364:
Mubarak "and his men" (without specifying whether his sons were in on the plot) killed his half-brothers in the early hours of the day. There are several possible theories as to why
Mubarak may have assassinated his half-brothers. One theory is that Mubarak resented being constantly sent away on tribal expeditions out into the desert. A second related theory is that Muhammad did not adequately fund Mubarak's expeditions. The third theory is that Muhammad was a weak and "indolent" leader whose unpopularity in Kuwait "necessitated" his removal. The most plausible theory is that Mubarak felt he did not receive his rightful share of the family wealth and property, causing contention and a strong desire to seize it. However, B.J. Slot, who is not even convinced that Mubarak was the assassin, asserts that "the widely divergent stories and interpretations… make it impossible to reach a firm conclusion about what happened in Kuwait in 1896." Slot asserts that on a local level there was a lack of support for people who claimed that Mubarak assassinated his half-brothers, and that if he had indeed done it revenge would have been taken on him.
476:
Ottomans tried to capitalize on
Mubarak's major defeat by deliberating a military solution to gain direct control of Kuwait. The Ottomans slowly realized that the growing British presence around Kuwait was a sign of Mubarak's secret dealing with the British. The Ottomans attempted to firmly reestablish their control and influence by opening up customs and harbormaster posts. Through these posts the Ottomans tried to forcefully compel Mubarak to accept the new Ottoman presence, therefore showing real loyalty to the Ottomans. However, the British publicly reinforced Kuwait as they began solidifying the meaning of the 1899 Agreement. This showdown caused a crisis between the Ottomans and the British over Kuwait's status as a state.
576:, and Basra to expel the Ottomans in November 1914. In exchange the British government recognized Kuwait as an "independent government under British protection." There is no report on the exact size and nature of Mubarak's attack, though Ottoman forces did retreat from those positions weeks later. Mubarak soon removed the Ottoman symbol that was on the Kuwaiti flag and replaced it with "Kuwait" written in Arabic script. Mubarak's participation and previous exploits in obstructing the completion of the Baghdad railway helped the British safeguard the
400:
region to dangerous levels. Because of the tension and instability of the situation the
Ottoman Council decided that naming Mubarak kaymakam would be a better alternative to potentially bloody military action. Another reason was that military intervention may have further destabilized the region and destroyed any support that the Ottomans had with the Kuwaiti people. Finally, the Ottomans also had growing anxiety over possible encroachment by the Great Powers, most notably Britain and Russia into the region due to the construction of the
1492:
63:
1570:
498:
1626:
488:
encounter, where an
Ottoman and British warship had a stand-off with each other, Mubarak, the British, and the Ottomans agreed to sign the Status Quo Agreement in September 1901. This agreement maintained that neither the Ottomans nor the British could place troops within Kuwait and that the Ottomans
550:
giving him "strong moral and material" support. In 1905 Mubarak also served as a mediator between the Saudis and the
Ottomans, while simultaneously shaping Saudi strategy during the negotiations. A sign that the Ottoman attitude toward Mubarak was changing occurred in 1911 when in a draft message to
505:
Mubarak carried on different activities that helped Kuwait gain more power and sovereignty apart from the
Ottomans. Mubarak allowed exclusive rights for Britain to set up a post office in Kuwait in 1904 and in 1905-06 it was being considered that Kuwait should fly its own flag instead of the Ottoman
339:
and southern Iraq. He was given four more
Ottoman honors as reward for his services in the Qatar campaign, though the value of his contributions is disputed. Although Mubarak was known for his ties with the British after his ascension to sheikhdom in 1896, he did have interactions with the British
399:
The
Ottomans were very hesitant to name Mubarak as kaymakam, but he was given the title on December 1897 in large part due to a controversy and conspiracy that involved Mubarak and Basra's government regarding Mubarak's rival, Yusuf al-Ibrahim. The controversy further destabilized relations in the
363:
Most scholars believe that
Mubarak assassinated his half-brothers, but the details of the assassination vary. Jill Crystal posits that Mubarak, with his sons Jabir and Salim, along with loyal supporters, assassinated his half-brothers in secret during the night. Frederick Anscombe also states that
463:
on 17 March 1901 where most of
Mubarak's force was destroyed, including the deaths of his brother and two nephews. This marked not only the end of Mubarak's dream but also put him on the verge of losing control of Kuwait. However, B.J. Slot challenges Anscombe's claim that Mubarak had a dream of
537:
Mubarak also engaged in affairs concerning the neighboring areas around him, which caused consternation on both the Ottoman and the British sides. Mubarak supported and smuggled British guns to local Arabian leaders. In 1904-1906, while the Ottoman military occupied the important sub-region of
475:
Mubarak's major defeat at Sarif severely threatened his rule. He requested on 28 May 1901 for British protectorate status (the British were still debating the meaning of the 1899 Agreement, and it was a secret anyway), but it was denied due to the international tensions surrounding Kuwait. The
423:, that guarded Kuwait against any outside foreign aggression. It also required Mubarak and his successors not to receive foreign agents or representatives or to cede or sell territory without the approval of the British government. Meade was eager to establish Kuwait as an official British
388:. The debates were fueled by a lack of information and confusing accounts surrounding Mubarak, partly because of Mubarak's own manipulation and spread of disinformation. Some Ottoman officers considered military action in Kuwait as a solution to the problem, especially
551:
Mubarak he was addressed not as "Kaymakam of Kuwait" but rather "Ruler of Kuwait and Chief of its Tribes". This change in attitude, which included other pressures and troubles for the Ottoman Empire including the British lobbying on Kuwait's behalf, led to the
418:
The long Ottoman indecisiveness in naming Mubarak kaymakam, as well as feelings of vulnerability helped pave the way for Mubarak to pursue British ties. On 18 January 1899, Mubarak signed a secret agreement with Major M.J. Meade, British political resident in
298:
or representatives or to cede or sell territory without the approval of the British government; with this agreement, and the guarantee it represented to Kuwait and the Al-Sabah family, he is regarded as the founder of modern-day Kuwait. German explorer
443:: "we don't want Koweit, but we don't want anyone else to have it." Mubarak's British protection made him free to secure and strengthen his own power without fear of any outside interference from the Ottomans, surrounding tribes, or the Russians.
518:. In exchange Mubarak received £4000 per year and a promise that Britain would recognize Kuwait's autonomy and the Sheikh's power over it. The British government recognised Mubarak by appointing him an honorary Knight Commander of the
380:: "Sheikh Mubarak has, since his usurpation, been employing his late brother's wealth to secure his recognition as Sheikh and his appointment as Kaimakam of Koweit by the Sublime Porte." Mubarak constantly avowed his loyalty to
1673:
1668:
468:; rather, Slot contends, it was a maneuver to contain and balance the power in the region that resulted from an alliance between the Rashidi Amir in al-awadhi, Mubarak's enemy Yusuf Al-Ibrahim, and the
435:
and the prevention of a possible Ottoman or Russian takeover of Kuwait. However, neither Mubarak nor other British officials wanted to make Kuwait a protectorate. As a private letter from Sir
564:
By the time World War I began Mubarak closely sided with the British against the Ottomans, and the 1913 Convention was rendered null. In support of the war effort Mubarak sent a force to
335:, and southern Iraq. For his long service Mubarak received the title istabl-i amire payesi, "(Rank of) The Grand Equerry of his Imperial Majesty", in August 1879 for a campaign into
287:, from which the Al-Jaber and Al-Salim in the Al-Sabah family branches originated respectively, and is the paternal ancestor of all successive rulers and prime ministers of Kuwait.
489:
still had jurisdiction over Kuwait. The agreement averted the crisis, but Ottoman control was only nominal with Mubarak to freely pursue his own agendas in the years after.
228:
224:
1653:
625:
344:, British political resident of Persia who went on many diplomatic missions around the region, and in 1883 when he was sent on an Ottoman diplomatic mission to
459:
dominions in hopes that Mubarak's dream of becoming the new, undisputed Arabian leader would be realized. The campaign was moderately successful until the
510:. Mubarak as well, in October 1907 sold the rights for any terminus railroad sites to the British, compromising the German-Ottoman plan to extend the
1461:
1269:
1248:
1223:
1170:
1142:
1121:
376:
of Kuwait like his previous brothers. This is further illustrated through a memorandum by Captain J.F. Whyte, a British agent stationed in
561:
of the Ottoman Empire within the Green zone outlined in the map as well as an independent entity within the red zone outlined in the map.
547:
1608:
1602:
1597:
588:
During the later years of Mubarak's life he wrestled with bouts of illness. Mubarak died on 28 November 1915 due to an attack of
552:
428:
414:
279:
Mubarak was the seventh ruler of the Al-Sabah dynasty. Mubarak was also the father of two rulers of Kuwait who succeeded him,
1577:
1550:
384:, but a bitter debate raged among the ruling Ottoman Council on what course of action to take with Mubarak and his apparent
372:
Mubarak acted to bribe the Ottoman bureaucracy through lavish gift-giving in order to gain support for his appointment as
1491:
1525:
357:
261:
96:
1678:
1454:
1290:
1240:
527:
519:
260:, from 18 May 1896 until his death on 18 November 1915. Mubarak ascended the throne upon killing his half-brother,
1683:
1540:
523:
284:
166:
160:
150:
455:(Central Arabia) with an army of Kuwaiti townspeople. The objective was to claim the southern portion of the
1587:
1582:
1545:
1421:
78:
451:
Mubarak, comforted by British protection felt free to pursue his own policies and mounted an invasion into
1592:
265:
1658:
1447:
1296:
531:
431:
and protecting its own trade as well as controlling the potential terminus for a purposed railway from
1663:
1520:
460:
291:
1569:
1348:
Smith, Simon C. "The Making of a Neo-Colony? Anglo-Kuwaiti Relations in the Era of Decolonization".
1505:
1482:
515:
485:
257:
122:
1021:
1200:
1026:
1006:
696:
320:
1371:
The Making of the Modern Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, The United Arab Emirates, and Oman
609:
1535:
1515:
1500:
1431:
1414:
1265:
1244:
1219:
1192:
1166:
1138:
1117:
465:
312:
300:
280:
204:
146:
141:
106:
68:
315:(r. 1859-1866). When he attained the necessary age to do so, Mubarak served primarily as the
1510:
1355:
Tetreault, Mary Ann. "A State of Two Minds: State Cultures, Women, and Politics in Kuwait".
1001:
62:
1160:
294:
with Great Britain on 23 November 1899, pledging himself and his successors not to receive
1560:
1180:
511:
456:
401:
249:
241:
233:
17:
1470:
1385:
324:
194:
1647:
1631:
436:
295:
1285:
Ahmad, Feroz. "A Note on the International Status of Kuwait before November 1914".
577:
569:
424:
497:
1259:
1234:
1213:
1132:
1111:
272:
mandates that the Emir of Kuwait must be a descendant of Mubarak from the ruling
507:
440:
389:
341:
311:
Mubarak was born into Kuwaiti's powerful al-Sabah family in 1837, son of Sheikh
33:
1620:
1317:. Edited for publication by Clifford Witting. London: Allen & Unwin, 1956.
385:
328:
1196:
685:"The Resilience of a Frontier: Ottoman and Iraqi Claims to Kuwait, 1871-1990"
432:
506:
standard. However, neither the post office nor the flag would happen until
565:
539:
381:
373:
273:
42:
1352:, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Frank Cass & Company Ltd.), January 2001: 159-172.
700:
684:
1204:
589:
573:
469:
420:
345:
316:
189:
37:
1236:
Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar
1474:
269:
427:
with the intention of extending British influence further into the
303:
photographed Mubarak in 1903, in what is now an iconic photograph.
1439:
1165:. Vol. 1: 1896-1901. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited.
557:
526:, with further recognition as an honorary Knight Commander of the
496:
377:
336:
332:
1359:, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Cambridge University Press), May 2001: 203-220.
1134:
The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar
543:
514:
to the port, which would have given them access to trade on the
452:
393:
327:
campaigns – most notably campaigns in 1871, 1892, and 1894 into
1443:
673:, short blurb on the Al-Sabah genealogical map insert, p. xviii
396:
of Basra, who proposed an intervention from Basra into Kuwait.
264:. Known for his significant role in shaping modern Kuwait, the
501:
Mubarak Al Sabah on horseback alongside an accomplice in 1903.
1183:(Spring 1967). "Britain and the Status of Kuwayt 1896-1899".
1674:
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
1669:
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
1568:
1490:
360:
and Jarrah, enabling himself to assume the Kuwaiti throne.
1113:
The Reign of Mubarak al-Sabah: Shaikh of Kuwait, 1896-1915
1366:. New York City: Crane, Russak & Company, Inc., 1972.
1338:. 3rd edition. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.
1261:
Mubarak Al-Sabah: Founder of Modern Kuwait 1896-1915
1559:
1481:
1039:
1037:
888:
886:
210:
200:
188:
140:
128:
116:
112:
102:
92:
84:
76:
51:
1331:. London: London Centre of Arab Studies Ltd, 2002.
580:from providing Ottoman and German reinforcements.
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
1329:Sabah al-Salim al-Sabah: Amir of Kuwait, 1965–77
712:
710:
356:On 8 May 1896, Mubarak killed his half-brothers
1303:. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited, 1971.
1078:
1076:
439:, Permanent Under-Secretary of India, wrote to
765:
763:
761:
1455:
1324:. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1972.
493:Mubarak after 1902 and increasing sovereignty
352:Assassination of Muhammad and Jarrah Al-Sabah
8:
1357:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1287:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1218:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
1137:. New York City: Columbia University Press.
555:, which recognized Kuwait as an autonomous
546:, Mubarak supported the Ottoman's opponent
27:Ruler of the Sheikhdom of Kuwait, 1896–1915
1462:
1448:
1440:
1376:
248:), nicknamed "The lion of the peninsula" (
61:
48:
1030:(Supplement). 19 June 1914. p. 4877.
1654:19th-century monarchs in the Middle East
1055:
1043:
988:
964:
952:
928:
892:
877:
853:
841:
829:
793:
752:
658:
646:
781:
716:
670:
600:
323:in many operations, including several
1191:(2). Middle East Institute: 187–198.
865:
728:
7:
1362:Winstone, H.V.F., and Zahra Freeth.
1308:Kuwait: World Bibliographical Series
1094:
1082:
1067:
976:
940:
916:
904:
817:
805:
769:
740:
628:, 1903 (Click on photo to enlarge).
253:
245:
237:
1264:. London: Arabian Publishing Ltd.
548:Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud
25:
1313:Dickson, Harold Richard Patrick.
408:Relations with the British Empire
340:as early as 1863 when he met Sir
1624:
1373:. London: Unwin Hyman Ltd, 1989.
1310:. Oxford: Clio Press Ltd., 1985.
1010:. 8 December 1911. p. 9360.
689:The International History Review
683:Peter Sluglett (December 2002).
553:Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913
256:), was the seventh ruler of the
1162:The Affairs of Kuwait 1896-1905
1131:Anscombe, Frederick F. (1997).
415:Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899
52:Mubarak Sabah Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
1116:. New York City: I.B. Tauris.
232:(c. 1837 – 28 November 1915) (
88:18 May 1896 – 28 November 1915
1:
464:being the Arab leader of the
214:Lulwa bint Muhammad Al Thaqib
1364:Kuwait: Prospect and Reality
1345:. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991.
1334:Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley.
592:aggravated by a bad heart.
1700:
1293:), February 1992: 181–185.
1291:Cambridge University Press
1241:Cambridge University Press
1212:Casey, Michael S. (2007).
528:Order of the Star of India
520:Order of the Indian Empire
238:الشيخ مبارك بن صباح الصباح
31:
1617:
1428:
1419:
1411:
1406:
1379:
1315:Kuwait and her Neighbours
524:1911 Delhi Durbar Honours
60:
18:Mubarak al-Lahab Al Sabah
1369:Zahlan, Rosemarie Said.
1110:Alghanim, Salwa (1998).
1159:Bidwell, Robin (1971).
368:Struggle for legitimacy
1574:
1496:
1350:Middle Eastern Studies
1336:Oil in the Middle East
1233:Crystal, Jill (1995).
608:Government of Kuwait.
512:Berlin-Baghdad Railway
502:
1572:
1494:
1343:The Origins of Kuwait
1301:The Affairs of Arabia
1215:The History of Kuwait
532:1914 Birthday Honours
500:
1322:A New Look at Kuwait
1181:Busch, Briton Cooper
480:Status Quo Agreement
292:Anglo-Kuwaiti Treaty
55:مبارك بن صباح الصباح
1495:Sheikhdom of Kuwait
1483:Sheikhdom of Kuwait
1306:Clements, Frank A.
1258:Slot, B.J. (2005).
1185:Middle East Journal
880:, pp. 112, 121
611:Kuwait Constitution
516:Indian subcontinent
290:Mubarak signed the
258:Sheikhdom of Kuwait
123:Sheikhdom of Kuwait
1575:
1497:
1327:Jarman, Robert L.
1289:, Vol. 24, No. 1 (
1027:The London Gazette
1007:The London Gazette
979:, pp. 184–186
967:, pp. 121–122
856:, pp. 110–111
832:, pp. 104–105
796:, pp. 102–103
503:
472:Military Command.
321:Military of Kuwait
1679:House of Al-Sabah
1641:
1640:
1438:
1437:
1432:Jaber II Al-Sabah
1429:Succeeded by
1415:Muhammad Al-Sabah
1381:Mubarak Al-Sabah
1271:978-0-9544792-4-4
1250:978-0-521-46635-6
1225:978-0-313-34073-4
1172:978-0-7146-2692-5
1144:978-0-231-10839-3
1123:978-1-86064-350-7
466:Arabian Peninsula
319:commander of the
313:Sabah II Al-Sabah
301:Hermann Burchardt
262:Muhammad Al-Sabah
218:
217:
136:(aged 77–78)
69:Hermann Burchardt
56:
16:(Redirected from
1691:
1684:Rulers of Kuwait
1634:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1441:
1422:Sheikh of Kuwait
1412:Preceded by
1402:
1401:28 November 1915
1395:
1377:
1275:
1254:
1229:
1208:
1176:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1127:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1018:
1012:
1011:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
705:
704:
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
644:
629:
622:
616:
615:
605:
255:
247:
239:
231:
221:Mubarak Al-Sabah
135:
132:28 November 1915
65:
54:
49:
21:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1613:
1573:State of Kuwait
1563:
1561:State of Kuwait
1555:
1485:
1477:
1468:
1434:
1425:
1417:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1320:Freeth, Zahra.
1282:
1280:Further reading
1272:
1257:
1251:
1232:
1226:
1211:
1179:
1173:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1130:
1124:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1035:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1000:
999:
995:
987:
983:
975:
971:
963:
959:
951:
947:
939:
935:
927:
923:
915:
911:
903:
899:
891:
884:
876:
872:
864:
860:
852:
848:
840:
836:
828:
824:
816:
812:
804:
800:
792:
788:
780:
776:
768:
759:
751:
747:
739:
735:
727:
723:
715:
708:
682:
681:
677:
669:
665:
657:
653:
645:
632:
623:
619:
607:
606:
602:
598:
586:
495:
482:
461:Battle of Sarif
449:
410:
402:Baghdad Railway
370:
354:
309:
270:State of Kuwait
240:) "the Great" (
223:
183:
181:
179:
177:
175:
173:
171:
169:
165:
163:
159:
157:
155:
153:
149:
133:
121:
79:Ruler of Kuwait
72:
53:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1567:
1565:
1564:(1961–present)
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1407:Regnal titles
1404:
1403:
1386:House of Sabah
1383:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:Bidwell, Robin
1294:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1255:
1249:
1230:
1224:
1209:
1177:
1171:
1156:
1143:
1128:
1122:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1087:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1033:
1013:
993:
981:
969:
957:
945:
933:
921:
909:
897:
882:
870:
858:
846:
834:
822:
810:
798:
786:
774:
757:
745:
733:
721:
706:
675:
663:
651:
630:
617:
599:
597:
594:
585:
582:
530:(KCSI) in the
522:(KCIE) in the
494:
491:
481:
478:
448:
445:
409:
406:
369:
366:
353:
350:
308:
305:
296:foreign agents
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
186:
185:
144:
138:
137:
130:
126:
125:
118:
114:
113:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
74:
73:
67:Photograph by
66:
58:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1696:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1633:
1632:Kuwait portal
1622:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1097:, p. 409
1096:
1091:
1088:
1085:, p. 407
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1070:, p. 406
1069:
1064:
1061:
1058:, p. 139
1057:
1056:Anscombe 1997
1052:
1049:
1046:, p. 136
1045:
1044:Anscombe 1997
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1003:
997:
994:
991:, p. 134
990:
989:Anscombe 1997
985:
982:
978:
973:
970:
966:
965:Anscombe 1997
961:
958:
955:, p. 123
954:
953:Anscombe 1997
949:
946:
943:, p. 181
942:
937:
934:
931:, p. 121
930:
929:Anscombe 1997
925:
922:
919:, p. 178
918:
913:
910:
907:, p. 170
906:
901:
898:
895:, p. 118
894:
893:Anscombe 1997
889:
887:
883:
879:
878:Anscombe 1997
874:
871:
868:, p. 196
867:
862:
859:
855:
854:Anscombe 1997
850:
847:
844:, p. 107
843:
842:Anscombe 1997
838:
835:
831:
830:Anscombe 1997
826:
823:
819:
814:
811:
807:
802:
799:
795:
794:Anscombe 1997
790:
787:
783:
778:
775:
771:
766:
764:
762:
758:
754:
753:Anscombe 1997
749:
746:
742:
737:
734:
730:
725:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
679:
676:
672:
667:
664:
660:
659:Alghanim 1998
655:
652:
648:
647:Anscombe 1997
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
621:
618:
613:
612:
604:
601:
595:
593:
591:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
559:
554:
549:
545:
541:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
499:
492:
490:
487:
486:Perseus Zuhaf
479:
477:
473:
471:
467:
462:
458:
454:
447:1901 campaign
446:
444:
442:
438:
437:Arthur Godley
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
416:
407:
405:
403:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
367:
365:
361:
359:
351:
349:
347:
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
306:
304:
302:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
251:
243:
235:
230:
226:
222:
213:
209:
206:
203:
199:
196:
193:
191:
187:
168:
162:
152:
148:
145:
143:
139:
131:
127:
124:
119:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
75:
70:
64:
59:
50:
45:
44:
39:
35:
30:
19:
1659:1830s births
1607:
1578:Abdullah III
1551:Abdullah III
1530:
1420:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1286:
1260:
1235:
1214:
1188:
1184:
1161:
1150:23 September
1148:. Retrieved
1133:
1112:
1104:Bibliography
1090:
1063:
1051:
1025:
1016:
1005:
996:
984:
972:
960:
948:
936:
924:
912:
900:
873:
861:
849:
837:
825:
820:, p. 77
813:
808:, p. 87
801:
789:
782:Bidwell 1971
777:
772:, p. 76
755:, p. 94
748:
743:, p. 65
736:
731:, p. 84
724:
719:, p. 23
717:Crystal 1995
692:
688:
678:
671:Bidwell 1971
666:
661:, p. 33
654:
649:, p. 93
620:
610:
603:
587:
578:Persian Gulf
563:
556:
536:
504:
483:
474:
450:
429:Arabian Gulf
425:protectorate
412:
411:
398:
371:
362:
355:
310:
289:
278:
266:constitution
246:مبارك الكبير
220:
219:
134:(1915-11-28)
41:
29:
1664:1915 deaths
1521:Abdullah II
1486:(1752–1961)
1341:Slot, B.J.
1022:"No. 28842"
1002:"No. 28559"
784:, p. 8
542:in central
508:World War I
441:Lord Curzon
390:Hamdi Pasha
342:Lewis Pelly
254:أسد الجزيرة
93:Predecessor
34:Arabic name
1648:Categories
1506:Abdullah I
1426:1896–1915
866:Busch 1967
729:Casey 2007
695:(4): 788.
484:After the
386:fratricide
307:Early life
97:Muhammad I
1588:Jaber III
1583:Sabah III
1197:0026-3141
1095:Slot 2005
1083:Slot 2005
1068:Slot 2005
977:Slot 2005
941:Slot 2005
917:Slot 2005
905:Slot 2005
818:Slot 2005
806:Slot 2005
770:Slot 2005
741:Slot 2005
433:Port Said
103:Successor
1598:Sabah IV
1536:Jaber II
1526:Muhammad
1516:Sabah II
701:40111134
566:Umm Qasr
540:al-Qasim
382:Istanbul
374:kaymakam
358:Muhammad
276:family.
274:Al-Sabah
268:of the
205:Sabah II
167:Abdullah
147:Jabir II
107:Jabir II
43:Al-Sabah
32:In this
1531:Mubarak
1511:Jaber I
1501:Sabah I
1205:4324123
626:Mubarak
590:malaria
574:Bubiyan
470:Baghdad
457:Rashidi
421:Bushire
346:Bahrain
325:Ottoman
317:cavalry
170:Sharifa
151:Salim I
120:c. 1837
38:surname
1609:Mishal
1475:Kuwait
1397:
1268:
1247:
1222:
1203:
1195:
1169:
1141:
1120:
699:
570:Safwan
250:Arabic
242:Arabic
234:Arabic
211:Mother
201:Father
178:Habiba
176:Mariam
156:Nasser
71:, 1903
36:, the
1603:Nawaf
1546:Ahmad
1541:Salim
1471:Emirs
1399:Died:
1394:1837
1392:Born:
1201:JSTOR
697:JSTOR
596:Notes
584:Death
378:Basra
337:Qatif
333:Qatar
285:Salim
281:Jaber
227:
195:Sabah
190:House
182:Aisha
174:Mudhi
172:Hussa
161:Hamad
158:Fahad
154:Sabah
142:Issue
85:Reign
1593:Saad
1266:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1193:ISSN
1167:ISBN
1152:2010
1139:ISBN
1118:ISBN
624:See
558:kaza
544:Najd
453:Najd
413:See
394:Wali
392:the
329:Hasa
283:and
229:KCIE
225:KCSI
184:Bibi
180:Moza
164:Saud
129:Died
117:Born
77:7th
1473:of
40:is
1650::
1299:.
1243:.
1239:.
1199:.
1189:21
1187:.
1075:^
1036:^
1024:.
1004:.
885:^
760:^
709:^
693:24
691:.
687:.
633:^
572:,
568:,
534:.
404:.
348:.
331:,
252::
244::
236::
1463:e
1456:t
1449:v
1274:.
1253:.
1228:.
1207:.
1175:.
1154:.
1126:.
703:.
614:.
46:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
