660:. As a result, the winter pastures of the Shahsevens remained in the territory of Persia, and the summer pastures remained in the territory of the Russian Empire. Beginning in 1830, the Persian government paid for the Shahsevans to cross into Russian territory, but the villages where the wealthy were relocated were frequently raided, and in 1884 they were banned from crossing the border. However, the Shahsevens did not recognize borders and sometimes continued to migrate in their traditional ways, attacking Russian and Azerbaijani villages. According to Morozova, a similar situation existed in Karabakh and Gazakh; the construction of Armenian villages on the routes of nomads caused conflicts. In addition, serfdom in the Caucasus was not abolished until 1912, and no recall and demarcation procedures were carried out. According to Morozova, national-religious and social conflicts intensified after the
721:
712:
Soviet government was held in the village of
Astrakhanka. On the morning of July 28, the Bolsheviks had to leave Lankaran. Otradnev, the commander of the troops, was killed in the fighting. A decision was made to evacuate Sarah Island. Individual groups attacked. As a result, a strange situation has arisen in the region. The locals could not decide who to obey. However, Soviet rule in the region came to an end. They were able to stay on Sarah Island for two weeks. The local population was subordinated to the Azerbaijani government.
645:
government protection - the detention of
Russian immigrants has led to clashes with the local population. OM Morozova and TF Yermolenko, referring to Talibli's attitude to the latest issue, claim that despite the fact that the Tsarist government was interested in the Russification of Mugan, it tried to take into account the interests of all residents of the region. However, according to Morozova and Yermolenko, the population was dissatisfied with the tsarist policy due to the failure of local authorities and the lack of special measures.
696:. Nevertheless, the situation in the region remained on the brink of anarchy, the government's authority was weak, and in April 1919, Soviet power in the region was re-established in the form of the Mugan Soviet Republic (MSR). The refusal of Tsarist army officers to recognize the new Soviet government and the arrest of Colonel Ilyashevich, one of the leaders of the previous governments, led to a war between whites and reds in Mugan. At the same time, a large-scale revolt of
745:
did not understand Soviet policy. Long-running Muslim guerrilla groups in the region, many of them organized by the organizers and leaders of the Astara uprising during the Mugan events, were led by former
Turkish corporal Yusuf Jamal Pasha, Shahveran, Hussein Alikhan, and others. At the same time, armed groups appeared in Javan district in northern Mugan. The armed resistance, known as the
579:(1963), the chronology of events was not established, the assessment of political forces was ideological. For modern researchers of the White Army (White Guard) (VE Shambarov), the Mugan events are an example of popular anti-Bolshevik resistance, while Azerbaijani authors interpret them as a movement against the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan. In the monograph
592:
25:
75:
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It was noted in the appeal that the
Lankaran district would recognize only the government of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The Bolsheviks had to fight on several fronts at the same time. In Astara, paratroopers landed with the help of local residents. An alternative congress against the
707:
In 1919, the
Ministry of War of Azerbaijan decided to gradually abolish the Mugan Soviet Republic. In mid-July, they launched an attack from Salyan and Astara. On July 23, Minister of War Samad bey Mehmandarov addressed the residents of Lankaran district. He stated in his appeal that "with
606:
The local population of the region was represented by
Azerbaijanis (often called Turks or Tatars in the sources) and Talysh. Azerbaijanis were divided into sedentary populations and nomads (Shahsevens). According to Russian historian Olga Morozova, local Shiites turned to the Persians and
744:
was established. Soon (already in late May), an armed opposition of the Soviet regime emerged in
Lankaran district. According to Mehman Süleymanov, the Soviet government disrespected local traditions and customs and mass demands under the pretext of class struggle because the Muslim population
574:
According to historians O. M. Morozova and T. F. Yermolenko, this historical episode rarely attracts the attention of scholars; the events are used more in political interests related to modern ethnic conflicts. The small amount of documentary evidence preserved to date has led to distortions
691:
The period of ethnic clashes ended only in April 1918, after the establishment of Soviet power by parts of the Baku commune, and there were attempts at reconciliation. However, Soviet rule did not last long, and a few months after the collapse of the Baku
Commune, a puppet government of the
732:
Hashimov reported from
Lankaran to the General Staff of the Azerbaijani Army that the situation in Lankaran and Mugan was calm; but "there is an increase in the Bolshevik organization of the villages of Privolnoye (Jalilabad), Grigorevka (Sharan), Otrubintsi, which are in the center of
644:
Soviet writer B. Talibli wrote that the division of the region's population into conflict groups was facilitated by religious and ethnic differences, migration processes (migration and resettlement of nomads). According to Talbli, sectarians in exile in Russia have become an element of
737:, reported on the strong Bolshevik propaganda, the presence of large sums of money in the propagandists, and the good armament of the struggling villages; He called for the immediate strengthening of military presence in the region and the disarmament of pro-Bolshevik villages.
733:
attention due to the recent successes of the
Bolsheviks among the population of Mugan." In 1919, during the Salimov campaign, Hashimov recommended disarming villages that had escaped disarmament. In early March 1920, the commissioner of the Lankaran district, Bahram khan
103:
96:
740:
On April 28, as a result of the April occupation (Baku operation), the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic collapsed. A few days later, Soviet power was established in Lankaran and Mugan; The
89:
728:
After the events in Mugan, the southern districts of Baku province finally became part of Azerbaijan, but instability prevailed in the region for a long time. In early January 1920,
641:. Documents from 1913 show that 20,000 of the 150,000 Russians in the Caucasus live in Mugan. In Russian-language sources, the Russian population of Mugan is described as Mugans.
1095:
839:
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turned into military operations. Many Russian border guards who refused to leave the region also came to the aid of Russian immigrants known as Mugans.
1100:
614:, many nomads and settlers from the north joined the Ottoman Empire. They were replaced by Armenians, Germans, and Greeks. The villages of Privolnoye (
256:
693:
610:
Mugan was one of the places where the migration policy of the Russian Empire spread. After the annexation of the region to Russia under the terms of the
708:
the consent of the Republic of Azerbaijan, I am sending troops to Lankaran to end the civil war, restore stability and save you from the aggressors."
356:
113:
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and others. The number of Russian settlements in Mugan increased from 48 to 55, the highest. The Russians also lived in the city of
749:, was suppressed only in October 1921, but, as Mehman Süleymanov noted, protests against Soviet rule in the region continued for many years.
43:
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The resettlement of the Russians to Mugan, according to various sources, took place during the reign of Nicholas II, among whom were
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864:Ленкорань // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : В 86 томах (82 т. и 4 доп.). Saint-Petersburg. 1890–1907.
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583:(2011), Russian historian V.P. Buldakov demonstrated the importance of ethnic conflict in the escalation of violence.
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Chaos and Ethnos. Ethnic Conflicts in Russia, 1917-1918: Conditions of Origin, Chronicle, Commentary, Analysis
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684:. Ethnic tensions between the local population and the Russians who settled in the region during the
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806:Авалиани (Avaliani), Симон Лукич. Крестьянский вопрос в Закавказье. 5. Тбилиси. 1986. 78. (in Russian).
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336:
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Caucasian Ethnographic Collection. Ethnic Processes in Transcaucasia in the 19th and 20th Centuries
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622:) in the Mugan Plain were among the first Russian villages to appear in the Caucasus in the 1830s.
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The Mugan Plain is located between the lower reaches of the Kura and Araz and the foothills of the
445:
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Lieutenant Khoshev's detachment of Mugan soldiers and allied Azerbaijanis (center), end of 1918.
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Pogonovs and Budyonovki: The Civil War through the eyes of White officers and Red Army soldiers
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603:. Before the revolution, it occupied part of Javad and Lankaran districts of Baku province.
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Azerbaijani soldiers from Salimov's detachment during the Lankaran operation, August 1919
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and Azerbaijani forces in Mugan during March 1918 to August 1919, in the context of the
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and baseless interpretations. In the third volume of the Soviet publication
1061:Кавказский этнографический сборник. Этнические процессы в Закавказье в XIX—XX вв
1013:] (in Russian). Moscow: Russian Humanities Research Foundation. p. 356.
16:
Confrontation between Russian Whites, Bolsheviks and Azerbaijani forces in Mugan
626:
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1007:Погоны и Буденовки: Гражданская война глазами белых офицеров и красноармейцев
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against the MSR began, which was aided by regular Azerbaijani army units.
729:
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899:"ADR–100: Muğan Sovet Respublikasının ləğvi və Qarabağdakı hadisələr"
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provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject
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652:, a group of nomadic Azerbaijanis, were divided according to the
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90 years before the Russian Civil War, the lands settled by the
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1000:] (in Russian). Baku: Azerbaijani State Publishing House.
680:, anarchy arose in Mugan in the south of the present-day
816:В. А. Александров, И. В. Власова, Н. С. Полищук (2003).
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39:
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History of the Azerbaijani Army. Volume 3 (1920–1922)
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1054:] (in Azerbaijani). Baku: Maarif. p. 784.
1033:(1). Academic Publishing House Researcher: 46–61.
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692:Russian White Forces was formed in Mugan: the
631:Dukhoborchevs, Staroobryadchevs, Malorussovs,
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8:
1096:Military operations of the Russian Civil War
838:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1005:Morozova, Olga; Ermolenko, Tatiana (2013).
694:Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan
1048:Azərbaycan Ordusunun tarixi. 3 (1920–1922)
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1069:USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House
1067:] (in Russian). Vol. 4. Moscow:
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
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992:Gusejnov, A.A.; Sinitsyn, V.M. (1979).
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607:Sunni Muslims to the Turkish sultan.
44:providing more context for the reader
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1106:Battles involving the Volunteer Army
1101:Azerbaijan in the Russian Civil War
14:
23:
546:) were a confrontation between
327:Southern Front counteroffensive
742:Revolutionary Military Council
668:Overview of the Mughan clashes
564:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
1:
886:Morozova & Ermolenko 2013
874:Morozova & Ermolenko 2013
795:Morozova & Ermolenko 2013
783:Morozova & Ermolenko 2013
658:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
486:Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict
940:Gusejnov & Sinitsyn 1979
928:Gusejnov & Sinitsyn 1979
916:Gusejnov & Sinitsyn 1979
1046:Süleymanov, Mehman (2018).
1020:"Mugan Region in 1918–1919"
595:Mughan steppe on a 1918 map
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1122:
1018:Morozova, Olga M. (2015).
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676:and the collapse of the
116:of the Russian Civil War
1059:Volkova, N. G. (1969).
522:: Muğan hadisələri) or
1039:10.13187/rs.2015.13.46
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682:Republic of Azerbaijan
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367:Pavlohrad–Katerynoslav
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654:Treaty of Turkmenchay
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577:History of Azerbaijan
560:Mugan Soviet Republic
297:Vyoshenskaya Uprising
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394:Rostov–Novocherkassk
662:February Revolution
562:became part of the
558:. As a result, the
357:Voronezh–Kastornoye
235:Allied intervention
40:improve the article
1091:1919 in Azerbaijan
1086:1918 in Azerbaijan
994:Сражающаяся Мугань
966:, p. 158–159.
954:, p. 136–149.
876:, p. 172–173.
785:, p. 168–169.
747:Lankaran Uprisings
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674:October Revolution
656:, which ended the
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543:Muganskie sobytiia
302:Alexandrovsky Fort
252:Katerynoslav March
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639:Lankaran District
556:Russian Civil War
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532:Муганские события
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342:Advance on Moscow
282:Hryhoriv Uprising
257:Northern Caucasus
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524:Mugan events
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409:Novorossiysk
170:Steppe March
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38:Please help
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520:Azerbaijani
372:3rd Kharkiv
362:Khopyor–Don
337:Perehonivka
317:2nd Kharkiv
133:1st Kharkiv
1080:Categories
753:References
672:After the
650:Shahsevens
627:Subbotniks
587:Background
552:Bolsheviks
481:2nd Crimea
414:Azerbaijan
382:2nd Donbas
352:Orel–Kursk
277:1st Donbas
185:1st Crimea
180:March Days
155:Donbas-Don
52:April 2022
834:cite book
716:Aftermath
616:Jalilabad
537:romanized
210:Tsaritsyn
165:Ice March
822:Russians
635:Lankaran
441:Lankaran
377:4th Kiev
332:3rd Kiev
287:Binagadi
267:2nd Kiev
230:Dibrivka
215:Kurdamir
175:Iași–Don
160:1st Kiev
150:Shamkhor
986:Sources
818:Русские
620:Prishib
539::
528:Russian
503:Georgia
456:Armenia
431:Ochakov
262:Ukraine
200:Goychay
903:Oxu.Az
702:Talysh
436:Anzali
424:Sarvan
419:Yalama
145:Mughan
1063:[
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1023:(PDF)
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996:[
826:Nauka
820:[
498:Anapa
399:Odesa
312:Odesa
220:Livny
205:Sochi
195:Kuban
840:link
700:and
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388:1920
241:1919
225:Baku
139:1918
127:1917
1035:doi
42:by
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46:.
36:.
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