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is produced by an accumulation of run-off over agricultural land. Sediments are picked up by the run-off and carried as suspended matter or bed-load. Muddy floods are typically a hill-slope process, and should not be confused with mudflows produced by mass movements.
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Evrard, O., Vandaele, K., Bielders, C.L., van
Wesemael, B. (2008). Seasonal evolution of runoff generation on agricultural land in the Belgian loess belt and implications for muddy flood triggering. Earth Surface Processes & Landforms 33(8),
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Preventive measures consist in limiting runoff generation and sediment production at the source. Alternative farming practices (e.g. reduced tillage) to increase runoff infiltration and limit erosion in their fields may assist.
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Muddy runoff is generated on agricultural land when the soil surface is exposed or sparsely covered by vegetation. Large quantities of run-off usually generated by heavy storms is needed to start such a flood.
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Evrard, O., Vandaele, K., van
Wesemael, B., Bielders, C.L, 2008. A grassed waterway and earthen dams to control muddy floods from a cultivated catchment of the Belgian loess belt. Geomorphology 100, 419-428.
233:
Evrard, O., Bielders, C., Vandaele, K., van
Wesemael, B. (2007). Spatial and temporal variation of muddy floods in central Belgium, off-site impacts and potential control measures. Catena 70 (3), 443-454.
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An increase in muddy flood frequency has been observed during the last twenty years (e.g. in central
Belgium,). This increase in their frequency may be due to a number of factors including:
170:(in the thalwegs of dry valleys) or earthen dams are good examples of this type of measures. They act as a buffer within landscape, retaining runoff temporarily and trapping sediments.
242:
Verstraeten, G., Poesen, J., (2001). The nature of small-scale flooding, muddy floods and retention pond sedimentation in central
Belgium. Geomorphology, 29, 275–292.
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It has been referred to 'muddy floods' since the 1980s. A similar designation appeared in French ('inondations boueuses') during the same period.
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Muddy floods can damage the road infrastructure and may deposit layers of mud blanket and may also clog sewers and damage private property.
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An alternative is to apply other measures than can be referred to as intermediate measures. Grass buffer strips along or within fields, a
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Curative measures generally consist in installing retention ponds at the boundary between cropland and inhabited areas.
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Difference of soil cover by vegetation for two crops (winter wheat vs. maize) at the end of May, in central
Belgium
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land consolidation (enlargement of fields, removal of landscape buffer elements such as hedges.
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Auzet, A.V. (1987). L'érosion des sols cultivés en France sous l'action du ruissellement.
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Boardman, J. (1984). Soil erosion and flooding on downland areas. The
Surveyor, 164, 8-11.
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construction of new houses, upstream of cropland increasing run-off volumes and intensity
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Change in agricultural practices that leave field bare of crops in the autumn and winter
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Implementation of these measures is best coordinated at the catchment scale.
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A shift to crops that are more sensitive to soil erosion;
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Grassed waterway in Velm, Belgium, after a thunderstorm
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Muddy floods have been observed in the entire
European
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143:Grassed waterway during a beautiful day in
98:Muddy floods have also been observed in
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130:increased frequency of heavy rainfall.
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183:November 2010 European Windstorms
71:. Other affected areas include
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20:Muddy flood occurring in
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63:Muddy flood occurrence
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46:Muddy flood generation
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212:Annales de GĂ©ographie
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110:Temporal evolution
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168:grassed waterway
135:Control measures
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93:Netherlands
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189:References
69:loess belt
147:, Belgium
262:Category
177:See also
100:Slovakia
73:Normandy
89:Limburg
85:Belgium
77:Picardy
26:Belgium
104:Poland
91:, the
81:France
268:Flood
145:Velm
102:and
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31:A
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79:(
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