59:
43:
251:-UM, was started at a different location outside of Mukacheve, 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi) away, north of the village of Pistryalovo. It was planned that this would replace the Dnepr but construction stopped in 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed, and never restarted. The Daryal has separate receiver and transmitter buildings, at Mukachevo they are 630 metres (2,070 ft) apart. The transmitter building is ruined, was being demolished in autumn 2011, and is at
222:
66:
382:
had begun operation on the same date, replacing the lost coverage. Following this, the
Ukrainian government announced that the stations would be closed for a month for maintenance and then used part-time for space surveillance as part of an organization called SKAKO (Automatic System of Control and
347:. Russia signed a 15-year agreement with Ukraine in 1992 to rent both radars for US$ 840,000 per year. Unlike other overseas stations, the station was to be staffed by Ukrainian personnel, rather than Russian. In 2005, management of the radars was transferred from the military to the civil
362:
had stated that Russia intended to duplicate or replace foreign radar stations, as it could not rely on them in times of crisis. Replacing the station would reduce any leverage
Ukraine was gaining over Russia from the ability to control access to the data.
366:
Pragmatic reasons were given for ending the lease. Popovkin said that the radars went out of warranty in 2005, and would cost $ 20m to modernize. In addition, Russia pointed out that the data from
Sevastopol was unreliable due to
237:: HEN HOUSE) phased array radar, and was the last one of this type to be built by the Soviet Union. It consists of a central building and two long wings over 250 metres long; each wing is a separate radar array. One had an
1042:
1017:
756:
354:
In 2008, Russia decided to stop using the two
Ukrainian radar stations. According to some commentators, this was partly due to the then Ukrainian government's stated intention to join
254:
294:
1069:
58:
371:
broadcasts from fishing boats in the Black Sea. Furthermore, it had concerns with the quality of the data due to the civilian rather than military operators.
1013:
244:
The radar started to be built in the early 1970s. Some sources say that it started operating in 1977, others say it became operational on 16 January 1979.
1079:
937:
849:
967:
463:
Bukharin, Oleg; Kadyshev, Timur; Miasnikov, Eugene; Podvig, Pavel; Sutyagin, Igor; Tarashenko, Maxim; Zhelezov, Boris (2001). Podvig, Pavel (ed.).
492:
760:
1084:
202:
997:
667:
472:
89:
210:
644:[Powerful radar early warning radar early warning system and space surveillance] (in Russian). RTI Mints. n.d. Archived from
565:
988:
Baev, Pavel (2010). "Neither Reform nor
Modernisation: the Armed Forces Under and After Putin's Command". In Galeotti, Mark (ed.).
1038:
1074:
348:
340:
791:
879:
812:
702:
439:
194:
409:
903:
729:
241:
of 196° (south west) and the other 260° (facing west). The radar had a range of 3,000 kilometres (1,864 mi).
344:
639:
929:
841:
959:
588:
397:
198:
28:
728:[In Transcarpathia a man was killed demolishing a radar] (in Russian). UA-REPORTER. 2011-10-03.
379:
488:
904:"Russia will deploy the new early-warning radar deal with U.S. anti-missile system in Eastern Europe"
580:
392:
593:
234:
186:
1014:"Ukrainian radars withdrawn from operation in Russia's interests to undergo technical maintenance"
790:[Early warning arithmetic: minus two Dnepr, plus one Voronezh] (in Russian). RIA Novosti.
673:
514:
351:
and the lease increased to US$ 1.3 million, although the
Ukrainian government had asked for more.
614:
343:
and the station ended up in the newly independent country of
Ukraine, together with the radar in
42:
993:
606:
537:
468:
359:
221:
206:
190:
622:
598:
584:
529:
375:
672:[Patriotic SPRN - 40 years] (in Russian). Novosti Kosmonavtiki. Archived from
1063:
618:
368:
248:
182:
785:
230:
907:
871:
816:
698:
429:
533:
201:
in the far south west of
Ukraine and was part of the Soviet, and then Russian
610:
541:
374:
Data from
Ukraine stopped on 26 February 2009 and Russia declared that a new
310:
296:
270:
256:
104:
91:
32:
602:
489:""Закарпатське Мукачево: На вістрі "холодної війни", або Таємниці "Шипки"""
723:
515:"The Operational Status of the Russian Space-Based Early Warning System"
238:
178:
291:. The larger receiver building has been demolished and was located at
566:"History and the Current Status of the Russian Early-Warning System"
645:
220:
355:
1039:"Source: Ukraine radar to be used to protect German satellites"
842:"Russia pulls out of an early-warning arrangement with Ukraine"
757:"Russia starts to dismantle the Soviet early warning system"
930:"Russia will no longer use early-warning radars in Ukraine"
725:В Закарпатье при демонтаже Пестряловской РЛС погиб человек
787:Арифметика СПРН: минус два "Днепра", плюс один "Воронеж"
205:. Information from this station could be used for a
331:. The azimuth of the Daryal was 218° (south west).
164:
149:
144:
136:
128:
120:
83:
21:
872:"THE FIRST VORONEZH ON EXPERIMENTAL COMBAT DUTY"
693:
691:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
641:Мощные РЛС дальнего обнаружения РЛС СПРН и СККП
65:
835:
833:
8:
779:
777:
759:. Centre for Eastern Studies. Archived from
193:attack. Currently it is the property of the
181:radar station, originally built during the
870:Marinin, I; Kuznetsov, A (February 2007).
18:
990:The Politics of Modern Security in Russia
592:
815:. Kommersant. 2005-02-11. Archived from
209:nuclear missile attack or to engage the
467:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
421:
16:Former Soviet radar station in Ukraine
750:
748:
746:
1070:Buildings and structures in Mukachevo
7:
906:. 9ABC . 2011-02-09. Archived from
813:"Ukraine Sends a Warning to Russia"
699:"Russia Won't Rent Ukrainian Radar"
438:(in Russian) (5): 52–53. May 2009.
225:Daryal-UM receiver building in 2003
211:A-135 anti-ballistic missile system
410:Set of photographs from both sites
282:Mukachevo Daryal radar transmitter
14:
1080:Military installations of Ukraine
964:Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces
934:Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces
846:Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces
465:Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces
64:
57:
41:
1045:from the original on 2021-07-11
1020:from the original on 2013-01-03
970:from the original on 2013-04-20
940:from the original on 2012-03-08
882:from the original on 2013-12-19
852:from the original on 2013-04-20
794:from the original on 2014-08-09
732:from the original on 2012-07-02
705:from the original on 2016-03-04
495:from the original on 2020-01-12
442:from the original on 2013-12-19
349:Ukrainian National Space Agency
322:Mukachevo Daryal radar receiver
1:
1085:State Space Agency of Ukraine
960:"Armavir radar fills the gap"
434:[Seeing Eye Russia].
247:A second generation radar, a
203:missile attack warning system
195:State Space Agency of Ukraine
958:Podvig, Pavel (2009-02-12).
928:Podvig, Pavel (2007-07-13).
840:Podvig, Pavel (2008-02-25).
784:Kramnik, Ilya (2009-02-26).
755:Wilk, Andrzej (2008-01-29).
992:. Ashgate. pp. 69–88.
669:Отечественной СПРН – 40 лет
573:Science and Global Security
522:Science and Global Security
1101:
701:. Kommersant. 2008-01-16.
383:Analysis of Outer Space).
1041:. Kyiv Post. 2010-02-09.
1016:. Kyiv Post. 2009-02-26.
534:10.1080/08929889408426407
339:In 1991 the Soviet Union
311:48.3884472°N 22.7938083°E
271:48.3851556°N 22.8004778°E
52:
40:
26:
786:
724:
668:
640:
430:
892:(subscription required)
585:2002S&GS...10...21P
452:(subscription required)
175:Mukachevo radar station
140:75 metres (246 ft)
72:Mukachevo radar station
22:Mukachevo radar station
1075:Soviet military radars
603:10.1080/08929880212328
564:Podvig, Pavel (2002).
513:Podvig, Pavel (1994).
431:Всевидящий глаз России
398:Shipka (military base)
316:48.3884472; 22.7938083
276:48.3851556; 22.8004778
226:
47:Map of Mukachevo Dnepr
224:
105:48.37768°N 22.70744°E
876:Novosti Kosmonavtiki
436:Novosti Kosmonavtiki
393:Mukachevo (air base)
335:Dispute with Ukraine
197:. It is located in
666:Marinin, I (2011).
306: /
266: /
101: /
227:
110:48.37768; 22.70744
999:978-0-7546-7408-5
474:978-0-262-16202-9
360:Vladimir Popovkin
207:launch on warning
191:ballistic missile
172:
171:
1092:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1010:
1004:
1003:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
955:
949:
948:
946:
945:
925:
919:
918:
916:
915:
900:
894:
893:
890:
888:
887:
867:
861:
860:
858:
857:
837:
828:
827:
825:
824:
809:
803:
802:
800:
799:
781:
772:
771:
769:
768:
752:
741:
740:
738:
737:
720:
714:
713:
711:
710:
695:
686:
685:
683:
681:
663:
657:
656:
654:
653:
636:
630:
629:
627:
621:. Archived from
596:
570:
561:
546:
545:
519:
510:
504:
503:
501:
500:
485:
479:
478:
460:
454:
453:
450:
448:
447:
426:
330:
329:
327:
326:
325:
323:
318:
317:
312:
307:
304:
303:
302:
299:
290:
289:
287:
286:
285:
283:
278:
277:
272:
267:
264:
263:
262:
259:
160:
158:
116:
115:
113:
112:
111:
106:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
68:
67:
61:
45:
36:
19:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1000:
987:
986:
982:
973:
971:
957:
956:
952:
943:
941:
927:
926:
922:
913:
911:
902:
901:
897:
891:
885:
883:
869:
868:
864:
855:
853:
839:
838:
831:
822:
820:
811:
810:
806:
797:
795:
788:
783:
782:
775:
766:
764:
754:
753:
744:
735:
733:
726:
722:
721:
717:
708:
706:
697:
696:
689:
679:
677:
676:on May 20, 2012
670:
665:
664:
660:
651:
649:
642:
638:
637:
633:
625:
594:10.1.1.692.6127
568:
563:
562:
549:
517:
512:
511:
507:
498:
496:
487:
486:
482:
475:
462:
461:
457:
451:
445:
443:
432:
428:
427:
423:
418:
406:
389:
337:
321:
319:
315:
313:
309:
308:
305:
300:
297:
295:
293:
292:
281:
279:
275:
273:
269:
268:
265:
260:
257:
255:
253:
252:
229:The radar is a
219:
156:
154:
109:
107:
103:
100:
95:
92:
90:
88:
87:
79:
78:
77:
76:
75:
74:
73:
69:
48:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1030:
1005:
998:
980:
950:
920:
895:
862:
829:
804:
773:
742:
715:
687:
658:
631:
628:on 2012-03-15.
547:
528:(3): 363–384.
505:
480:
473:
455:
420:
419:
417:
414:
413:
412:
405:
404:External links
402:
401:
400:
395:
388:
385:
376:Voronezh radar
336:
333:
218:
215:
185:for providing
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
151:
147:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
85:
81:
80:
71:
70:
63:
62:
56:
55:
54:
53:
50:
49:
46:
38:
37:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1097:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1001:
995:
991:
984:
981:
969:
965:
961:
954:
951:
939:
935:
931:
924:
921:
910:on 2013-02-21
909:
905:
899:
896:
881:
877:
873:
866:
863:
851:
847:
843:
836:
834:
830:
819:on 2005-02-23
818:
814:
808:
805:
793:
789:
780:
778:
774:
763:on 2011-08-13
762:
758:
751:
749:
747:
743:
731:
727:
719:
716:
704:
700:
694:
692:
688:
675:
671:
662:
659:
648:on 2012-12-30
647:
643:
635:
632:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
567:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
509:
506:
494:
490:
484:
481:
476:
470:
466:
459:
456:
441:
437:
433:
425:
422:
415:
411:
408:
407:
403:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
386:
384:
381:
377:
372:
370:
364:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
334:
332:
328:
301:22°47′37.71″E
298:48°23′18.41″N
288:
250:
245:
242:
240:
236:
232:
223:
216:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:early warning
184:
183:Soviet period
180:
176:
167:
165:Built by
163:
152:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:Radar station
123:
119:
114:
86:
82:
60:
51:
44:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1047:. Retrieved
1033:
1022:. Retrieved
1008:
989:
983:
972:. Retrieved
963:
953:
942:. Retrieved
933:
923:
912:. Retrieved
908:the original
898:
884:. Retrieved
878:(2): 64–65.
875:
865:
854:. Retrieved
845:
821:. Retrieved
817:the original
807:
796:. Retrieved
765:. Retrieved
761:the original
734:. Retrieved
718:
707:. Retrieved
678:. Retrieved
674:the original
661:
650:. Retrieved
646:the original
634:
623:the original
576:
572:
525:
521:
508:
497:. Retrieved
483:
464:
458:
444:. Retrieved
435:
424:
373:
369:pirate radio
365:
353:
338:
261:22°48′1.72″E
258:48°23′6.56″N
246:
243:
228:
174:
173:
168:Soviet Union
145:Site history
378:station in
358:. In 2007,
314: /
274: /
108: /
84:Coordinates
1064:Categories
1049:2012-07-11
1024:2012-07-11
974:2012-01-09
944:2012-02-01
914:2012-07-10
886:2012-07-10
856:2012-02-01
823:2012-07-11
798:2012-07-15
767:2012-07-09
736:2012-07-19
709:2012-01-30
652:2012-01-30
499:2020-01-12
446:2012-07-15
416:References
345:Sevastopol
320: (
280: (
96:22°42′27″E
93:48°22′40″N
35:, Ukraine
619:122901563
611:0892-9882
589:CiteSeerX
579:: 21–60.
542:0892-9882
341:collapsed
235:NATO name
179:Ukrainian
33:Mukacheve
1043:Archived
1018:Archived
968:Archived
938:Archived
880:Archived
850:Archived
792:Archived
730:Archived
703:Archived
493:Archived
440:Archived
387:See also
680:20 June
581:Bibcode
380:Armavir
239:azimuth
155: (
996:
617:
609:
591:
540:
471:
249:Daryal
199:Shipka
137:Height
29:Shipka
626:(PDF)
615:S2CID
569:(PDF)
518:(PDF)
231:Dnepr
217:Radar
177:is a
157:1970s
153:1970s
150:Built
132:RO-5
994:ISBN
682:2012
607:ISSN
538:ISSN
469:ISBN
356:NATO
129:Code
121:Type
599:doi
530:doi
189:of
1066::
966:.
962:.
936:.
932:.
874:.
848:.
844:.
832:^
776:^
745:^
690:^
613:.
605:.
597:.
587:.
577:10
575:.
571:.
550:^
536:.
524:.
520:.
491:.
213:.
31:,
1052:.
1027:.
1002:.
977:.
947:.
917:.
889:.
859:.
826:.
801:.
770:.
739:.
712:.
684:.
655:.
601::
583::
544:.
532::
526:4
502:.
477:.
449:.
324:)
284:)
233:(
159:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
