358:. This was an important agricultural area, which Muqali had largely subdued by 1219. In 1220, Muqali turned his attention to the rest of Shandong Province, conquering part of it; four towns were captured, but the hard-pressed Jin forces managed to hold on elsewhere in the province. After suffering a number of devastating defeats by Muqali in the field, the Jin learned that they could only hope to resist him by holding their cities and outlasting Muqali's staying power.
339:, a Chinese title also used by the Mongols. Muqali also set up a Chinese-style court protocol and wore Chinese-style imperial robes. Despite Genghis Khan having taken most of the main Mongol forces away and being sent to the West, Muqali was able to subdue most of northern China with his small force of around 20,000 Mongols, although some historians give figures of between 40,000 and 70,000 men to account for his foreign auxiliaries.
42:
249:'s reign (1229–1241), he was viewed as the best of the extraordinarily talented pool of Mongol generals. Given his undefeated record despite very limited resources, he might be regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in history. He was "unquestionably one of the leading Mongol personalities and a supreme leader". His wisdom in dealing with local matters has been emphasized.
242:, Muqali acted as Genghis Khan's second-in-command, was promoted to Viceroy of China, and was entrusted with a great degree of autonomy once Genghis Khan departed to conquer Central Asia. Unlike many Mongol leaders who were willing to massacre to gain any advantage, Muqali usually attempted to convert foes into friends by more conciliatory means.
410:
resisted. As he was consolidating his position on both sides of the Yellow River, he became seriously ill and died in the Spring on 1223, at 53 years of age. On his deathbed, Muqali declared with pride that he had never been defeated. By the time of Ogedei's ascension in 1229, however, the Mongol
1010:
Louis Hambis (1954). Le chapitre CVIII du Yuan che : les fiefs attribués aux membres de la famille impériale et aux ministres de la cour mongole d'après l'histoire chinoise officielle de la dynastie mongole. Monographies du Tʿoung pao, v. 3. Tableau5,généalogie de
612:
Muqali is considered a superb leader, and one of the "very few men who could exert a real influence on
Genghis Khan's decisions". In seven years of campaigning in northern China, he had reduced the Jin dynasty's territories to only
427:
He was described by Chao Hang as a very tall man with a dark complexion and wavy whiskers, who was "generous and fond of conviviality, and amusing episodes about him have been preserved in the Sung envoy's account".
1068:
374:. Then, in the following months, he conquered the major Jin strongholds in northern and western Shaanxi. Crossing again the Yellow river on ice from the operational area near the
289:. During his time spent as Genghis Khan's servant, he and Genghis Khan presumably became very close. This intimacy would result in him becoming one of Genghis' closest advisors.
1061:
892:
1054:
560:
498:
227:
leader who had sworn fealty to the
Mongols, he became known by his epithet "Muqali", "one who dulls", earned through his committed and able service to the
541:
366:
Muqali's last campaign was in the 1220s. He crossed the Ordos in mid-1221, spending the rest of the year conquering major cities in northern and central
1165:
1160:
537:
1034:
292:
During the coronation of
Genghis Khan in 1206, the latter recalled Muqali's support, and he was rewarded with the command of the third
309:
301:
106:
995:
957:
926:
876:
851:
787:
674:
698:
Christopher P. Atwood, Pu'a's Boast and
Doqolqu's Death: Historiography of a Hidden Scandal in the Mongol Conquest of the Jin.
126:
140:
394:, and moved with the main army to Yuzhou, from thence to Jizhou, conquering all the Jin strongholds in the valley of the
265:
Mongols. Originally associated with the Jurkin branch of the
Borjigin, Muqali's father and uncles pledged allegiance to
355:
317:
239:
487:
519:
He received many posthumous honours, since as early as the 1320s. After his death, descendants of Muqali served the
1026:
987:
803:
779:
556:
666:
281:). Several servants of Genghis Khan would be later appointed to prominent positions in his army, such as
411:
detachments in China had suffered numerous setbacks, which led to a mini-revival of Jin fortunes until
285:, who was promised as a slave to Genghis as an infant, and later rose to the position of captain of a
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922:
872:
847:
783:
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370:. He crossed the Yellow River into Shaanxi, first conquering, in November 1221, the strategic
738:
In the
Service of the Khan Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200-1300)
270:
163:
551:
532:
448:
1046:
402:
at the end of 1222, conquering the major cities along the river. However, the cities of
1129:
483:
472:
457:
444:
387:
313:
1144:
232:
88:
327:, he left Muqali in control of Northern China as viceroy, and gave him the title of
1119:
1114:
1078:
983:
The
Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368
918:
869:
The
Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368
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570:
566:
293:
220:
170:
41:
981:
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660:
1089:
626:
618:
574:
811:
807:
520:
228:
662:
Power, Politics, and
Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Īlkhānate of Iran
468:
453:
598:
590:
395:
335:, a title not given to any other in Genghis Khan's army, and the title of
843:
602:
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403:
347:
297:
286:
262:
1124:
1094:
605:, survived the collapse of the Yuan and maintained his power under the
594:
412:
367:
351:
274:
266:
258:
257:
Muqali, third son of Gü'ün U'a, was born into the 'White' clan of the
17:
586:
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578:
547:
383:
379:
246:
224:
1104:
614:
524:
416:
391:
343:
282:
1099:
1050:
867:
Denis C. Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John King
Fairbank (1978).
577:. Members of Muqali's Jalair tribe, as retainers of the Toluid
447:. After his death, Genghis Khan gave command to Muqali's son,
219:
in service) who became a trusted and esteemed commander under
942:
John Gillingham, John Lazenby; Peter Connolly, eds. (2016).
390:. He then left Mönggü Buqa (Bukha) in charge in Shaanxi and
945:
The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare
503:, Bai Inal, Emegen, Ebügen, and Arkis. Tas (also called
1025:. Culture and Customs of Asia. Westport, Connecticut:
175:
269:(Genghis Khan's original name) when he defeated the
730:
728:
726:
724:
507:) was Muqali's favorite grandson, and the title of
443:). He had eight other wives, four Mongols and four
419:were dispatched with the main Mongol army in 1232.
378:in the Spring of 1222, he recaptured many towns in
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162:
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125:
116:
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84:
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68:
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32:
722:
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718:
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980:Herbert Franke; Denis C. Twitchett, eds. (1978).
654:
652:
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648:
646:
644:
642:
323:After Genghis Khan decided to go to war with the
308:, the decisive battle in the first stage of the
261:tribe, who had been the hereditary serfs of the
300:. He played a prominent role in the following
1062:
767:
765:
273:in 1197. Gü'ün U'a offered his son Muqali to
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131:
8:
975:
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971:
969:
914:Genghis Khan The Man Who Conquered the World
891:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
871:. Cambridge University Press. p. 362.
1069:
1055:
1047:
565:, later became prominent officials in the
154:
29:
906:
904:
902:
839:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
775:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
523:of the Mongols, especially those of the
735:de Rachewiltz, Igor; Wang, May (1993).
689:Frank McLynn, Genghis Khan (2015), 231.
638:
621:, flanks the statue of Genghis Khan in
884:
831:
829:
113:
27:General and companion of Genghis Khan
7:
617:. A statue of Muqali, together with
573:founded by Genghis Khan's grandson,
546:. A few of his descendants, such as
527:lineage: prominent among these were
342:In 1217, Muqali attacked modern-day
597:after the collapse of the Hulaguid
213:
581:, participated in the conquest of
107:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
25:
212:, was a Mongol general ("bo'ol",
759:, Harrassowitz Verlag, Weisbaden
40:
1023:Culture and Customs of Mongolia
755:de Rachewiltz, I. (ed.) (1993)
52:
176:
146:
132:
1:
1166:Generals of the Mongol Empire
1161:13th-century monarchs in Asia
772:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018).
398:. He then took the strategic
296:and control over the eastern
804:"Muqali - Mongolian general"
80:1223 (aged 52–53)
1182:
1077:Generals and ministers of
988:Cambridge University Press
780:Cambridge University Press
757:In the Service of the Khan
431:His chief wife's name was
223:. The son of Gü'ün U'a, a
1085:
593:Dynasty which ruled from
204:; 1170–1223), also spelt
201:
187:
153:
121:
39:
589:, and later founded the
362:Final campaign and death
304:, including in the 1211
127:Traditional Chinese
836:Buell, Paul D. (2016).
667:Oxford University Press
238:During the invasion of
217: one who is bound
141:Simplified Chinese
911:McLynn, Frank (2015).
659:Hope, Michael (2016).
601:. Another descendant,
462:, who had seven sons:
1021:May, Timothy (2008).
423:Appearance and family
277:as a personal slave (
95:Years of service
950:Taylor & Francis
354:, controlled by the
302:campaign against Jin
320:in northern China.
325:Khwarazmian Empire
306:Battle of Yehuling
1138:
1137:
1036:978-0-3133-3983-7
623:Sükhbaatar Square
348:Shandong Province
191:
190:
183:
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164:Standard Mandarin
112:
111:
16:(Redirected from
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1008:
1002:
1001:
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963:
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896:
890:
882:
864:
858:
857:
846:. pp. 8–9.
833:
824:
823:
821:
819:
810:. Archived from
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794:
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753:
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746:
732:
699:
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681:
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352:Shaanxi Province
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44:
30:
21:
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1081:
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1029:. p. 137.
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998:
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978:
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952:. p. 222.
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782:. p. 153.
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697:
693:
688:
684:
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658:
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635:
569:fashion of the
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535:
517:
511:passed to him.
496:
481:
466:
451:
425:
364:
350:, and northern
310:Mongol conquest
255:
245:By the time of
216:
98:Pre-1206 – 1223
63:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1179:
1177:
1169:
1168:
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1153:
1143:
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1136:
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990:. p. 36.
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814:on 17 May 2021
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585:, then called
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1115:Shigi Qutuqu
1109:
1079:Genghis Khan
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1006:
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919:Random House
913:
868:
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838:
816:. Retrieved
812:the original
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774:
756:
751:
745:. p. 7.
743:Harrassowitz
737:
694:
685:
661:
611:
607:Ming dynasty
571:Yuan dynasty
518:
508:
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382:, including
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221:Genghis Khan
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193:
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171:Hanyu Pinyin
103:Battles/wars
1156:1223 deaths
1151:1170 births
1130:Yelü Chucai
627:Ulaanbaatar
575:Kublai Khan
555: [
536: [
497: [
482: [
467: [
452: [
356:Jin dynasty
346:, northern
318:Jin dynasty
49:Native name
1145:Categories
808:Britannica
633:References
521:Great Khan
279:emčü bo'ol
229:Great Khan
85:Allegiance
1027:Greenwood
887:cite book
599:Ilkhanate
591:Jalayirid
567:Confucian
408:Fengxiang
396:Fen River
376:Luo River
298:mingghans
240:Jin China
198:Mongolian
1090:Bo'orchu
844:ABC-Clio
619:Bo'orchu
529:Dorjeban
479:Süγunčaq
404:Jingzhao
333:kuo-wang
287:Mingghan
263:Borjigin
231:and the
210:Mukhulai
64:Mukhulai
1125:Subutai
1095:Boroqul
595:Baghdad
509:gui ong
505:Čalawun
445:Jurchen
441:Buqalun
413:Subutai
400:Hezhong
388:Daizhou
372:Jiazhou
368:Shaanxi
329:gui ong
314:Jurchen
312:of the
275:Temujin
267:Temujin
214:transl.
206:Mukhali
202:Мухулай
177:Mùhuálí
62:Mukhali
53:Мухулай
18:Mukhali
1110:Muqali
1033:
1011:muqali
994:
956:
925:
875:
850:
818:17 May
786:
673:
603:Naγaču
587:Mollai
583:Persia
579:Hulagu
548:Antong
525:Toluid
515:Legacy
437:Naiman
433:Lai-am
384:Xizhou
380:Shanxi
337:taishi
271:Jurkin
259:Jalair
247:Ogedei
225:Jalair
194:Muqali
117:Muqali
34:Muqali
1105:Jelme
563:]
552:Baiǰu
544:]
533:Dorǰi
501:]
490:]
475:]
460:]
449:Bo’ol
417:Tolui
392:Gansu
316:-led
294:tumen
283:Jelme
1100:Jebe
1031:ISBN
992:ISBN
954:ISBN
923:ISBN
893:link
873:ISBN
848:ISBN
820:2021
784:ISBN
671:ISBN
550:and
531:and
415:and
406:and
386:and
253:Life
208:and
77:Died
72:1170
69:Born
625:in
331:or
235:.
147:木华黎
133:木華黎
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