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center of this earthly paradise a sacred stream flows with its full elegance and chanting, fascinating and exhilarating nature and passes through the gardens irrigating the flower beds. Its water is as beautiful as greenery. The vast stream is just like clouds pouring rains and opens the doors of divine mercy. Its chevron patterns (abshar) are like an institution of worship where the hearts of believers are enlightened. The
Mughals developed hydraulic system by using Persian wheel to lift the water and obtained adequate pressure necessary for gardens. The main reason behind the location of gardens on the bank of river was that water was raised to the level of the enclosure wall by Persian Wheel standing on the bank from where it was conducted through aqueduct, to the garden where it ran from the top of the wall in a terra-cotta pipe which also produced adequate pressure needed to work the fountains.
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chaharbagh was the central watercourse and its flowing water. Most of these gardens were divided into four quadrants by two axis comprised with water channels and pathways to carry the water under gravitational pressure. At every intersecting point, there used to be a tank. In India, the early gardens were irrigated from the wells or tanks, but under the
Mughals the construction of canals or the use of existing canals for the gardens provided more adequate and dependable water supply. Thus, the most important aspect of the waterworks of gardens was the permanent source of water supply. The hydraulic system needs enquiry about the 'outside water source' as well as 'inside distribution of water' in the paradisiacal Mughal gardens. The principal source of water to the Mughal gardens were: (i) lakes or tanks (ii) wells or step-wells (iii) canals, harnessed from the rivers, and (iv) natural springs.
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316:, walled off and protected from the outside world; within, its design was rigidly formal, and its inner space was filled with those elements that man finds most pleasing in nature. Its essential features included running water (perhaps the most important element) and a pool to reflect the beauties of sky and garden; trees of various sorts, some to provide shade merely, and others to produce fruits; flowers, colorful and sweet-smelling; grass, usually growing wild under the trees; birds to fill the garden with song; the whole is cooled by a pleasant breezes.
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187:. Humayun, his son, does not seem to have had much time for buildingâhe was busy reclaiming and increasing the realmâbut he is known to have spent a great deal of time at his father's gardens. Akbar built several gardens first in Delhi, then in Agra, Akbar's new capital. These tended to be riverfront gardens rather than the fortress gardens that his predecessors built. Building riverfront rather than fortress gardens influenced later Mughal garden architecture considerably.
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Mughal gardens have had edifices in a symmetrical arrangement within enclosed towns with provisions for water channels, cascades, water tanks and fountains etc. Thus, the
Mughals maintained the tradition of building fourfold (chaharbagh)-symmetrical garden. Babur, however, applied the term chaharbagh in its widest sense which includes terraced gardens on mountain slopes and his extravagant rock cut garden, the Bagh-i Nilufar at Dholpur.
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history or other cultural significance, were often juxtaposed. The numbers eight and nine were considered auspicious by the
Mughals and can be found in the number of terraces or in garden architecture such as octagonal pools. Garden flora also had symbolic meanings. The Cypress trees represented eternity and flowering fruit trees represented renewal.
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The
Mughals were obsessed with symbol and incorporated it into their gardens in many ways. The standard Quranic references to paradise were in the architecture, layout, and in the choice of plant life; but more secular references, including numerological and zodiacal significances connected to family
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The fountain was the symbol of 'life cycle' which rises and merges and rises again. The
Paradise possessed two fountains: 'salsabil' and 'uyun'. 131 Salih Kambuh, a native of Lahore, described very artistically the water system and its symbolic meaning in the garden of Shalamar at Lahore that 'in the
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in
Srinagar. Royal canals were built from rivers to channel water to Delhi, Fatehpur Sikhri and Lahore. The fountains and water-chutes of Mughal gardens represented the resurrection and regrowth of life, as well as to represent the cool, mountainous streams of Central Asia and Afghanistan that Babur
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The garden might include a raised hillock at the center, reminiscent of the mountain at the center of the universe in cosmological descriptions, and often surmounted by a pavilion or palace." The
Turkish-Mongolian elements of the Mughal garden are primarily related to the inclusion of tents, carpets
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with a five-mile belt of greenery; it existed until as late as 1947. The initiator of the Mughal gardens in India was
Zaheeruddin Babur who had witnessed the beauty of Timurid gardens in Central Asia during his early days. In India, Babur laid out the gardens more systematically. Fundamentally, the
1119:
Meisami, Julie Scott. "Allegorical
Gardens in the Persian Poetic Tradition: Nezami, Rumi, Hafez," International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 17, No. 2 (May, 1985), p. 231; The Old Persian word pairideaza (transliterated to English as paradise) means "walled garden". Moynihan, Elizabeth B.
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through terra-cotta pipes, or natural gravitational flow on terraces. It was recorded that the Shalimar Bagh in Lahore had 450 fountains, and the pressure was so high that water could be thrown 12 feet into the air, falling back down to create a rippling floral effect on the surface of the water.
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Almost all the Mughal gardens contained buildings such as residential palaces, forts, mausoleums, and mosques. The gardens became an essential feature of almost each kind of Mughal monuments and were interrelated to these monuments which can be categorized as: (i) gardens attached with Imperial
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After Babur, the tradition of building chaharbagh touched its zenith during the time of Shah Jahan. However, modern scholars are now increasingly questioning the excessive use of the term chaharbagh in the interpretation of Mughal gardens, since it was not always symmetrical. This view finds
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Like Persian and Central Asian gardens, water became the central and connecting theme of the Mughal gardens. Water played an effective role in the Mughal gardens right from the time of Babur. He was more interested in 'beauty' than 'ecclesiastical prescription. The beauty of Babur's classic
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archaeological support also. The excavated Mughal garden at Wah (12 km west of Taxila), near Hasan Abdal, associated with Mughal emperors Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan reveals that the pattern and overall design has not been symmetrical on the first and second terraces.
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Koch, Ebba. "The Char Bagh Conquers the Citadel: an Outline of the Development if the Mughal Palace Garden," Hussain, Mahmood; Rehman, Abdul; Wescoat, James L. Jr. The Mughal Garden: Interpretation, Conservation and Implications, Ferozsons Ltd., Lahore (1996). p.
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Tulips are metaphorically considered to be "branded by love" in Persian poetry. Meisami, Julie Scott. "Allegorical Gardens in the Persian Poetic Tradition: Nezami, Rumi, Hafez", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 17, No. 2 (May, 1985), p.
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As for location, the Mughal emperors were much particular in selecting places of great natural beauty. Often they selected mountain slopes with gushing water to layout gardens, the finest example being Bagh-i Shalimar and Bagh-i Nishat in Kashmir.
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palaces, forts and gardens which beautified private residential buildings of the nobles (ii) Religious and sacred structures i.e., tombs and mosques erected in the gardens, and (iii) Resort and public building in the pleasure gardens.
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at Agra. The pavilions within are faced with white marble to glow in the moonlight. This and the marble of the Taj Mahal are inlaid with semiprecious stone depicting scrolling naturalistic floral motifs, the most important being the
194:, did not build as much, but he helped to lay out the famous Shalimar garden and was known for his great love for flowers. His trips to Kashmir are believed to have begun a fashion for naturalistic and abundant floral design.
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Jellicoe, Susan. "The Development of the Mughal Garden", MacDougall, Elisabeth B.; Ettinghausen, Richard. The Islamic Garden, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington D.C. (1976). p109
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Jellicoe, Susan "The Development of the Mughal Garden" MacDougall, Elisabeth B.; Ettinghausen, Richard. The Islamic Garden, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington D.C. (1976). p 121
404:. Later references are found from "the accounts of India" written by various European travellers (Bernier for example). The first serious historical study of Mughal gardens was written by
989:"The Development of the Mughal Garden" MacDougall, Elisabeth B.; Ettinghausen, Richard. The Islamic Garden, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington D.C. (1976). p 115
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and canopies reflecting nomadic roots. Tents indicated status in these societies, so wealth and power were displayed through the richness of the fabrics as well as by size and number.
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is used for the garden. This word developed a new meaning in South Asia, as the region lacked the fast-flowing streams required for the Central Asian charbagh. The
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From the beginnings of the Mughal Empire, the construction of gardens was a beloved imperial pastime. Babur, the first Mughal conqueror-king, had gardens built in
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Hussain, Mahmood; Rehman, Abdul; Wescoat, James L. Jr. The Mughal Garden: Interpretation, Conservation and Implications, Ferozsons Ltd., Lahore (1996). p 207
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was famously fond of. Adequate pressure on the fountains was applied through hydraulic pressure created by the movement of Persian wheels or water-chutes (
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structure, which is intended to create a representation of an earthly utopia in which humans co-exist in perfect harmony with all elements of nature.
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Allsen, Thomas T. Commodity and Exchange n the Mongol Empire: A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles, Cambridge University Press (1997). p 12-26
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An early textual references about Mughal gardens are found in the memoirs and biographies of the Mughal emperors, including those of
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Neeru Misra and Tanay Misra, Garden Tomb of Humayun: An Abode in Paradise, Aryan Books International, Delhi, 2003
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Moynihan, Elizabeth B. Paradise as Garden in Persia and Mughal India, Scholar Press, London (1982). p100-101
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Moynihan, Elizabeth B. Paradise as Garden in Persia and Mughal India, Scholar Press, London (1982)p 121-123.
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Fountainry and running water was a key feature of Mughal garden design. Water-lifting devices like geared
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REHMAN, ABDUL (2009). "Changing Concepts of Garden Design in Lahore from Mughal to Contemporary Times".
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that was filled with night-blooming jasmine and other pale flowers, located opposite the Taj across the
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showing its gardens before they were levelled by the British to resemble formal English lawns
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The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum
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Bird's Eye View of the Taj Mahal at Agra, showing its gardens as well as the Mahtab Bagh
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layouts are made within the walls enclosures. Some of the typical features include
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Paradise as Garden in Persia and Mughal India, Scholar Press, London (1982), p. 1.
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331:, Pakistan, embodies the Mughal relationship between humans, pets, and hunting.
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in Sikandra and Fatehpur Sikhri, the Lotus Garden of Babur at Dholpur and the
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Dickie, James (1985). "The Mughal Garden". In Grabar, Oleg (ed.).
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312:. Julie Scott Meisami describes the medieval Islamic garden as "a
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and this may have influenced his choice of Mughal style for the
217:, a sprawling funereal paradise in memory of his favorite wife,
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predecessors with respect to "the highly disciplined geometry".
91:
44:, Pakistan, are among the most famous of all Mughal-era gardens.
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Mughal gardens: sources, places, representations, and prospects
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1952:
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Penelope Hobhouse; Erica Hunningher; Jerry Harpur (2004).
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were used for irrigation and to feed the water-courses at
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Mughal gardens design derives primarily from the medieval
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is thought to have been the first charbagh in South Asia.
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Fatima, Sadaf (2012). "Waterworks in Mughal Gardens".
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Wescoat, James L.; Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim (1996).
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Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture
209:, marks the apex of Mughal garden architecture and
1243:The gardens of Mughul India: a history and a guide
242:, which Shah Jahan adopted as a personal symbol.
114:have a number of gardens which differ from their
1262:Earthly paradise: garden and courtyard in Islam
4546:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
146:, described his favourite type of garden as a
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2219:List of organic gardening and farming topics
213:. He is famous for the construction of the
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4988:
4823:
4633:
4619:
4611:
4530:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World
4142:
3869:
3648:
3627:
3613:
3605:
3213:
2639:
2456:
2442:
2434:
1350:
1336:
1328:
1141:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1089:A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture
1055:
1053:
4583:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
1178:Villiers-Stuart, Constance Mary (1913).
1016:. Adam and Charles Black, London. p. 53.
4503:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
879:
248:was the largest recorded garden of the
1059:
1164:
1162:
450:Mughal garden built on the banks the
7:
5700:Types of garden by country of origin
2404:
1285:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1216:. Vol. 3. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
473:was built in 1912 in a Mughal style.
134:supervising the creation of a garden
4510:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam
2416:
1044:
75:. This style was influenced by the
3492:Influences on Western architecture
1265:. University of California Press.
25:
4411:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem
221:. He is also responsible for the
4641:
3856:
3588:
3575:
2663:
2415:
2403:
2392:
2391:
2379:
1013:The Gardens of the Great Mughals
4938:Suppression of Tilpat rebellion
3461:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
1259:Lehrman, Jonas Benzion (1980).
5705:Islamic architectural elements
5475:List of tombs of Mughal Empire
4933:MughalâSafavid war (1649â1653)
4928:MughalâSafavid war (1622â1623)
1282:Islamic Gardens and Landscapes
893:. Kales Press. pp. 7â13.
1:
412:(1913). She was consulted by
5685:Mughal architecture elements
4568:Mathematics and architecture
3553:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
1202:Historical Gardens of Lahore
1181:Gardens of the great Mughals
410:Gardens of the Great Mughals
4983:MughalâPortuguese conflicts
2250:Index of pesticide articles
1199:Dar, Saifur Rahman (1982).
1073:"History Of Mughal Gardens"
252:, encompassing the town of
27:South Asian style of garden
5721:
5382:Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad
2921:Islamic geometric patterns
1394:Climate-friendly gardening
724:Jahangir's Garden at Ajmer
5402:Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta
4551:Influences on Western art
3854:
3566:
3355:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
2661:
2373:
2270:Plant disease forecasting
2224:Vegan organic agriculture
2074:Genetically modified tree
1092:. John Wiley & Sons.
985:With his son Shah Jahan.
771:Tomb of I'timÄd-ud-Daulah
406:Constance Villiers-Stuart
4973:Indian Rebellion of 1857
4918:Mughal conquest of Malwa
3471:Museum with No Frontiers
851:Baradari of Kamran Mirza
826:Shalimar Gardens, Lahore
776:Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani
4948:TibetâLadakhâMughal war
3582:Architecture portal
1086:Brown, Rebecca (2015).
846:Gardens of Mahabat Khan
652:Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar
4541:Indo-Saracenic Revival
3487:Indo-Saracenic Revival
2887:(multicoloured ashlar)
2209:Biodynamic agriculture
2146:Postharvest physiology
2094:Landscape architecture
1791:Indonesian home garden
1008:Villiers-Stuart, C. M.
814:Quadrangle gardens at
521:
506:
488:
474:
463:
436:
351:
332:
288:
202:
135:
61:
45:
5460:Tomb of Salim Chishti
4943:AhomâMughal conflicts
4693:Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)
4496:Empire of the Sultans
3224:Congregational mosque
2682:(four-arch structure)
1456:Historic conservation
1277:Ruggles, D. Fairchild
1245:. Jay Kay Book Shop.
512:
494:
480:
469:
442:
431:
342:
322:
280:
200:
129:
51:
35:
5422:Tombs and mausoleums
4459:Arab World Institute
4269:Ottoman illumination
3548:Ottoman architecture
3538:Moorish architecture
3533:Islamic architecture
3528:Iranian architecture
2951:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
2805:(or mĂŒezzin mahfili)
2465:Islamic architecture
2386:Gardening portal
2285:Aquamog weed remover
2260:List of insecticides
1184:. A. & C. Black.
868:Indo-Persian culture
615:Sheikh Chilli's Tomb
598:Shalimar Bagh, Delhi
300:Design and symbolism
102:inside the gardens.
5695:Gardens in Pakistan
5387:Jama Masjid (Delhi)
4953:MughalâMaratha wars
3585: •
3572: •
3558:Yemeni architecture
3543:Mughal architecture
3523:Berber architecture
3518:Arabic architecture
3182:Salsabil (fountain)
2916:Islamic calligraphy
250:Indian subcontinent
138:The founder of the
86:Significant use of
5639:Nizam of Hyderabad
4913:Mughal-Rajput wars
4733:Ahmad Shah Bahadur
4698:Muhammad Azam Shah
4536:Aniconism in Islam
4474:Toronto (Aga Khan)
4431:Khalili Collection
4296:Geometric patterns
3704:Bahmani and Deccan
3259:Kuttab (or maktab)
2255:List of fungicides
2020:Companion planting
1301:. Dumbarton Oaks.
522:
507:
489:
475:
471:Rashtrapati Bhavan
464:
437:
352:
333:
289:
203:
136:
62:
46:
5662:
5661:
5649:Kingdom of Mysore
5583:Foreign relations
5521:
5520:
5470:Tomb of Nur Jahan
5465:Tomb of Aurangzeb
5412:Wazir Khan Mosque
5332:Forts and palaces
5318:
5317:
5290:Guru Gobind Singh
5218:Bayazid of Sylhet
4901:
4900:
4801:Foreign relations
4608:
4607:
4277:
4276:
4132:
4131:
4104:Hardstone carving
4001:Chinese influence
3852:
3851:
3838:Stucco decoration
3602:
3601:
3449:
3448:
3205:
3204:
3192:Shading Umbrellas
2976:Stucco decoration
2876:For overview, see
2691:Four-centred arch
2431:
2430:
2303:Community orchard
2129:drought tolerance
1308:978-0-884-02235-0
1252:978-8-187-22109-8
890:Gardens of Persia
831:Tomb of Asif Khan
691:Bani Begum Garden
679:Daria Daulat Bagh
674:Brindavan Gardens
621:Jammu and Kashmir
593:Safdarjung's Tomb
456:Jammu and Kashmir
408:, with the title
388:Academic research
225:at Delhi and the
79:particularly the
16:(Redirected from
5712:
5690:Gardens in India
5629:Nawabs of Bengal
5592:Successor states
5496:Shalimar Gardens
5440:Gardens of Babur
5329:
5275:Lachit Borphukan
4989:
4978:MughalâSikh wars
4923:Gujarat conquest
4824:
4816:Mughal artillery
4645:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4612:
4447:Majorelle Garden
4143:
3976:Hispano-Moresque
3870:
3860:
3669:Anatolian Seljuk
3649:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3606:
3595:Islam portal
3593:
3592:
3591:
3580:
3579:
3214:
2879:Islamic ornament
2758:South Asian dome
2686:Discharging arch
2667:
2640:
2484:Anatolian Seljuk
2458:
2451:
2444:
2435:
2419:
2418:
2407:
2406:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2383:
2360:Plant collecting
2296:Related articles
2233:Plant protection
1414:French intensive
1352:
1345:
1338:
1329:
1312:
1256:
1227:
1206:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1005:
999:
996:
990:
983:
977:
973:
967:
964:
958:
955:
949:
946:
940:
939:
911:
905:
904:
884:
836:Tomb of Jahangir
727:Lotus Garden at
482:Tomb of Jahangir
418:Viceroy's Garden
314:hortus conclusus
205:Jahangir's son,
38:Shalimar Gardens
21:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5680:Islamic gardens
5665:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5634:Nawabs of Awadh
5587:
5568:Persian Mughals
5517:
5501:Achabal Gardens
5479:
5450:Jahangir's Tomb
5435:Bibi Ka Maqbara
5416:
5397:Badshahi Mosque
5368:
5314:
5280:Khushal Khattak
5255:Maharana Pratap
5191:
5120:
5101:Thanesar (1710)
5096:Thanesar (1567)
4987:
4897:
4822:
4767:
4763:Bahadur Shah II
4718:Rafi ud-Darajat
4649:
4639:
4609:
4604:
4573:Moorish Revival
4521:
4515:
4483:
4400:Calligraphy Art
4366:
4359:
4321:
4273:
4247:
4174:
4138:
4128:
4094:Enamelled glass
4067:
4046:
4005:
3957:
3912:
3873:Regional styles
3861:
3848:
3774:
3745:Sudano-Sahelian
3652:Regional styles
3638:
3633:
3603:
3598:
3589:
3587:
3574:
3562:
3506:
3497:Moorish Revival
3475:
3445:
3411:Albarrana tower
3399:
3328:
3315:in modern Iran)
3229:Dar al-Muwaqqit
3201:
3152:(fountain type)
3137:
3131:
3094:
3088:
3079:Reflecting pool
3074:Persian gardens
3069:Paradise garden
3037:
3014:(entrance hall)
2985:
2941:Nagash painting
2863:
2785:
2779:
2730:
2701:Lambrequin arch
2668:
2659:
2631:
2602:Sudano-Sahelian
2467:
2462:
2432:
2427:
2378:
2369:
2365:Turf management
2350:Lists of plants
2345:List of gardens
2291:
2228:
2195:
1957:
1507:
1500:
1365:
1356:
1319:
1309:
1296:
1253:
1237:
1234:
1232:Further reading
1224:
1209:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
987:Jellicoe, Susan
984:
980:
974:
970:
965:
961:
956:
952:
947:
943:
913:
912:
908:
901:
886:
885:
881:
876:
864:
787:
737:
721:
709:
696:Bibi Ka Maqbara
687:
665:
632:Achabal Gardens
623:
610:Pinjore Gardens
606:
568:Nizamuddin East
560:
555:
543:
527:
496:Pinjore Gardens
426:
390:
368:Akbar's Gardens
302:
275:
130:Mughal Emperor
124:
77:Persian gardens
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5718:
5716:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5675:Mughal gardens
5667:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5609:Maratha Empire
5606:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5491:Fatehpur Sikri
5487:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5445:Humayun's Tomb
5442:
5437:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5407:Sunehri Masjid
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5359:Jahangir Mahal
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5245:Sher Shah Suri
5242:
5237:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5192:
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5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5071:Panipat (1761)
5068:
5066:Panipat (1556)
5063:
5061:Panipat (1526)
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5006:Badli-ki-Serai
5003:
4997:
4995:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
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4798:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4775:
4773:
4772:Administration
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4743:Shah Jahan III
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4703:Bahadur Shah I
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4640:
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4623:
4615:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4600:Topkapı Scroll
4597:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
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4476:
4471:
4466:
4455:
4450:
4439:
4434:
4423:British Museum
4419:
4414:
4407:Islamic Museum
4403:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4347:
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4157:
4151:
4149:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4118:Stained glass
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4089:Damascus steel
4086:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4066:
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3512:
3511:Category pages
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3423:
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3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3385:Medina quarter
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3330:
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3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:Riwaq (arcade)
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
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3104:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3059:Islamic garden
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
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2761:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2706:Multifoil arch
2703:
2698:
2696:Horseshoe arch
2693:
2688:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2657:
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2599:
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356:Persian wheels
310:Ancient Persia
306:Islamic garden
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286:Kashmir valley
282:Verinag spring
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67:are a type of
65:Mughal Gardens
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18:Mughal Gardens
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2335:Garden centre
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2313:Floral design
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2179:reforestation
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2089:Intercropping
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2035:
2031:
2030:most valuable
2028:
2027:
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2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
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1998:Arboriculture
1996:
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1521:Ancient Egypt
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1424:Garden design
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1291:0-8122-4025-1
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1271:0-520-04363-4
1268:
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1244:
1240:
1239:Crowe, Sylvia
1236:
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1147:: 1268â1278.
1146:
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1126:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1101:
1099:9781119019534
1095:
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1074:
1068:
1065:
1062:, p. 136
1061:
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900:9780967007663
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847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
821:Shahdara Bagh
819:
817:
813:
811:
807:
804:
802:
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792:
789:
788:
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742:
739:
738:
735:Uttar Pradesh
734:
730:
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723:
722:
718:
714:
713:Aam Khas Bagh
711:
710:
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637:Chashma Shahi
635:
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540:
536:
532:
529:
528:
524:
520:, Afghanistan
519:
515:
511:
505:
501:
497:
493:
487:
486:Shahdara Bagh
483:
479:
472:
468:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
435:garden, Delhi
434:
430:
423:
421:
419:
415:
414:Edwin Lutyens
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
387:
385:
381:
378:
373:
372:Shalimar Bagh
369:
365:
361:
357:
349:
345:
341:
337:
330:
326:
321:
317:
315:
311:
307:
299:
297:
293:
287:
283:
279:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
241:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:floral design
208:
199:
195:
193:
190:Akbar's son,
188:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
141:
140:Mughal empire
133:
128:
121:
119:
117:
116:Central Asian
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
74:
71:built by the
70:
66:
59:
55:
52:19th century
50:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
5602:
5552:
5510:
5506:Shahi Bridge
5430:Akbar's Tomb
5392:Chawk Mosque
5364:Sheesh Mahal
5349:Lalbagh Fort
5324:Architecture
5310:Hector Munro
5285:Josiah Child
5235:Ibrahim Lodi
5228:Pratapaditya
5213:Khwaja Usman
5011:Bhuchar Mori
4827:
4748:Shah Alam II
4713:Farrukhsiyar
4592:
4588:Pseudo-Kufic
4528:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4417:Kuala Lumpur
4339:
4315:
3842:
3694:Indo-Islamic
3684:Great Seljuk
3644:Architecture
3586:
3573:
3570:Islamic arts
3350:Caravanserai
3063:
2875:
2829:Loudspeakers
2754:Persian dome
2716:Pointed arch
2514:Indo-Islamic
2504:Great Seljuk
2420:
2408:
2396:
2377:
2280:Weed control
2169:horticulture
2099:Olericulture
2079:Hydroculture
2069:Fruticulture
2047:Floriculture
1976:Permaculture
1963:Horticulture
1780:
1359:Horticulture
1298:
1280:
1260:
1242:
1212:
1201:
1180:
1173:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1125:
1115:
1103:. Retrieved
1088:
1081:
1067:
1047:, p. 45
1040:
1030:
1021:
1011:
1003:
994:
981:
971:
962:
953:
944:
919:
915:
909:
889:
882:
746:Akbar's Tomb
701:Himayat Bagh
547:Lalbagh Fort
531:Bagh-e Babur
514:Bagh-e Babur
409:
391:
382:
376:
359:
353:
334:
303:
294:
290:
267:
263:
259:
244:
235:Yamuna river
231:night garden
219:Mumtaz Mahal
204:
189:
178:
165:
161:
157:
151:
137:
85:
64:
63:
29:
5624:Sikh Empire
5603:interrupted
5344:Lahore Fort
5295:Henry Every
5260:Malik Ambar
5203:Baro-Bhuyan
5196:Adversaries
5182:Ranthambore
5137:Chittorgarh
4958:Child's war
4784:family tree
4520:Principles,
4488:Exhibitions
4441:Marrakech (
4437:Los Angeles
4405:Jerusalem (
4367:collections
4318:Calligraphy
4198:Indo-Muslim
4180:Calligraphy
4114:Mosque lamp
4072:Other media
3991:Mina'i ware
3880:Bangladeshi
3636:Islamic art
3197:Windcatcher
3178:(courtyard)
2931:Mosque lamp
2911:Girih tiles
2868:Decorations
2746:Arabic dome
2422:WikiProject
2191:Monoculture
2186:Viticulture
2164:agriculture
2124:propagation
2064:HĂŒgelkultur
1986:sustainable
1971:Agriculture
1913:Therapeutic
1893:Shakespeare
1704:Renaissance
1496:Xeriscaping
1491:Sustainable
1486:Square foot
1476:Proplifting
1441:Garden tool
1409:Foodscaping
1060:Dickie 1985
841:Wah Gardens
816:Lahore Fort
810:Sheikhupura
806:Hiran Minar
801:Hazuri Bagh
796:Gulabi Bagh
761:Mehtab Bagh
756:Khusro Bagh
685:Maharashtra
642:Nishat Bagh
627:Naseem Bagh
578:Amrit Udyan
573:Qudsia Bagh
525:Afghanistan
500:Sikh rulers
444:Nishat Bagh
344:Nishat Bagh
329:Sheikhupura
327:complex in
325:Hiran Minar
227:Mahtab Bagh
150:. The term
104:Afghanistan
88:rectilinear
5669:Categories
5654:Rohilkhand
5599:Sur Empire
5305:Nader Shah
5240:Rana Sanga
5152:Daulatabad
5036:Haldighati
4968:Bengal war
4806:Government
4738:Alamgir II
4688:Shah Jahan
4594:Stilfragen
4522:influences
4394:Istanbul (
4327:The garden
4283:Decoration
4252:Other arts
4147:Miniatures
4032:Embroidery
3986:Lustreware
3845:Decoration
3808:Mashrabiya
3716:Indonesian
3480:Influences
3395:Well house
3166:Mashrabiya
2814:Hussainiya
2750:Onion dome
2541:Indonesian
2529:Qutb Shahi
2084:Indigenous
1981:stock-free
1953:Zoological
1833:Pollinator
1726:Greenhouse
1669:Sharawadgi
1657:Vietnamese
1618:East Asian
1526:Australian
1481:Raised bed
1446:Green wall
1223:9004076115
874:References
856:Shahi Bagh
647:Pari Mahal
541:Bangladesh
366:in Delhi,
273:Waterworks
207:Shah Jahan
108:Bangladesh
54:photochrom
5455:Taj Mahal
5339:Agra Fort
5300:Bajirao I
5223:Musa Khan
5177:Purandhar
5081:Raj Mahal
5056:Najafgarh
4906:Conflicts
4873:Hyderabad
4829:Provinces
4556:Grotesque
4469:Singapore
4453:Melbourne
4291:Arabesque
3720:Malaysian
3454:Resources
3217:Religious
3187:Shabestan
3145:Hypostyle
3127:Shadirvan
2896:Arabesque
2819:Imamzadeh
2784:Religious
2764:Semi-dome
2711:Ogee arch
2680:Chahartaq
2643:Materials
2570:Almoravid
2545:Malaysian
2355:Perennial
2318:Floristry
2265:Pesticide
2245:Herbicide
2240:Fungicide
2134:hardiness
1898:Shrubbery
1878:Sculpture
1699:landscape
1628:Cantonese
1603:Container
1598:Community
1566:Byzantine
1561:Butterfly
1551:Botanical
1451:Guerrilla
1399:Community
1389:Butterfly
1384:Arboretum
1379:Allotment
1371:Gardening
1363:gardening
928:0307-1243
791:Chauburji
766:Taj Mahal
751:Aram Bagh
741:Agra Fort
719:Rajasthan
663:Karnataka
420:in 1912.
350:, Kashmir
215:Taj Mahal
170:Aram Bagh
96:fountains
58:Taj Mahal
5644:Carnatic
5563:Painting
5558:Language
5526:See also
5354:Red Fort
5208:Isa Khan
5172:Kandahar
5157:Golconda
5086:Samugarh
5021:Chanderi
4811:Military
4758:Akbar II
4683:Shahryar
4678:Jahangir
4655:Emperors
4561:Moresque
4421:London (
4365:Museums,
4350:Paradise
4335:Charbagh
4316:See also
4218:Nastaliq
4208:Muhaqqaq
4139:the book
4051:Woodwork
4010:Textiles
3971:Fritware
3843:See also
3828:Muqarnas
3823:MocĂĄrabe
3780:Elements
3568:Part of
3404:Military
3340:Baradari
3333:Civilian
3156:Jharokha
3117:Mechouar
3054:Charbagh
2997:Andaruni
2971:Socarrat
2936:Muqarnas
2834:Maqsurah
2726:Vaulting
2655:Tadelakt
2636:Elements
2585:Zayyanid
2565:Aghlabid
2398:Category
2308:Features
2214:Grafting
2174:forestry
2156:Tropical
2141:Pomology
2114:cuttings
2109:breeding
1943:Wildlife
1923:Tropical
1873:Scottish
1823:Pleasure
1811:Paradise
1806:Charbagh
1776:Monastic
1771:Medieval
1681:Floating
1635:Japanese
1586:Communal
1576:Colonial
1541:Biblical
1506:Types of
1471:Parterre
1279:(2008).
1241:(2006).
1153:44156328
1045:Dar 1982
1010:(1913).
936:27821596
862:See also
785:Pakistan
669:Lal Bagh
583:Red Fort
452:Dal Lake
448:terraced
377:chaadar)
348:Srinagar
246:Gol Bagh
223:Red Fort
192:Jahangir
162:bageecha
148:charbagh
81:Charbagh
5578:Weapons
5553:Gardens
5548:Fashion
5543:Culture
5538:Cuisine
5374:Mosques
5270:Shivaji
5187:Sambhal
5162:Hooghly
5132:Bijapur
5106:Tukaroi
5091:Sirhind
5076:Plassey
4993:Battles
4863:Gujarat
4791:Economy
4779:Dynasty
4668:Humayun
4578:Mudéjar
4479:Tripoli
4457:Paris (
4427:V&A
4355:Persian
4345:Ottoman
4259:Muraqqa
4238:Thuluth
4223:Persian
4170:Persian
4165:Ottoman
4137:Arts of
4122:Shabaka
3996:Persian
3963:Pottery
3948:Turkish
3943:Persian
3918:Carpets
3907:Ottoman
3903:Turkish
3897:Safavid
3885:Persian
3818:Minaret
3793:Banna'i
3765:Umayyad
3760:Timurid
3750:Swahili
3740:Ottoman
3735:Moorish
3725:Iranian
3699:Bengali
3679:Fatimid
3674:Chinese
3664:Ayyubid
3659:Abbasid
3502:Mudéjar
3466:ArchNet
3416:AlcĂĄzar
3289:Musalla
3274:Maqbara
3264:Madrasa
3254:KĂŒlliye
3249:Khanqah
3239:Gongbei
3138:cooling
3136:Passive
3102:Chhatri
3095:objects
3093:Outdoor
3042:Gardens
3018:Mirador
2956:Shabaka
2946:Qashani
2901:Banna'i
2844:Minaret
2786:objects
2776:(eaves)
2774:Chhajja
2721:Squinch
2622:Umayyad
2617:Timurid
2607:Swahili
2592:Ottoman
2575:Almohad
2560:Moorish
2550:Iranian
2519:Bengali
2499:Fatimid
2494:Chinese
2489:Ayyubid
2479:Abbasid
2410:Commons
2323:Ikebana
2275:Pruning
2201:Organic
2151:Roguing
2037:Cutting
1928:Victory
1903:Spanish
1883:Sensory
1828:Prairie
1796:Persian
1786:Orchard
1751:Kitchen
1746:Keyhole
1741:Italian
1736:Islamic
1731:Hanging
1690:French
1676:Fernery
1664:English
1623:Chinese
1608:Cottage
1536:Baroque
1508:gardens
1461:History
1193:Sources
729:Dholpur
657:Verinag
604:Haryana
504:Patiala
398:Humayun
360:saqiya)
185:Dholpur
166:bagicha
122:History
73:Mughals
56:of the
5484:Others
5265:Gokula
5125:Sieges
5116:Bhulua
5051:Khanwa
5046:Khajwa
5041:Karnal
5031:Ghagra
5026:Chausa
4888:Multan
4878:Lahore
4853:Bengal
4463:Louvre
4443:Museum
4390:Ghazni
4375:Berlin
4340:Mughal
4311:Zellij
4243:Tughra
4193:Diwani
4188:Arabic
4160:Mughal
4155:Arabic
4063:Minbar
4058:Khatam
4042:Suzani
4037:Soumak
4022:Damask
3953:Prayer
3936:Motifs
3833:Sitara
3813:Mihrab
3770:Yemeni
3730:Mamluk
3709:Mughal
3426:Kasbah
3375:Kasbah
3365:Hammam
3360:Ghorfa
3345:Bazaar
3324:Zawiya
3313:takyeh
3284:Mosque
3234:Dargah
3161:Kucheh
3107:Eidgah
3033:Zenana
2981:Zellij
2966:Sitara
2961:Shamsa
2849:Minbar
2839:Mihrab
2824:Kiswah
2809:Gonbad
2673:Arches
2627:Yemeni
2597:Somali
2580:Hafsid
2555:Mamluk
2534:Mughal
2524:Deccan
2472:Styles
2160:Urban
2057:Taiwan
2052:Canada
2015:Botany
2008:Saikei
2003:Bonsai
1948:Winter
1933:Walled
1868:School
1863:Sacred
1818:Physic
1781:Mughal
1761:Market
1716:German
1694:formal
1686:Flower
1652:Korean
1571:Cactus
1556:Bottle
1516:Alpine
1466:Native
1419:Garden
1404:Forest
1305:
1289:
1269:
1249:
1220:
1151:
1105:20 May
1096:
934:
926:
897:
707:Punjab
254:Lahore
181:Lahore
100:canals
69:garden
42:Lahore
5573:Tribe
5167:Jinji
5147:Daman
5142:Delhi
5111:Bakla
5016:Buxar
4883:Malwa
4868:Delhi
4858:Berar
4848:Awadh
4843:Ajmer
4673:Akbar
4663:Babur
4380:Cairo
4305:tiles
4301:Girih
4264:Hilya
4233:Taliq
4213:Naskh
4203:Kufic
4099:Glass
4084:Brass
4079:Music
4017:Batik
3981:Iznik
3931:Kilim
3893:Qajar
3889:Early
3788:Ablaq
3755:Tatar
3689:Hausa
3441:Ribat
3436:Qalat
3421:Amsar
3380:Mahal
3319:TĂŒrbe
3309:Takya
3304:Surau
3299:Rauza
3294:Qubba
3279:Mazar
3269:Maqam
3210:Types
3122:Sebil
3012:Liwan
3002:Harem
2990:Rooms
2906:Girih
2891:Alfiz
2885:Ablaq
2859:Zarih
2854:Qibla
2803:Dikka
2798:Bedug
2793:Anaza
2769:Tajug
2735:Roofs
2650:Qadad
2612:Tatar
2509:Hausa
2104:Plant
2042:Flora
1991:urban
1938:Water
1918:Trial
1888:Shade
1848:Roman
1721:Greek
1711:Front
1613:Dutch
1581:Color
1149:JSTOR
932:JSTOR
558:Delhi
553:India
535:Kabul
518:Kabul
460:India
446:is a
424:Sites
402:Akbar
394:Babur
240:tulip
144:Babur
132:Babur
112:India
92:pools
5619:Jats
5512:more
5250:Hemu
5001:Agra
4893:Sira
4838:Agra
4796:Flag
4396:Arts
4385:Doha
4228:Sini
4027:Ikat
3866:Arts
3803:Jali
3798:Iwan
3431:Ksar
3390:Souq
3311:(or
3176:Sahn
3150:Howz
3112:Fina
3084:Riad
3049:Bagh
3028:Qaâa
3023:Hosh
3007:Iwan
2926:Jali
2742:Dome
2025:Crop
1858:Rose
1853:Roof
1843:Rock
1838:Rain
1801:BÄgh
1766:Mary
1756:Knot
1640:Roji
1531:Back
1361:and
1303:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1107:2017
1094:ISBN
924:ISSN
895:ISBN
400:and
323:The
229:, a
183:and
174:Agra
158:baug
153:bÄgh
110:and
98:and
36:The
5533:Art
3926:Gul
1908:Tea
1645:Zen
1546:Bog
1035:242
516:in
502:of
484:in
454:in
172:of
164:or
40:in
5671::
4461:,
4445:,
4429:,
4425:,
4409:,
4398:,
3895:,
3891:,
3718:/
2756:/
2752:/
2748:/
2543:/
1161:^
1145:73
1143:.
1052:^
976:55
930:.
920:37
918:.
808:,
566:,
533:,
458:,
396:,
346:,
160:,
156:,
142:,
106:,
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