453:
However, the demonstration soon turned violent after the
Governor of North Sumatra, Raja Inal Siregar, only send his assistant to meet with the protesters. The riots continued for about a month and spread to other regions in the province, such as in Tanjung Morawa and Pematang Siantar. During the riots, a factory owner named Yuri Kristianto was killed after being beaten by an angry mob. A worker, named Rusli, died during the protests. Pakpahan himself oversaw the giving of compensation from the Industri Karet Deli Company—Rusli's company—to his widow. As of 22 April, an estimated of 33 offices and factories, 43 cars, 4 motorcycles, 9 computers, 4 televisions, and 2 antennas were either broken or destroyed during the riots.
469:
of subversion at the Medan Court on 7 November. The trial was criticized by Bill Jordan, general secretary of the
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, who stated that the trial was a "patently trumped up" and that it was a "further attempt by the Indonesian government to muzzle independent trade-union activity". His trial was observed by Guy Ryder, who was sent by International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. Muchtar was deemed guilty and was sentenced to jail for three years. His arrest was criticized by the Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation (Yayasan Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Indonesia, YLBHI), who stated that the state misused criminal codes on social political affairs.
544:
536:
50:
432:
commander, Major-General
Abdullah Mahmud Hendropriyono, collected data and intelligence on workers and concluded that the strike would not threaten the productivity of factories. He also doubted whether the workers would comply with Pakpahan's invitation to conduct a workers' strike. Abdul Latief himself responded to the letter, stating that SBSI is not a workers' union and that the methods of workers' strike were outdated.
419:
In the discussion, Pakpahan criticized the monopoly enjoyed by SPSI. On 11 December of the same month, Pakpahan led an SBSI delegation to the People's
Consultative Assembly and proposed several changes relating to workers' welfare and working conditions. The delegation was received by members of the People's Consultative Assembly from the Indonesian Democratic Party.
815:
435:
Several days after the letter was published, Pakpahan and a colleague from SBSI were arrested by the
Semarang police on the grounds of subversion and hate speech. He was arrested after attending an SBSI event, in which the police found folders containing posters relating to the strike. His arrest was
468:
About more than 100 people who were alleged to be involved in the riots were arrested by the police. However, Amosi fled North
Sumatra, and he was arrested later on. Muchtar was declared as a suspect in the case on 2 June and he was investigated for about a day since 14 June. He was tried on charges
439:
According to Kompas, Pakpahan's encouragement of workers' strikes received little interest. Although SBSI claimed that around three-quarters of a million workers joined the strike, the only workers' strike during that period occurred at the
Tyfountex Factory in Solo, with 7000 workers participating.
427:
On 3 February 1994, Pakpahan delivered a public letter to the
Minister of Labor at that time, Abdul Latief, and put forward four demands regarding labor welfare. He demanded to remove restrictions on labor unions by repealing the Minister of Labor Decree No. 1 of 1994, confirming the basic income of
418:
In its early days, the organization focused mainly on criticizing the organization system of SPSI and demanding a free trade union. In
December 1992, the SBSI and eight other NGOs formed the Labor Solidarity Forum. In the same month, the forum discussed the SPSI, which was also attended by Pakpahan.
414:
Since its founding, the organization has twice attempted to register itself as a legal trade union: first on 28 October 1992 and second on 10 August 1993. In the first instance, no action was taken on the union's application, and in the second, an official from the
Department of Home Affairs refused
551:
Pakpahan was married to Rosintan Marpaung, a teacher from the state high school in Jakarta and the daughter of Nicolaus Marpaung, a retired policeman, and Maria Pasaribu. They were married on 17 November 1979. The marriage resulted in one girl, Ruth Damai Hati (Iyuth) in 1985, an amateur actor, and
456:
Immediately after the riots, the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces Lt. Gen. Herman Mantiri held a press conference, in which he blamed the SBSI for inciting riots in North Sumatra. Mantiri then blamed Amosi Telaumbanua, the SBSI leader in North Sumatra, and Muchtar Pakpahan as the most responsible
452:
The most significant strike occurred in Medan, North Sumatra, on 14 April, with between 6 and 20 thousand workers from all over the province joining the strike. Initially, the strike was a peaceful one, with some of the workers even requesting permission from their bosses to join the demonstration.
410:
After working as a lawyer for several decades, Pakpahan went on to form the Indonesian Workers Welfare Union (Serikat Buruh Sejahtera Indonesia, SBSI) in May 1992. Before the establishment of the SBSI, the government-backed All Indonesian Workers Union (Serikat Pekerja Seluruh Indonesia, SPSI) was
386:
Following his graduation from the university, Pakpahan opened a law office in Medan. Most of his clients were relatively powerless and poor people, such as laborers and farmers. He rarely won the cases when defending them, due to the intimidation directed at him including accusations that he was a
448:
On 16 April, Pakpahan went to Semarang. Two days after his arrival, a series of workers strikes and riots occurred all over Java and Sumatra. About ten strikes occurred at the Famoes Shoes Factory, Simoplas, Damatex and Sinar Pantja Daya, with the longest one being at the Famoes Shoes Factory for
472:
He was detained in the Tanjung Gusta prison. About five months into his sentence, he criticized the inadequate conditions of the prison and attempted to sue the Minister of Justice. During his time in prison, he claimed to be dragged by the guards, stripped, and threatened to be killed. He also
431:
In response to his letter, regional military commanders all over Indonesia conducted precautions to prevent any strikes. The Diponegoro (Central Java) military commander, Major-General Soeyono, went to industrial plants to conduct dialogues with workers and laborers. The Jaya (Jakarta) military
428:
laborers to 173.500 rupiahs/month or 7.000 rupiahs/day, approving the existence of SBSI as a legal trade union, and that all of these demands shall be fulfilled before 1 April 1994. He also encouraged workers all over Indonesia to conduct a strike on 11 February from 08.00 to 09.00.
332:(21 December 1953 – 21 March 2021) was an Indonesian labor leader who founded the first independent trade union in Indonesia. Pakpahan was active as a lawyer at Muchtar Pakpahan & Associates Law Firm and taught at the law faculty of the Indonesian Christian University (UKI).
390:
Several prominent cases that he handled included the Inalum Asahan Project (1978–1982), the Deli Match Factory in Medan, the Mount Balak National Forest in Lampung, the firing of 2800 Jakarta Passenger Transport drivers, the sales ban imposed on street vendors in Jakarta, the
359:. He stated that he was inspired by activists, such as Hariman Siregar, Muslim Tampubolon, Nelson Parapat, and Sufri Helmi Tanjung, who were highly involved in the movement. He became a member of the student senate of his university and became a board member of the
348:. His father died when he was eleven years old, while his mother died when he was eighteen years old. His parents' deaths made him and his brothers and sisters orphans, and he had to work as a pedicab driver and as a paperboy during his studies in high school.
436:
criticized by Amnesty International, Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation, Human Rights Defenders Institute, Infight, and Women's Solidarity. His arrest was eventually canceled after a month of investigation on 12 February 1994.
458:
575:, which is typically associated with Islam. This was referenced by Fahri Hamzah, deputy speaker of the Indonesia House of Representatives at that time, during an interview. His use of
411:
the only legal trade union at that time. However, SPSI was often criticized for its indifference to the persecution of labor workers. Pakpahan was then elected the chairman of SBSI.
732:
457:
person for the riots. The Commander of the Armed Forces, General Feisal Tanjung, stated that the riots in North Sumatra were a communist-ridden act of subversion. The
1367:
1591:
1333:
1586:
473:
prayed for the repentance of Soeharto. He created about 25 songs and poems with themes varying from political situations at that time to religion.
1581:
1459:
509:
500:, as one of three parties with strong labor union links. However, PBN won just 0.13 percent of votes and failed to qualify for a seat at the
1218:
524:
505:
501:
497:
1101:
508:, becoming the Social Democratic Labour Party (PBSD). It won several seats at local legislatures, winning 0.56 percent of votes. For the
1576:
1449:
374:
in 1989, and a Doctorate in Constitutional Law from the University of Indonesia in 1993. He was a faculty member and law professor at
566:
375:
95:
1571:
1184:
493:
227:
62:
1502:
1529:
155:
543:
352:
345:
295:
1075:
477:
1341:
143:
87:
465:, also remarked that the demands of the workers were absurd, such as the minimum wage raise to 7,000 rupiahs.
344:, as the son of Sutan Johan Pakpahan and Victoria Silalahi. His father was a farm laborer and a member of the
371:
300:
517:
139:
83:
392:
1566:
1561:
1475:
555:
Pakpahan had one sister, Nelly, and three brothers, Borotan Hatigoran, Bona Barita, and Batu Sonang.
36:
28:
351:
After Muchtar Pakpahan finished high school, he continued his studies at the Medical Faculty of the
1010:"Kasum ABRI: Tidak Benar Ada Jam Malam di Jakarta * SBSI Dituduh sebagai Dalang Kerusuhan di Medan"
733:"Muchtar Pakpahan Meninggal di RS Siloam Semanggi, Ini Profilnya dari Aktivis Hingga Ciptakan Lagu"
579:
actually originated in 1994 due to his baldness during his time in prison, which led him to wear
341:
195:
1368:"Profil Mendiang Muchtar Pakpahan, Tokoh Buruh yang Kerap Dipenjara di Era Soeharto Halaman all"
480:
on 29 September 1995 decided that Pakpahan was innocent, therefore freeing him unconditionally.
32:
363:
branch of the Indonesian Christian Student Movement. He graduated from the university in 1978.
1455:
1226:
1192:
1109:
135:
535:
397:
1074:
Basri, Agus; Hutasuhut, Affan Bey; Siregar, Irwan E.; Amirudin, Bandelan (30 April 1994).
489:
462:
370:/S.H.) degree, he obtained his Master of Arts in Social and Political Science (M.A.) from
356:
558:
Pakpahan died of cancer on 21 March 2021 in Siloam Hospital, Jakarta, at the age of 67.
355:. However, according to Pakpahan, he decided to move into the law faculty following the
49:
1420:
1394:
1306:
1279:
1252:
1159:
1132:
1041:
1009:
977:
950:
923:
893:
867:
841:
785:
647:
1555:
819:
562:
199:
131:
829:. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs. 1994. p. 27.
924:"Ketua Umum SBSI Muchtar Pakpahan Ditahan. Mennaker : Tujuan SBSI tidak Jelas"
440:
The workers demanded the rise of minimum wage from 2,500 rupiahs to 3,800 rupiahs.
705:
1307:"Muchtar Pakpahan Mengadu ke Menkeh. Rutan Tanjunggusta Rusak Sebelum Diresmikan"
824:
147:
513:
290:
1230:
1196:
40:
591:, he continued to wear it on many occasions for the remainder of his life.
340:
Pakpahan was born on 21 December 1953, in Bah Jambi village, Tanah Jawa,
127:
1217:
Richardson, Michael; Tribune, International Herald (14 December 1996).
687:
584:
570:
216:
552:
two boys, Binsar Pakpahan, a reverend, and Johannes Darta, a lawyer.
516:, although elements of PBSD including its secretary-general endorsed
758:
Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Unit Pengembangan Sistem Informasi.
547:
Muchtar Pakpahan's body laid out at the Gatot Subroto funeral home.
542:
534:
360:
818:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
312:
786:"Jajak Pendapat "Kompas": Menegakkan Hukum dengan Kacamata Kuda"
868:"SBSI Usulkan Sistem Pengupahan Berdasar Kebutuhan Hidup Layak"
760:"Profil Program Studi Ilmu Hukum Universitas Kristen Indonesia"
1280:"YLBHI: Hukum Pidana Digunakan untuk Hadapi Kegiatan Sospol"
976:
USH/ODY/TRI/ASA/BDR/POM/TT/PUN/THY/BDM (12 February 1994).
1008:
NJ/WGT/ASA/IJ/ETA/BDM/FAN/RIE/VIK/ZIS/BW (21 April 1994).
684:
Speech of the Jubilarist: 50 years of DR. Muchtar Pakpahan
759:
459:
Coordinating Minister for Political Affairs and Security
1160:"Muchtar Pakpahan Diperiksa 19 Jam di Poltabes Medan"
527:, Pakpahan resigned from the party in February 2010.
842:"Mekanisme Kepemimpinan SPSI Lebih Banyak dari Atas"
680:
Pidato Sang Jubilaris: 50 Tahun DR. Muchtar Pakpahan
496:(PBN) and became its chairman. PBN took part in the
894:"Muchtar Pakpahan: Mogok Satu Jam Saja Sudah Cukup"
307:
289:
272:
260:
234:
223:
206:
181:
176:
153:
123:
93:
79:
60:
23:
616:Estimate from the government and the armed forces.
583:as a head cover. Due to his likeness to his idol,
504:. The party was renamed and reconstituted for the
1530:"Cerita di Balik Peci Pimpinan DPR Halaman all"
1185:"Judges in Jakarta Free 124 Opposition Backers"
1042:"Permisi ... Kami Mau Unjuk Rasa. *Kasus Medan"
1503:"Muchtar Bebas Pakpahan Manusia Tahan Banting"
1454:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 36–37.
476:Pakpahan was given parole on 20 May 1995. The
1133:"Muchtar Pakpahan Jadi Tersangka Kasus Medan"
8:
922:KSP/DPY/RIE/TT/BDM/MYR (11 February 1994).
690:: PT. Bumi Istimewa Sejahtera, pp. 3–5
1443:
1441:
1421:"MA Akhirnya Bebaskan Dr Muchtar Pakpahan"
1253:"Muchtar Pakpahan Divonis 3 Tahun Penjara"
48:
20:
1100:Lubis, Bersihar; Munawar (25 June 1994).
648:"Tukang Becak, Doktor Pembela Kaum Lemah"
1448:Caraway, Teri L.; Ford, Michele (2020).
1366:Yahya, Achmad Nasrudin (22 March 2021).
1076:"Huru-hara kali ini tanpa letusan bedil"
784:Suryaningtyas, Toto (26 February 2007).
523:After another poor electoral showing in
1528:Nur Hakim, Rakhmat (21 November 2016).
1219:"Trial of Jakarta Unionist Causes Stir"
731:Mutiara, Dian Anditya (22 March 2021).
629:
600:
1501:Sitanggang, Bachtiar (23 March 2021).
1361:
1359:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1003:
1001:
999:
978:"Seruan Mogok SBSI Kurang Ditanggapi"
917:
915:
366:After obtaining his Bachelor of Law (
7:
809:
807:
699:
697:
673:
671:
669:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
569:. Despite his religion, he wore the
415:to accept the SBSI's documentation.
686:] (in Indonesian and English),
16:Indonesian labor leader (1953–2021)
1592:University of North Sumatra alumni
14:
1334:"Apa dan Siapa: Muchtar Pakpahan"
706:"Profil - Muchtar Bebas Pakpahan"
567:Batak Christian Protestant Church
402:, and the Kampung Sawah burning.
813:
406:Indonesian Workers Welfare Union
96:Indonesian Workers Welfare Union
1587:20th-century Indonesian lawyers
1451:Labor and Politics in Indonesia
607:Estimate from Kompas newspaper.
423:Workers strike and first arrest
250:
1582:People from Simalungun Regency
1419:ATK/AWE/BDM (1 October 1995).
949:TT/BDM/AS (13 February 1994).
704:Pusat Data dan Analisa Tempo.
376:Indonesia Christian University
1:
1482:(in Indonesian). 17 June 2004
1476:"Sekjen PBSD Dukung Megawati"
1395:"Muchtar Pakpahan Dibebaskan"
1191:. Reuters. 28 November 1996.
444:Medan riots and second arrest
279:Sutan Johan Pakpahan (father)
119:2012 – 21 March 2021
75:1999 – February 2010
866:WIS/THY (11 December 1992).
710:Pusat Data dan Analisa Tempo
156:World Confederation of Labor
951:"Ketua Umum DPP SBSI Bebas"
372:the University of Indonesia
353:University of North Sumatra
346:Peasants Front of Indonesia
296:University of North Sumatra
1608:
1577:Indonesian trade unionists
678:Pakpahan, Muchtar (2003),
510:2004 presidential election
478:Supreme Court of Indonesia
282:Victoria Silalahi (mother)
194:Bah Jambi II, Tanah Jawa,
646:DPY (18 September 1993).
539:Muchtar Pakpahan and wife
498:1999 legislative election
323:
172:
161:
132:Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie
112:
101:
68:
56:
47:
1305:ION (23 November 1994).
1278:ATK (10 November 1994).
1131:ETA/RET (10 June 1994).
502:House of Representatives
268:Ruth Damai Hati Pakpahan
264:Binsar Jonathan Pakpahan
240:Rosintan Marpaung, S.Si.
144:Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
88:Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
1251:ETA (8 November 1994).
892:BDM (3 February 1994).
840:WW (19 December 1992).
492:, Pakpahan founded the
301:University of Indonesia
1572:Indonesian Protestants
1040:ETA/BDM (7 May 1994).
548:
540:
266:Johanes Darta Pakpahan
1393:UU/RR (20 May 1995).
546:
538:
518:Megawati Sukarnoputri
494:National Labour Party
140:Megawati Sukarnoputri
84:Megawati Sukarnoputri
565:and affiliated with
512:, Pakpahan endorsed
449:more than two days.
1507:Pelita Batak Online
1158:SP (16 June 1994).
1223:The New York Times
1189:The New York Times
549:
541:
382:Career as a lawyer
154:Vice President of
1461:978-1-108-47847-2
1102:"Siapa Menghasut"
587:, when wearing a
327:
326:
136:Abdurrahman Wahid
1599:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1340:. Archived from
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1112:on 22 March 2021
1108:. Archived from
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1071:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1037:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1005:
994:
993:
991:
989:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
919:
910:
909:
907:
905:
889:
883:
882:
880:
878:
863:
857:
856:
854:
852:
837:
831:
830:
817:
816:
811:
802:
801:
799:
797:
781:
775:
774:
772:
770:
755:
749:
748:
746:
744:
728:
722:
721:
719:
717:
701:
692:
691:
675:
664:
663:
661:
659:
643:
617:
614:
608:
605:
401:
393:Kedung Ombo case
330:Muchtar Pakpahan
319:
316:
315:.muchtarpakpahan
314:
254:
252:
213:
192:21 December 1953
191:
189:
177:Personal details
166:
117:
106:
73:
52:
25:Muchtar Pakpahan
21:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1536:(in Indonesian)
1527:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1509:(in Indonesian)
1500:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1374:(in Indonesian)
1365:
1364:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1344:on 26 June 2019
1331:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1007:
1006:
997:
987:
985:
975:
974:
970:
960:
958:
948:
947:
943:
933:
931:
921:
920:
913:
903:
901:
891:
890:
886:
876:
874:
865:
864:
860:
850:
848:
839:
838:
834:
823:
814:
812:
805:
795:
793:
783:
782:
778:
768:
766:
757:
756:
752:
742:
740:
739:(in Indonesian)
730:
729:
725:
715:
713:
712:(in Indonesian)
703:
702:
695:
677:
676:
667:
657:
655:
645:
644:
631:
626:
621:
620:
615:
611:
606:
602:
597:
561:Pakpahan was a
533:
490:fall of Suharto
486:
484:Political party
463:Susilo Sudarman
446:
425:
408:
395:
384:
357:Malari incident
338:
311:
299:
285:
267:
265:
256:
253: 1979)
248:
244:
241:
224:Political party
215:
211:
193:
187:
185:
167:
162:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
118:
113:
107:
102:
86:
74:
69:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1605:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1520:
1493:
1467:
1460:
1437:
1411:
1385:
1355:
1324:
1297:
1270:
1243:
1209:
1176:
1150:
1123:
1092:
1059:
1027:
995:
968:
941:
911:
884:
858:
832:
803:
776:
750:
723:
693:
665:
628:
627:
625:
622:
619:
618:
609:
599:
598:
596:
593:
532:
529:
485:
482:
445:
442:
424:
421:
407:
404:
383:
380:
337:
334:
325:
324:
321:
320:
309:
305:
304:
293:
287:
286:
284:
283:
280:
276:
274:
270:
269:
262:
258:
257:
246:
242:
239:
238:
236:
232:
231:
225:
221:
220:
214:(aged 67)
208:
204:
203:
183:
179:
178:
174:
173:
170:
169:
159:
158:
151:
150:
125:
121:
120:
110:
109:
99:
98:
91:
90:
81:
77:
76:
66:
65:
58:
57:
54:
53:
45:
44:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1604:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
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