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892:, presence of mud volcanoes are evident on three of the islands – Lihiman, Great Bakkungan and Boan Islands. The northeastern part of Lihiman Island is distinguished for having a more violent kind of mud extrusions mixed with large pieces of rocks, creating a 20-m (66-ft) wide crater on that hilly part of the island. Such extrusions are reported to be accompanied by mild earthquakes and evidence of extruded materials can be found high in the surrounding trees. Submarine mud extrusions off the island have been observed by local residents.
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2008, the scientists observed drops of up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) in one night. Most of the subsidence in the area around the volcano is more gradual, at around 1 millimetre (0.039 in) per day. A study by a group of
Indonesian geoscientists led by Bambang Istadi predicted the area affected by the mudflow over a ten-year period. More recent studies carried out in 2011 predict that the mud will flow for another 20 years, or even longer. Now named
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38:
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808:, resulting in the formation of serpentinite mud. All of these mud volcanoes are associated with faults, indicating that the faults act as conduits for the serpentine mud to migrate from the subduction channel to the surface. These mud volcanoes are large features on the forearc, the largest of which has a diameter of ~50 kilometres (31 mi) and is over 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) high.
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597:, more than half the total throughout the continents. Most mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan are active; some are protected by the Azerbaijan Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, and the admission of people, for security reasons, is prohibited. In 2001, one mud volcano 15 kilometres (9 mi) from
124:
The mud produced by mud volcanoes is mostly formed as hot water, which has been heated deep below the Earth's surface, begins to mix and blend with subterranean mineral deposits, thus creating the mud slurry exudate. This material is then forced upwards through a geological fault or fissure due to
706:
of 27 May 2006. According to geologists who have been monitoring Lusi and the surrounding area, the system is beginning to show signs of catastrophic collapse. It was forecasted that the region could sag the vent and surrounding area by up to 150 metres (490 ft) in the next decade. In March
129:
and about 1100 have been identified on or near land. The temperature of any given active mud volcano generally remains fairly steady and is much lower than the typical temperatures found in igneous volcanoes. Mud volcano temperatures can range from near 100 °C (212 °F) to occasionally
2338:
Ray, Jyotiranjan S.; Kumar, Alok; Sudheer, A.K.; Deshpande, R.D.; Rao, D.K.; Patil, D.J.; Awasthi, Neeraj; Bhutani, Rajneesh; Bhushan, Ravi; Dayal, A.M. (June 2013). "Origin of gases and water in mud volcanoes of
Andaman accretionary prism: implications for fluid migration in forearcs".
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2003: Achim J. Kopf estimated 1.97×10 to 1.23×10 m³ of methane is released by all mud volcanoes per year, of which 4.66×10 to 3.28×10 m³ is from surface volcanoes. That converts to 141–88,000 Tg/yr from all mud volcanoes, of which 0.033–235 Tg is from surface
619:, which is 74 kilometres (46 mi) to the north. The flames towered 500 metres (1,640 ft) into the air. There were no reports of injuries or damage to any oil platforms. The last previous volcanic eruption on the island was recorded in 1945 and the preceding one in 1920.
53:
697:
on 29 May 2006. The mud covered about 440 hectares, 1,087 acres (4.40 km) (2.73 mi), and inundated four villages, homes, roads, rice fields, and factories, displacing about 24,000 people and killing 14. The gas exploration company involved was operated by
2400:
Mazzini, A.; Nermoen, A.; Krotkiewski, M.; Podladchikov, Y.; Planke, S.; Svensen, H. (November 2009). "Strike-slip faulting as a trigger mechanism for overpressure release through piercement structures. Implications for the Lusi mud volcano, Indonesia".
2596:
Fallahi, Mohammad Javad; Obermann, Anne; Lupi, Matteo; Karyono, Karyono; Mazzini, Adriano (October 2017). "The
Plumbing System Feeding the Lusi Eruption Revealed by Ambient Noise Tomography: The Plumbing System Feeding Lusi".
860:. The biggest crater is of V15 mud volcano found at 25°33'13.63"N. 65°44'09.66"E is about 450 feet (137.16 m) in diameter. Most mud volcanoes in this region are in out-of-reach areas having very difficult terrain.
1396:. This volcano is approximately 50 feet (15 m) high and can accommodate 10 to 15 people in its crater; many tourists and locals visit this volcano due to the alleged medicinal benefits of the mud; it is next to a
317:
budget. The total geologic source, including MVs (this work), seepage from seafloor (Kvenvolden et al., 2001), microseepage in hydrocarbon-prone areas and geothermal sources (Etiope and
Klusman, 2002), would amount to
1218:, the Yellowstone formation could be considered a hydrothermal mud volcano cluster. The feature is much less active than in its first recorded description, although the area is quite dynamic. Yellowstone is an active
1276:. As of 15 August 2007, the mud volcano titled the Moruga Bouffle was said to being spitting up methane gas which shows that it is active. There are several other mud volcanoes in the tropical island which include:
1538:
Close view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE Low area around the volcanoes contains transverse aeolian ridges (TAR's). Only part of picture is in color because HiRISE only takes a color strip in middle of
463:
forces and large sedimentary deposits around the latter have created several fields of mud volcanoes, many of them emitting methane and other hydrocarbons. Features over 200 metres (656 ft) high occur in
321:
2003: analysis by Milkov et al. suggests that the global gas flux may be as high as 33 Tg/yr (15.9 Tg/yr during quiescent periods plus 17.1 Tg/yr during eruptions). Six teragrams per year of
57:
61:
59:
56:
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activity. Mud volcanoes may range in size from merely 1 or 2 meters high and 1 or 2 meters wide, to 700 meters high and 10 kilometers wide. Smaller mud exudations are sometimes referred to as mud-pots.
60:
313:
2003: Etiope, in an estimate based on 120 mud volcanoes: "The emission results to be conservatively between 5 and 9 Tg/yr, that is 3–6% of the natural methane sources officially considered in the
2677:
Davies, Richard J.; Brumm, Maria; Manga, Michael; Rubiandini, Rudi; Swarbrick, Richard; Tingay, Mark (August 2008). "The East Java mud volcano (2006 to present): An earthquake or drilling trigger?".
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is a hybrid mud volcano, driven by pressure from steam and gas from a nearby (igneous) volcanic system, and from natural gas. Geochemical, petrography and geophysical results reveal that it is a
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195:
that breaches the Earth's surface or ocean bottom. Their temperatures may be as low as the freezing point of the ejected materials, particularly when venting is associated with the creation of
2436:
Mazzini, Adriano; Scholz, Florian; Svensen, Henrik H.; Hensen, Christian; Hadi, Soffian (February 2018). "The geochemistry and origin of the hydrothermal water erupted at Lusi, Indonesia".
2782:
Istadi, Bambang P.; Pramono, Gatot H.; Sumintadireja, Prihadi; Alam, Syamsu (November 2009). "Modeling study of growth and potential geohazard for LUSI mud volcano: East Java, Indonesia".
2642:
Mazzini, A.; Svensen, H.; Akhmanov, G.G.; Aloisi, G.; Planke, S.; Malthe-Sørenssen, A.; Istadi, B. (September 2007). "Triggering and dynamic evolution of the LUSI mud volcano, Indonesia".
1496:
2981:
1508:
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Inguaggiato, Salvatore; Mazzini, Adriano; Vita, Fabio; Sciarra, Alessandra (February 2018). "The Arjuno-Welirang volcanic complex and the connected Lusi system: Geochemical evidences".
58:
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to Koh Kuk in the North of Miani Hor in the Hangol Valley. In this region, the heights of mud volcanoes range between 300 and 2,600 feet (91.4 and 792.5 m). The most famous is
1229:
However, there are mud volcanoes and mud geysers elsewhere in
Yellowstone. One, the "Vertically Gifted Cyclic Mud Pot" sometimes acts as a geyser, throwing mud up to 30 feet high.
1472:
615:
in the
Caspian Sea, near an oil platform off the coast of Azerbaijan, caused a massive explosion and fireball, which was seen across the region, including from the capital
2565:
Mazzini, Adriano; Etiope, Giuseppe; Svensen, Henrik (February 2012). "A new hydrothermal scenario for the 2006 Lusi eruption, Indonesia. Insights from gas geochemistry".
1520:
2712:
Sawolo, Nurrochmat; Sutriono, Edi; Istadi, Bambang P.; Darmoyo, Agung B. (November 2009). "The LUSI mud volcano triggering controversy: Was it caused by drilling?".
604:
In
Azerbaijan, eruptions are driven from a deep mud reservoir which is connected to the surface even during dormant periods, when seeping water shows a deep origin.
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1484:
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which can be found along a north to south trend, parallel to the
Mariana trench. The material erupted at these mud volcanoes consists primarily of blue and green
1817:
Etiope, Giuseppe; Milkov, Alexei V. (November 2004). "A new estimate of global methane flux from onshore and shallow submarine mud volcanoes to the atmosphere".
2374:
Satyana, A.H. (1 May 2008). "Mud diapirs and mud volcanoes in depressions of Java to Madura : origins, natures, and implications to petroleum system".
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2081:
2747:
Sawolo, Nurrochmat; Sutriono, Edi; Istadi, Bambang P.; Darmoyo, Agung B. (August 2010). "Was LUSI caused by drilling? – Authors reply to discussion".
2178:
Planke, S.; Svensen, H.; Hovland, M.; Banks, D. A.; Jamtveit, B. (1 December 2003). "Mud and fluid migration in active mud volcanoes in
Azerbaijan".
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1980:
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contains several mud volcanoes (or mud domes), all of them having an origin related to oil deposits. The mud of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from
54:
229:
Approximately 1,100 mud volcanoes have been identified on land and in shallow water. It has been estimated that well over 10,000 may exist on
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864:
near Miani Hor is also famous for large mud glacier around its caldera. Dormant mud volcanoes stand like columns of mud in many other areas.
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District, the mud volcanoes are very small and mostly sit in the south of Jabal-e-Mehdi toward Sur Bandar. Many more are in the northeast of
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900:
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Kopf, Achim J. (1 October 2003). "Global methane emission through mud volcanoes and its past and present impact on the Earth's climate".
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An unnamed mud volcano 30 metres (98 ft) high and with a top about 100 metres (328 ft) wide, 24 kilometres (15 mi) off
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2002: Etiope and
Klusman estimated at least 1–2 and as much as 10–20 Tg/yr of methane may be emitted from onshore mud volcanoes.
2246:
2221:
3188:"Student Travel Information & Discounts - Events: Volcán de Lodo el Totumo (Mud Volcano) (Volcan de Lodo el Totumo, Colombia)"
2313:
1305:
3152:
Barnard, A.; Sager, W. W.; Snow, J. E.; Max, M. D. (2015-06-01). "Subsea gas emissions from the Barbados Accretionary Complex".
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765:
1400:, or lake. This volcano is under legal dispute between the Bolívar and Atlántico Departamentos because of its tourist value.
781:
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have temperatures that are generally above ambient ground temperature by 2 °C (3.6 °F) – 3 °C (5.4 °F).
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are from onshore and shallow offshore mud volcanoes. Deep-water sources may emit 27 Tg/yr. Total may be 9% of fossil CH
3270:
3219:
2954:
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1716:
Dimitrov, Lyobomir I (November 2002). "Mud volcanoes—the most important pathway for degassing deeply buried sediments".
877:
3260:
Hydrothermal Activity and Carbon-Dioxide Discharge at Shrub and Upper Klawasi Mud Volcanoes, Wrangell Mountains, Alaska
2909:<0103:mbmvif>2.3.co;2 "Mariana blueschist mud volcanism: Implications for conditions within the subduction zone"
594:
1232:
The mud volcano feature in Yellowstone was previously a mound until a thermal explosion in the 1800s ripped it apart.
941:
There are two active mud volcanoes in southern Taiwan and several inactive ones. The Wushan Mud Volcanoes are in the
105:, water and gases. Several geological processes may cause the formation of mud volcanoes. Mud volcanoes are not true
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emitted. Ejected materials are most often a slurry of fine solids suspended in water that may contain a mixture of
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1862:"Global gas flux from mud volcanoes: A significant source of fossil methane in the atmosphere and the ocean"
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The Meritam Volcanic Mud, locally called the 'lumpur bebuak', located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) from
3780:
1680:
1070:
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527:
399:, they are located in Emilia-Romagna (Salse di Nirano and Salse di Regnano), in the northern front of the
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First-order estimates of mud volcano emissions have been made (1 Tg = 1 million metric tonnes).
1842:
1084:
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3734:
1753:"Episodic massive mud eruptions from submarine mud volcanoes examined through topographical signatures"
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Most liquid and solid material is released during eruptions, but seeps occur during dormant periods.
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This article is about the landform. For the geothermal springs sometimes called "mud volcanoes", see
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1335:
A number of large mud volcanoes have been identified on the Barbados accretionary complex, offshore
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area with a magma chamber near the surface, and active gases are chiefly steam, carbon dioxide, and
2874:. International Ocean Discovery Program Preliminary Report. International Ocean Discovery Program.
1961:
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932:, Myanmar (Burma). There is a local belief that these mud volcanoes are the refuge of mythological
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1368:, contains water, biogenic gas, hydrocarbons and an important quantity of salt. Cattle from the
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Milkov, Alexei V.; Sassen, Roger; Apanasovich, Tatiyana V.; Dadashev, Farid G. (January 2003).
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A field of small (<2 metres (6.6 ft) high) fault-controlled, cold mud volcanoes is on
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is released by dehydration and alteration of rocks and sediment. This fluid interacts with
337:
2003: Alexei Milkov estimated approximately 30.5 Tg/yr of gases (mainly methane and CO
172:
37:
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3390:
3380:
3237:
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depression in Lampung, dozens of mud cones and mud pots varying in temperature are found.
671:
632:
380:
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126:
427:
77:
Hydrate-bearing sediments, which often are associated with mud volcano activity. Source:
3220:
Cold water mud volcanoes created by artesian pressure in Minnesota's Nemadji River basin
3165:
3072:"A Gurgling Mud Pool Is Creeping Across Southern California Like a Geologic Poltergeist"
2924:
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2760:
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range of mountains in the south of the two countries. A large mud volcano is located in
218:; in the case of such close proximity, mud volcanoes emit incombustible gases including
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3620:
3438:
3418:
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province; there are about 10 locations with clusters of mud volcanoes. In the west, in
816:
605:
558:
503:
is home to numerous mud volcanoes, mainly in the western part of the country including
364:
177:
138:
2040:"Mud volcanism and fluid geochemistry in the Cheleken Peninsula, western Turkmenistan"
1737:
1412:
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2020:
1947:
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407:. On 24 August 2013, a mud volcano appeared in the center of the via Coccia di Morto
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2502:
2457:
2422:
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the size of the splatter cones associated with some of New Zealands many geothermal
1214:, rather than a true mud volcano. Depending upon the precise definition of the term
260:
Mud cone: high cone shorter than 10 meters that extrudes mud and rock fragments
3681:
3625:
3463:
3395:
3040:
1618:
Mazzini, Adriano; Etiope, Giuseppe (May 2017). "Mud volcanism: An updated review".
1587:
1556:
1269:
1148:
785:
736:, Bledug Kuwu mud volcano erupts at regular intervals, about every 2 or 3 minutes.
722:
is the Indonesian word for "mud" – the eruption represent an active hybrid system.
636:
500:
359:
106:
3286:
3243:
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made world headlines when it started ejecting flames 15 metres (49 ft) high.
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and the earthquake that may have triggered the mud volcano was the 6.4 magnitude
3575:
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1571:
1502:
Close view of mud volcanoes and boulders, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
1202:'s "Mud Volcano" feature and the surrounding area is misleading; it consists of
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885:
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Mount Mehdi mud volcano and its mud glacier in Balochistan province of Pakistan
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Hydrocarbons Associated with Fluid Venting Process in Monterey Bay, California
2879:
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Fryer, P.; Wheat, C.G.; Williams, T.; Expedition 366 Scientists (2017-11-06).
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3123:
Death in Yellowstone: Accidents and Foolhardiness in the First National Park
2516:
Malvoisin, Benjamin; Mazzini, Adriano; Miller, Stephen A. (September 2018).
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1361:
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Wide view of field of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
647:
307:/yr of methane is released from onshore and shallow offshore mud volcanoes.
214:; hydrocarbon gases are often erupted. They are also often associated with
17:
2314:"Mud volcanoes explained as huge explosion rocks the oil-rich Caspian Sea"
1037:
125:
local subterranean pressure imbalances. Mud volcanoes are associated with
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3580:
3510:
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1998:
1886:
1861:
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94:
2021:"The Structure and Geochemistry of the Kila-Kupra Mud Volcano (Georgia)"
3560:
3545:
3370:
3356:
2871:
International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 366 Preliminary Report
2619:
2466:
2128:"Azerbaijan kicks off project to research mud volcanoes scientifically"
1648:
1597:
1369:
1207:
1147:
Kaglulik mud volcano, 43 metres (141 ft) under the surface of the
1136:
Smooth Ridge mud volcano in 1,000 metres (3,280 ft) of water near
968:
964:
949:. There are active mud volcanoes in Wandan township of Pingtung County.
933:
853:
568:
542:
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431:
223:
215:
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134:
109:
66:
3262:– U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4207
2999:
Sammlungen des Geologischen Reichsmuseums in Leiden, Arthur Wichmann:
1026:
257:
Gryphon: steep-sided cone shorter than 3 meters that extrudes mud
3610:
3595:
3565:
3540:
3535:
3515:
3468:
1458:
1311:
1299:
1178:
1156:
1152:
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979:
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468:, with large eruptions sometimes producing flames of similar scale.
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102:
31:
1356:
Yagrumito mud volcano in Monagas, Venezuela (6 km from Maturín)
27:
Landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water and gases
1490:
Close view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
1117:
A field of small (<3 metres (9.8 ft)) mud volcanoes in the
1073:. The fine-grained clay is occasionally harvested by local potters.
1576:
1514:
Wide view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
1351:
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36:
1983:[The mini-volcano with eruptions of up to three metres].
1169:
mud volcano, located 16–18 kilometres (9.9–11.2 mi) west of
3635:
3408:
1372:
often gather around to lick the dried mud for its salt content.
792:
material from the subduction channel. Fluid from the descending
753:
616:
598:
515:
416:
341:) may escape from mud volcanoes to the atmosphere and the ocean.
263:
Scoria cone: cone formed by heating of mud deposits during fires
161:
150:
130:
2 °C (36 °F), some being used as popular "mud baths".
113:
78:
3329:
3292:
Of Mud Pots and the End of the San Andreas Fault (Seismo Blog)
1407:
1325:; this mud volcano periodically produces a short-lived island.
189:
98:
2970:". Ocean Ambassadors Track a Turtle. Retrieved on 2010-10-05.
2957:". Ocean Ambassadors Track a Turtle. Retrieved on 2010-10-05.
904:
Mud volcano landscape at Oesilo, Oecusse District, East Timor
3325:
2271:"Azerbaijan says "mud volcano" caused Caspian Sea explosion"
670:
hydrothermal system connected at depth with the neighboring
403:
as well as the southern part (Bolle della Malvizza), and in
269:
Spring: water-dominated outlets smaller than 0.5 metres
3282:
Mud volcano work suspended, 25 Feb 2007, Al Jazeera English
2933:
10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0103:mbmvif>2.3.co;2
1256:
One of the Devil's Woodyard Volcano (Trinidad & Tobago)
3299:
Video by GEOMAR I Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
2838:"Bledug Kuwu, Fenomena Letupan Lumpur Unik di Jawa Tengah"
2819:"Indonesia's Infamous Mud Volcano Could Outlive All of Us"
2518:"Deep hydrothermal activity driving the Lusi mud eruption"
1110:, and 800 metres (2,620 ft) under the surface of the
836:
there are more than 130 active mud volcanoes or vents in
1663:
Kopf, Achim J. (2002). "Significance of mud volcanism".
1022:
A cold mud pot in Northern California, showing the scale
659:
with dozens of structures present onshore and offshore.
3250:
Redondo Beach mud volcano with methane hydrate deposits
3003:. Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1882–1887 1, Bände 10–11, S. 165
2296:"Mud volcano causes large explosion in the Caspian Sea"
2247:"Press conference on incident in the Caspian Sea-VIDEO"
1424:
1053:
Mud volcanoes of the North American continent include:
820:
Satellite image of Changradup mud volcanoes in Pakistan
285:
On top of Gekpatlawuk mud volcano, Western Turkmenistan
133:
About 86% of the gas released from these structures is
3271:
Article on mud volcanoes from Azerbaijan International
1049:. Scale – each volcano approximately 20 m in diameter.
3045:"Desert Adventures – California's Gold Special (142)"
1904:
Global Distribution and Significance of Mud Volcanoes
852:
and are scattered between south of Gorangatti on Koh
804:
rocks in the descending Pacific Plate and overriding
222:, whereas lone mud volcanoes are more likely to emit
3654:
3496:
3363:
3322:
showing the progress over time of the Niland Geyser
3231:
Gaia's Breath—Methane and the Future of Natural Gas
303:
2002: L. I. Dimitrov estimated that 10.2–12.6
3120:
3001:Gesteine von Timor und einiger angrenzenden Inseln
956:, off the western coast of the Malaysian state of
387:, Ukraine along with the south-western portion of
202:deposits. Mud volcanoes are often associated with
3266:Mud Volcano Eruption at Baratang, Middle Andamans
2955:Geo-physical Features of Philippine Turtle Island
438:. They were declared a natural monument in 1924.
2222:"Azerbaijan Mud Volcano Erupts in Fiery Display"
1981:"Il mini- vulcano con eruzioni fino a tre metri"
1751:Kioka, Arata; Ashi, Juichiro (28 October 2015).
1099:and nitrogen; the volcanoes are associated with
748:Mud volcano in Hormozgan Province, southern Iran
2395:
2393:
1331:L'eau Michel mud volcano in Bunsee Trace, Penal
1328:the Erin Bouffe mud volcano near Los Iros beach
447:Central Asia, The Caucasus, and The Caspian Sea
160:Possible mud volcanoes have been identified on
2907:Fryer, P.; Wheat, C. G.; Mottl, M. J. (1999).
1999:"Vulcanii Noroioși – Consiliul Județean Buzău"
1526:Close view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE
1194:Yellowstone's "Mud Volcano" (NPS, Peaco, 1998)
627:Extensive mud volcanism occurs on the Andaman
451:Many mud volcanoes exist on the shores of the
363:Two mud volcanoes on the Taman Peninsula near
3341:
2836:Nugroho, Puthut Dwi Putranto (15 July 2017).
1901:Milkov, Alexei V.; Sassen, Roger (May 2003).
65:Mud volcano in Htee Pwint Kan Umbrella Pond (
8:
2599:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
496:Akpatlawuk mud volcano, western Turkmenistan
334:budget, and 12% in the preindustrial budget.
3227:Azerbaijan Academy Of Sciences (in English)
2892:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1163:deposits are believed to exist in the area.
982:in 1979 caused a mud volcano which took 20
788:mud which contains fresh and serpentinized
371:Dozens of mud volcanoes are located on the
266:Salse: water-dominated pools with gas seeps
3348:
3334:
3326:
3304:El Totumo volcano near Cartagena, Colombia
3017:. Independent Travel Tours. Archived from
2376:Proc. Indon Petrol. Assoc., 32nd Ann. Conv
1461:might qualify, depending upon definition.
611:On 4 July 2021, a mud volcano eruption on
534:(literally Father Moonwell) on the way to
2618:
2541:
2465:
1885:
1776:
1684:
1647:
952:There are mud volcanoes on the island of
780:There are 10 active mud volcanoes in the
511:Iran and Pakistan (Makran Mountain Range)
655:Mud volcanism is a common phenomenon in
3287:Possible mud volcano on Mars (BBC News)
1920:International Journal of Earth Sciences
1610:
1468:
1185:
917:There are a number of mud volcanoes in
2885:
1979:Costantini, Valeria (27 August 2013).
2980:Sheblee, Zulazhar (11 October 2017).
2863:
2861:
2859:
756:: in particular, in the provinces of
184:A mud volcano may be the result of a
7:
3729:
3094:USGS Photo glossary of volcano terms
3055:Huell Howser Archive. Archived from
2817:Normile, Dennis (24 February 2011).
1041:Aerial view of mud volcanoes on the
330:missing in the modern atmospheric CH
3753:
2679:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2644:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2567:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2522:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1793:"Mars domes may be 'mud volcanoes'"
1384:, which marks the division between
1272:in southern parts of the island of
971:, Malaysia is a tourist attraction.
912:Yue Shijie 月世界 Mud Volcano, Taiwan
116:and are not necessarily driven by
25:
3070:Geggel, Laura (2 November 2018).
2019:Koiava, Kakhaber (October 2016).
1121:geothermal area near the town of
651:Bledug Kuwu mud volcano explosion
507:, which borders the Caspian Sea.
422:Mud volcanoes are located in the
3752:
3740:
3728:
3717:
3716:
3487:
3297:Mud Volcanoes at West Nile Delta
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1411:
1260:There are many mud volcanoes in
1151:, near the northern boundary of
1133:, continues to move erratically.
1009:) erupted between 1856 and 1879.
974:A drilling accident offshore of
752:There are many mud volcanoes in
3174:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.02.008
3131:: Roberts Rinehart Publishers.
2982:"'Volcanoes' pull in the crowd"
2804:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.03.006
2769:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.01.018
2734:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.04.002
2503:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.10.015
2458:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.06.018
2423:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.03.001
2064:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.05.009
1640:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.03.001
884:, the southwestern edge of the
3315:World's Only Moving Mud Puddle
3246:– October 29, 2001, BBC report
3015:"Discover northern california"
2078:"Mud Volcanoes of Balochistan"
2038:Oppo, Davide (November 2014).
2027:: 2 – via Research Gate.
1962:"Mini volcano pops up in Rome"
1465:Possible mud volcanoes on Mars
1321:mud volcano underwater in the
989:Active mud volcanoes occur in
1:
2361:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.03.015
2103:"MUD VOLCANOES OF AZERBAIJAN"
1738:10.1016/s0012-8252(02)00069-7
593:coastline are home to nearly
522:possess mud volcanoes in the
3154:Marine and Petroleum Geology
2784:Marine and Petroleum Geology
2749:Marine and Petroleum Geology
2714:Marine and Petroleum Geology
2483:Marine and Petroleum Geology
2438:Marine and Petroleum Geology
2403:Marine and Petroleum Geology
2080:. 2007-03-02. Archived from
2044:Marine and Petroleum Geology
1866:Geophysical Research Letters
1757:Geophysical Research Letters
1284:mud volcano near New Grant,
986:and nearly 30 years to halt.
924:There are mud volcanoes at
41:A group of mud volcanoes in
3225:Bulletin Of Mud Volcanology
1186:Yellowstone's "Mud Volcano"
693:, may have resulted in the
530:, Pakistan. It is known as
476:There are mud volcanoes in
97:created by the eruption of
3812:
2699:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.05.029
2664:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.001
2583:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.11.016
2543:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.06.006
2153:"Azeri mud volcano flares"
2066:– via Research Gate.
1304:the Digity mud volcano in
579:
29:
3712:
3485:
3119:Whittlesey, Lee (1995) .
2880:10.14379/iodp.pr.366.2017
2384:10.29118/ipa.947.08.g.139
2200:10.1007/s00367-003-0152-z
1940:10.1007/s00531-003-0341-z
1907:. AAPG Annual Convention.
1831:10.1007/s00254-004-1085-1
1200:Yellowstone National Park
1125:. Emissions are mostly CO
1108:Redondo Beach, California
1095:. Emissions are mostly CO
188:created by a pressurized
3391:Cryptovolcanic structure
3244:Azeri mud volcano flares
1985:Corriere della Sera Roma
1244:Mud volcano in southern
572:Diglipur mud volcano on
3672:Eruptions by death toll
3276:Mud volcano floods Java
3215:Origin of mud volcanoes
2691:2008E&PSL.272..627D
2656:2007E&PSL.261..375M
2575:2012E&PSL.317..305M
2534:2018E&PSL.497...42M
862:Mount Mehdi mud volcano
848:. The remainder are in
112:as they do not produce
1357:
1257:
1249:
1195:
1071:Fort Bragg, California
1050:
1034:
1023:
913:
905:
829:
821:
766:Sistan and Baluchestan
749:
652:
582:Gobustan State Reserve
577:
565:
497:
368:
286:
206:deposits and tectonic
181:
82:
70:
49:
3043:(September 7, 2009).
2025:Vakhtang Bacho Glonti
1819:Environmental Geology
1718:Earth-Science Reviews
1665:Reviews of Geophysics
1620:Earth-Science Reviews
1355:
1255:
1243:
1193:
1081:Klawasi mud volcanoes
1040:
1032:Glenblair, California
1029:
1021:
911:
903:
896:Other Asian locations
827:
819:
782:Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc
747:
704:Yogyakarta earthquake
650:
571:
556:
495:
480:, such as the one at
362:
284:
175:
76:
64:
40:
2611:10.1002/2017jb014592
2569:. 317–318: 305–318.
2226:Smithsonian Magazine
2107:www.atlasobscura.com
1887:10.1029/2002GL016358
1778:10.1002/2015GL065713
1695:10.1029/2000rg000093
1459:mud pools or mudpots
1455:Runaruna Mud Volcano
1360:The eastern part of
1129:. One, known as the
1001:). A mud volcano in
574:North Andaman Island
436:Carpathian Mountains
186:piercement structure
3166:2015MarPG..64...31B
2925:1999Geo....27..103F
2796:2009MarPG..26.1724I
2761:2010MarPG..27.1658S
2726:2009MarPG..26.1766S
2495:2018MarPG..90...67I
2450:2018MarPG..90...52M
2415:2009MarPG..26.1751M
2353:2013ChGeo.347..102R
2192:2003GML....23..258P
2056:2014MarPG..57..122O
1932:2003IJEaS..92..806K
1878:2003GeoRL..30.1037M
1769:2015GeoRL..42.8406K
1730:2002ESRv...59...49D
1677:2002RvGeo..40.1005K
1632:2017ESRv..168...81M
1290:Trinidad and Tobago
1262:Trinidad and Tobago
711:– a contraction of
424:Berca Mud Volcanoes
315:atmospheric methane
292:The mud is rich in
176:Mud volcano in the
3667:Lists of volcanoes
3454:Subglacial volcano
3429:Pyroclastic shield
3236:2009-02-12 at the
3053:Chapman University
3021:on 10 October 2008
2180:Geo-Marine Letters
2159:. October 29, 2001
1423:. You can help by
1358:
1258:
1250:
1196:
1123:Niland, California
1089:Wrangell Mountains
1085:Copper River basin
1051:
1035:
1030:A cold mud pot in
1024:
914:
906:
830:
822:
750:
700:PT Lapindo Brantas
674:volcanic complex.
653:
629:accretionary prism
578:
566:
505:Cheleken Peninsula
498:
369:
318:35–45 Tg/yr."
287:
231:continental slopes
182:
83:
71:
50:
3768:
3767:
3521:Basaltic andesite
3459:Submarine volcano
3240:– USGS, June 2003
3138:978-1-57098-021-3
3059:on June 24, 2013.
3049:California's Gold
2605:(10): 8200–8213.
1968:. 28 August 2013.
1763:(20): 8406–8414.
1600:– igneous volcano
1567:Hydrothermal vent
1441:
1440:
1298:mud volcano near
1007:Viqueque District
695:Sidoarjo mud flow
664:Lusi mud eruption
631:, located at the
595:400 mud volcanoes
557:Mud volcanoes in
200:clathrate hydrate
137:, with much less
62:
16:(Redirected from
3803:
3756:
3755:
3744:
3732:
3731:
3720:
3719:
3677:Decade Volcanoes
3655:Lists and groups
3646:Pyroclastic flow
3641:Pyroclastic fall
3491:
3424:Pyroclastic cone
3350:
3343:
3336:
3327:
3316:
3305:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3190:. Archived from
3184:
3178:
3177:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3129:Lanham, Maryland
3126:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3100:on April 4, 2005
3096:. Archived from
3086:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3011:
3005:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2977:
2971:
2964:
2958:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2891:
2883:
2865:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2790:(9): 1724–1739.
2779:
2773:
2772:
2755:(7): 1658–1675.
2744:
2738:
2737:
2720:(9): 1766–1784.
2709:
2703:
2702:
2685:(3–4): 627–638.
2674:
2668:
2667:
2650:(3–4): 375–388.
2639:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2409:(9): 1751–1765.
2397:
2388:
2387:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2341:Chemical Geology
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2186:(3–4): 258–268.
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:. March 26, 2009
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1688:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1615:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1436:
1433:
1415:
1408:
1323:Columbus Channel
1282:Devil's Woodyard
1224:hydrogen sulfide
1175:British Columbia
1171:Vancouver Island
1047:British Columbia
995:Oecusse District
943:Yanchao District
850:Lasbela District
806:Philippine Plate
669:
324:greenhouse gases
253:
252:
248:
127:subduction zones
63:
21:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3708:
3650:
3616:Tephriphonolite
3492:
3483:
3479:Harmonic tremor
3381:Complex volcano
3359:
3354:
3314:
3303:
3238:Wayback Machine
3211:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3101:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2997:
2993:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2965:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2884:
2867:
2866:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2844:(in Indonesian)
2835:
2834:
2830:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1825:(8): 997–1002.
1816:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1686:10.1.1.708.2270
1662:
1661:
1657:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1583:Methane hydrate
1552:Asphalt volcano
1547:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1524:
1515:
1512:
1503:
1500:
1491:
1488:
1479:
1476:
1467:
1453:As well as the
1451:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1421:needs expansion
1406:
1378:
1350:
1345:
1238:
1188:
1138:Monterey Canyon
1128:
1098:
1063:Mendocino Coast
1016:
898:
870:
814:
778:
776:Mariana Forearc
742:
685:subdistrict of
677:Drilling or an
672:Arjuno-Welirang
668:sediment-hosted
667:
662:The Indonesian
645:
633:Andaman Islands
625:
584:
551:
532:Baba Chandrakup
513:
490:
474:
449:
444:
434:, close to the
381:Kerch Peninsula
373:Taman Peninsula
357:
352:
340:
333:
329:
279:
254:
250:
246:
244:
243:
170:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3809:
3807:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3773:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3750:
3738:
3726:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3692:Volcanic field
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3621:Trachyandesite
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3498:Volcanic rocks
3494:
3493:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3439:Shield volcano
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3419:Parasitic cone
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3311:
3300:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3228:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3209:External links
3207:
3205:
3204:
3179:
3144:
3137:
3111:
3081:
3062:
3032:
3006:
2991:
2972:
2968:Lihiman Island
2959:
2946:
2899:
2855:
2828:
2809:
2774:
2739:
2704:
2669:
2634:
2588:
2557:
2508:
2473:
2428:
2389:
2366:
2330:
2305:
2302:. 4 July 2021.
2287:
2262:
2238:
2213:
2170:
2144:
2119:
2094:
2069:
2030:
2011:
1990:
1971:
1953:
1926:(5): 806–816.
1910:
1893:
1852:
1809:
1784:
1743:
1724:(1–4): 49–76.
1708:
1655:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1418:
1416:
1405:
1402:
1377:
1374:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1292:
1237:
1234:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1164:
1145:
1134:
1126:
1115:
1104:
1096:
1074:
1043:Nahlin Plateau
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
987:
972:
961:
950:
947:Kaohsiung City
938:
937:
926:Minbu Township
922:
897:
894:
874:Turtle Islands
869:
866:
813:
810:
777:
774:
741:
738:
644:
641:
624:
621:
580:Main article:
550:
547:
512:
509:
489:
486:
473:
470:
448:
445:
443:
440:
426:near Berca in
365:Taman Stanitsa
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
346:
342:
338:
335:
331:
327:
319:
311:
308:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
242:
239:
235:abyssal plains
216:lava volcanoes
212:orogenic belts
178:Gulf of Mexico
169:
166:
139:carbon dioxide
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3808:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Mud volcanoes
3779:
3778:
3776:
3761:
3760:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3687:Volcanic belt
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Phonotephrite
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Volcanic cone
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:Stratovolcano
3447:
3445:
3444:Somma volcano
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:Rootless cone
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:, August 2006
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3194:on 2007-10-07
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3115:
3112:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3090:"Mud volcano"
3085:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:Howser, Huell
3036:
3033:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2331:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2084:on 2012-09-15
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2001:(in Romanian)
2000:
1994:
1991:
1987:(in Italian).
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1419:This section
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1347:
1343:South America
1342:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1296:Moruga Bouffe
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1131:Niland Geyser
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1112:Pacific Ocean
1109:
1105:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1020:
1014:North America
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
985:
981:
977:
973:
970:
966:
962:
959:
955:
951:
948:
944:
940:
939:
935:
931:
930:Magway Region
927:
923:
920:
916:
915:
910:
902:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
867:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
826:
818:
811:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:Pacific Plate
791:
787:
783:
775:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
746:
739:
737:
735:
730:
728:
723:
721:
717:
716:
710:
705:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
665:
660:
658:
649:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
622:
620:
618:
614:
613:Dashli Island
609:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
575:
570:
564:
560:
555:
548:
546:
544:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
510:
508:
506:
502:
494:
487:
485:
483:
479:
471:
469:
467:
462:
458:
454:
446:
441:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
366:
361:
354:
349:
343:
336:
325:
320:
316:
312:
309:
306:
302:
301:
300:
297:
296:(rock salt).
295:
290:
283:
276:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
249:
240:
238:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
179:
174:
167:
165:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
128:
122:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
80:
75:
68:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3682:Volcanic arc
3626:Trachybasalt
3464:Supervolcano
3413:
3396:Fissure vent
3196:. Retrieved
3192:the original
3182:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3122:
3114:
3102:. Retrieved
3098:the original
3093:
3084:
3076:Live Science
3075:
3065:
3057:the original
3048:
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3019:the original
3009:
3000:
2994:
2985:
2975:
2962:
2949:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2870:
2846:. Retrieved
2841:
2831:
2822:
2812:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2566:
2560:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2406:
2402:
2375:
2369:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2322:. Retrieved
2320:. 2021-07-05
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2279:. Retrieved
2277:. 2021-07-05
2275:The Guardian
2274:
2265:
2254:. Retrieved
2250:
2241:
2230:. Retrieved
2228:. 2021-07-07
2225:
2216:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2156:
2147:
2136:. Retrieved
2134:. 2022-07-18
2131:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2106:
2097:
2086:. Retrieved
2082:the original
2072:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2024:
2014:
2003:. Retrieved
1993:
1984:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1903:
1896:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1801:. Retrieved
1796:
1787:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1588:Sand volcano
1557:Black smoker
1452:
1429:
1425:adding to it
1420:
1397:
1379:
1359:
1334:
1286:Princes Town
1270:oil reserves
1259:
1231:
1228:
1215:
1198:The name of
1197:
1149:Beaufort Sea
1052:
984:relief wells
871:
831:
786:serpentinite
779:
772:is located.
751:
731:
724:
719:
712:
676:
661:
654:
637:Indian Ocean
626:
610:
603:
585:
531:
514:
501:Turkmenistan
499:
488:Turkmenistan
475:
450:
428:Buzău County
421:
370:
298:
291:
288:
228:
183:
159:
155:hydrocarbons
153:and various
132:
123:
90:
86:
84:
3759:WikiProject
3702:polygenetic
3697:monogenetic
3576:Nephelinite
3531:Blairmorite
3506:Agglomerate
3414:Mud volcano
3386:Cryovolcano
3376:Cinder cone
3025:25 February
2848:11 November
2620:10852/61236
2467:10852/61230
2347:: 102–113.
2132:Azernews.Az
2050:: 122–134.
1872:(2): 1037.
1671:(2): 1005.
1649:10852/61234
1572:Ice volcano
1449:New Zealand
1444:Australasia
1314:mud volcano
1306:Barrackpore
1216:mud volcano
1204:hot springs
886:Philippines
868:Philippines
838:Balochistan
528:Balochistan
457:Caspian Sea
197:hydrocarbon
87:mud volcano
18:Mud Volcano
3775:Categories
3601:Rhyodacite
3551:Ignimbrite
3526:Benmoreite
3198:2007-02-23
2919:(2): 103.
2842:kompas.com
2324:2021-07-05
2281:2021-07-05
2256:2021-07-05
2232:2021-07-07
2138:2022-07-19
2088:2009-08-13
2005:2021-05-27
1803:2009-03-27
1626:: 81–112.
1606:References
1579:– mud flow
1432:March 2023
1220:geothermal
1142:California
1119:Salton Sea
1103:processes.
1059:California
999:East Timor
960:on Borneo.
954:Pulau Tiga
888:bordering
858:Chandragup
802:ultramafic
790:peridotite
689:province,
679:earthquake
587:Azerbaijan
563:Azerbaijan
549:Azerbaijan
466:Azerbaijan
409:roundabout
345:volcanoes.
272:Mud shield
210:zones and
208:subduction
180:sea bottom
47:Azerbaijan
3796:Sediments
3791:Landforms
3786:Petrology
3586:Phonolite
3571:Leucitite
3556:Komatiite
3404:Lava dome
3400:Lava cone
3357:Volcanoes
3160:: 31–42.
3104:April 20,
2941:0091-7613
2888:cite book
2629:133631006
2552:135102629
2528:: 42–49.
2489:: 67–76.
2444:: 52–66.
2208:128779712
2112:29 August
1948:195334765
1847:618713361
1839:140564320
1681:CiteSeerX
1562:Cold seep
1390:Atlantico
1382:El Totumo
1362:Venezuela
1348:Venezuela
1266:Caribbean
1236:Caribbean
1212:fumaroles
1161:Petroleum
1067:Glenblair
882:Tawi-Tawi
876:, in the
762:Hormozgan
691:Indonesia
687:East Java
657:Indonesia
643:Indonesia
538:and is a
453:Black Sea
413:Fiumicino
401:Apennines
350:Locations
277:Emissions
204:petroleum
110:volcanoes
3723:Category
3631:Trachyte
3606:Rhyolite
3581:Obsidian
3511:Andesite
3234:Archived
2986:The Star
2318:Newsweek
2300:BNO News
2157:BBC News
1966:Euronews
1843:ProQuest
1703:21707159
1593:Seamount
1545:See also
1394:Colombia
1376:Colombia
1337:Barbados
1274:Trinidad
1246:Trinidad
1208:mud pots
1167:Maquinna
1101:magmatic
1003:Bibiluto
919:Xinjiang
890:Malaysia
878:province
834:Pakistan
812:Pakistan
768:, where
758:Golestan
734:Grobogan
718:, where
715:Sidoarjo
589:and its
559:Gobustan
520:Pakistan
461:Tectonic
389:Bulgaria
379:and the
367:, Russia
241:Features
143:nitrogen
118:magmatic
103:slurries
95:landform
91:mud dome
43:Gobustan
3735:Commons
3662:Hotspot
3561:Lapilli
3546:Felsite
3371:Caldera
3320:YouTube
3309:YouTube
3162:Bibcode
2921:Bibcode
2913:Geology
2825:. AAAS.
2823:Science
2792:Bibcode
2757:Bibcode
2722:Bibcode
2687:Bibcode
2652:Bibcode
2571:Bibcode
2530:Bibcode
2491:Bibcode
2446:Bibcode
2411:Bibcode
2349:Bibcode
2188:Bibcode
2163:May 13,
2052:Bibcode
1928:Bibcode
1874:Bibcode
1765:Bibcode
1726:Bibcode
1673:Bibcode
1628:Bibcode
1598:Volcano
1398:cienaga
1386:Bolívar
1380:Volcan
1370:savanna
1366:Maturín
1319:Chatham
1268:, near
1264:in the
1248:c. 1967
1087:by the
1083:in the
1065:, near
969:Sarawak
965:Limbang
872:In the
854:Hinglaj
725:In the
713:Lumpur
681:in the
635:in the
591:Caspian
576:, India
543:pilgrim
536:Hinglaj
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