799:
1793:
1757:
1716:sheet lightning
1692:Pliny the Elder
1684:
1642:
1622:
1589:
1585:
1580:and pulverized
1544:
1538:
1520:
1516:
1502:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1471:
1458:
1454:
1441: 80–70 BC
1440:
1428:De architectura
1411:
1407:
1392:Natural History
1324:Silius Italicus
1188:potassium–argon
1168:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1041:
936:Saint Januarius
928:
867:tectonic plates
848:
782:
755:
733:= "I hurl" and
604:
599:
598:
597:
595:
590:
495:
470:
466:
461:and pulverized
383:located on the
369:
333:
329:
309:
252:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
212:
211:
210:
209:
205:
178:
169:
154:
125:
123:
119:
116:
111:
108:
106:
104:
103:
87:
70:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5525:
5523:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5417:Mount Vesuvius
5409:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5356:
5354:
5347:
5346:Archaeological
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5304:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5223:Temple of Isis
5220:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5192:Suburban Baths
5189:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5066:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5041:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5009:Mount Vesuvius
5006:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4963:
4954:
4953:
4951:
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4935:
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4925:
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4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4830:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4795:Mount Vesuvius
4792:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4692:
4682:on 12 May 2007
4667:
4647:
4628:
4627:External links
4625:
4623:
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4597:(B5): B05214.
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4092:(3): 235–238.
4069:
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4017:
3990:
3979:on 11 May 2015
3964:
3955:|website=
3933:. p. LXVI
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3271:(4): 207–222.
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2789:(1998–2003) .
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2190:
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2054:carbon dioxide
2050:sulfur dioxide
2033:
2030:
1987:
1986:
1977:, and part of
1971:Massa di Somma
1963:
1960:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1872:king of Italy.
1862:
1859:Constantinople
1855:
1792:
1789:
1773:Antonius Felix
1756:
1753:
1683:
1682:The two Plinys
1680:
1641:
1638:
1621:
1618:
1594:thermal energy
1571:volcanic gases
1540:Main article:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1486:September 2022
1461:
1459:
1452:
1424:In Book II of
1422:
1386:
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1342:
1341:
1316:
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1105:
1104:
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1091:
1090:
1083:
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1077:
1076:
1069:
1053:Holocene Epoch
1040:
1037:
960:Constantinople
934:Procession of
927:
924:
860:Giorgio Sommer
856:Pine of Naples
847:
844:
781:
778:
777:
776:
761:
740:
725:
679:Roman Iron Age
617:and the early
615:Roman Republic
603:
600:
592:
591:
584:
583:
582:
550:on his way to
494:
491:
452:volcanic gases
422:destroyed the
385:Gulf of Naples
326:Mount Vesuvius
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5197:Stabian Baths
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4325:
4319:
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4308:
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4288:
4275:
4271:
4268:Kaiser, Don.
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3903:
3896:
3893:
3888:
3876:
3861:. p. LXV
3860:
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3855:
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2871:Volcano World
2868:
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2286:Europe portal
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2259:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:national park
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2189:National park
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2130:Campi Flegrei
2127:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2100:
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2078:
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2038:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2022:B-25 Mitchell
2018:
2014:
2012:
2011:B-25 Mitchell
2008:
2004:
2000:
1997:was based at
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1897:
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1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1840: 1774–6
1834:
1833:Joseph Wright
1830:
1826:
1819:
1816:in Danckerts
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
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1709:Bay of Naples
1706:
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1478:the talk page
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818:Somma-Vesuvio
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767:root *wes = "
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314:
312:
310:Easiest route
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295:
294:Last eruption
291:
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271:
270:stratovolcano
267:
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261:Mountain type
258:
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2980:Volcano Live
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2509:(in Italian)
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2460:. Retrieved
2458:(in Italian)
2455:
2452:"Il Vesuvio"
2445:
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2431:(in Italian)
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2323:
2272:Italy portal
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2208:; about 1900
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1937:World War II
1919:5 April 1926
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1517: 90 BC
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1472:Please help
1463:
1415:
1412: 24 AD
1408: 63 BC
1390:
1387:
1381:
1357:Agathodaemon
1327:
1270:carbon dates
1180:core samples
1177:
1166:Before AD 79
1042:
998:
995:
988:
949:
941:
918:in Southern
916:Monte Amiata
893:
888:upper mantle
864:
842:lower down.
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556:
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524:IOVI VESVVIO
506:
496:
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403:forming the
325:
324:
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5308:Herculaneum
4918:Santa María
4524:30 November
4182:(1): 5–25.
3782:, p. 3
3770:, p. 5
3583:BBC History
3330:Talker News
3045:15 December
2985:11 December
2791:"eus, awes"
2563:Epistularum
2355:'a Muntagna
2126:false alarm
1852:Cassius Dio
1727:Roman fleet
1705:wave action
1606:Herculaneum
1578:molten rock
1554:account of
1417:Geographica
1305:Herculaneum
814:Mount Somma
727:From Greek
712:From Greek
677:during the
564:Herculaneum
531:; that is,
489:eruptions.
459:molten rock
432:Herculaneum
244:Age of rock
142:Native name
124: /
99:Coordinates
5411:Categories
5381:CIL 4.5296
4913:Sakurajima
4903:Nyiragongo
4868:Avachinsky
4790:Mount Etna
4686:8 December
4654:. Naples:
4637:. Pleiades
4519:Classic FM
3661:4 February
3589:4 February
3558:8 December
3434:: 182–185.
3411:8 December
3381:8 December
3354:8 December
3070:29 October
3061:"Vesuvius"
2960:8 December
2945:"Vesuvius"
2924:8 December
2826:8 December
2727:"Vesuvius"
2513:8 February
2462:8 February
2435:7 February
2411:References
2341:Neapolitan
2183:subsidence
2116:zona rossa
1877:lava flows
1795:See also:
1755:Casualties
1552:eyewitness
1519: – c.
1468:to readers
1410: – c.
1268:. Several
1258:Bronze Age
1071:Number of
999:Layers of
991:Mount Etna
968:landslides
912:subduction
902:, a large
825:paroxysmal
780:Topography
426:cities of
172:Neapolitan
112:14°25′34″E
109:40°49′17″N
82:Prominence
5374:Artefacts
5033:Buildings
4923:Santorini
4893:Mauna Loa
4888:Koryaksky
4805:Stromboli
4477:31 August
4380:USA Today
3957:ignored (
3947:cite book
3937:3 October
3885:ignored (
3875:cite book
3865:3 October
3526:"Book II"
3511:Geography
3293:140646538
3236:214427328
3121:2391-5447
2685:4.21.5 =
2227:funicular
2221:Funicular
2206:"Vesuvio"
2202:funicular
2172:fumaroles
2160:satellite
2071:silicates
2007:Plexiglas
1975:Ottaviano
1529:Phlegrean
1434:Vitruvius
1374:vineyards
1025:phonolite
1021:potassium
926:Eruptions
879:subducted
846:Formation
840:vineyards
806:Gran Cono
685:Nea-polis
671:etymology
666:Οὐεσούιος
660:Οὐεσούιον
602:Etymology
493:Mythology
401:volcanoes
276:Volcanic
183:Geography
65:Elevation
5320:Oplontis
4948:Vesuvius
4676:Geotimes
4656:BBC News
4615:Archived
4412:. London
4200:Archived
4086:Episodes
3628:BBC News
3610:The Iris
3505:Strabo.
3152:7 August
2851:27 April
2747:Vesuvius
2532:(eds.).
2379:Vesevius
2369:Vesuvius
2244:See also
2145:Campania
2121:Campania
2099:Avellino
2058:eruption
2003:Terzigno
1993:(USAAF)
1818:Historis
1769:Drusilla
1334:ice core
1320:Plutarch
1266:Afragola
1184:Mesozoic
1073:Holocene
1033:tephrite
964:Istanbul
875:Eurasian
873:and the
763:From an
742:From an
721:σβέννυμι
703:Etruscan
675:Campania
629:Vesaevus
609:Vesuvius
540:Hercules
505:of many
456:erupting
436:Oplontis
389:Campania
303:Climbing
231:Campania
227:Location
215:Campania
5353:Museums
5332:Stabiae
5211:Temples
5187:Lupanar
4997:History
4990:Pompeii
4908:Rainier
4883:Galeras
4815:Vulcano
4641:8 March
4599:Bibcode
4280:13 June
4184:Bibcode
3298:20 June
3273:Bibcode
3241:16 June
3204:Bibcode
3099:Bibcode
2391:Vesbius
2385:Vesvius
2376:, also
2352:, also
2345:Vesuvio
2332:Vesuvio
2328:Italian
2168:surveys
2162:-based
2103:Salerno
2075:viscous
2046:olivine
2042:chamber
1957:comunes
1935:during
1820:, 1642.
1736:Stabiae
1707:in the
1696:Misenum
1688:Tacitus
1660:tsunami
1602:Pompeii
1575:spewing
1464:may be
1361:Pompeii
1353:Bacchus
1309:ashfall
1301:Pompeii
1214:summit.
1023:, with
952:Plinian
920:Tuscany
904:caldera
871:African
810:caldera
796:valley
794:Gigante
790:Inferno
748:*h₁ews-
653:Vesvius
645:Vesbius
637:Vesevus
574:Martial
570:epigram
529:Jupiter
515:Pompeii
509:lararia
503:frescos
487:Plinian
479:Tacitus
440:Stabiae
428:Pompeii
413:caldera
375:) is a
372:-vee-əs
238:Geology
233:, Italy
217:, Italy
165:Vesuvio
157:Italian
150:Vesuvio
5154:Public
5040:Villas
5004:Pompei
4938:Ulawun
4898:Merapi
4873:Colima
4810:Ustica
4780:Lipari
4661:11 May
4416:12 May
4320:
4128:12 May
4041:15 May
4010:15 May
3983:11 May
3714:27 May
3467:
3446:Punica
3291:
3234:
3119:
3002:"6.16"
2663:
2540:
2485:
2198:"Etna"
2067:felsic
2032:Future
1973:, and
1953:Naples
1870:Gothic
1868:, the
1614:tephra
1582:pumice
1563:stones
1445:pumice
1401:Strabo
1349:Fresco
1329:Punica
1290:Naples
1278:pumice
1220:tephra
1150:VEI-5
1136:VEI-4
1122:VEI-3
1108:VEI-2
1094:VEI-1
1080:VEI-0
1017:silica
1013:pumice
1009:scoria
954:after
908:Ischia
869:, the
769:hearth
699:Latins
695:Italic
691:Oscans
621:. Its
552:Sicily
499:Genius
463:pumice
444:stones
397:Naples
168:
153:
137:Naming
5062:Domus
4943:Unzen
4933:Teide
4618:(PDF)
4587:(PDF)
4499:7 May
4455:8 May
4449:(PDF)
4438:(PDF)
4387:8 May
4353:9 May
4253:9 May
4203:(PDF)
4172:(PDF)
3289:S2CID
3232:S2CID
2593:8 May
2365:Latin
2315:Notes
2236:", a
2001:near
1933:USAAF
1893:1944.
1890:lahar
1831:, by
1720:Capri
1567:ashes
1421:Etna.
1370:Roman
881:at a
773:Vesta
757:Oscan
752:Latin
693:, an
625:were
578:Venus
548:Cumae
519:Capua
424:Roman
393:Italy
377:somma
368:viss-
266:Somma
4928:Taal
4878:Etna
4688:2006
4663:2010
4643:2012
4526:2022
4501:2010
4479:2024
4457:2010
4418:2010
4389:2010
4355:2010
4318:ISBN
4282:2009
4255:2010
4130:2010
4043:2010
4012:2010
3985:2015
3959:help
3939:2016
3887:help
3867:2016
3716:2010
3663:2011
3650:Time
3591:2011
3560:2006
3465:ISBN
3413:2006
3383:2006
3356:2006
3300:2022
3243:2022
3154:2022
3117:ISSN
3072:2010
3047:2020
2987:2006
2962:2006
2926:2006
2853:2021
2828:2006
2661:ISBN
2595:2010
2538:ISBN
2515:2021
2483:ISBN
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2052:and
1929:B-24
1812:and
1604:and
1569:and
1355:and
1303:and
1280:and
1274:Nola
1190:and
1068:VEI
1011:and
1001:lava
802:cone
792:and
649:and
450:and
418:The
409:cone
315:Walk
282:belt
5241:Art
4607:doi
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4192:doi
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3281:doi
3222:hdl
3212:doi
3107:doi
3036:doi
2773:289
2754:–9.
2693:doi
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2618:doi
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