1259:
1283:
1271:
1709:
or what behavior of his was considered effeminate by his contemporaries. No sources describe his sexuality as immoral or imply that he was attracted to men, and he is reported to have married a woman and fathered several children in his later life. While he is described as
1976:
must make an effort to cease their feminine behavior, but if this proved impossible, they were not worthy of punishment. Those who made no effort to become less "effeminate", or seemed to "take pleasure in (his effeminacy)", were worthy of blame. By this era,
1772:
al-Dalāl ("the
Coquettish") is mentioned as one of Ṭuways' pupils. He is portrayed as a witty but sometimes crude man who "loved women" but did not have sex with them. Unlike Ṭuways, some tales involving al-Dalāl do suggest that he was attracted to men.
1904:
in their ranks. Rowson states that though many details of the stories of their castration were undoubtedly invented, “this silence supports the assumption that they did suffer a major blow sometime around the caliphate of
Sulayman.”
1932:
named Abbada as an actor in comedic plays. He served as a buffoon whose act depended upon mockery and "low sexual humor", the latter of which involved the flaunting of his "passive homosexuality". These characteristics would define
425:
1855:
of Medina. Some versions of the tale say that all of them were forced to undergo the procedure, while others state that only a few of them were; in the latter case, al-Dalāl is almost always included as one of the castrated
913:
1634:. It seems there may have been some variance in how "effeminate" they were, though there are indications that some adopted aspects of feminine dress or at least ornamentation. One hadith states that a Muslim
2055:
and the next to determine a specific label for their gender or sexual identity, and the term's meaning changed over time. Western scholars Aisya
Aymanee M. Zaharin and Maria Pallotta-Chiarolli view the term
1167:
1726:. Ṭuways is described as the first mukhannath to perform "perfect singing" characterized by definitive rhythmic patterns in Medina. He was also known for his sharp wit and his skill with the
1573:
to mean men who are "obviously male" but carry themselves with femininity in their movements, appearance and vocal characteristics, and on the term's existence as a category distinct from
3427:
1529:
were used as male servants for wealthy women in the early days of Islam, due to the belief that they were not sexually interested in the female body. These sources do not state that the
2891:
2125:
is legal, some gay individuals have been forced to undergo sex reassignment surgery and transition into the opposite sex, regardless of their actual gender identity. Due to
Khomeini's
1484:, meaning "to fold back the mouth of a waterskin for drinking", indicating some measure of being languid or delicate. This definition attained prominence among Islamic scholars until
3542:
3448:
1836:
and never returning back. Like al-Dalāl, al-Gharīḍ is portrayed as not just "effeminate" but homosexual in some sources. Beyond these two singers, relatively little is known of the
1032:
407:
2787:
Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will; Allyn, Eric; Crompton, Louis; Dickemann, Mildred; Khan, Badruddin; Mujtaba, Hasan; Naqvi, Nauman; Wafer, Jim; Westphal-Hellbusch, Sigrid (1997).
997:
419:
1002:
972:
1076:
505:
1120:
2141:
under
Iranian law. The Iranian government even provides up to half the cost for those needing financial assistance and a sex change is recognised on the birth certificate.
1768:
musician of Medina during his lifetime, historical sources describe others who served a similar role providing musical and poetic entertainment. A man who was known by the
500:
1965:
into two groups: those whose feminine traits seem unchangeable, despite the person's best efforts to stop them, and those whose traits are changeable but refuse to stop.
688:
2457:"Islamic shari'a law, neotraditionalist Muslim scholars and transgender sex-reassignment surgery: A case study of Ayatollah Khomeini's and Sheikh al-Tantawi's fatwas"
1162:
1311:
4200:
730:
477:
2547:
650:
600:
490:
3535:
1147:
1473:
891:
1152:
1064:
370:
363:
2334:
4281:
2342:
1157:
1054:
967:
829:
563:
472:
2461:
1071:
495:
3469:
1647:
755:
698:
573:
459:
2879:
3528:
3071:
2666:
2138:
844:
640:
2856:
2680:
2543:"Countering Islamic conservatism on being transgender: Clarifying Tantawi's and Khomeini's fatwas from the progressive Muslim standpoint"
1832:
musicians named Ibn Surayj and al-Gharīḍ are specifically referred to as being impacted by this proclamation, with al-Gharīḍ fleeing to
595:
4033:
1142:
814:
683:
678:
442:
2003:
were the ones initially allowed to be the servants of women, as they did not demonstrate any physical attraction to the female body.
4241:
3398:
3202:
3135:
3104:
2955:
2926:
2826:
2766:
2133:
for intersex and transgender individuals, Iran carries out more sex change operations than any other nation in the world except for
1304:
1039:
1009:
869:
4115:
3407:
1757:
in general in this era, the musicians among them were nonetheless valued and prized for their skill. Some of the more well-known
1115:
1103:
1086:
957:
715:
327:
1108:
4271:
2051:, it cannot be said that they were simply either homosexual males or transgender women. There was too much variety between one
1455:
1024:
1017:
898:
886:
881:
720:
70:
3186:
2204:
2018:
1999:
in his era were "known to be promiscuous", and resembled women in "softness, speech, appearance, accent and thinking". These
1565:
Aisya
Aymanee M. Zaharin and Maria Pallotta-Chiarolli have noted the agreement of scholarly sources on the appearance in the
1137:
1081:
925:
760:
645:
386:
3308:
2252:: a man who carries femininity in his movements, in his appearance, and in the softness of his voice. The Arabic term for a
1801:, this may have been prompted by "a perceived connection between cross-dressing and a lack of proper religious commitment".
1785:
dates back to the time of
Muhammad, their large-scale governmental persecution began in the Umayyad caliphate. According to
4205:
1805:
1702:
1627:
1242:
1127:
989:
942:
338:
60:
23:
4276:
4190:
3244:
2214:
1534:
1297:
1132:
908:
903:
725:
308:
1537:, Muslim societies were aware of five manifestations of gender ambiguity: This can be seen through figures such as the
4266:
2702:
2209:
1344:
1059:
920:
665:
467:
379:
4195:
1232:
1172:
3277:
1847:, seventh caliph of the Umayyad caliphate. According to several variants of this story, the caliph ordered the full
4105:
3865:
3465:
2903:
2199:
2102:
1464:
984:
952:
947:
749:
703:
635:
485:
449:
333:
198:
3087:
Pacholczyk, Jozef (1983). "Secular
Classical Music in the Arabic Near East". In Elizabeth May, Mantle Hood (ed.).
930:
4246:
3845:
3386:
2351:
1844:
977:
708:
413:
4256:
3029:
2130:
2114:
2086:
2061:
1833:
568:
540:
356:
1741:
musicians formed an intermediary stage in the social class most associated with musical performance: women in
1362:
or people with ambiguous sexual characteristics, who appeared feminine and functioned sexually or socially in
1937:
in later eras, and they never regained the relatively esteemed status they held in the early days in Medina.
1843:
The most severe instance of persecution is typically dated to the time of al-Walīd I's brother and successor
4261:
4251:
4215:
3737:
2797:
2068:
1958:
1813:
935:
285:
95:
1920:
than famed musicians, and the term itself seems to have become synonymous with an individual employed as a
1812:, fourth caliph of the Umayyad caliphate, and his brother Yaḥyā, who served as a governor under the caliph
4210:
3042:
2943:
2413:
2355:
1900:
of Medina begin to fade from historical sources, and the next generation of singers and musicians had few
1790:
1714:
or even frivolous towards religion in many sources, others contradict this and portray him as a believing
693:
590:
294:
1533:
were homosexual, only that they "lack desire". According to the
Iranian scholar Mehrdad Alipour, "in the
4236:
4185:
2012:
1969:
1217:
612:
512:
402:
4165:
4140:
3860:
3473:
3182:
3033:
1642:(traditionally a feminine activity) was banished from Medina, but not killed for his behavior. Other
1417:
1405:, the word itself was used as a descriptor for men employed as dancers, musicians, and/or comedians.
1287:
585:
535:
525:
102:
2360:
1820:. The governor of Mecca serving under al-Walīd I is said to have “issued a proclamation against the
1581:
individuals who could be either male or female. They also note the contrast between the Arabic term
1434:
who function sexually, and in some ways socially, as women. The term is closely related to the word
3648:
3317:
2758:
2556:
2470:
2118:
1992:
1982:
1946:
1798:
1624:
were only pretending to have no interest in women, and therefore could not be trusted around them.
1197:
1096:
834:
605:
65:
4038:
3917:
3795:
3509:
3501:
3485:
3363:
3331:
3154:
3010:
2848:
2832:
2672:
2612:
2508:
2405:
2381:
2184:
2162:
2036:
1742:
1723:
1667:
1543:
1504:
1485:
1394:
1390:
1348:
1263:
1237:
118:
3142:
In pre-Islamic Arabia, music was practiced mainly by women, especially by singing girls (qainat)
3127:
3121:
3096:
2060:
as referring to men who are "obviously male" and behave like women, but do not want to undergo
3998:
3653:
3638:
3493:
3419:
3411:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3198:
3177:
Roughgarden, Joan (2013). "Chapter 19: Transgender in
Historical Europe and the Middle East".
3131:
3100:
3067:
2951:
2922:
2840:
2822:
2792:
2788:
2762:
2720:
2662:
2634:
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2500:
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2484:
2397:
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2330:
2253:
2098:
1786:
1695:
1671:
1586:
1427:
1413:
1402:
1398:
1386:
803:
797:
258:
123:
1882:
Nasim al-Sahar ("Breeze of the Dawn"): "With castration I have become a mukhannath in truth!"
4013:
3870:
3477:
3443:
3321:
3190:
3059:
3055:
3002:
2814:
2654:
2594:
2560:
2474:
2365:
1515:
1451:
655:
301:
2990:
4100:
4079:
3986:
3966:
3935:
3904:
3643:
3633:
3564:
3555:
3551:
2818:
1891:
Zillal-Shajar ("Shade Under the Trees"): "What would we do with an unused weapon, anyway?"
1794:
1734:
1508:
1352:
1177:
851:
819:
809:
346:
128:
82:
4170:
4130:
4059:
3880:
3618:
3089:
3037:
2599:
2542:
2244:"Various academics such as Alipour (2017) and Rowson (1991) point to references in the
2040:
1682:
established themselves as celebrated singers and musicians. One particularly prominent
1562:
1207:
775:
770:
317:
1888:
Bard al-Fu'ad: "We have been spared the trouble of carrying around a spout for urine."
1608:, and ordered his followers to remove them from their homes. One such incident in the
4230:
4135:
4125:
4095:
4074:
4064:
4023:
3991:
3940:
3775:
3628:
3513:
3461:
3014:
2852:
2802:
2676:
2646:
2616:
2512:
2409:
2268:
or effeminate man is obviously male, but naturally behaves like a female, unlike the
1925:
1917:
856:
839:
824:
785:
578:
520:
157:
113:
4120:
4110:
4018:
3830:
3732:
3707:
3367:
3063:
2750:
2194:
2167:
2048:
1363:
1275:
791:
454:
396:
147:
4043:
3790:
3680:
3663:
3326:
3299:
2565:
2479:
2456:
1258:
264:
232:
4175:
3930:
3840:
3825:
3805:
3785:
3697:
3675:
3658:
3608:
3239:
2880:"Identities of a Single Root: The Triad of the Khuntha, Mukhannath, and Khanith"
2122:
2024:
1863:
Some variants of the story add a series of witticisms supposedly uttered by the
1769:
1646:
also mention the punishment of banishment, both in connection with Umm Salama's
1620:
commenting upon the body of a woman, which may have convinced Muhammad that the
660:
558:
272:
253:
227:
183:
164:
31:
3520:
1691:
1687:
4069:
3961:
3925:
3875:
3780:
3717:
3481:
3006:
2724:
2219:
2153:
2145:
1868:
1848:
1817:
1727:
1711:
1617:
1356:
780:
203:
3820:
3497:
3489:
3415:
3343:
3335:
3234:
2574:
2488:
2377:
1722:
seems to come from his profession, as music was mainly performed by women in
177:
3971:
3810:
3670:
3613:
3603:
3457:
3423:
3351:
2844:
2810:
2658:
2650:
2590:
2504:
2401:
2044:
1954:
1047:
765:
222:
142:
108:
89:
3446:(June 1999). "Homoeroticism and Homosexuality in Islam: A Review Article".
3359:
3194:
2836:
2608:
3179:
Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People
2919:
Governing Thirdness: State, Society, and Non-Binary Identities in Pakistan
4180:
4145:
3890:
3753:
3685:
3272:
3267:
2273:
2157:
2134:
2094:
1921:
1909:
1809:
1651:
1578:
1511:
1469:
1431:
1401:, they were strongly associated with music and entertainment. During the
1212:
238:
215:
1658:
and threatened to banish him if he did not end his unacceptable career.
4008:
4003:
3981:
3855:
3815:
3800:
3690:
3505:
2753:(1998). "Mukhannathun". In Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (eds.).
2716:
2189:
2031:
as a group do not fit neatly into any one of the Western categories of
1422:
245:
171:
136:
2385:
2170:
that is neither male nor female, a concept that some have compared to
3956:
3885:
3850:
3763:
3758:
3722:
3623:
3598:
3575:
3051:
3047:
2806:
2712:
2642:
2117:
was also permissible in the case of transgender individuals. Because
2032:
1953:
only in cases of necessity. Some 13th and 14th-century scholars like
1875:Ṭuways: "This is simply a circumcision which we must undergo again."
1715:
1679:
1519:
1379:
1375:
1202:
209:
2137:. It is sanctioned as a supposed "cure" for homosexuality, which is
2113:
concerned intersex individuals as well, but he later specified that
1343:); "effeminate ones", "ones who resemble women") was a term used in
2369:
1730:, which had previously been associated only with female musicians.
4028:
3768:
3727:
3588:
2582:
2541:
Zaharin, Aisya Aymanee M.; Pallotta-Chiarolli, Maria (June 2020).
2496:
2149:
2077:
2072:
1639:
1367:
152:
1816:, while other sources put it in the time of ʿAbd al-Malik's son,
3835:
3593:
2709:
Dictionary of the language of jurists: Arabic - English - French
2393:
1825:
1222:
193:
3524:
1753:
men in later time periods. While many still disapproved of the
3976:
3583:
2701:رواس قلعه جي, محمد; صادق قنيبي, حامد; مصطفى سانو, قطب (1996).
2260:
as they want to change their biological sex characters, while
1761:
also served as go-betweens and matchmakers for men and women.
1359:
1227:
1749:
in the Rashidun and early Umayyad caliphates, and mainly non-
1430:
to denote the gender role ascribed to males and occasionally
3123:
Women's Studies Encyclopedia: Literature, arts, and learning
2974:
Rowson, Everett K. "Gender Irregularity as Entertainment".
1840:
of Mecca, compared to the more well-known group in Medina.
2991:"Gender and Politics of Music in the Early Islamic Courts"
2081:
supporting the right for those who fit the description of
1885:
Nawmat al-Duha: "Or rather we have become women in truth!"
1488:, when the term came to be associated with homosexuality.
2798:
Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature
2782:
2780:
2778:
1420:, an association that has persisted into the modern day.
2635:"Applying Gender and Queer Theory to Pre-modern sources"
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2711:] (in Arabic, French, and English) (1st ed.).
1916:
working as entertainment were now more associated with
3449:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1981:
had developed its association with homosexuality, and
1426:
is a vernacular Arabic term used in some parts of the
3391:, Homosexuality, and LGBT Rights in the Muslim World"
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
4158:
4088:
4052:
3949:
3916:
3903:
3706:
3574:
3563:
3172:
3170:
3168:
1808:associate the beginning of severe persecution with
1764:While Ṭuways is typically described as the leading
3088:
1985:saw homosexuality as "a more heinous extension of
1472:. According to the 9th-century Arab lexicographer
2628:
2626:
2064:, in contrast to transgender or intersex people.
1454:are disputed. The 8th-century Arab lexicographer
3304:, third gender, and sexual rights in Bangladesh"
2043:. Although they were probably not predominantly
1924:or pantomime. The Abbasid caliphs al-Maʾmūn and
1824:”, in addition to other singers and drinkers of
1688:Abū ʿAbd al-Munʿim ʿĪsā ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Dhāʾib
162:
2969:
2967:
2942:Everett K. Rowson (2003). Sharon A. Farmer and
1879:al-Dalal: "Or rather the Greater Circumcision!"
1873:
3385:Rehman, Javaid; Polymenopoulou, Eleni (2013).
3235:"The gay people pushed to change their gender"
2704:معجم لغة الفقهاء : عربي - انكليزي - فرنسي
1589:that wish to change their biological sex, and
3536:
2950:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 69.
1718:instead. His main association with the label
1593:, which does not carry the same implication.
1305:
8:
4201:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
1338:
1328:
2548:International Journal of Transgender Health
3913:
3571:
3543:
3529:
3521:
2921:. Cambridge University Press. p. 29.
2719:: (Dar An-Nafes)دار النفائس. p. 386.
2639:The Routledge Handbook of Islam and Gender
1694:("Little Peacock"), was born in Medina on
1312:
1298:
18:
3325:
2598:
2564:
2478:
2359:
2109:around the same time. Khomeini's initial
3091:Musics of Many Cultures: An Introduction
2976:Gender and difference in the Middle Ages
2948:Gender and difference in the Middle Ages
2343:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2013:LGBT people and Islam § Transgender
16:Ambiguous gender in classic Arab culture
2462:International Journal of Transgenderism
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2237:
2093:with the concept of hermaphroditism or
2089:; Tantawy seems to have associated the
1705:that describe why Ṭuways was labeled a
1654:. Muhammad described the musician as a
30:
3470:School of Oriental and African Studies
2745:
2743:
2741:
2276:, who could be either male or female."
1630:rarely comment upon the habits of the
3043:Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition
1638:who had dyed his hands and feet with
1628:Early Islamic historiographical works
1480:instead derives from the Arabic verb
7:
3247:from the original on 6 November 2014
3028:Farmer, H. G. (2012) . "Ṭuwais". In
1458:connected the etymology of the term
2819:10.18574/nyu/9780814761083.003.0004
1949:stated that one should pray behind
1355:, and it has typically referred to
1339:
1329:
347:Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy
2859:from the original on 20 April 2021
1908:By the days of the Abbasid caliph
1374:, especially those in the city of
14:
3430:from the original on 21 July 2018
3399:Fordham International Law Journal
3387:"Is Green a Part of the Rainbow?
3268:"Iran's 'diagnosed transsexuals'"
3233:Hamedani, Ali (5 November 2014).
2755:Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature
2335:"The Effeminates of Early Medina"
4116:Attraction to transgender people
3408:Fordham University School of Law
2894:from the original on 9 July 2024
2264:presumably do not/have not. The
2119:homosexuality is illegal in Iran
1282:
1281:
1269:
1257:
408:Assisted reproductive technology
4282:Transgender topics and religion
3309:Culture, Health & Sexuality
3280:from the original on 2012-03-15
3220:Al-Mughni wa al-Sharh al Kabeer
2683:from the original on 2021-11-09
2166:are officially recognized as a
1945:The 8th-century Muslim scholar
1600:state that Muhammad cursed the
1456:al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad al-Farāhīdī
1378:, are mentioned throughout the
3187:University of California Press
3064:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_5850
2205:Transgender rights in Pakistan
2023:While sometimes classified as
2019:LGBT rights in the Middle East
1781:While sporadic persecution of
1737:believe that Ṭuways and other
1604:and their female equivalents,
1474:Abū ʿUbayd al-Qāsim ibn Sallām
766:Cisgender / cissexual
761:Childhood gender nonconformity
387:Facial masculinization surgery
1:
4206:Social construction of gender
3327:10.1080/13691058.2017.1317831
3300:"The paradox of recognition:
3298:Hossain, Adnan (April 2017).
2917:Muhammad Azfar Nisar (2022).
2566:10.1080/26895269.2020.1778238
2480:10.1080/15532739.2016.1250239
1243:Social construction of gender
4191:Sex as a biological variable
2878:Almarri, Saqer (Fall 2018).
2215:Transgender rights in Turkey
1818:al-Walīd I ibn ʿAbd al-Malik
815:Gender-sexuality questioning
2210:Transgender rights in Syria
2139:punishable by death penalty
1989:", or effeminate behavior.
1968:Early Muslim scholars like
1616:servant of Muhammad's wife
1559:(hermaphrodite/intersex)."
380:Facial feminization surgery
4298:
4106:Androphilia and gynephilia
3466:Cambridge University Press
2904:Stanford Humanities Center
2637:. In Howe, Justine (ed.).
2200:Transgender rights in Iran
2016:
2010:
1845:Sulaymān ibn ʿAbd al-Malik
1690:, who had the Arabic name
1650:and a man who worked as a
750:Androphilia and gynephilia
450:Gender self-identification
3482:10.1017/S0041977X00016700
3218:al-Maqdīsī, Ibn Qudamah.
3007:10.1017/S0261127912000010
2455:Alipour, Mehrdad (2017).
2352:American Oriental Society
2067:In the late 1980s, Mufti
1507:, during the time of the
1385:and in the works of many
1366:typically carried out by
124:Non-binary or genderqueer
4242:Arabic words and phrases
3654:Non-binary / genderqueer
2633:Geissinger, Ash (2021).
2131:sex reassignment surgery
2115:sex reassignment surgery
2087:sex reassignment surgery
2062:sex reassignment surgery
1814:ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān
1806:Islamic literary sources
1733:Some modern scholars of
1703:Islamic literary sources
1446:The origins of the term
1412:was associated with the
1408:In later eras, the term
569:Parental rights movement
478:Political office-holders
357:Gender-affirming surgery
4216:Transgender archaeology
3120:Tierney, Helen (1989).
3040:; Hartmann, R. (eds.).
2795:; Roscoe, Will (eds.).
2659:10.4324/9781351256568-6
2069:Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy
1777:Persecution and decline
1351:literature to describe
163:
96:Bissu, Calabai, Calalai
4272:Transgender identities
4211:Split attraction model
4196:Sex–gender distinction
3195:10.1525/j.ctt7zw3js.24
3159:The Music of the Arabs
2989:Nielson, Lisa (2012).
2944:Carol Braun Pasternack
1970:Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī
1896:After this event, the
1894:
1470:hermaphrodite/intersex
1397:and first half of the
1264:Transgender portal
1233:Sex–gender distinction
792:Gender detransitioning
679:Anatomical terminology
4186:Queer heterosexuality
3126:. Greenwood. p.
2017:Further information:
1947:Ibn S̲h̲ihāb al-Zuhrī
1810:Marwān I ibn al-Ḥakam
1696:the day Muhammad died
1353:gender-variant people
1218:Queer heterosexuality
830:Rapid-onset dysphoria
613:Yogyakarta Principles
4166:Anti-gender movement
4141:Romantic orientation
3474:University of London
3318:Taylor & Francis
3189:. pp. 363–364.
3183:Berkeley, California
3095:. UC Press. p.
2884:Women & Language
2813:. pp. 305–310.
2759:Taylor & Francis
2653:. pp. 101–115.
2557:Taylor & Francis
2471:Taylor & Francis
2248:to the existence of
1983:Badr al-Dīn al-ʿAynī
1674:caliphates, various
1418:gay sexual practices
804:Gender transitioning
756:Blanchard's typology
684:Fictional characters
630:Events and awareness
536:Anti-gender movement
4277:Transgender in Asia
3918:Sexual orientations
3649:Masculine of center
2995:Early Music History
2144:In some regions of
1799:New York University
1503:already existed in
1198:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
743:Theory and concepts
625:Society and culture
606:Trans panic defense
4267:Pre-Islamic Arabia
4039:Same gender loving
3950:Alternative labels
3266:Barford, Vanessa.
3161:. pp. 8, 135.
2793:Murray, Stephen O.
2331:Rowson, Everett K.
2099:Ayatollah Khomeini
1941:Religious opinions
1743:pre-Islamic Arabia
1724:pre-Islamic Arabia
1662:Role in later eras
1612:was prompted by a
1563:Gender specialists
1516:early Islamic eras
1505:pre-Islamic Arabia
1238:Sexual orientation
1077:Disenfranchisement
646:Day of Remembrance
547:trans-exclusionary
32:Transgender topics
4224:
4223:
4171:Gender assignment
4154:
4153:
3899:
3898:
3639:Gender neutrality
3468:on behalf of the
3444:Schmidtke, Sabine
3222:. pp. 7/463.
3181:(10th ed.).
3073:978-90-04-08265-6
2978:. pp. 56–57.
2668:978-1-351-25656-8
2419:on 1 October 2008
2123:gender transition
1928:employed a famed
1787:Everett K. Rowson
1587:transgender women
1428:Arabian Peninsula
1414:receptive partner
1403:Abbasid caliphate
1322:
1321:
1168:elected officials
798:Gender expression
651:Day of Visibility
460:Non-binary gender
426:Standards of Care
83:Gender identities
4289:
4247:Gender and Islam
4014:Non-heterosexual
3914:
3572:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3522:
3517:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3395:
3372:
3371:
3329:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3174:
3163:
3162:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3094:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3056:Brill Publishers
3025:
3019:
3018:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2784:
2773:
2772:
2747:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2641:(1st ed.).
2630:
2621:
2620:
2602:
2568:
2538:
2517:
2516:
2482:
2452:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2412:. Archived from
2363:
2339:
2333:(October 1991).
2327:
2277:
2242:
1993:Ibn ʿAbd al-Bāŕr
1972:stated that all
1535:premodern period
1492:Mentions in the
1452:Classical Arabic
1345:Classical Arabic
1342:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1285:
1284:
1276:LGBTQ portal
1274:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1261:
1112:
939:
806:
794:
752:
699:Media portrayals
552:
551:
550:radical feminism
548:
544:
496:Military service
428:
416:
399:
389:
382:
373:
366:
359:
349:
330:
320:
311:
304:
302:Gender dysphoria
297:
168:
52:
49:
46:
43:
40:
19:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4257:Islamic culture
4227:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4150:
4101:Analloeroticism
4084:
4080:Heterosociality
4048:
3945:
3908:
3906:
3895:
3710:
3702:
3644:Gender variance
3634:Gender fluidity
3566:
3559:
3549:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3393:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3283:
3281:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3248:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3176:
3175:
3166:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3030:Houtsma, M. Th.
3027:
3026:
3022:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2897:
2895:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2829:
2786:
2785:
2776:
2769:
2761:. p. 548.
2757:. Vol. 2.
2749:
2748:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2669:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2540:
2539:
2520:
2454:
2453:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2361:10.1.1.693.1504
2337:
2329:
2328:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2274:intersex person
2243:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2180:
2105:issued similar
2021:
2015:
2009:
1943:
1867:prior to their
1795:Islamic Studies
1789:, professor of
1779:
1735:Islamic studies
1664:
1509:Islamic prophet
1498:
1444:
1432:intersex people
1391:Islamic writers
1318:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1106:
1100:
1093:
933:
878:
872:
862:
861:
852:Transmedicalism
820:Gender variance
810:Gender identity
802:
790:
748:
744:
736:
735:
675:
670:
641:Beauty pageants
632:
626:
618:
617:
574:Transgender men
549:
546:
543:Gender-critical
542:
541:
532:
482:
468:Rights movement
464:
445:
434:
433:
424:
412:
395:
392:
385:
378:
369:
362:
355:
352:
345:
328:Hormone therapy
326:
323:
316:
307:
300:
293:
289:
278:
277:
129:Gender fluidity
85:
75:
50:
47:
44:
41:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4295:
4293:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4262:LGBT and Islam
4259:
4254:
4252:Gender systems
4249:
4244:
4239:
4229:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4131:Plurisexuality
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4060:Sociosexuality
4056:
4054:
4053:Social aspects
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3999:Heteroflexible
3996:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3911:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3881:Vakasalewalewa
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3569:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3440:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3290:
3258:
3225:
3210:
3203:
3164:
3146:
3136:
3112:
3105:
3079:
3072:
3020:
2981:
2963:
2956:
2934:
2927:
2909:
2870:
2827:
2774:
2767:
2737:
2693:
2667:
2622:
2518:
2430:
2370:10.2307/603399
2288:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2041:LGBT community
2011:Main article:
2008:
2005:
1942:
1939:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1791:Middle Eastern
1778:
1775:
1701:There are few
1698:(8 June 632).
1663:
1660:
1541:(eunuch), the
1525:indicate that
1518:. A number of
1497:
1490:
1486:medieval times
1443:
1440:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1279:
1278:
1266:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1208:Gender studies
1205:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1173:Cafeteria riot
1170:
1165:
1155:
1153:United Kingdom
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1055:United Kingdom
1052:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
992:
987:
982:
981:
980:
975:
970:
962:
961:
960:
955:
950:
940:
928:
923:
918:
917:
916:
906:
901:
896:
895:
894:
889:
874:
873:
868:
867:
864:
863:
860:
859:
854:
849:
848:
847:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
800:
795:
788:
783:
778:
776:Cross-dressing
773:
771:Cisnormativity
768:
763:
758:
753:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
712:
711:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
671:
669:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
636:Awareness Week
628:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
610:
609:
608:
603:
593:
588:
583:
582:
581:
576:
571:
566:
559:Discrimination
556:
555:
554:
531:
530:
529:
528:
523:
521:Bathroom bills
515:
510:
509:
508:
503:
493:
488:
481:
480:
475:
470:
463:
462:
457:
452:
446:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
430:
429:
417:
410:
405:
400:
391:
390:
383:
376:
375:
374:
371:male-to-female
367:
364:female-to-male
351:
350:
343:
342:
341:
336:
322:
321:
318:Sex assignment
314:
313:
312:
298:
290:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
270:
269:
268:
261:
251:
250:
249:
242:
235:
225:
220:
219:
218:
213:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
174:
169:
160:
155:
145:
140:
133:
132:
131:
121:
116:
111:
106:
99:
92:
86:
81:
80:
77:
76:
74:
73:
68:
63:
57:
54:
53:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4294:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4136:Postgenderism
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4126:Monosexuality
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:Allosexuality
4094:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4075:Homosociality
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:Antisexuality
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3902:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3738:Bugis genders
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3708:Third genders
3705:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:Gender bender
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:Cross-dresser
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3541:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3392:
3390:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3320:: 1418–1431.
3319:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3294:
3291:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3204:9780520957978
3200:
3196:
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3139:
3137:9780313310737
3133:
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3124:
3116:
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3108:
3106:9780520047785
3102:
3098:
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3069:
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3053:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3034:Arnold, T. W.
3031:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2957:9781452905563
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2928:9781316516713
2924:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2893:
2890:(1): 97–109.
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
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2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2828:9780814774687
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2800:
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2783:
2781:
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2770:
2768:9780415185721
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2751:Moreh, Shmuel
2746:
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2173:
2169:
2165:
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2159:
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2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:individuals.
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2027:individuals,
2026:
2020:
2014:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1926:al-Mutawakkil
1923:
1919:
1918:court jesters
1915:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
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1861:
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1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:. During the
1392:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
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1216:
1214:
1211:
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1199:
1196:
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1189:
1188:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:United States
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
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1119:
1118:
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1114:
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1098:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:United States
1070:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:South Africa
1028:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
979:
976:
974:
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966:
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949:
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944:
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932:
929:
927:
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922:
919:
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911:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
880:
879:
877:
871:
866:
865:
858:
857:Transmisogyny
855:
853:
850:
846:
843:
842:
841:
840:Transfeminism
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
825:Postgenderism
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
805:
801:
799:
796:
793:
789:
787:
786:Gender binary
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
751:
747:
746:
740:
739:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
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710:
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702:
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687:
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682:
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677:
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664:
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659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
631:
622:
621:
614:
611:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
580:
579:Transmisogyny
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
557:
553:
539:
538:
537:
534:
533:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
516:
514:
511:
507:
506:United States
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
479:
476:
474:
473:Organizations
471:
469:
466:
465:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
444:
438:
437:
427:
423:
422:
421:
418:
415:
414:Voice therapy
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
398:
394:
393:
388:
384:
381:
377:
372:
368:
365:
361:
360:
358:
354:
353:
348:
344:
340:
339:masculinizing
337:
335:
332:
331:
329:
325:
324:
319:
315:
310:
306:
305:
303:
299:
296:
295:Gender clinic
292:
291:
287:
282:
281:
274:
271:
267:
266:
262:
260:
257:
256:
255:
252:
248:
247:
243:
241:
240:
236:
234:
231:
230:
229:
226:
224:
221:
217:
214:
212:
211:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
179:
175:
173:
170:
167:
166:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
138:
134:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
114:Gender bender
112:
110:
107:
105:
104:
100:
98:
97:
93:
91:
88:
87:
84:
79:
78:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
56:
55:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4237:Arab culture
4176:Gender roles
4121:Kinsey scale
4111:Aromanticism
3987:Gray asexual
3936:Heterosexual
3861:Sworn virgin
3831:Mukhannathun
3733:Binabinaaine
3476:): 260–266.
3453:
3447:
3432:. Retrieved
3403:
3397:
3388:
3379:Bibliography
3313:
3307:
3301:
3293:
3282:. Retrieved
3271:
3261:
3249:. Retrieved
3238:
3228:
3219:
3213:
3178:
3158:
3155:Touma, Habib
3149:
3141:
3122:
3115:
3090:
3082:
3041:
3023:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2975:
2947:
2937:
2918:
2912:
2902:– via
2896:. Retrieved
2887:
2883:
2873:
2861:. Retrieved
2796:
2789:"Conclusion"
2754:
2728:. Retrieved
2708:
2703:
2696:
2685:. Retrieved
2638:
2552:
2546:
2466:
2460:
2421:. Retrieved
2414:the original
2347:
2341:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2195:Third gender
2172:mukhannathun
2171:
2168:third gender
2161:
2143:
2126:
2110:
2106:
2091:mukhannathun
2090:
2083:mukhannathun
2082:
2076:
2066:
2057:
2052:
2049:heterosexual
2039:used by the
2029:mukhannathun
2028:
2022:
2007:Modern views
2001:mukhannathun
2000:
1997:mukhannathun
1996:
1995:stated that
1991:
1986:
1978:
1974:mukhannathun
1973:
1967:
1963:mukhannathun
1962:
1951:mukhannathun
1950:
1944:
1935:mukhannathun
1934:
1929:
1914:mukhannathun
1913:
1907:
1902:mukhannathun
1901:
1898:mukhannathun
1897:
1895:
1874:
1865:mukhannathun
1864:
1862:
1858:mukhannathun
1857:
1853:mukhannathun
1852:
1842:
1838:mukhannathun
1837:
1830:mukhannathun
1829:
1822:mukhannathun
1821:
1803:
1783:mukhannathun
1782:
1780:
1765:
1763:
1759:mukhannathun
1758:
1755:mukhannathun
1754:
1750:
1747:mukhannathun
1746:
1739:mukhannathun
1738:
1732:
1719:
1706:
1700:
1683:
1676:mukhannathun
1675:
1665:
1655:
1643:
1635:
1632:mukhannathun
1631:
1626:
1622:mukhannathun
1621:
1613:
1609:
1606:mutarajjilat
1605:
1602:mukhannathun
1601:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1569:of the term
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1531:mukhannathun
1530:
1527:mukhannathun
1526:
1520:
1501:Mukhannathun
1500:
1499:
1493:
1481:
1477:
1463:
1459:
1447:
1445:
1435:
1421:
1409:
1407:
1395:Rashidun era
1387:early Arabic
1380:
1372:Mukhannathun
1371:
1335:mukhannathun
1334:
1324:
1323:
1143:Nazi Germany
1095:
875:
716:Publications
672:
629:
455:Legal gender
443:legal status
397:Hair removal
263:
244:
237:
208:
188:
176:
148:Third gender
135:
101:
94:
4034:Questioning
3907:orientation
3826:Mudoko dako
3786:Femminiello
3698:Transsexual
3676:Trans woman
3659:Transgender
3240:BBC Persian
2837:j.ctt9qfmm4
2559:: 235–241.
2354:: 671–693.
2254:trans woman
2025:transgender
1961:classified
1770:Arabic name
1712:irreligious
1476:, the term
1399:Umayyad era
1107: [
1087:Transphobia
1040:South Korea
1010:New Zealand
934: [
501:South Korea
441:Rights and
309:in children
286:Health care
273:Transsexual
254:Transgender
228:Trans woman
184:Mudoko dako
165:Femminiello
4231:Categories
4070:Asociality
4024:Polysexual
3992:Demisexual
3962:Bi-curious
3941:Homosexual
3909:identities
3876:Two-spirit
3781:Fakafifine
3776:Fa'afafine
3718:Androgynos
3567:identities
3558:identities
3434:30 October
3284:2021-09-01
3038:Basset, R.
2725:1158651576
2687:2021-11-09
2583:2004213389
2497:2004213389
2473:: 91–103.
2423:7 November
2266:mukhannath
2262:mukhannath
2258:mukhannith
2250:mukhannath
2227:References
2220:Two-Spirit
2154:Bangladesh
2146:South Asia
2058:mukhannath
2053:mukhannath
1987:takhannuth
1979:mukhannath
1959:al-Kirmanī
1930:mukhannath
1869:castration
1849:castration
1766:mukhannath
1751:mukhannath
1728:tambourine
1720:mukhannath
1707:mukhannath
1684:mukhannath
1656:mukhannath
1636:mukhannath
1618:Umm Salama
1614:mukhannath
1591:mukhannath
1583:mukhannith
1571:mukhannath
1549:mukhannath
1496:literature
1478:mukhannath
1468:, meaning
1460:mukhannath
1448:mukhannath
1436:mukhannath
1410:mukhannath
1383:literature
1357:effeminate
1340:مُخَنَّثون
1325:Mukhannath
978:Tamil Nadu
870:By country
781:Deadnaming
731:Television
709:non-binary
694:Literature
591:Inequality
564:Non-binary
491:Healthcare
334:feminizing
204:Two-spirit
189:Mukhannath
158:Faʻafafine
4044:Takatāpui
4019:Pansexual
3972:Ex-ex-gay
3811:Koekchuch
3791:Güevedoce
3711:and sexes
3681:Fakaleitī
3671:Trans man
3664:Akava'ine
3614:Cisgender
3604:Androgyne
3514:170880292
3498:0041-977X
3490:1474-0699
3458:Cambridge
3416:0747-9395
3344:1369-1058
3336:1464-5351
3015:153949304
2898:12 August
2853:141668547
2811:NYU Press
2730:12 August
2677:224909490
2651:Routledge
2617:225679841
2575:1553-2739
2513:152120329
2489:1553-2739
2410:163738149
2378:0003-0279
2356:CiteSeerX
2284:Citations
2129:allowing
2075:issued a
2045:cisgender
2037:sexuality
1955:al-Nawawī
1910:al-Maʾmūn
1442:Etymology
1333:; plural
1178:Stonewall
1148:Singapore
1116:Australia
1104:Argentina
1065:2022 bill
1025:Singapore
998:2017 bill
994:Pakistan
968:2014 bill
914:2016 bill
899:Australia
882:Argentina
403:Pregnancy
288:practices
265:Akava'ine
233:Fakaleitī
223:Trans man
143:Koekchuch
109:Cisgender
103:Burrnesha
90:Androgyne
4181:Intersex
4159:See also
4146:Sapphism
3931:Bisexual
3891:X-gender
3866:Travesti
3841:Nádleehi
3754:Chibados
3686:Mak nyah
3462:New York
3428:Archived
3424:52769025
3410:: 1–53.
3360:28498049
3352:41546256
3278:Archived
3273:BBC News
3245:Archived
3157:(1975).
2892:Archived
2863:20 April
2857:Archived
2845:35526232
2803:New York
2681:Archived
2647:New York
2609:34993508
2591:56795128
2505:56795128
2402:47785421
2394:12032032
2178:See also
2158:Pakistan
2148:such as
2135:Thailand
2095:intersex
2085:to have
1922:comedian
1668:Rashidun
1652:musician
1596:Various
1579:intersex
1555:and the
1512:Muhammad
1482:khanatha
1330:مُخَنَّث
1288:Category
1213:Intersex
1192:See also
1163:Legality
1121:Re Kevin
1082:Title IX
1060:2004 act
1048:2022 law
1033:2003 act
1018:2016 act
1003:2018 act
973:2019 act
958:2024 law
953:2018 law
948:1980 law
892:2021 law
887:2012 law
721:Religion
596:Violence
586:Genocide
517:Toilets
239:Mak nyah
216:X-gender
199:Travesti
71:Timeline
24:a series
22:Part of
4009:Lesbian
4004:Khanith
3982:Gay men
3926:Asexual
3856:Sipiniq
3816:Lhamana
3801:Kathoey
3748:Calalai
3745:Calabai
3691:Rae-rae
3576:Genders
3506:3107489
3368:5372595
3251:16 July
3001:: 245.
2946:(ed.).
2717:Lebanon
2600:8726683
2270:khuntha
2190:Khanith
1851:of the
1672:Umayyad
1666:In the
1648:servant
1575:khuntha
1557:khuntha
1523:reports
1465:khuntha
1423:Khanith
1349:Islamic
1138:Finland
1097:History
1014:Norway
990:Ireland
943:Germany
926:Finland
835:Studies
673:Culture
601:Murders
513:Prisons
246:Rae-rae
172:Khanith
137:Kathoey
66:History
61:Outline
3967:Ex-gay
3957:Banjee
3905:Sexual
3886:Winkte
3871:Tumtum
3851:Palopa
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3759:Enaree
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3599:Female
3565:Gender
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2163:hijras
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2156:, and
2127:fatwas
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1912:, the
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1716:Muslim
1692:Ṭuways
1680:Medina
1644:ḥadīth
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1598:ḥadīth
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1553:mamsuh
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1494:ḥadīth
1381:ḥadīth
1376:Medina
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1128:Brazil
1044:Spain
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931:France
909:Canada
904:Brazil
876:Rights
726:Sports
704:People
526:Unisex
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