1270:
1294:
1282:
1720:
or what behavior of his was considered effeminate by his contemporaries. No sources describe his sexuality as immoral or imply that he was attracted to men, and he is reported to have married a woman and fathered several children in his later life. While he is described as
1987:
must make an effort to cease their feminine behavior, but if this proved impossible, they were not worthy of punishment. Those who made no effort to become less "effeminate", or seemed to "take pleasure in (his effeminacy)", were worthy of blame. By this era,
1783:
al-Dalāl ("the
Coquettish") is mentioned as one of Ṭuways' pupils. He is portrayed as a witty but sometimes crude man who "loved women" but did not have sex with them. Unlike Ṭuways, some tales involving al-Dalāl do suggest that he was attracted to men.
1915:
in their ranks. Rowson states that though many details of the stories of their castration were undoubtedly invented, “this silence supports the assumption that they did suffer a major blow sometime around the caliphate of
Sulayman.”
1943:
named Abbada as an actor in comedic plays. He served as a buffoon whose act depended upon mockery and "low sexual humor", the latter of which involved the flaunting of his "passive homosexuality". These characteristics would define
436:
1866:
of Medina. Some versions of the tale say that all of them were forced to undergo the procedure, while others state that only a few of them were; in the latter case, al-Dalāl is almost always included as one of the castrated
924:
1645:. It seems there may have been some variance in how "effeminate" they were, though there are indications that some adopted aspects of feminine dress or at least ornamentation. One hadith states that a Muslim
2066:
and the next to determine a specific label for their gender or sexual identity, and the term's meaning changed over time. Western scholars Aisya
Aymanee M. Zaharin and Maria Pallotta-Chiarolli view the term
1178:
1737:. Ṭuways is described as the first mukhannath to perform "perfect singing" characterized by definitive rhythmic patterns in Medina. He was also known for his sharp wit and his skill with the
1584:
to mean men who are "obviously male" but carry themselves with femininity in their movements, appearance and vocal characteristics, and on the term's existence as a category distinct from
3438:
1540:
were used as male servants for wealthy women in the early days of Islam, due to the belief that they were not sexually interested in the female body. These sources do not state that the
2902:
2136:
is legal, some gay individuals have been forced to undergo sex reassignment surgery and transition into the opposite sex, regardless of their actual gender identity. Due to
Khomeini's
1495:, meaning "to fold back the mouth of a waterskin for drinking", indicating some measure of being languid or delicate. This definition attained prominence among Islamic scholars until
3553:
3459:
1847:
and never returning back. Like al-Dalāl, al-Gharīḍ is portrayed as not just "effeminate" but homosexual in some sources. Beyond these two singers, relatively little is known of the
1043:
418:
2798:
Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will; Allyn, Eric; Crompton, Louis; Dickemann, Mildred; Khan, Badruddin; Mujtaba, Hasan; Naqvi, Nauman; Wafer, Jim; Westphal-Hellbusch, Sigrid (1997).
1008:
430:
1013:
983:
1087:
516:
1131:
2152:
under
Iranian law. The Iranian government even provides up to half the cost for those needing financial assistance and a sex change is recognised on the birth certificate.
1779:
musician of Medina during his lifetime, historical sources describe others who served a similar role providing musical and poetic entertainment. A man who was known by the
511:
1976:
into two groups: those whose feminine traits seem unchangeable, despite the person's best efforts to stop them, and those whose traits are changeable but refuse to stop.
699:
2468:"Islamic shari'a law, neotraditionalist Muslim scholars and transgender sex-reassignment surgery: A case study of Ayatollah Khomeini's and Sheikh al-Tantawi's fatwas"
1173:
1322:
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741:
488:
2558:
661:
611:
501:
3546:
1158:
1484:
902:
1163:
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381:
374:
2345:
4292:
2353:
1168:
1065:
978:
840:
574:
483:
2472:
1082:
506:
3480:
1658:
766:
709:
584:
470:
2890:
3539:
3082:
2677:
2149:
855:
651:
2867:
2691:
2554:"Countering Islamic conservatism on being transgender: Clarifying Tantawi's and Khomeini's fatwas from the progressive Muslim standpoint"
1843:
musicians named Ibn Surayj and al-Gharīḍ are specifically referred to as being impacted by this proclamation, with al-Gharīḍ fleeing to
606:
4044:
1153:
825:
694:
689:
453:
2014:
were the ones initially allowed to be the servants of women, as they did not demonstrate any physical attraction to the female body.
4252:
3409:
3213:
3146:
3115:
2966:
2937:
2837:
2777:
2144:
for intersex and transgender individuals, Iran carries out more sex change operations than any other nation in the world except for
1315:
1050:
1020:
880:
4126:
3418:
1768:
in general in this era, the musicians among them were nonetheless valued and prized for their skill. Some of the more well-known
1126:
1114:
1097:
968:
726:
338:
1119:
4282:
2062:, it cannot be said that they were simply either homosexual males or transgender women. There was too much variety between one
1466:
1035:
1028:
909:
897:
892:
731:
81:
3197:
2215:
2029:
2010:
in his era were "known to be promiscuous", and resembled women in "softness, speech, appearance, accent and thinking". These
1576:
Aisya
Aymanee M. Zaharin and Maria Pallotta-Chiarolli have noted the agreement of scholarly sources on the appearance in the
1148:
1092:
936:
771:
656:
397:
3319:
2263:: a man who carries femininity in his movements, in his appearance, and in the softness of his voice. The Arabic term for a
1812:, this may have been prompted by "a perceived connection between cross-dressing and a lack of proper religious commitment".
1796:
dates back to the time of
Muhammad, their large-scale governmental persecution began in the Umayyad caliphate. According to
4216:
1816:
1713:
1638:
1253:
1138:
1000:
953:
349:
71:
34:
4287:
4201:
3255:
2225:
1545:
1308:
1143:
919:
914:
736:
319:
1548:, Muslim societies were aware of five manifestations of gender ambiguity: This can be seen through figures such as the
4277:
2713:
2220:
1355:
1070:
931:
676:
478:
390:
4206:
1243:
1183:
3288:
1858:, seventh caliph of the Umayyad caliphate. According to several variants of this story, the caliph ordered the full
4116:
3876:
3476:
2914:
2210:
2113:
1475:
995:
963:
958:
760:
714:
646:
496:
460:
344:
209:
3098:
Pacholczyk, Jozef (1983). "Secular
Classical Music in the Arabic Near East". In Elizabeth May, Mantle Hood (ed.).
941:
4257:
3856:
3397:
2362:
1855:
988:
719:
424:
4267:
3040:
2141:
2125:
2097:
2072:
1844:
579:
551:
367:
1752:
musicians formed an intermediary stage in the social class most associated with musical performance: women in
1373:
or people with ambiguous sexual characteristics, who appeared feminine and functioned sexually or socially in
1948:
in later eras, and they never regained the relatively esteemed status they held in the early days in Medina.
1854:
The most severe instance of persecution is typically dated to the time of al-Walīd I's brother and successor
4272:
4262:
4226:
3748:
2808:
2079:
1969:
1824:
946:
296:
106:
1931:
than famed musicians, and the term itself seems to have become synonymous with an individual employed as a
1823:, fourth caliph of the Umayyad caliphate, and his brother Yaḥyā, who served as a governor under the caliph
4221:
3053:
2954:
2424:
2366:
1911:
of Medina begin to fade from historical sources, and the next generation of singers and musicians had few
1801:
1725:
or even frivolous towards religion in many sources, others contradict this and portray him as a believing
704:
601:
305:
1544:
were homosexual, only that they "lack desire". According to the
Iranian scholar Mehrdad Alipour, "in the
4247:
4196:
2023:
1980:
1228:
623:
523:
413:
4176:
4151:
3871:
3484:
3193:
3044:
1653:(traditionally a feminine activity) was banished from Medina, but not killed for his behavior. Other
1428:
1416:, the word itself was used as a descriptor for men employed as dancers, musicians, and/or comedians.
1298:
596:
546:
536:
113:
2371:
1831:. The governor of Mecca serving under al-Walīd I is said to have “issued a proclamation against the
1592:
individuals who could be either male or female. They also note the contrast between the Arabic term
1445:
who function sexually, and in some ways socially, as women. The term is closely related to the word
3659:
3328:
2769:
2567:
2481:
2129:
2003:
1993:
1957:
1809:
1635:
were only pretending to have no interest in women, and therefore could not be trusted around them.
1208:
1107:
845:
616:
76:
4049:
3928:
3806:
3520:
3512:
3496:
3374:
3342:
3165:
3021:
2859:
2843:
2683:
2623:
2519:
2416:
2392:
2195:
2173:
2047:
1753:
1734:
1678:
1554:
1515:
1496:
1405:
1401:
1359:
1274:
1248:
129:
3153:
In pre-Islamic Arabia, music was practiced mainly by women, especially by singing girls (qainat)
3138:
3132:
3107:
2071:
as referring to men who are "obviously male" and behave like women, but do not want to undergo
4009:
3664:
3649:
3504:
3430:
3422:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3209:
3188:
Roughgarden, Joan (2013). "Chapter 19: Transgender in
Historical Europe and the Middle East".
3142:
3111:
3078:
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2851:
2833:
2803:
2799:
2773:
2731:
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2503:
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2408:
2400:
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2341:
2264:
2109:
1797:
1706:
1682:
1597:
1438:
1424:
1413:
1409:
1397:
814:
808:
269:
134:
1893:
Nasim al-Sahar ("Breeze of the Dawn"): "With castration I have become a mukhannath in truth!"
4024:
3881:
3488:
3454:
3332:
3201:
3070:
3066:
3013:
2825:
2665:
2605:
2571:
2485:
2376:
1526:
1462:
666:
312:
3001:
4111:
4090:
3997:
3977:
3946:
3915:
3654:
3644:
3575:
3566:
3562:
2829:
1902:
Zillal-Shajar ("Shade Under the Trees"): "What would we do with an unused weapon, anyway?"
1805:
1745:
1519:
1363:
1188:
862:
830:
820:
357:
139:
93:
4181:
4141:
4070:
3891:
3629:
3100:
3048:
2610:
2553:
2255:"Various academics such as Alipour (2017) and Rowson (1991) point to references in the
2051:
1693:
established themselves as celebrated singers and musicians. One particularly prominent
1573:
1218:
786:
781:
328:
1899:
Bard al-Fu'ad: "We have been spared the trouble of carrying around a spout for urine."
1619:, and ordered his followers to remove them from their homes. One such incident in the
4241:
4146:
4136:
4106:
4085:
4075:
4034:
4002:
3951:
3786:
3639:
3524:
3472:
3025:
2863:
2813:
2687:
2657:
2627:
2523:
2420:
2279:
or effeminate man is obviously male, but naturally behaves like a female, unlike the
1936:
1928:
867:
850:
835:
796:
589:
531:
168:
124:
4131:
4121:
4029:
3841:
3743:
3718:
3378:
3074:
2761:
2205:
2178:
2059:
1374:
1286:
802:
465:
407:
158:
4054:
3801:
3691:
3674:
3337:
3310:
2576:
2490:
2467:
1269:
275:
243:
4186:
3941:
3851:
3836:
3816:
3796:
3708:
3686:
3669:
3619:
3250:
2891:"Identities of a Single Root: The Triad of the Khuntha, Mukhannath, and Khanith"
2133:
2035:
1874:
Some variants of the story add a series of witticisms supposedly uttered by the
1780:
1657:
also mention the punishment of banishment, both in connection with Umm Salama's
1631:
commenting upon the body of a woman, which may have convinced Muhammad that the
671:
569:
283:
264:
238:
194:
175:
42:
3531:
1702:
1698:
4080:
3972:
3936:
3886:
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3728:
3492:
3017:
2735:
2230:
2164:
2156:
1879:
1859:
1828:
1738:
1722:
1628:
1367:
791:
214:
3831:
3508:
3500:
3426:
3354:
3346:
3245:
2585:
2499:
2388:
1733:
seems to come from his profession, as music was mainly performed by women in
188:
3982:
3821:
3681:
3624:
3614:
3468:
3434:
3362:
2855:
2821:
2669:
2661:
2601:
2515:
2412:
2055:
1965:
1058:
776:
233:
153:
119:
100:
17:
3457:(June 1999). "Homoeroticism and Homosexuality in Islam: A Review Article".
3370:
3205:
2847:
2619:
3190:
Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People
2930:
Governing Thirdness: State, Society, and Non-Binary Identities in Pakistan
4191:
4156:
3901:
3764:
3696:
3283:
3278:
2284:
2168:
2145:
2105:
1932:
1920:
1820:
1662:
1589:
1522:
1480:
1442:
1412:, they were strongly associated with music and entertainment. During the
1223:
249:
226:
1669:
and threatened to banish him if he did not end his unacceptable career.
4019:
4014:
3992:
3866:
3826:
3811:
3701:
3516:
2764:(1998). "Mukhannathun". In Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (eds.).
2727:
2200:
2042:
as a group do not fit neatly into any one of the Western categories of
1433:
256:
182:
147:
2396:
2181:
that is neither male nor female, a concept that some have compared to
3967:
3896:
3861:
3774:
3769:
3733:
3634:
3609:
3586:
3062:
3058:
2817:
2723:
2653:
2128:
was also permissible in the case of transgender individuals. Because
2043:
1964:
only in cases of necessity. Some 13th and 14th-century scholars like
1886:Ṭuways: "This is simply a circumcision which we must undergo again."
1726:
1690:
1530:
1390:
1386:
1213:
220:
2148:. It is sanctioned as a supposed "cure" for homosexuality, which is
2124:
concerned intersex individuals as well, but he later specified that
1354:); "effeminate ones", "ones who resemble women") was a term used in
2380:
1741:, which had previously been associated only with female musicians.
4039:
3779:
3738:
3599:
2593:
2552:
Zaharin, Aisya Aymanee M.; Pallotta-Chiarolli, Maria (June 2020).
2507:
2160:
2088:
2083:
1650:
1378:
163:
1827:, while other sources put it in the time of ʿAbd al-Malik's son,
3846:
3604:
2720:
Dictionary of the language of jurists: Arabic - English - French
2404:
1836:
1233:
204:
3535:
1764:
men in later time periods. While many still disapproved of the
3987:
3594:
2712:رواس قلعه جي, محمد; صادق قنيبي, حامد; مصطفى سانو, قطب (1996).
2271:
as they want to change their biological sex characters, while
1772:
also served as go-betweens and matchmakers for men and women.
1370:
1238:
1760:
in the Rashidun and early Umayyad caliphates, and mainly non-
1441:
to denote the gender role ascribed to males and occasionally
3134:
Women's Studies Encyclopedia: Literature, arts, and learning
2985:
Rowson, Everett K. "Gender Irregularity as Entertainment".
1851:
of Mecca, compared to the more well-known group in Medina.
3002:"Gender and Politics of Music in the Early Islamic Courts"
2092:
supporting the right for those who fit the description of
1896:
Nawmat al-Duha: "Or rather we have become women in truth!"
1499:, when the term came to be associated with homosexuality.
2809:
Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature
2793:
2791:
2789:
1431:, an association that has persisted into the modern day.
2646:"Applying Gender and Queer Theory to Pre-modern sources"
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2722:] (in Arabic, French, and English) (1st ed.).
1927:
working as entertainment were now more associated with
3460:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1992:
had developed its association with homosexuality, and
1437:
is a vernacular Arabic term used in some parts of the
3402:, Homosexuality, and LGBT Rights in the Muslim World"
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
4169:
4099:
4063:
3960:
3927:
3914:
3717:
3585:
3574:
3183:
3181:
3179:
1819:associate the beginning of severe persecution with
1775:While Ṭuways is typically described as the leading
3099:
1996:saw homosexuality as "a more heinous extension of
1483:. According to the 9th-century Arab lexicographer
2639:
2637:
2075:, in contrast to transgender or intersex people.
1465:are disputed. The 8th-century Arab lexicographer
3315:, third gender, and sexual rights in Bangladesh"
2054:. Although they were probably not predominantly
1935:or pantomime. The Abbasid caliphs al-Maʾmūn and
1835:”, in addition to other singers and drinkers of
1699:Abū ʿAbd al-Munʿim ʿĪsā ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Dhāʾib
173:
2980:
2978:
2953:Everett K. Rowson (2003). Sharon A. Farmer and
1890:al-Dalal: "Or rather the Greater Circumcision!"
1884:
3396:Rehman, Javaid; Polymenopoulou, Eleni (2013).
3246:"The gay people pushed to change their gender"
2715:معجم لغة الفقهاء : عربي - انكليزي - فرنسي
1600:that wish to change their biological sex, and
3547:
2961:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 69.
1729:instead. His main association with the label
1604:, which does not carry the same implication.
1316:
8:
4212:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
1349:
1339:
2559:International Journal of Transgender Health
3924:
3582:
3554:
3540:
3532:
2932:. Cambridge University Press. p. 29.
2730:: (Dar An-Nafes)دار النفائس. p. 386.
2650:The Routledge Handbook of Islam and Gender
1705:("Little Peacock"), was born in Medina on
1323:
1309:
29:
3336:
2609:
2575:
2489:
2370:
2120:around the same time. Khomeini's initial
3102:Musics of Many Cultures: An Introduction
2987:Gender and difference in the Middle Ages
2959:Gender and difference in the Middle Ages
2354:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2024:LGBT people and Islam § Transgender
27:Ambiguous gender in classic Arab culture
2473:International Journal of Transgenderism
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2248:
2104:with the concept of hermaphroditism or
2100:; Tantawy seems to have associated the
1716:that describe why Ṭuways was labeled a
1665:. Muhammad described the musician as a
41:
3481:School of Oriental and African Studies
2756:
2754:
2752:
2287:, who could be either male or female."
1641:rarely comment upon the habits of the
3054:Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition
1649:who had dyed his hands and feet with
1639:Early Islamic historiographical works
1491:instead derives from the Arabic verb
7:
3258:from the original on 6 November 2014
3039:Farmer, H. G. (2012) . "Ṭuwais". In
1469:connected the etymology of the term
2830:10.18574/nyu/9780814761083.003.0004
1960:stated that one should pray behind
1366:, and it has typically referred to
1350:
1340:
358:Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy
2870:from the original on 20 April 2021
1919:By the days of the Abbasid caliph
1385:, especially those in the city of
25:
3441:from the original on 21 July 2018
3410:Fordham International Law Journal
3398:"Is Green a Part of the Rainbow?
3279:"Iran's 'diagnosed transsexuals'"
3244:Hamedani, Ali (5 November 2014).
2766:Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature
2346:"The Effeminates of Early Medina"
4127:Attraction to transgender people
3419:Fordham University School of Law
2905:from the original on 9 July 2024
2275:presumably do not/have not. The
2130:homosexuality is illegal in Iran
1293:
1292:
1280:
1268:
419:Assisted reproductive technology
4293:Transgender topics and religion
3320:Culture, Health & Sexuality
3291:from the original on 2012-03-15
3231:Al-Mughni wa al-Sharh al Kabeer
2694:from the original on 2021-11-09
2177:are officially recognized as a
1956:The 8th-century Muslim scholar
1611:state that Muhammad cursed the
1467:al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad al-Farāhīdī
1389:, are mentioned throughout the
3198:University of California Press
3075:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_5850
2216:Transgender rights in Pakistan
2034:While sometimes classified as
2030:LGBT rights in the Middle East
1792:While sporadic persecution of
1748:believe that Ṭuways and other
1615:and their female equivalents,
1485:Abū ʿUbayd al-Qāsim ibn Sallām
777:Cisgender / cissexual
772:Childhood gender nonconformity
398:Facial masculinization surgery
1:
4217:Social construction of gender
3338:10.1080/13691058.2017.1317831
3311:"The paradox of recognition:
3309:Hossain, Adnan (April 2017).
2928:Muhammad Azfar Nisar (2022).
2577:10.1080/26895269.2020.1778238
2491:10.1080/15532739.2016.1250239
1254:Social construction of gender
4202:Sex as a biological variable
2889:Almarri, Saqer (Fall 2018).
2226:Transgender rights in Turkey
1829:al-Walīd I ibn ʿAbd al-Malik
826:Gender-sexuality questioning
2221:Transgender rights in Syria
2150:punishable by death penalty
2000:", or effeminate behavior.
1979:Early Muslim scholars like
1627:servant of Muhammad's wife
1570:(hermaphrodite/intersex)."
391:Facial feminization surgery
4309:
4117:Androphilia and gynephilia
3477:Cambridge University Press
2915:Stanford Humanities Center
2648:. In Howe, Justine (ed.).
2211:Transgender rights in Iran
2027:
2021:
1856:Sulaymān ibn ʿAbd al-Malik
1701:, who had the Arabic name
1661:and a man who worked as a
761:Androphilia and gynephilia
461:Gender self-identification
3493:10.1017/S0041977X00016700
3229:al-Maqdīsī, Ibn Qudamah.
3018:10.1017/S0261127912000010
2466:Alipour, Mehrdad (2017).
2363:American Oriental Society
2078:In the late 1980s, Mufti
1518:, during the time of the
1396:and in the works of many
1377:typically carried out by
135:Non-binary or genderqueer
4253:Arabic words and phrases
3665:Non-binary / genderqueer
2644:Geissinger, Ash (2021).
2142:sex reassignment surgery
2126:sex reassignment surgery
2098:sex reassignment surgery
2073:sex reassignment surgery
1825:ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān
1817:Islamic literary sources
1744:Some modern scholars of
1714:Islamic literary sources
1457:The origins of the term
1423:was associated with the
1419:In later eras, the term
580:Parental rights movement
489:Political office-holders
368:Gender-affirming surgery
4227:Transgender archaeology
3131:Tierney, Helen (1989).
3051:; Hartmann, R. (eds.).
2806:; Roscoe, Will (eds.).
2670:10.4324/9781351256568-6
2080:Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy
1788:Persecution and decline
1362:literature to describe
174:
107:Bissu, Calabai, Calalai
4283:Transgender identities
4222:Split attraction model
4207:Sex–gender distinction
3206:10.1525/j.ctt7zw3js.24
3170:The Music of the Arabs
3000:Nielson, Lisa (2012).
2955:Carol Braun Pasternack
1981:Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī
1907:After this event, the
1905:
1481:hermaphrodite/intersex
1408:and first half of the
1275:Transgender portal
1244:Sex–gender distinction
803:Gender detransitioning
690:Anatomical terminology
4197:Queer heterosexuality
3137:. Greenwood. p.
2028:Further information:
1958:Ibn S̲h̲ihāb al-Zuhrī
1821:Marwān I ibn al-Ḥakam
1707:the day Muhammad died
1364:gender-variant people
1229:Queer heterosexuality
841:Rapid-onset dysphoria
624:Yogyakarta Principles
4177:Anti-gender movement
4152:Romantic orientation
3485:University of London
3329:Taylor & Francis
3200:. pp. 363–364.
3194:Berkeley, California
3106:. UC Press. p.
2895:Women & Language
2824:. pp. 305–310.
2770:Taylor & Francis
2664:. pp. 101–115.
2568:Taylor & Francis
2482:Taylor & Francis
2259:to the existence of
1994:Badr al-Dīn al-ʿAynī
1685:caliphates, various
1429:gay sexual practices
815:Gender transitioning
767:Blanchard's typology
695:Fictional characters
641:Events and awareness
547:Anti-gender movement
4288:Transgender in Asia
3929:Sexual orientations
3660:Masculine of center
3006:Early Music History
2155:In some regions of
1810:New York University
1514:already existed in
1209:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
754:Theory and concepts
636:Society and culture
617:Trans panic defense
4278:Pre-Islamic Arabia
4050:Same gender loving
3961:Alternative labels
3277:Barford, Vanessa.
3172:. pp. 8, 135.
2804:Murray, Stephen O.
2342:Rowson, Everett K.
2110:Ayatollah Khomeini
1952:Religious opinions
1754:pre-Islamic Arabia
1735:pre-Islamic Arabia
1673:Role in later eras
1623:was prompted by a
1574:Gender specialists
1527:early Islamic eras
1516:pre-Islamic Arabia
1249:Sexual orientation
1088:Disenfranchisement
657:Day of Remembrance
558:trans-exclusionary
43:Transgender topics
4235:
4234:
4182:Gender assignment
4165:
4164:
3910:
3909:
3650:Gender neutrality
3479:on behalf of the
3455:Schmidtke, Sabine
3233:. pp. 7/463.
3192:(10th ed.).
3084:978-90-04-08265-6
2989:. pp. 56–57.
2679:978-1-351-25656-8
2430:on 1 October 2008
2134:gender transition
1939:employed a famed
1798:Everett K. Rowson
1598:transgender women
1439:Arabian Peninsula
1425:receptive partner
1414:Abbasid caliphate
1333:
1332:
1179:elected officials
809:Gender expression
662:Day of Visibility
471:Non-binary gender
437:Standards of Care
94:Gender identities
16:(Redirected from
4300:
4258:Gender and Islam
4025:Non-heterosexual
3925:
3583:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3533:
3528:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3406:
3383:
3382:
3340:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3185:
3174:
3173:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3105:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3067:Brill Publishers
3036:
3030:
3029:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2795:
2784:
2783:
2758:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2652:(1st ed.).
2641:
2632:
2631:
2613:
2579:
2549:
2528:
2527:
2493:
2463:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2423:. Archived from
2374:
2350:
2344:(October 1991).
2338:
2288:
2253:
2004:Ibn ʿAbd al-Bāŕr
1983:stated that all
1546:premodern period
1503:Mentions in the
1463:Classical Arabic
1356:Classical Arabic
1353:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1296:
1295:
1287:LGBTQ portal
1285:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1272:
1123:
950:
817:
805:
763:
710:Media portrayals
563:
562:
561:radical feminism
559:
555:
507:Military service
439:
427:
410:
400:
393:
384:
377:
370:
360:
341:
331:
322:
315:
313:Gender dysphoria
308:
179:
63:
60:
57:
54:
51:
30:
21:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4268:Islamic culture
4238:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4161:
4112:Analloeroticism
4095:
4091:Heterosociality
4059:
3956:
3919:
3917:
3906:
3721:
3713:
3655:Gender variance
3645:Gender fluidity
3577:
3570:
3560:
3453:
3444:
3442:
3404:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3187:
3186:
3177:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3041:Houtsma, M. Th.
3038:
3037:
3033:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2908:
2906:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2840:
2797:
2796:
2787:
2780:
2772:. p. 548.
2768:. Vol. 2.
2760:
2759:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2697:
2695:
2680:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2551:
2550:
2531:
2465:
2464:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2372:10.1.1.693.1504
2348:
2340:
2339:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2285:intersex person
2254:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2191:
2116:issued similar
2032:
2026:
2020:
1954:
1878:prior to their
1806:Islamic Studies
1800:, professor of
1790:
1746:Islamic studies
1675:
1520:Islamic prophet
1509:
1455:
1443:intersex people
1402:Islamic writers
1329:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1117:
1111:
1104:
944:
889:
883:
873:
872:
863:Transmedicalism
831:Gender variance
821:Gender identity
813:
801:
759:
755:
747:
746:
686:
681:
652:Beauty pageants
643:
637:
629:
628:
585:Transgender men
560:
557:
554:Gender-critical
553:
552:
543:
493:
479:Rights movement
475:
456:
445:
444:
435:
423:
406:
403:
396:
389:
380:
373:
366:
363:
356:
339:Hormone therapy
337:
334:
327:
318:
311:
304:
300:
289:
288:
140:Gender fluidity
96:
86:
61:
58:
55:
52:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4306:
4304:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4273:LGBT and Islam
4270:
4265:
4263:Gender systems
4260:
4255:
4250:
4240:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4142:Plurisexuality
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4071:Sociosexuality
4067:
4065:
4064:Social aspects
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4010:Heteroflexible
4007:
4006:
4005:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3892:Vakasalewalewa
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3580:
3572:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3451:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3301:
3269:
3236:
3221:
3214:
3175:
3157:
3147:
3123:
3116:
3090:
3083:
3031:
2992:
2974:
2967:
2945:
2938:
2920:
2881:
2838:
2785:
2778:
2748:
2704:
2678:
2633:
2529:
2441:
2381:10.2307/603399
2299:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2052:LGBT community
2022:Main article:
2019:
2016:
1953:
1950:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1802:Middle Eastern
1789:
1786:
1712:There are few
1709:(8 June 632).
1674:
1671:
1552:(eunuch), the
1536:indicate that
1529:. A number of
1508:
1501:
1497:medieval times
1454:
1451:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1290:
1289:
1277:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1219:Gender studies
1216:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1184:Cafeteria riot
1181:
1176:
1166:
1164:United Kingdom
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1066:United Kingdom
1063:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1003:
998:
993:
992:
991:
986:
981:
973:
972:
971:
966:
961:
951:
939:
934:
929:
928:
927:
917:
912:
907:
906:
905:
900:
885:
884:
879:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:
865:
860:
859:
858:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
811:
806:
799:
794:
789:
787:Cross-dressing
784:
782:Cisnormativity
779:
774:
769:
764:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
745:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
723:
722:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
682:
680:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
647:Awareness Week
639:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
621:
620:
619:
614:
604:
599:
594:
593:
592:
587:
582:
577:
570:Discrimination
567:
566:
565:
542:
541:
540:
539:
534:
532:Bathroom bills
526:
521:
520:
519:
514:
504:
499:
492:
491:
486:
481:
474:
473:
468:
463:
457:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
441:
440:
428:
421:
416:
411:
402:
401:
394:
387:
386:
385:
382:male-to-female
378:
375:female-to-male
362:
361:
354:
353:
352:
347:
333:
332:
329:Sex assignment
325:
324:
323:
309:
301:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
281:
280:
279:
272:
262:
261:
260:
253:
246:
236:
231:
230:
229:
224:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
185:
180:
171:
166:
156:
151:
144:
143:
142:
132:
127:
122:
117:
110:
103:
97:
92:
91:
88:
87:
85:
84:
79:
74:
68:
65:
64:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4305:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:Postgenderism
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Monosexuality
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:Allosexuality
4105:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:Homosociality
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:Antisexuality
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3913:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3749:Bugis genders
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3719:Third genders
3716:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3640:Gender bender
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Cross-dresser
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3403:
3401:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3331:: 1418–1431.
3330:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3305:
3302:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3273:
3270:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3215:9780520957978
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
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3158:
3154:
3150:
3148:9780313310737
3144:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3117:9780520047785
3113:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3045:Arnold, T. W.
3042:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2968:9781452905563
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2939:9781316516713
2935:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2904:
2901:(1): 97–109.
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2839:9780814774687
2835:
2831:
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2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2779:9780415185721
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:Moreh, Shmuel
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2737:
2733:
2729:
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2721:
2717:
2716:
2708:
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2249:
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2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:individuals.
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:individuals,
2037:
2031:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1937:al-Mutawakkil
1934:
1930:
1929:court jesters
1926:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
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1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
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1826:
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1813:
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1807:
1803:
1799:
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1778:
1773:
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1710:
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1696:
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1648:
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1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
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1591:
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1583:
1579:
1575:
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1561:
1557:
1556:
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1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
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1500:
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1486:
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1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:. During the
1403:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1255:
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1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:United States
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:United States
1081:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:South Africa
1039:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
974:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
955:
952:
948:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
926:
923:
922:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
890:
888:
882:
877:
876:
869:
868:Transmisogyny
866:
864:
861:
857:
854:
853:
852:
851:Transfeminism
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
836:Postgenderism
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
816:
812:
810:
807:
804:
800:
798:
797:Gender binary
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
762:
758:
757:
751:
750:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
721:
718:
717:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
685:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
642:
633:
632:
625:
622:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
591:
590:Transmisogyny
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
568:
564:
550:
549:
548:
545:
544:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
527:
525:
522:
518:
517:United States
515:
513:
510:
509:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
490:
487:
485:
484:Organizations
482:
480:
477:
476:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
455:
449:
448:
438:
434:
433:
432:
429:
426:
425:Voice therapy
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
409:
405:
404:
399:
395:
392:
388:
383:
379:
376:
372:
371:
369:
365:
364:
359:
355:
351:
350:masculinizing
348:
346:
343:
342:
340:
336:
335:
330:
326:
321:
317:
316:
314:
310:
307:
306:Gender clinic
303:
302:
298:
293:
292:
285:
282:
278:
277:
273:
271:
268:
267:
266:
263:
259:
258:
254:
252:
251:
247:
245:
242:
241:
240:
237:
235:
232:
228:
225:
223:
222:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
190:
186:
184:
181:
178:
177:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
149:
145:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
125:Gender bender
123:
121:
118:
116:
115:
111:
109:
108:
104:
102:
99:
98:
95:
90:
89:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
67:
66:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4248:Arab culture
4187:Gender roles
4132:Kinsey scale
4122:Aromanticism
3998:Gray asexual
3947:Heterosexual
3872:Sworn virgin
3842:Mukhannathun
3744:Binabinaaine
3487:): 260–266.
3464:
3458:
3443:. Retrieved
3414:
3408:
3399:
3390:Bibliography
3324:
3318:
3312:
3304:
3293:. Retrieved
3282:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3249:
3239:
3230:
3224:
3189:
3169:
3166:Touma, Habib
3160:
3152:
3133:
3126:
3101:
3093:
3052:
3034:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2986:
2958:
2948:
2929:
2923:
2913:– via
2907:. Retrieved
2898:
2894:
2884:
2872:. Retrieved
2807:
2800:"Conclusion"
2765:
2739:. Retrieved
2719:
2714:
2707:
2696:. Retrieved
2649:
2563:
2557:
2477:
2471:
2432:. Retrieved
2425:the original
2358:
2352:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2206:Third gender
2183:mukhannathun
2182:
2179:third gender
2172:
2154:
2137:
2121:
2117:
2102:mukhannathun
2101:
2094:mukhannathun
2093:
2087:
2077:
2068:
2063:
2060:heterosexual
2050:used by the
2040:mukhannathun
2039:
2033:
2018:Modern views
2012:mukhannathun
2011:
2008:mukhannathun
2007:
2006:stated that
2002:
1997:
1989:
1985:mukhannathun
1984:
1978:
1974:mukhannathun
1973:
1962:mukhannathun
1961:
1955:
1946:mukhannathun
1945:
1940:
1925:mukhannathun
1924:
1918:
1913:mukhannathun
1912:
1909:mukhannathun
1908:
1906:
1885:
1876:mukhannathun
1875:
1873:
1869:mukhannathun
1868:
1864:mukhannathun
1863:
1853:
1849:mukhannathun
1848:
1841:mukhannathun
1840:
1833:mukhannathun
1832:
1814:
1794:mukhannathun
1793:
1791:
1776:
1774:
1770:mukhannathun
1769:
1766:mukhannathun
1765:
1761:
1758:mukhannathun
1757:
1750:mukhannathun
1749:
1743:
1730:
1717:
1711:
1694:
1687:mukhannathun
1686:
1676:
1666:
1654:
1646:
1643:mukhannathun
1642:
1637:
1633:mukhannathun
1632:
1624:
1620:
1617:mutarajjilat
1616:
1613:mukhannathun
1612:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1580:of the term
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1542:mukhannathun
1541:
1538:mukhannathun
1537:
1531:
1512:Mukhannathun
1511:
1510:
1504:
1492:
1488:
1474:
1470:
1458:
1456:
1446:
1432:
1420:
1418:
1406:Rashidun era
1398:early Arabic
1391:
1383:Mukhannathun
1382:
1346:mukhannathun
1345:
1335:
1334:
1154:Nazi Germany
1106:
886:
727:Publications
683:
640:
466:Legal gender
454:legal status
408:Hair removal
274:
255:
248:
219:
199:
187:
159:Third gender
146:
112:
105:
18:Mukhannathun
4045:Questioning
3918:orientation
3837:Mudoko dako
3797:Femminiello
3709:Transsexual
3687:Trans woman
3670:Transgender
3251:BBC Persian
2848:j.ctt9qfmm4
2570:: 235–241.
2365:: 671–693.
2265:trans woman
2036:transgender
1972:classified
1781:Arabic name
1723:irreligious
1487:, the term
1410:Umayyad era
1118: [
1098:Transphobia
1051:South Korea
1021:New Zealand
945: [
512:South Korea
452:Rights and
320:in children
297:Health care
284:Transsexual
265:Transgender
239:Trans woman
195:Mudoko dako
176:Femminiello
4242:Categories
4081:Asociality
4035:Polysexual
4003:Demisexual
3973:Bi-curious
3952:Homosexual
3920:identities
3887:Two-spirit
3792:Fakafifine
3787:Fa'afafine
3729:Androgynos
3578:identities
3569:identities
3445:30 October
3295:2021-09-01
3049:Basset, R.
2736:1158651576
2698:2021-11-09
2594:2004213389
2508:2004213389
2484:: 91–103.
2434:7 November
2277:mukhannath
2273:mukhannath
2269:mukhannith
2261:mukhannath
2238:References
2231:Two-Spirit
2165:Bangladesh
2157:South Asia
2069:mukhannath
2064:mukhannath
1998:takhannuth
1990:mukhannath
1970:al-Kirmanī
1941:mukhannath
1880:castration
1860:castration
1777:mukhannath
1762:mukhannath
1739:tambourine
1731:mukhannath
1718:mukhannath
1695:mukhannath
1667:mukhannath
1647:mukhannath
1629:Umm Salama
1625:mukhannath
1602:mukhannath
1594:mukhannith
1582:mukhannath
1560:mukhannath
1507:literature
1489:mukhannath
1479:, meaning
1471:mukhannath
1459:mukhannath
1447:mukhannath
1421:mukhannath
1394:literature
1368:effeminate
1351:مُخَنَّثون
1336:Mukhannath
989:Tamil Nadu
881:By country
792:Deadnaming
742:Television
720:non-binary
705:Literature
602:Inequality
575:Non-binary
502:Healthcare
345:feminizing
215:Two-spirit
200:Mukhannath
169:Faʻafafine
4055:Takatāpui
4030:Pansexual
3983:Ex-ex-gay
3822:Koekchuch
3802:Güevedoce
3722:and sexes
3692:Fakaleitī
3682:Trans man
3675:Akava'ine
3625:Cisgender
3615:Androgyne
3525:170880292
3509:0041-977X
3501:1474-0699
3469:Cambridge
3427:0747-9395
3355:1369-1058
3347:1464-5351
3026:153949304
2909:12 August
2864:141668547
2822:NYU Press
2741:12 August
2688:224909490
2662:Routledge
2628:225679841
2586:1553-2739
2524:152120329
2500:1553-2739
2421:163738149
2389:0003-0279
2367:CiteSeerX
2295:Citations
2140:allowing
2086:issued a
2056:cisgender
2048:sexuality
1966:al-Nawawī
1921:al-Maʾmūn
1453:Etymology
1344:; plural
1189:Stonewall
1159:Singapore
1127:Australia
1115:Argentina
1076:2022 bill
1036:Singapore
1009:2017 bill
1005:Pakistan
979:2014 bill
925:2016 bill
910:Australia
893:Argentina
414:Pregnancy
299:practices
276:Akava'ine
244:Fakaleitī
234:Trans man
154:Koekchuch
120:Cisgender
114:Burrnesha
101:Androgyne
4192:Intersex
4170:See also
4157:Sapphism
3942:Bisexual
3902:X-gender
3877:Travesti
3852:Nádleehi
3765:Chibados
3697:Mak nyah
3473:New York
3439:Archived
3435:52769025
3421:: 1–53.
3371:28498049
3363:41546256
3289:Archived
3284:BBC News
3256:Archived
3168:(1975).
2903:Archived
2874:20 April
2868:Archived
2856:35526232
2814:New York
2692:Archived
2658:New York
2620:34993508
2602:56795128
2516:56795128
2413:47785421
2405:12032032
2189:See also
2169:Pakistan
2159:such as
2146:Thailand
2106:intersex
2096:to have
1933:comedian
1679:Rashidun
1663:musician
1607:Various
1590:intersex
1566:and the
1523:Muhammad
1493:khanatha
1341:مُخَنَّث
1299:Category
1224:Intersex
1203:See also
1174:Legality
1132:Re Kevin
1093:Title IX
1071:2004 act
1059:2022 law
1044:2003 act
1029:2016 act
1014:2018 act
984:2019 act
969:2024 law
964:2018 law
959:1980 law
903:2021 law
898:2012 law
732:Religion
607:Violence
597:Genocide
528:Toilets
250:Mak nyah
227:X-gender
210:Travesti
82:Timeline
35:a series
33:Part of
4020:Lesbian
4015:Khanith
3993:Gay men
3937:Asexual
3867:Sipiniq
3827:Lhamana
3812:Kathoey
3759:Calalai
3756:Calabai
3702:Rae-rae
3587:Genders
3517:3107489
3379:5372595
3262:16 July
3012:: 245.
2957:(ed.).
2728:Lebanon
2611:8726683
2281:khuntha
2201:Khanith
1862:of the
1683:Umayyad
1677:In the
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684:Culture
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