Muhammad al-Mahdi - Knowledge (XXG)

2372:) is an example which, at a high level, necessitates that a prophet or an Imam should exist at any time to guide towards God, as the manifestation of His utmost kindness towards His subjects. Other Twelver arguments aim to establish that the Hidden Imam benefits the humankind even in occultation, "just as the people benefit from the sun while it is covered by clouds." While the ordinary Twelvers were likely content with the traditions about occultation, the theologist approach to vindicating the Hidden Imam was intended to address the criticisms of the non-Twelver theologians. The two approaches were blended together by Shaykh Tusi in his substantial monograph 1233:, claimed that the eleventh Imam had an infant son named Muhammad, who was kept hidden from the public out of fear of Abbasid persecution. Uthman also claimed to represent Muhammad, who had entered a state of occultation. Other local representatives of al-Askari largely supported these assertions, while the Shia community fragmented into several sects over al-Askari's succession. All these sects, however, are said to have disappeared after a few decades except the Twelvers, who accept the son of al-Askari as the twelfth and final Imam in occultation. 1920:). The letter, ascribed to al-Mahdi, added that the complete occultation would continue until God granted him permission to manifest himself again in a time when the earth would be filled with tyranny. The letter emphasized that anyone claiming to be the deputy of the Imam henceforth had to be considered an imposter. This and similar letters to the four agents and other Shia figures are said to have had the same handwriting, suggesting that they were written by the Hidden Imam. 2404:"Light" of the prophethood has continued to shine through the ages in the character of the Imams. Thus the Hidden Imam is not viewed as inaccessible in the state of occultation. Indeed, it is popularly held that al-Mahdi occasionally appears to the pious in person or, more commonly, in dreams and visions. The accounts of these encounters are numerous and widespread in the Twelver community. Among these accounts are also the encounters of the prominent religious scholars ( 2452:. One version of this hadith reads, "If the earth had only one day of existence left to it, God would prolong that day until a man of my posterity, whose name will be my name, and his surname my surname, manifests himself; he will fill the earth, filled till then with violence and oppression, with harmony and justice." Another prophetic hadith, in circulation long before the occultation, predicted that Muhammad was to be followed by twelve successors ( 2561:, or exaggerators. Extremists or exaggerators would focus & indulge in different concepts resulting in themes that would be integrated into Twelver Shiism. Hodgson states “nor is there anything more extreme in expecting a man to return whom others regard as dead – assome of the early Ghulat did – than in the expectation of the so-called moderate Sh’ia that a man will return whom others doubt was ever born”. 1625: 2922: 2908: 2070:

underground network of representatives responsible primarily for the collection and distribution of the religious dues. The office of deputyship was thus formally closed. Despite some uncertainty, there were likely early traditions among the Shia that had already predicted the two periods of occultation. These hadiths were previously cited, for instance, by the

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second coming of al-Mahdi is the prevalence of evil on earth in the form of tyranny, injustice, and religious and moral degradation. In particular, at the time, Islam would be devoid of its soul and practiced only outwardly. Only a fraction of the Shia, those who truly practice their Imams' teachings, will remain on the righteous path in the end of time.

1598:, claimed that the Imam had an infant son, named Muhammad, who was kept hidden from the public out of fear of Abbasid persecution. As the closest associate of al-Askari, this assertion by Uthman was largely supported by other representatives of al-Askari. Those who accepted the imamate of this Muhammad later formed the Twelvers. 1687:, which is celebrated by the Shia for this occasion. The Twelver accounts describe that, except for a few trusted associates, the existence of al-Mahdi was kept secret since the Abbasids sought to eliminate the son of al-Askari, whom persistent rumors described as a savior. Hussain writes that the infant must have been sent to 2599:, when commanded by God, al-Mahdi will return to lead the forces of righteousness against the forces of evil in an apocalyptic war that would ultimately establish peace and justice on earth, according to the Twelvers. He is also viewed by the Twelvers as the restorer of true Islam. In his mission, al-Mahdi will be assisted by 1967:

denouncing the concept of occultation as a lie. Another instance was a disciple of al-Askari, named al-Karkhi, who was later condemned in a rescript, said to be written by al-Mahdi. Some miracles are also ascribed to the four agents, perceived by the faithful to be the result of their initiation by the Hidden Imam.

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As early as the fourth (ninth) century, or possibly much earlier, Shia sources identify the twelfth Imam with the messianic figure of Mahdi in Islam. The Twelver authors also aim to establish that the description of Mahdi in Sunni sources applies to the twelfth Imam. Their efforts gained considerable

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While the Abbasid threat might have initially forced al-Mahdi into occultation, his absence continues in Twelver belief until initial conditions are met for his reappearance to establish justice and peace on earth. One such condition, Sobhani writes, is humankind's readiness for the intellectual and

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The Major Occultation, a term coined later, began with the death of the fourth agent in 329 (940–941), who did not designate a successor. In this period, which continues today, there is no agent of the Hidden Imam on earth. There is some evidence that the death of the fourth agent also dissolved the

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In his new capacity as the caretaker of the office of imamate, Uthman received petitions and made available their responses, sometimes in writing. As the closest associate of al-Askari, most of al-Askari's local representatives continued to support Uthman. However, there might have been doubts among

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The Twelver theory of occultation crystallized in the first half of the fourth century AH (tenth century CE) based on rational and textual arguments. This theory, for instance, sets forth that the life of Muhammad al-Mahdi has been miraculously prolonged, arguing that the earth cannot be void of the

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While some traditions, dating back to before 260 (874), might have predicted a second occultation, the sources from the beginning of Major Occultation indicate that the prolonged absence of the Hidden Imam may have led many of the Twelvers to abandon their belief in him. His absence also provided a

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Unlike Sunni Islam, however, the belief in Mahdi of the lineage of the prophet is central to Shia Islam, in general, and to Twelver Shia, in particular, where Mahdi is identified with the twelfth Imam. Distinctive to Shia is also the doctrine of occultation or the temporary absence of Mahdi. Sunni

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The descriptions of these contacts often show the concern of the Hidden Imam for the well-being of his followers and how such encounters may prompt the believer's "spiritual resurrection," an interpretation put forward by late mystic sources. As the Hidden Imam can only be seen in the end of time,

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The authority of the four agents on behalf of the Hidden Imam was challenged by some Shia figures, more so during the term of the third agent, al-Nawbakhti. For instance, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ali al-Shalmaghani turned against al-Nawbakhti and claimed to be the rightful agent of al-Mahdi, before

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Numerous Shia hadiths predict that the reappearance of al-Mahdi would be heralded by some signs, of which some are inevitable, and others are conditional, i.e., might change by divine decision. Alternatively, some of these signs are general, and some are specific. The foremost general sign of the

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The Twelver doctrine of occultation crystallized in the first half of the fourth (tenth) century. In its simplest form, this doctrine states that Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Imam, did not die but has been concealed by God from humanity. His life has been miraculously prolonged until the day he

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sent his doctors and servants to attend the Imam. Considering that al-Askari did not have an obvious heir, it has been suggested that the caliph intended to closely monitor al-Askari from within his residence. After the death of al-Askari, there are reports that his residence was searched and the

2437:(gates). During the Major Occultation, which began in 329 (941) and continues to this day, there is no direct communication, though the Hidden Imam still remains responsible in Twelver belief for the inward spiritual guidance of humankind (whereas his outward role begins with his reappearance). 2433:

manifests himself again by God's permission to fill the earth with justice. This occultation continues until the safety of the Imam can be guaranteed, and until humankind is ready to receive his guidance. During the Minor Occultation, he remained in contact with his followers through the four

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by the Abbasid caliphs. It also appears that the idea of occultation was a well-established concept for the Shia and the related traditions were already in circulation among them. These traditions forecasted the occultation and rise of a future Imam, referred to as al-Qa'im

2053:, these doubts gradually disappeared from the Shia community, possibly due to the efforts of the Shia traditionists during the period of transition to the Major Occultation. These traditionists heavily relied on prophetic traditions and specific interpretations of the 1776:

sects. He also contested al-Askari's will and raised the case with the authorities. Al-Askari was apparently childless, and Hadith was thus regarded as the sole inheritor in Shia law. The caliph, however, ruled the inheritance to be divided between Hadith and Ja'far.

1865:), as the next representative of al-Mahdi. Abu Ja'far, who served for some forty years, has been credited with the unification of the mainstream Shia behind the son of al-Askari as the twelfth Imam in concealment. In turn, as his replacement, Abu Ja'far nominated 1526:, the (highest) proof of God, through whom the inner meanings of the Quran become accessible after the death of the prophet. This title is more pronounced for the twelfth Imam, however, possibly because of a related hadith from the tenth Imam, Ali al-Hadi. 5842: 2251:

In sum, the politically quiescent approach of the Twelver jurists over time gave way to eventually questioning the legitimacy of Shia monarchs and even attempts to restrict their power through a constitution. This evolution culminated with the concept of

1772:, who had earlier unsuccessfully laid a claim to the imamate after the death of their father, al-Hadi. Ja'far repeated his claims to the imamate after the death of al-Askari, which this time found a following in the form of the now-extinct Ja'fariyya and 2530:) to unjust rulers of the time. It is also held that the true reason for the occultation will be only known when the Imam reappears as in the story of Musa and Khidr, where the motivation of Khidr for his actions was not immediately revealed to Musa. 1546:

by the Abbasids, who are often responsible in Shia sources for poisoning the two Imams. The two Imams witnessed the deterioration of the Abbasid caliphate, as the imperial authority rapidly transitioned into the hands of the Turks, particularly after

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describe Narjis as a captured granddaughter of the Byzantine emperor and a pious woman who learned about her future union with al-Askari in a dream, though these accounts have been described as hagiographic. Possibly the correct account is given by

2800:) writes that some Sufi gnostics agreed with the Twelvers about the identity and occultation of Mahdi. As another instance, the Egyptian Sufi al-Sha'rani, not known to be sympathetic to the Shia cause, echoed the Twelver views about Mahdi in his 2722:. These hadiths have likely strengthened the popular belief in Mahdi among Muslims. Historically, various Muslim figures were identified with Mahdi or used the name as an honorific epithet with messianic significance. These include the Umayyad 1723:, a slave-girl whose name is given by various sources as Sawsan, Rayhana, Sayqal, and Maryam. The first three are names of flowers and were likely given to her by her owner in keeping with the practice of the day. Her origin is recorded as the 2165:

in order to resolve new religious questions that arose over time. Their authority also increased with time to address the need to explicate religious teachings for the community. For instance, as early as the seventh (thirteenth) century,

1263:, which continues to this day. The letter, ascribed to Muhammad al-Mahdi, added that the complete occultation would continue until God granted him permission to manifest himself again in a time when the earth would be filled with tyranny. 2510:) connects verses 28:5–6 to the rule of al-Mahdi in the end of time. In particular, verse 28:5 reads, "And We desired to show favor unto those who were oppressed in the earth, and to make them Imams and to make them the inheritors." 2751:

traditionist Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Gandji proved that the twelfth Shia Imam was Mahdi, relying solely on Sunni traditions. Since then, Amir-Moezzi writes, there is Sunni support from time to time for the Twelvers' view of Mahdi.

2686:), will rule the world in the end of time. In particular, it appears to be an accepted notion in Sunni Islam that this savior would be a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah and his son-in-law 2464:

and other canonical Sunni sources. It is argued that these twelve successors cannot include the (often immoral) Umayyad or Abbasid caliphs and, in any case, their number exceeded twelve. These twelve, he thus concludes, are the

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Nevertheless, many did not expect the occultation to continue beyond six years or beyond the fortieth birthday of al-Mahdi, and this might have contributed to an atmosphere of doubt and uncertainty among the Shia. According to

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women were examined for pregnancy, possibly in the hope of finding his heir. A female servant of al-Askari was held for a while, perhaps due to false rumors of her pregnancy designed to distract the Abbasids in their search.

1806:) due to the Abbasid threat to his life. As the special representative of al-Askari, Uthman also claimed that he had been appointed to represent the son of the eleventh Imam. A Shia tradition attributed to the sixth Imam, 2607:. He is expected to reemerge as a young man in possession of the relics of the past prophets, e.g., the staff and arc of Moses. The time of his reappearance is unknown, however, and Shia hadiths expressly forbid haste ( 1562:, who is reported to have kept the eleventh Imam under house arrest without any visitors. Instead, al-Askari is known to have mainly communicated with his followers through a network of representatives. Among them was 2523:

is reported to have answered, "To prevent his being killed." Shia traditions add two more reasons for the occultation, namely, test for the followers of the Imam and their faith, and avoiding the burden of commitment

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The Twelver literature about the doctrine of occultation is extensive, based on rational and textual arguments. One such instance is a prophetic hadith, reported by Shia and Sunni authorities, including the canonical

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in the fourth (tenth) century. Perhaps it was the relative safety of the Shia that prompted the second agent to issue a rescript to the effect that al-Mahdi remained in occultation to avoid the burden of commitment

1963:) speaks of other trusted men of the Hidden Imam in different cities in addition to the four agents. Sachedina writes that the Shia community lacked a notable figure to replace the fourth agent after his death. 2086:

As both the spiritual and political head of the Shia community, the occultation of the Hidden Imam left a considerable gap in the Shia community. This leadership vacuum was eventually filled by Twelver jurists

1876:), who is said to have been a well-respected figure in the Abbasid court. Under Abu al-Qasim, it is reported that the communications with the Hidden Imam resumed after a lapse of about twenty-five years. 2097:. Often cited to support this transition is a letter received by Ishaq ibn Ya'qub in response to his religious inquiries of the second agent. The letter, said to be written by al-Mahdi, stipulated that 1651:

When al-Askari died without leaving an obvious heir, the traditions and predictions attributed to earlier Imams were largely the basis for the existence of the son of al-Askari as the twelfth Imam; see

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suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because the caliphate had come to know about traditions among the Shia elite, predicting that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological

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and Shia traditions, however, have much in common about the career of Mahdi. In particular, Moojan Momen lists several signs before the advent of Mahdi which are common to both Sunni and Shia beliefs.

2218:) of the Hidden Imam whose authority encompassed all prerogatives of the Imam. The transition of Twelver jurists into their new role was facilitated by the formation of Shia states, particularly the 2481:

Al-Mahdi is viewed by the Twelvers as a hidden saint in view of verses 18:65–66 of the Quran and the two types of saints in those verses, namely, outwardly manifest, such as Moses, and hidden, like

1731:, and some accounts state that she was bought providentially by an agent of al-Hadi, who recognized by clairvoyance in her the future mother of al-Mahdi. In the same vein, the detailed accounts of 2195:

Considering that jurists were not directly appointed by the Hidden Imam, it was debated whether their authority should extend to functions with political implications, such as declaring holy war (

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spiritual message of the Hidden Imam. Without these conditions, he argues that al-Mahdi might be killed similar to his predecessors. Similarly, when asked about the reason for the occultation,

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At the time, the occultation of al-Mahdi was likely not a radical change for his followers. Indeed, the tenth and eleventh Imams were already effectively in occultation for the majority of the

2603:, who will kill the Dajjal or "antichrist" in some Islamic accounts. Al-Mahdi would also be accompanied by 313 loyal followers, their number identical to the number of Muslim warriors in the 2538:

In response to Sunni criticism and even ridicule, Shia scholars have argued that the longevity of the Hidden Imam, born around 868 CE, is not unreasonable given the long lives of

2642:) which calls upon men to join al-Mahdi, often followed shortly by another supernatural cry from the earth that invites men to join the enemies of al-Mahdi, the swallowing up ( 2314:), for instance, argued that the absence of an Imam does not invalidate his religion or law, as with the absence of a prophet. Concerns about inauthentic hadiths, voiced by 1271:"jurists". It is popularly held that the Hidden Imam occasionally appears to the pious. The accounts of these encounters are numerous and widespread among the Twelvers. 2469:. More generally, in Twelver collections of hadith, the reappearance of al-Mahdi is the most frequently cited subject in predictions made by the prophet, his daughter, 1500:) on the earth. Majlesi also suggests that death might be meant figuratively in this hadith, referring to the forgotten memory of al-Qa'im after his long occultation. 2303:. These pressures likely expedited a transition in Twelver arguments from a traditionist to a rationalist approach in order to vindicate the occultation of al-Mahdi. 1613:, another brother of al-Askari. Some believed that the twelfth Imam would be born in the end of time to a descendant of al-Askari, and some left the Shia community. 2966: 1256: 1659:

As for the details of his birth, Twelver sources report that the son of al-Askari was born around 255 (868). He was named Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, the same name and

2061:, in circulation long before the occultation, which stated that the prophet would be followed by twelve successors. The Hidden Imam was thus also the last Imam. 1259:

shortly before his death. The letter predicted the death of Abu al-Hasan in six days and announced the beginning of the complete occultation, later called the

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by al-Barqi (d. 893). Muhammad bin Ali bin Babawayhi (d. 991) was the one who began to mention details regarding occultation being beyond the ordinary human.

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to vindicate the imamate of al-Mahdi. In this period, possibly after 295 (908), Shia traditionists also settled the number of Imams with the help of a Sunni

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have published the accounts of some Hezbollah fighters who believed they were directly assisted by al-Mahdi in critical moments on the battlefields of the

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died in 260 (873–874) without an obvious heir. The death of the eleventh Imam divided his followers into several sects and created widespread confusion (

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Some others held that the imamate ceased with al-Askari and the Waqifites maintained that the eleventh Imam would later reemerge as the eschatological

2000:) and less frequently as al-Mahdi. These traditions were appropriated by various Shia sects in different periods. For instance, they were used by the 1810:, states that this threat was specific to Muhammad al-Mahdi, who was expected to rise, unlike his predecessors who practiced religious dissimulation ( 6269: 5627: 2304: 1928:

The number of these agents was not limited to four in early Shia sources. Sachedina suggests that the later stress of the Twelver literature on the

1890: 1245: 5701: 1825:. It is also said that the occultation took place in the family home in Samarra, where currently a mosque stands, under which there is a cellar ( 6087: 5844:

Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abū Ja'far Ibn Qiba Al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmite Shī'ite Thought

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those who see him, it is argued, have attained their end of time. For instance, publishers close to the Lebanese Shia militant organization

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Imam as the highest proof of God. In the absence of the Hidden Imam, the leadership vacuum in the Twelver community was gradually filled by

7355: 6952: 6365: 5382: 2497:, the fifth Imam, is said to have related verse 21:105 of the Quran to the rise of al-Mahdi: "And verily We have written in the scripture ( 2202: 7201: 6938: 5763: 2078:, the seventh Imam. Nevertheless, the prolonged absence of the Hidden Imam seems to have created widespread doubts among his followers. 1616:

All these sects, however, are said to have disappeared within a hundred years except the group that went on to become the Twelver Shia.

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momentum in the seventh (thirteenth) century when several notable Sunni scholars endorsed the Shia view of Mahdi. For instance, in his

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is decorated by bright lights and flags. The date of the celebration is based on the Islamic calendar and changes from year to year:

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Twelver sources detail that al-Mahdi made his only public appearance to lead the funeral prayer for his father instead of his uncle,

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Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Askari, the eschatological savior in Twelver Islam, is known by many titles, including al-Mahdi (

2248:, who was conducting the campaign. Later on, however, jurists often had to compete with the Shia monarchs for religious authority. 1904:

shortly before his death. The letter predicted the death of Abu al-Hasan in six days and announced the beginning of the complete (

7365: 541: 5685: 2949: 1520:. The title al-Hujja, on the other hand, highlights the religious function of the savior. Indeed, every Shia Imam is viewed as 1117: 5475: 1566:, who is said to have disguised himself as a seller of cooking fat to avoid the Abbasid agents, hence his nickname al-Samman. 7345: 2804:

Possibly to avoid the Shia implications of this statement, al-Idwi later falsely quoted parts of it and suppressed the rest.

2770:. On the other hand, according to Madelung, al-Aburi testified that this stipulation was later added to the tradition by the 7146: 7100: 6883: 6837: 6754: 6708: 6577: 6531: 5648: 7067: 6804: 6675: 6498: 6405: 1855: 2630:, who would later command the enemies of al-Mahdi, the rise of Yamani, who would later support al-Mahdi, the divine cry ( 7251: 7121: 6858: 6729: 6552: 5211:

Cambridge University Press on Behalf of Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 39, No. 03 (1976): P. 522

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Cambridge University Press on Behalf of Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 39, No. 03 (1976): P. 523

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matches those of the prophet, is that the name of his father, Hasan al-Askari, differs from the prophet's father,

1475:), especially because it contradicts the Twelver belief that the earth cannot be void of Imam at any time, as the 7340: 7256: 7131: 6868: 6739: 6607: 6562: 6547: 2824:. On the evening of the birthday, millions of people in the country celebrate the occasion annually. The city of 2551: 2181:(a type of Islamic alms) on activities that furthered the cause of Shia, as opposed to his predecessors, such as 2013: 1769: 1569: 988: 27: 7206: 7166: 7116: 6997: 6903: 6853: 6724: 6374: 6358: 6093: 5876: 5471: 5455: 2554:

emphasizes the miraculous qualities of al-Mahdi, adding that his long life, while unlikely, is not impossible.

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Contemporary to the tenth Imam, Caliph al-Mutawakkil violently prosecuted the Shia, partly due to the renewed

913: 2485:. As with the account of Khidr in the Quran, it is held that the Hidden Imam benefits the Islamic community ( 2145:

A few similar hadiths are attributed to the tenth and eleventh Imams. The traditions also specify that these

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opposition. The restrictive policies of al-Mutawakkil towards the tenth Imam were later adopted by his son,

1042: 673: 668: 7236: 7226: 7221: 7191: 7156: 6928: 6893: 6259: 6058:. Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. 6002: 2703: 2702:, traditions about Mahdi can be found in other canonical Sunni hadith collections, including the works of 1732: 1465: 1186: 1153: 708: 31: 7012: 6253: 4937: 7330: 7181: 7161: 7141: 7017: 6918: 6898: 6878: 6749: 6572: 5540: 2283: 1703: 6632: 5672: 5578: 2939: 2503:), after the reminder, My righteous slaves will inherit the earth." As another instance, Shaykh Tusi ( 891: 7302: 7196: 7186: 6933: 6923: 6455: 6226: 5866: 5527: 2944: 2699: 2550:(another eschatological figure), as well as secular reports about long-lived men. Along these lines, 1508: 1078: 1027: 703: 581: 523: 432: 1609:, a deceased brother of al-Askari, must have been the true Imam. Yet others accepted the imamate of 7325: 7290: 7176: 7151: 6987: 6913: 6888: 6759: 6582: 6351: 6189: 6120: 5741: 5601: 5437: 2961: 2695: 1797: 1503: 1205: 591: 551: 396: 5488: 5348: 7360: 6622: 6156: 6148: 5964: 5838: 5731: 5695: 5492: 2279: 2227: 2182: 2050: 1741: 1112: 937: 7077: 6814: 6685: 6508: 6415: 5899: 5805: 5429: 1807: 1455: 1197: 476: 407: 7007: 5378: 2045:

but also added that the large population of the Shia did not necessarily guarantee his safety.

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Al-Imam Al-Mahdi: The Just Leader of Humanity, translated by Abdulaziz Abdulhussein Sachedina

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in 1979, who called upon religious scholars to assume an active role after the toppling of

2030:) to unjust rulers of the time who were the usurpers of the Imam's right in the Shia view. 1760:

The death of al-Askari in 260 (873–874) followed a brief illness, during which the Abbasid

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writes that a major Sunni objection to the Mahdiship of the twelfth Imam, whose name and

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A widely-held Muslim belief is that a restorer of religion and justice, with the name of

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Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini

5783: 5735: 5623: 2813: 2759: 2604: 2600: 2543: 2401: 2008:, the seventh Imam, had not died but was in occultation. Even earlier, the now-extinct 1761: 1707: 1695: 1660: 1559: 1017: 978: 876: 536: 461: 6291: 7319: 7108: 7092: 6992: 6967: 6845: 6829: 6716: 6700: 6665: 6539: 6523: 6488: 6420: 6395: 6316: 6193: 6160: 6026: 5968: 2976: 2596: 2075: 2071: 2020: 2005: 2001: 1929: 1796:) claimed that al-Askari had a young son, named Muhammad, who had entered a state of 1745: 1548: 1237: 983: 948: 851: 481: 466: 456: 7032: 6962: 6048: 5759: 5709: 5416: 2927: 2466: 2460: 2219: 2031: 1953: 1943: 1624: 1594:), particularly in Iraq. Immediately after the death of al-Askari, his main agent, 1201: 953: 886: 866: 442: 369: 5920: 2715: 2342:), Shia scholars began to employ theological arguments modeled on the Mu'tazilite 2296: 2192:), who often asked the faithful to save these donations for the rise of al-Mahdi. 1768:

Al-Askari left his estate to his mother, Hadith, to the exclusion of his brother,

6136: 5562: 2491:) during the occultation, as the sun behind clouds still gives light and warmth. 7037: 7027: 6972: 6435: 6425: 2707: 2315: 2245: 1952:) likely continued to operate during the Minor Occultation of al-Mahdi. Indeed, 1736: 1640: 1535: 998: 861: 496: 486: 379: 6171:

Iran's First Revolution: Shi'ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909

1667:

as the Islamic prophet, though he is more commonly known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (

1211:, who will emerge in the end of time to establish peace and justice and redeem 7231: 7022: 6326: 6300: 5960: 5523: 2971: 2903: 2821: 2790: 2300: 2223: 2009: 1976: 1684: 400: 337: 320: 310: 6144: 2789:

There has also been some Sufi support for the Mahdiship of the twelfth Imam.

2458:

s), during whose reign the Islamic community would be united, as reported in

2711: 2417: 1683:). His birthdate is given differently, but most sources seem to agree on 15 933: 846: 815: 768: 758: 75: 5582: 2019:

The political situation of the Shia in Iraq improved after the rise of the

1694:

The birth of al-Mahdi is often compared in Twelver sources to the birth of

1542:, respectively) were held under close surveillance in the garrison town of 1073: 918: 1744:, who writes that Narjis was a slave girl born and raised in the house of 1464:

hadith, this report is not viewed as reliable by experts, writes the Shia

6657: 6602: 6597: 6480: 2727: 2648:) of an army dispatched by Sufyani in a desert, and the assassination by 2146: 1268: 1087: 871: 835: 713: 586: 383: 6152: 2907: 2212:) who first suggested that a (qualified) jurist was the general deputy ( 1851:

the Shia about his authority to collect and manage the religious funds.

1131: 6612: 6323: 2723: 2627: 2470: 2235: 1980: 1939: 1889:), ended after about seventy years with the death of the fourth agent, 1773: 1632: 1555: 1543: 1092: 1064: 958: 943: 881: 841: 810: 803: 798: 763: 753: 748: 683: 678: 606: 19:"Twelfth Imam" redirects here. For the twelfth imam in Isma'ilism, see 1244:, ended after about seventy years with the death of the fourth agent, 5985:

The Life of Imam Al-Mahdi, translated by Syed Athar Husain S.H. Rizvi

2547: 2150: 2058: 1811: 1720: 1716:) and both spoke with the authority of an adult while still a child. 1688: 738: 611: 531: 355: 1458:, connects this title to the rise of al-Qa'im after his death. As a 1236:

Uthman was followed by three more agents, collectively known as the

5317: 2325:) and others, might have given another impetus to this transition. 6053:

History of Islamic Philosophy, translated by Liadain Sherrard and

5881:

Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam

2667: 2649: 2539: 2499: 2482: 2405: 2343: 2231: 2178: 2054: 1728: 1699: 1639:, 2017. This is where the tenth and eleventh of the Twelve Imams, 1623: 1602: 1574: 1478: 1280: 1212: 1208: 928: 743: 733: 663: 658: 653: 638: 616: 576: 5179:

Hodgson, Marshall. "How did the early Shi'a become Sectarian?".

4385: 4383: 2817: 2771: 2093:), who remain the sole leaders of the Shia community during the 1636: 1516:

have more of a political emphasis than the eschatological title

1432:

The title al-Qa'im signifies the rise against tyranny, though a

648: 6347: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4188: 4186: 3439: 3437: 7057: 6794: 6640: 6463: 6390: 6270:

What evidence is there regarding the birth of Imam Mehdi (AS)?

6174:. Studies in Middle Eastern History. Oxford University Press. 5489:"HASAN AL-'ASKARI, ABU MUHAMMAD HASAN IBN 'ALI (c. AD 845-74)" 2825: 2687: 2101:

As for the events which may occur refer to the transmitters (

773: 6343: 5514:

Eliash, J. (2022). "Ḥasan Al-ʿAskarī". In Bearman, P. (ed.).

5865:

Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1970).

5476:"ISLAM IN IRAN vii. THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM" 5287: 5285: 4983: 4981: 4883: 4881: 4664: 4662: 4529: 4527: 3733: 3731: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 2652:

of the messenger of al-Mahdi, referred to as the pure soul (

5947:

Kohlberg, Etan (2009). "From Imamiyya to Ithna-ashariyya".

5830:

The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ

4322: 4320: 4307: 4305: 3973: 3971: 3871: 3869: 3718: 3716: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 1785:

Immediately after the death of al-Askari in 260 (873–874),

6231: 6121:"Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement" 5788:

Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism

5060: 5058: 5056: 4514: 4512: 4475: 4473: 4460: 4458: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4105: 4103: 4051: 4049: 4017: 4015: 3826: 3824: 3679: 3677: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 5111: 5109: 4956: 4954: 4066: 4064: 3096: 3094: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2564:

This view is supported by the absence of the occultation

2041:) suggested that the situation remains unknown until the 1946:

reckons that al-Askari's network of the representatives (

1847:). Into this well, al-Mahdi is said to have disappeared. 5650:

Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background

5606:

Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdī in Twelver Shīʻism

5349:"For Iran's Shiites, a Celebration of Faith and Waiting" 5260: 5258: 5256: 5181:

Journal of the American Oriental Society 75 (1955). P. 5

4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3958: 3956: 3841: 3839: 3772: 3770: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 2295:

basis for renewed criticisms at the time, voiced by the

1229:. Immediately after his death, his main representative, 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4137: 4135: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 3799: 3797: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3483: 3481: 3479: 1534:

Until their deaths, the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams (

5949:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

3454: 3452: 3195: 3193: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 1706:. As a child Imam, al-Mahdi is also often compared to 6089:

Patriotic Ayatollahs: Nationalism in Post-Saddam Iraq

3581: 3579: 3246: 3244: 5318:"Iran Celebrates Birthday Anniversary of Imam Mahdi" 5209:

Etan, Kohlberg. "From Imāmiyya to Ithnā-ashariyya".

5194:

Etan, Kohlberg. "From Imāmiyya to Ithnā-ashariyya".

3856: 3854: 2760: 2653: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2614: 2608: 2525: 2486: 2453: 2406: 2351: 2344: 2253: 2239: 2213: 2196: 2160: 2154: 2130: 2108: 2102: 2088: 2025: 1947: 1933: 1915: 1905: 1884: 1826: 1812: 1801: 1711: 1661: 1653: 1589: 1521: 1476: 1459: 1433: 1191: 7046: 6783: 6631: 6454: 6381: 3297: 3295: 375: 364: 343: 333: 300: 295: 111: 95: 64: 39: 2557:Historians suggest that these views stem from the 6198:Expectation of the Millennium: Shiʻism in History 5497:Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilization and Religion 1752:(the ninth Imam) and paternal aunt of al-Askari. 3184: 6222:Understanding Imamate in the Early Shia Society 5680:. Translated by Shah-Kazemi, Reza. I.B.Tauris. 2967:Final letter of Muhammad al-Mahdi to al-Samarri 2099: 5768:. Translated by Sherrard, Liadain. Routledge. 6359: 2244:against the Russians to support the Qajarite 1979:, as both Imams were held nearly isolated in 1710:, since both are viewed as the proof of God ( 1154: 8: 6249:Special specifications of Imam al-Mahdi (as) 6033:. Islamic Education and Information Center. 2662:Connections with the Islamic figure of Mahdi 2591:Signs of the appearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi 2568:raditions in early texts such as al-Qummi's 2226:dynasties in Iran. For instance, during the 44: 3644: 3211: 3016: 2671: 2377: 2357: 2259: 2114: 1985: 1867:Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti 1832: 1668: 1485: 1439: 1414: 1398: 1382: 1366: 1350: 1334: 1318: 1302: 1286: 273: 252: 231: 210: 189: 168: 147: 126: 6366: 6352: 6344: 6296: 5871:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. 5518:(Second ed.). Brill Reference Online. 5434:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World 5423:(Second ed.). Brill Reference Online. 5291: 5076: 4437: 4389: 4362: 4350: 4338: 4284: 4204: 4192: 4177: 3947: 3815: 3788: 3499: 3443: 3428: 3363: 3344: 1942:, the Shia center of the time. Similarly, 1161: 1147: 421: 391: 36: 5567:"ISLAM IN IRAN ix. THE DEPUTIES OF MAHDI" 5276: 5247: 5235: 5163: 5151: 5139: 4999: 4987: 4887: 4872: 4860: 4836: 4824: 4788: 4776: 4704: 4668: 4545: 4533: 4503: 4449: 4425: 4374: 4326: 4311: 4267: 4216: 4165: 4153: 4126: 4109: 4094: 4055: 4021: 3989: 3923: 3899: 3875: 3830: 3749: 3722: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3656: 3570: 3551: 3411: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3223: 3172: 3160: 3148: 3136: 3124: 3100: 3085: 3073: 3061: 3049: 2400:The Twelvers believe that the primordial 16:Twelfth and last of the Twelve Shia Imams 6237:The Shia Mahdi: the history of confusion 5810:Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law 5088: 4800: 4413: 4255: 2830: 2626:Among the special signs are the rise of 1938:) was likely due to their prominence in 1891:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri 1246:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri 5303: 5127: 5115: 5100: 5064: 5023: 5011: 4972: 4960: 4848: 4812: 4764: 4653: 4641: 4605: 4593: 4581: 4557: 4518: 4479: 4464: 4401: 4296: 4082: 4070: 4006: 3962: 3887: 3845: 3776: 3761: 3737: 3668: 3518: 3332: 2992: 2745:Kitab al-Bayan fi akhbar sahib al-zaman 1225:(873–874 CE), possibly poisoned by the 440: 406: 121: 26:For the ruler of Córdoba, Andalus, see 6963:Gharib Mirza (al-Mustansir Billah III) 6102:10.7591/cornell/9781501715211.001.0001 5744:. State University of New York Press. 5693: 5174: 5172: 5047: 5035: 4911: 4752: 4740: 4716: 4692: 4629: 4617: 4569: 3935: 3803: 3585: 3250: 3235: 2335:) and his student al-Shaykh al-Mufid ( 1719:Al-Mahdi is said to have been born to 1702:, who was miraculously saved from the 5466:. Vol. VIII/6. pp. 575–581. 5385:from the original on 22 February 2017 5264: 5223: 4923: 4899: 4728: 4680: 4491: 4141: 4040: 3977: 3911: 3860: 3539: 3487: 3470: 3458: 3382: 3313: 3199: 3112: 3037: 2305:Abu Sahl Isma'il ibn Ali al-Nawbakhti 2230:of 1804–1813, the eminent clerics of 2107:) of our sayings (hadith) who are my 1831:) that hides a well (Bi'r al-Ghayba, 7: 5482:. Vol. XIV/2. pp. 136–143. 5347:Slackman, Michael (30 August 2007). 3301: 5700:: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors ( 4938:"Messianism in the Shiite Crescent" 2074:in reference to the two arrests of 1454:) hadith from the sixth Shia Imam, 1255:). He is said to have received the 1181: 45: 7336:People whose existence is disputed 6081:. Vol. I/7. pp. 732–735. 5589:. Vol. X/4. pp. 341–344. 5573:. Vol. XIV/2. pp. 143–6. 2149:must be just and knowledgeable in 1900:), who is said to have received a 1818:) and were politically quiescent. 1691:, where al-Askari's mother lived. 1551:(March 822 – 11 December 861 CE). 14: 6953:Ali Shah (al-Mustansir Billah II) 6255:A Discussion concerning the Mahdi 5983:al-Qarashi, Baqir Sharif (2006). 5732:Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn 5602:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein 5328:from the original on 24 June 2016 2938:, the Occulted Imam and Mahdi of 2585:Reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi 2043:reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1854:Uthman later introduced his son, 1257:final letter of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1221:, the eleventh Imam, died in 260 6978:Khalil Allah I (Dhu'l-Faqar Ali) 6227:Identifying the infallible imam/ 5547:. Alta Mira. pp. 178, 179. 5460:"ESCHATOLOGY iii. Imami Shiʿism" 5359:from the original on 5 June 2015 2920: 2906: 1910:) occultation, later called the 1620:Birth and early life of al-Mahdi 1130: 6914:Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi's Salam 5925:. Crabtree Publishing Company. 5432:. In Martin, Richard C. (ed.). 5379:"Imam Mahdi's birthday in Iran" 2950:People claiming to be the Mahdi 2428:Twelver doctrine of occultation 2065:Major Occultation (941–present) 1654:Twelver doctrine of occultation 6086:Sayej, Caroleen Marji (2018). 5868:The Cambridge history of Islam 5812:. Princeton University Press. 5714:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam 5653:. Routledge Kegan & Paul. 5534:. Vol. II/7. p. 769. 3185:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970 2278:, the religious leader of the 2203:Zayn al-Din al-Juba'i al'Amili 1879:This period, later termed the 1193:Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mahdī 829:Other related sects and groups 1: 6406:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin 6119:Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013). 5827:Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). 5765:History Of Islamic Philosophy 5545:The New Encyclopedia of Islam 2814:birthday of Muhammad al-Mahdi 2350:. Of these, the principle of 1856:Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Uthman 314: 304: 6137:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828 5790:. Harvard University Press. 5487:Hulmes, Edward D.A. (2013). 2795: 2776: 2768:Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib 2505: 2337: 2330: 2328:Starting with ibn Babawayh ( 2320: 2309: 2286:, the last monarch of Iran. 2207: 2187: 2177:) spent the Imam's share of 2172: 2036: 1958: 1895: 1871: 1860: 1791: 1470: 1250: 1118:Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism 857:Bektashism and folk religion 7356:People of Byzantine descent 6282:Muḥammad al-Mahdī al-Ḥujjah 5647:Hussain, Jassim M. (1986). 5539:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2008). 2761: 2654: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2615: 2609: 2526: 2487: 2454: 2407: 2352: 2345: 2254: 2240: 2214: 2197: 2161: 2155: 2131: 2109: 2103: 2089: 2026: 1948: 1934: 1916: 1906: 1885: 1827: 1813: 1802: 1781:Minor Occultation (874–941) 1712: 1662: 1590: 1522: 1477: 1460: 1434: 1192: 1174:Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Mahdi 7387: 5987:. Ansariyan Publications. 5499:. Routledge. p. 217. 2816:is celebrated annually in 2738:Support from Sunni circles 2588: 2582: 2269:guardianship of the jurist 1365:), al-Hojja/Hojjat Allah ( 1278: 1113:List of Twelver Shia books 25: 18: 7285: 6314: 6306: 6299: 6011:. Imam Al Khoei Islamic. 5961:10.1017/S0041977X00050989 5877:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali 5716:. Yale University Press. 5472:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali 5456:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali 2802:al-Yawaqit wa al-Jawahir. 2785:Support from Sufi circles 2552:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai 2014:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya 1787:Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi 1570:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai 1564:Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi 1009:Other hadith collections 989:Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih 107: 83: 72: 60: 21:al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph) 6094:Cornell University Press 5919:Richter, Joanne (2005). 5674:Doctrines of Shi'i Islam 5629:A History of Shi'i Islam 4085:, pp. 90, 139, 140. 2690:. While absent from the 2473:, and the Twelve Imams. 2412:) with the Hidden Imam. 2238:issued a declaration of 2016:and awaited his return. 1607:Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi 1605:. Others concluded that 417:The Fourteen Infallibles 7366:9th-century Arab people 7192:Ala al-Din Muhammad III 7167:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi 6949:Muhammad ibn Islam Shah 6929:Ala al-Din Muhammad III 6904:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi 6276:Encyclopedia Britannica 6265:The Days of the Newborn 6003:al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir 5428:Gleave, Robert (2004). 5415:(2022). "Al-Mahdī". In 2514:Reasons for occultation 2449:Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal 1842:well of the occultation 1581:Succession to al-Askari 1043:Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya 1013:Book of Sulaym ibn Qays 327:Samarra, Abbasid Empire 54:Imam of Twelver Shi'ism 7207:Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah 7187:Jalal al-Din Hasan III 7182:Nur al-Din Muhammad II 6924:Jalal al-Din Hasan III 6919:Nur al-Din Muhammad II 6260:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr 6168:Bayat, Mangol (1991). 6125:Middle Eastern Studies 5898:Mavani, Hamid (2013). 5516:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5421:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4341:, pp. 86, 87, 95. 2704:Abu Dawud al-Sijistani 2570:Basa’ir al-Darajat and 2290:Doctrinal developments 2143: 2129:) to you and I am the 1770:Ja'far ibn Ali al-Hadi 1733:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi 1648: 1506:notes that the titles 1466:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi 1200:to be the last of the 368:Being the last of the 32:Mahdi (disambiguation) 30:. For other uses, see 28:Muhammad II of Córdoba 7346:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi 7242:Sadr al-Din Miuhammad 7202:Shams al-Din Muhammad 7018:Shah Khalil Allah III 6939:Shams al-Din Muhammad 6775:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib 6598:Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz 6446:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi 5587:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5571:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5532:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5480:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5464:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5440:. pp. 273, 274. 2936:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib 2730:, among many others. 2589:Further information: 2284:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1627: 1530:Historical background 1196:) is believed by the 1137:Shia Islam portal 572:Imamate of the Family 7197:Rukn al-Din Khurshah 7088:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 6934:Rukn al-Din Khurshah 6825:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 6696:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 6623:Sulayman Badr al-Din 6519:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 6190:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 6079:Encyclopædia Iranica 5103:, pp. 116, 117. 4779:, pp. 109, 110. 4767:, pp. 142, 143. 4707:, pp. 101, 107. 4620:, pp. 189, 190. 4608:, pp. 148, 149. 4584:, pp. 149, 150. 4572:, pp. 177, 178. 4428:, pp. 106, 107. 3914:, pp. 161, 162. 3385:, pp. 162, 163. 3277:, pp. 184, 185. 2945:Theology of Twelvers 2808:Birthday celebration 2774:transmitter Za'ida ( 2700:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj 2613:) and setting time ( 2140:ascribed to al-Mahdi 2012:denied the death of 1902:letter from al-Mahdi 1886:al-ghaybat al-sughra 1182:محمد بن الحسن المهدي 1028:Reality of Certainty 704:Mourning of Muharram 582:Mourning of Muharram 6988:Khalil Allah II Ali 5839:Modarressi, Hossein 5742:Sayyid Hossein Nasr 5579:Arjomand, Said Amir 5493:Netton, Ian Richard 5438:Macmillan Reference 4755:, pp. 192–195. 4392:, pp. 99, 100. 3980:, pp. 162–164. 3752:, pp. 218–222. 3710:, pp. 87, 206. 2962:Occultation (Islam) 2696:Muhammad al-Bukhari 2595:Shortly before the 2387:book of occultation 2135:of God to you all . 1917:al-ghaybat al-kubra 1504:Abdulaziz Sachedina 1333:), Saheb al-Zaman ( 709:Arba'een Pilgrimage 46:مُحَمَّد ٱلْمَهْدِي 7172:Hasan (I) al-Qahir 7152:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 7083:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 6909:Hasan (I) al-Qahir 6889:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 6820:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 6760:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 6691:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 6583:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 6514:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 6073:Hairi, A. (1984). 5353:The New York Times 4791:, pp. 79, 80. 4287:, pp. 96. 97. 4195:, pp. 87, 88. 3740:, pp. 68, 69. 3659:, pp. 39, 40. 3502:, pp. 80, 81. 3473:, pp. 59, 60. 3446:, pp. 79, 80. 3127:, pp. 25, 26. 3115:, pp. 43, 44. 3076:, pp. 59, 69. 2940:Tayyibi Isma'ilism 2619:) for his return. 2280:Iranian Revolution 2183:al-Shaykh al-Mufid 2051:Hossein Modarressi 1935:al-nuwwab al-arba' 1678:the rightly guided 1649: 1424:the remnant of God 1413:), Baqiyat Allah ( 1397:), Sahib al-Haqq ( 1296:the rightly guided 972:Hadith collections 199:the remnant of God 136:the rightly guided 41:Muhammad al-Mahdi 7351:9th-century imams 7311: 7310: 7127:Isma'il al-Mansur 7117:Abdallah al-Mahdi 7073:Muhammad al-Baqir 6958:Abd al-Salam Shah 6864:Isma'il al-Mansur 6854:Abdallah al-Mahdi 6810:Muhammad al-Baqir 6765:Ahmad al-Musta'li 6735:Isma'il al-Mansur 6730:Muhammad al-Qa'im 6725:Abdallah al-Mahdi 6681:Muhammad al-Baqir 6588:Ahmad al-Musta'li 6558:Isma'il al-Mansur 6553:Muhammad al-Qa'im 6548:Abdallah al-Mahdi 6504:Muhammad al-Baqir 6431:Muhammad al-Jawad 6411:Muhammad al-Baqir 6342: 6341: 6336:Major Occultation 6301:Shia Islam titles 6181:978-0-19-506822-1 5922:Iran: The Culture 5911:978-0-415-62440-4 5130:, pp. 118–9. 5002:, pp. 194–5. 4743:, pp. 190–2. 4656:, pp. 147–8. 3791:, pp. 77–79. 2914:Shia Islam portal 2897: 2896: 2893:14 February 2025 2885:25 February 2024 2655:al-nafs al-zakiya 2521:Muhammad al-Baqir 2495:Muhammad al-Baqir 2441:Hadith literature 2276:Ruhollah Khomeini 2228:Russo-Iranian war 2201:). It was likely 2168:Muhaqqiq al-Hilli 2095:Major Occultation 2082:Leadership vacuum 1912:Major Occultation 1881:Minor Occultation 1750:Muhammad al-Jawad 1408:lord of the truth 1392:lord of the cause 1381:), Sahib al-Amr ( 1261:Major Occultation 1242:Minor Occultation 1190: 1171: 1170: 1067:and jurisprudence 674:Nahy ani l-Munkar 514: 513: 390: 389: 241:lord of the cause 7378: 7341:Shia eschatology 7277:Amir Muhammad II 7111:(Radhi Abdallah) 7003:Sayyid Hasan Ali 6848:(Radhi Abdallah) 6719:(Radhi Abdallah) 6613:Abdallah al-Adid 6603:Isma'il al-Zafir 6542:(Radhi Abdallah) 6368: 6361: 6354: 6345: 6307:Preceded by 6297: 6211: 6185: 6164: 6115: 6082: 6075:"AḴŪND ḴORĀSĀNĪ" 6069: 6044: 6022: 5998: 5972: 5936: 5915: 5894: 5872: 5861: 5850:. Darwin Press. 5849: 5834: 5823: 5806:Goldziher, Ignaz 5801: 5779: 5755: 5740:. Translated by 5727: 5705: 5699: 5691: 5679: 5664: 5643: 5619: 5590: 5574: 5558: 5535: 5519: 5510: 5483: 5467: 5451: 5424: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5014:, pp. 17–8. 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4522: 4516: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4468: 4462: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4315: 4309: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4168:, pp. 97–8. 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4130: 4124: 4113: 4107: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4059: 4053: 4044: 4038: 4025: 4019: 4010: 4004: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3966: 3960: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3864: 3858: 3849: 3843: 3834: 3828: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3645:Amir-Moezzi 2007 3642: 3589: 3583: 3574: 3568: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3522: 3516: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3447: 3441: 3432: 3426: 3415: 3409: 3386: 3380: 3367: 3361: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3212:Amir-Moezzi 2016 3209: 3203: 3197: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3064:, pp. 60–1. 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3020: 3017:Amir-Moezzi 1998 3014: 2956:Princess of Rome 2930: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2916: 2911: 2910: 2831: 2799: 2797: 2780: 2778: 2764: 2756:Wilferd Madelung 2726:and the Abbasid 2720:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2657: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2618: 2612: 2573:Kitab al-Mahasin 2529: 2509: 2507: 2490: 2457: 2422:2006 Lebanon War 2410: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2341: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2324: 2322: 2313: 2311: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2255:wilayat al-faqih 2243: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2189: 2176: 2174: 2164: 2158: 2141: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2092: 2040: 2038: 2029: 1999: 1996: 1995:he who will rise 1993: 1990: 1987: 1962: 1960: 1951: 1937: 1919: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1888: 1875: 1873: 1864: 1862: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1816: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1756:Abbasid reaction 1725:Byzantine Empire 1715: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1629:Al-Askari Shrine 1596:Uthman ibn Sa'id 1593: 1525: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1474: 1472: 1463: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317:), al-Montazar ( 1316: 1313: 1312:he who will rise 1310: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1254: 1252: 1231:Uthman ibn Sa'id 1195: 1185: 1183: 1163: 1156: 1149: 1135: 1134: 1038:Mafatih al-Jinan 1023:Wasā'il al-Shīʿa 994:Tahdhib al-Ahkam 597:Wilayat al-Faqih 422: 392: 319: 316: 309: 306: 287: 284: 283:awaited to Zahra 281: 278: 275: 266: 263: 262:the proof of God 260: 257: 254: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 224: 221: 218: 215: 212: 203: 200: 197: 194: 191: 182: 179: 176: 173: 170: 161: 158: 157:he who will rise 155: 152: 149: 140: 137: 134: 131: 128: 98: 88: 49: 48: 47: 37: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7375: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7307: 7281: 7262:Mu'in al-Din II 7142:Mansur al-Hakim 7132:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 7103:(Taqi Muhammad) 7078:Ja'far al-Sadiq 7050: 7042: 7013:Abu'l-Hasan Ali 6983:Nur al-Dahr Ali 6879:Mansur al-Hakim 6869:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 6840:(Taqi Muhammad) 6815:Ja'far al-Sadiq 6787: 6779: 6750:Mansur al-Hakim 6740:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 6711:(Taqi Muhammad) 6686:Ja'far al-Sadiq 6627: 6573:Mansur al-Hakim 6563:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 6534:(Taqi Muhammad) 6509:Ja'far al-Sadiq 6450: 6441:Hasan al-Askari 6416:Ja'far al-Sadiq 6377: 6372: 6330: 6312: 6310:Hasan al-Askari 6278: 6245: 6218: 6208: 6188: 6182: 6167: 6118: 6112: 6085: 6072: 6066: 6055:Philip Sherrard 6047: 6041: 6025: 6019: 6008:Awaited Saviour 6001: 5995: 5982: 5979: 5977:Further reading 5946: 5943: 5933: 5918: 5912: 5897: 5891: 5875: 5864: 5858: 5847: 5837: 5826: 5820: 5804: 5798: 5784:Pierce, Matthew 5782: 5776: 5758: 5752: 5730: 5724: 5708: 5692: 5688: 5677: 5669:Sobhani, Ja'far 5667: 5661: 5646: 5640: 5632:. I.B. Tauris. 5624:Daftary, Farhad 5622: 5616: 5600: 5597: 5577: 5561: 5555: 5538: 5522: 5513: 5507: 5486: 5470: 5454: 5448: 5436:. Vol. 2. 5427: 5411: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5331: 5329: 5316:Staff writers. 5315: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5292:Modarressi 1993 5290: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5263: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5178: 5177: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5077:Modarressi 1993 5075: 5071: 5063: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4525: 4517: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4471: 4463: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4438:Modarressi 1993 4436: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4390:Modarressi 1993 4388: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4363:Modarressi 1993 4361: 4357: 4351:Modarressi 1993 4349: 4345: 4339:Modarressi 1993 4337: 4333: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4285:Modarressi 1993 4283: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4205:Modarressi 1993 4203: 4199: 4193:Modarressi 1993 4191: 4184: 4178:Modarressi 1993 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4133: 4125: 4116: 4108: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4062: 4054: 4047: 4039: 4028: 4020: 4013: 4005: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3969: 3961: 3954: 3948:Modarressi 1993 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3874: 3867: 3859: 3852: 3844: 3837: 3829: 3822: 3816:Modarressi 1993 3814: 3810: 3802: 3795: 3789:Modarressi 1993 3787: 3783: 3775: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3592: 3584: 3577: 3569: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3525: 3517: 3506: 3500:Modarressi 1993 3498: 3494: 3486: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3450: 3444:Modarressi 1993 3442: 3435: 3429:Modarressi 1993 3427: 3418: 3410: 3389: 3381: 3370: 3364:Modarressi 1993 3362: 3351: 3345:Modarressi 1993 3343: 3339: 3331: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3023: 3015: 2994: 2990: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2902: 2810: 2794: 2787: 2775: 2740: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2664: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2536: 2516: 2504: 2479: 2443: 2430: 2398: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2374:Kitab al-Ghayba 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2336: 2329: 2319: 2308: 2292: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2206: 2186: 2171: 2159:) of hadith to 2142: 2139: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2084: 2067: 2035: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1973: 1957: 1926: 1894: 1870: 1859: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1808:Ja'far al-Sadiq 1790: 1783: 1758: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1645:Hasan al-Askari 1622: 1586:Hasan al-Askari 1583: 1540:Hasan al-Askari 1532: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1469: 1456:Ja'far al-Sadiq 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1346: 1344:lord of the age 1343: 1340: 1337: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1249: 1219:Hasan al-Askari 1167: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1107: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1083:The Infallibles 1068: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1033:Nahj al-Balagha 1005: 973: 965: 964: 963: 908: 900: 899: 898: 830: 822: 821: 820: 788: 780: 779: 778: 728: 720: 719: 718: 698: 697:Other practices 690: 689: 688: 669:Amr bi-l maʿrūf 633: 623: 622: 621: 566: 558: 557: 556: 526: 516: 515: 419: 408:Twelver Shi'ism 360: 351:Hasan al-Askari 329: 324: 317: 307: 291: 285: 282: 279: 276: 271: 264: 261: 258: 255: 250: 243: 240: 237: 234: 229: 222: 219: 216: 213: 208: 201: 198: 195: 192: 187: 180: 178:lord of the age 177: 174: 171: 166: 165:Sahib al-Zaman 159: 156: 153: 150: 145: 138: 135: 132: 129: 124: 120: 119: 102:Hasan al-Askari 96: 90: 84: 79: 56: 50: 43: 42: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7384: 7382: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7318: 7317: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7247:Mu'in al-Din I 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7227:Radi al-Din II 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7106: 7098: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7063:Husayn ibn Ali 7060: 7054: 7052: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6843: 6835: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6800:Husayn ibn Ali 6797: 6791: 6789: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6770:Mansur al-Amir 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6714: 6706: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6637: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6618:Dawud al-Hamid 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6593:Mansur al-Amir 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6537: 6529: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6460: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6401:Husayn ibn Ali 6398: 6393: 6387: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6363: 6356: 6348: 6340: 6339: 6332: 6331:874 – present 6313: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6251: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6217: 6216:External links 6214: 6213: 6212: 6206: 6200:. SUNY Press. 6186: 6180: 6165: 6131:(3): 430–453. 6116: 6110: 6096:. p. 67. 6092:. Ithaca, NY: 6083: 6070: 6064: 6045: 6039: 6027:Amini, Ibrahim 6023: 6017: 5999: 5993: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5955:(3): 521–534. 5942: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5931: 5916: 5910: 5895: 5889: 5883:. SUNY Press. 5873: 5862: 5856: 5835: 5824: 5818: 5802: 5796: 5780: 5774: 5756: 5750: 5728: 5722: 5706: 5686: 5665: 5659: 5644: 5638: 5620: 5615:978-0873954426 5614: 5608:. Suny press. 5596: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5575: 5559: 5553: 5536: 5520: 5511: 5505: 5484: 5468: 5452: 5446: 5425: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5370: 5339: 5308: 5296: 5281: 5277:Sachedina 1981 5269: 5267:, p. 168. 5252: 5250:, p. 150. 5248:Sachedina 1981 5240: 5238:, p. 171. 5236:Sachedina 1981 5228: 5226:, p. 166. 5216: 5201: 5186: 5168: 5166:, p. 194. 5164:Tabatabai 1975 5156: 5154:, p. 201. 5152:Goldziher 1981 5144: 5140:Sachedina 1981 5132: 5120: 5105: 5093: 5091:, p. 526. 5081: 5069: 5067:, p. 113. 5052: 5040: 5028: 5026:, p. 115. 5016: 5004: 5000:Tabatabai 1975 4992: 4990:, p. 186. 4988:Tabatabai 1975 4977: 4975:, p. 118. 4965: 4950: 4928: 4926:, p. 199. 4916: 4904: 4892: 4890:, p. 181. 4888:Sachedina 1981 4877: 4875:, p. 134. 4873:Sachedina 1981 4865: 4863:, p. 112. 4861:Sachedina 1981 4853: 4851:, p. 144. 4841: 4839:, p. 109. 4837:Sachedina 1981 4829: 4827:, p. 110. 4825:Sachedina 1981 4817: 4805: 4793: 4789:Sachedina 1981 4781: 4777:Sachedina 1981 4769: 4757: 4745: 4733: 4731:, p. 191. 4721: 4719:, p. 189. 4709: 4705:Sachedina 1981 4697: 4695:, p. 188. 4685: 4683:, p. 190. 4673: 4671:, p. 107. 4669:Sachedina 1981 4658: 4646: 4644:, p. 148. 4634: 4632:, p. 187. 4622: 4610: 4598: 4596:, p. 150. 4586: 4574: 4562: 4560:, p. 149. 4550: 4548:, p. 101. 4546:Sachedina 1981 4538: 4536:, p. 149. 4534:Sachedina 1981 4523: 4521:, p. 147. 4508: 4506:, p. 100. 4504:Sachedina 1981 4496: 4494:, p. 170. 4484: 4482:, p. 143. 4469: 4467:, p. 141. 4454: 4450:Sachedina 1981 4442: 4430: 4426:Sachedina 1981 4418: 4416:, p. 529. 4406: 4394: 4379: 4375:Sachedina 1981 4367: 4365:, p. 105. 4355: 4343: 4331: 4329:, p. 105. 4327:Sachedina 1981 4316: 4314:, p. 102. 4312:Sachedina 1981 4301: 4289: 4272: 4270:, p. 151. 4268:Sachedina 1981 4260: 4221: 4217:Sachedina 1981 4209: 4197: 4182: 4170: 4166:Sachedina 1981 4158: 4154:Sachedina 1981 4146: 4144:, p. 163. 4131: 4127:Sachedina 1981 4114: 4110:Sachedina 1981 4099: 4095:Sachedina 1981 4087: 4075: 4073:, p. 140. 4060: 4056:Sachedina 1981 4045: 4043:, p. 164. 4026: 4022:Sachedina 1981 4011: 3994: 3990:Sachedina 1981 3982: 3967: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3926:, p. 233. 3924:Donaldson 1933 3916: 3904: 3902:, p. 234. 3900:Donaldson 1933 3892: 3880: 3878:, p. 104. 3876:Sachedina 1981 3865: 3850: 3835: 3831:Sachedina 1981 3820: 3808: 3793: 3781: 3766: 3754: 3750:Donaldson 1933 3742: 3727: 3725:, p. 222. 3723:Donaldson 1933 3712: 3708:Sachedina 1981 3700: 3696:Sachedina 1981 3688: 3684:Sachedina 1981 3673: 3661: 3657:Sachedina 1981 3649: 3590: 3575: 3573:, p. 185. 3571:Tabatabai 1975 3556: 3554:, p. 229. 3552:Donaldson 1933 3544: 3542:, p. 161. 3523: 3504: 3492: 3490:, p. 162. 3475: 3463: 3448: 3433: 3416: 3412:Sachedina 1981 3387: 3368: 3349: 3337: 3318: 3306: 3291: 3287:Sachedina 1981 3279: 3275:Tabatabai 1975 3267: 3263:Sachedina 1981 3255: 3240: 3228: 3224:Sachedina 1981 3216: 3204: 3189: 3187:, p. 126. 3177: 3173:Sachedina 1981 3165: 3163:, p. 209. 3161:Donaldson 1933 3153: 3149:Sachedina 1981 3141: 3137:Sachedina 1981 3129: 3125:Sachedina 1981 3117: 3105: 3101:Sachedina 1981 3090: 3086:Sachedina 1981 3078: 3074:Sachedina 1981 3066: 3062:Sachedina 1981 3054: 3050:Sachedina 1981 3042: 3040:, p. 165. 3021: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2932: 2931: 2917: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2869:19 March 2022 2867: 2863: 2862: 2861:29 March 2021 2859: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2845:21 April 2019 2843: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2809: 2806: 2786: 2783: 2739: 2736: 2681:rightly guided 2663: 2660: 2605:Battle of Badr 2583:Main article: 2580: 2577: 2535: 2532: 2515: 2512: 2478: 2475: 2442: 2439: 2429: 2426: 2397: 2394: 2291: 2288: 2137: 2083: 2080: 2066: 2063: 2004:to argue that 1972: 1971:Shia community 1969: 1925: 1924:Shia authority 1922: 1863: 916–917 1823:Ja'far al-Zaki 1782: 1779: 1757: 1754: 1748:, daughter of 1621: 1618: 1611:Ja'far al-Zaki 1582: 1579: 1531: 1528: 1349:), al-Gha'ib ( 1276: 1273: 1253: 940–941 1206:eschatological 1169: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1151: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1106:Related topics 1105: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1018:Bihar al-Anwar 1015: 1006: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 979:The Four Books 975: 974: 971: 970: 967: 966: 962: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 931: 926: 916: 910: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 897: 896: 895: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 838: 832: 831: 828: 827: 824: 823: 819: 818: 813: 808: 807: 806: 801: 790: 789: 786: 785: 782: 781: 777: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 730: 729: 726: 725: 722: 721: 717: 716: 711: 706: 700: 699: 696: 695: 692: 691: 687: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 635: 634: 629: 628: 625: 624: 620: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 568: 567: 564: 563: 560: 559: 555: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 528: 527: 522: 521: 518: 517: 512: 511: 510: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 446: 445: 438: 437: 436: 435: 430: 420: 415: 414: 411: 410: 404: 403: 388: 387: 377: 373: 372: 366: 365:Known for 362: 361: 359: 358: 353: 347: 345: 341: 340: 335: 331: 330: 325: 302: 298: 297: 293: 292: 290: 289: 270:Yusuf-e-Zahra 268: 247: 226: 205: 186:Baqiyat Allah 184: 163: 142: 118:List of titles 117: 116: 115: 113: 109: 108: 105: 104: 99: 93: 92: 86:Assumed office 81: 80: 73: 70: 69: 62: 61: 58: 57: 51: 40: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7383: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7314: 7304: 7300: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7287: 7284: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7267:Amir Muhammad 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7252:Atiyyat Allah 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7217:Radi al-Din I 7215: 7213: 7212:Muhammad Shah 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7137:Nizar al-Aziz 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7068:Ali al-Sajjad 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6993:Shah Nizar II 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6968:Abu Dharr Ali 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6874:Nizar al-Aziz 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6805:Ali al-Sajjad 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788:(Qasim-Shahi) 6786: 6782: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6745:Nizar al-Aziz 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6676:Ali al-Sajjad 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6568:Nizar al-Aziz 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6499:Ali al-Sajjad 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6421:Musa al-Kazim 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6396:Hasan ibn Ali 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6364: 6362: 6357: 6355: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6311: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6207:0-88706-843-X 6203: 6199: 6195: 6194:Hamid Dabashi 6191: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6111:9781501714856 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6067: 6065:0-7103-0416-1 6061: 6057: 6056: 6050: 6049:Corbin, Henry 6046: 6042: 6040:0-9680717-0-8 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6018:0-686-90398-6 6014: 6010: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5994:964-438-806-2 5990: 5986: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5932:9780778793175 5928: 5924: 5923: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5904:. Routledge. 5903: 5902: 5896: 5892: 5890:9780791494790 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5863: 5859: 5857:9780878500956 5853: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5819:9781400843510 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5797:9780674737075 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5775:9781135198893 5771: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5760:Corbin, Henry 5757: 5753: 5751:0-87395-390-8 5747: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5737:Shi'ite Islam 5733: 5729: 5725: 5723:9780300034998 5719: 5715: 5711: 5710:Momen, Moojan 5707: 5703: 5697: 5689: 5683: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5660:9780710301581 5656: 5652: 5651: 5645: 5641: 5639:9780755608669 5635: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5563:Klemm, Verena 5560: 5556: 5554:9781905299683 5550: 5546: 5542: 5541:"Hidden Imām" 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5506:9781135179670 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5447:0-02-865604-0 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5406:Encyclopedias 5405: 5400: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5340: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5309: 5306:, p. 14. 5305: 5300: 5297: 5294:, p. 91. 5293: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5279:, p. 69. 5278: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5217: 5212: 5205: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5187: 5182: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5145: 5142:, p. 104 5141: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5121: 5118:, p. 17. 5117: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5089:Kohlberg 2009 5085: 5082: 5079:, p. 99. 5078: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5050:, p. 65. 5049: 5044: 5041: 5038:, p. 71. 5037: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4966: 4963:, p. 67. 4962: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4939: 4936:Cook, David. 4932: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4917: 4914:, p. 70. 4913: 4908: 4905: 4902:, p. 65. 4901: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4818: 4815:, p. 65. 4814: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4801:Arjomand 2000 4797: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4452:, p. 85. 4451: 4446: 4443: 4440:, p. 93. 4439: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4414:Kohlberg 2009 4410: 4407: 4404:, p. 19. 4403: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4377:, p. 79. 4376: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4356: 4353:, p. 96. 4352: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4299:, p. 68. 4298: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4256:Madelung 2022 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4219:, p. 61. 4218: 4213: 4210: 4207:, p. 89. 4206: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4180:, p. 94. 4179: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4159: 4156:, p. 98. 4155: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4129:, p. 99. 4128: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4112:, p. 97. 4111: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4097:, p. 88. 4096: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4058:, p. 96. 4057: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4024:, p. 84. 4023: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4009:, p. 66. 4008: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3992:, p. 92. 3991: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3965:, p. 64. 3964: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3950:, p. 79. 3949: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3893: 3890:, p. 88. 3889: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3848:, p. 77. 3847: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3833:, p. 90. 3832: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3818:, p. 82. 3817: 3812: 3809: 3806:, p. 90. 3805: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3779:, p. 76. 3778: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3764:, p. 69. 3763: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3701: 3698:, p. 74. 3697: 3692: 3689: 3686:, p. 72. 3685: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3671:, p. 75. 3670: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3521:, p. 70. 3520: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3464: 3461:, p. 60. 3460: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3431:, p. 92. 3430: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3414:, p. 41. 3413: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3366:, p. 77. 3365: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3347:, p. 80. 3346: 3341: 3338: 3335:, p. 63. 3334: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3316:, p. 59. 3315: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3289:, p. 40. 3288: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3265:, p. 30. 3264: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3226:, p. 29. 3225: 3220: 3217: 3214:, p. 65. 3213: 3208: 3205: 3202:, p. 44. 3201: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3175:, p. 26. 3174: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3151:, p. 25. 3150: 3145: 3142: 3139:, p. 28. 3138: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3103:, p. 67. 3102: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3088:, p. 68. 3087: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3055: 3052:, p. 60. 3051: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2983: 2982:Du'a al-Faraj 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2918: 2915: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2877:8 March 2023 2876: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2853:9 April 2020 2852: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2792: 2784: 2782: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2669: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597:Last Judgment 2592: 2586: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2513: 2511: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2484: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2456: 2451: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2403: 2395: 2393: 2375: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2326: 2317: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2256: 2249: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2204: 2199: 2193: 2184: 2180: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2136: 2133: 2111: 2105: 2098: 2096: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2076:Musa al-Kazim 2073: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2044: 2033: 2028: 2022: 2021:Buyid dynasty 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2006:Musa al-Kazim 2003: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1930:Four Deputies 1923: 1921: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 940-41 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1874: 937-38 1868: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1788: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1746:Hakima Khatun 1743: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1666: 1664: 1657: 1655: 1647:, are buried. 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1549:al-Mutawakkil 1545: 1541: 1537: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1482: 1480: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1436: 1430: 1301:), al-Qa'im ( 1282: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:Four Deputies 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1188: 1179: 1175: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1103: 1102: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 984:Kitab al-Kafi 982: 981: 980: 977: 976: 969: 968: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 949:Seghatoleslam 947: 945: 942: 939: 935: 932: 930: 927: 924: 920: 917: 915: 912: 911: 904: 903: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 843: 839: 837: 834: 833: 826: 825: 817: 814: 812: 809: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 795: 792: 791: 784: 783: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 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AMS Press. 5829: 5809: 5787: 5764: 5736: 5713: 5673: 5649: 5628: 5605: 5586: 5570: 5544: 5531: 5515: 5496: 5479: 5463: 5433: 5420: 5413:Madelung, W. 5387:. Retrieved 5373: 5361:. Retrieved 5352: 5342: 5330:. Retrieved 5322:en.alalam.ir 5321: 5311: 5304:Richter 2005 5299: 5272: 5243: 5231: 5219: 5210: 5204: 5195: 5189: 5180: 5159: 5147: 5135: 5128:Sobhani 2001 5123: 5116:Hussain 1986 5101:Sobhani 2001 5096: 5084: 5072: 5065:Sobhani 2001 5043: 5031: 5024:Sobhani 2001 5019: 5012:Hussain 1986 5007: 4995: 4973:Sobhani 2001 4968: 4961:Daftary 2013 4941:. 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al-Hadi 6436:Ali al-Hadi 6426:Ali al-Rida 5687:01860647804 5430:"GHAYBA(T)" 5417:Bearman, P. 5048:Pierce 2016 5036:Corbin 2014 4912:Corbin 2014 4753:Mavani 2013 4741:Mavani 2013 4717:Mavani 2013 4693:Mavani 2013 4630:Mavani 2013 4618:Mavani 2013 4570:Mavani 2013 3936:Glassé 2008 3804:Pierce 2016 3586:Gleave 2004 3251:Eliash 2022 3236:Hulmes 2013 2798: 1066 2708:al-Tirmidhi 2508: 1067 2396:Visitations 2340: 1022 2246:Abbas Mirza 2210: 1558 2190: 1022 2175: 1277 2151:Islamic law 1798:occultation 1762:al-Mu'tamid 1737:Shaykh Tusi 1641:Ali al-Hadi 1560:al-Mu'tamid 1536:Ali al-Hadi 1473: 1699 1328:the awaited 1063:Sources of 999:Al-Istibsar 907:Scholarship 862:Malamatiyya 840:Sufism and 727:Holy cities 592:Occultation 542:Prophethood 380:Ahl al-Bayt 220:the awaited 97:Preceded by 7326:869 births 7320:Categories 7232:Shah Tahir 7023:Aga Khan I 6998:Sayyid Ali 6946:Islam Shah 6943:Qasim Shah 6375:Shia Imams 6327:Shia Islam 5265:Momen 1985 5224:Momen 1985 4924:Momen 1985 4900:Momen 1985 4729:Momen 1985 4681:Momen 1985 4492:Momen 1985 4142:Momen 1985 4041:Momen 1985 3978:Momen 1985 3912:Momen 1985 3861:Klemm 2007 3540:Momen 1985 3488:Momen 1985 3471:Momen 1985 3459:Momen 1985 3383:Momen 1985 3314:Momen 1985 3200:Momen 1985 3113:Momen 1985 3038:Momen 1985 2988:References 2977:Du'a Nudba 2972:Dua-e Ahad 2791:Al-Bayhaqi 2546:, and the 2333: 991 2323: 995 2312: 923 2301:Ash'arites 2162:mujtahidun 2039: 991 2010:Kaysanites 1961: 991 1794: 880 1376:the proof 1360:the hidden 1279:See also: 877:Bektashism 532:Monotheism 524:Principles 401:Shia Islam 338:Shia islam 318: 868 308: 255 7361:Husaynids 7272:Haydar II 7257:Aziz Shah 7093:Abdallah 7051:(Mu'mini) 7008:Qasim Ali 6830:Abdallah 6701:Abdallah 6524:Abdallah 6161:143672216 6145:0026-3206 5969:155070530 5696:cite book 5528:"ʿASKARĪ" 3302:Halm 1987 2716:al-Nasa'i 2712:ibn Majah 2534:Longevity 2418:Hezbollah 2072:Waqifites 2002:Waqifites 1187:romanized 1088:Consensus 934:Ayatollah 852:Safaviyya 847:Qizilbash 769:Kadhimiya 759:Jerusalem 631:Practices 502:al-Askari 467:al-Sajjad 376:Relatives 144:al-Qa'im 123:al-Mahdi 76:Incumbent 67:Shia Imam 7237:Haydar I 7177:Hasan II 7122:al-Qa'im 6859:al-Qa'im 6658:Muhammad 6481:Muhammad 6196:(1989). 6153:23471080 6051:(1993). 6029:(1996). 6005:(1983). 5941:Articles 5879:(2016). 5841:(1993). 5808:(1981). 5786:(2016). 5762:(2014). 5734:(1975). 5712:(1985). 5671:(2001). 5626:(2013). 5604:(1981). 5581:(2000). 5565:(2007). 5526:(1987). 5524:Halm, H. 5474:(2007). 5458:(1998). 5383:Archived 5357:Archived 5326:Archived 2900:See also 2728:al-Mahdi 2610:este'jal 2367:kindness 2138:— 1774:Fathiyya 1742:al-Mufid 1518:al-Mahdi 1509:al-Qa'im 1227:Abbasids 1204:and the 1048:Al-Amali 872:Hurufism 836:Alawites 507:al-Mahdi 482:al-Kazim 477:al-Sadiq 472:al-Baqir 428:Muhammad 397:a series 395:Part of 384:Husaynid 334:Religion 296:Personal 52:Twelfth 7371:Mahdism 7298:caliphs 7296:Fatimid 7109:Husayn 6846:Husayn 6717:Husayn 6649:"Wāsih" 6633:Tayyibi 6540:Husayn 6472:"Wāsih" 6383:Twelver 6324:Twelver 6287:Ghaybah 5583:"ḠAYBA" 5495:(ed.). 5419:(ed.). 5401:Sources 5389:9 April 2822:Sha'ban 2749:Shafi'i 2724:Umar II 2675: 2650:Meccans 2628:Sufyani 2471:Fatimah 2455:khalifa 2381: 2361: 2353:al-lutf 2263: 2236:Isfahan 2220:Safavid 2147:jurists 2118: 1989: 1981:Samarra 1940:Baghdad 1836: 1704:pharaoh 1698:in the 1685:Sha'ban 1672: 1633:Samarra 1544:Samarra 1489: 1443: 1418: 1402: 1386: 1370: 1354: 1338: 1322: 1306: 1290: 1189:: 1079:Hadiths 1065:ijtihad 959:Ijtihad 944:Allamah 936: ( 921: ( 842:Alevism 816:Shaykhi 804:Akhbari 794:Ja'fari 764:Samarra 754:Mashhad 749:Karbala 684:Tabarri 679:Tawalli 607:Ijtihad 547:Imamate 537:Justice 497:al-Naqi 492:al-Taqi 487:ar-Rida 433:Fatimah 344:Parents 277: 256: 235: 214: 193: 172: 151: 130: 7101:Ahmad 7048:Nizari 6838:Ahmad 6785:Nizari 6709:Ahmad 6671:Husayn 6645:"Asās" 6532:Ahmad 6494:Husayn 6468:"Asās" 6456:Hafizi 6204: 6178: 6159: 6151: 6143: 6108: 6062: 6037: 6015: 5991: 5967: 5929: 5908: 5887: 5854: 5816: 5794: 5772: 5748: 5720: 5684: 5657: 5636: 5612: 5551: 5503: 5444: 5363:19 May 5332:19 May 4943:19 May 2820:on 15 2747:, the 2718:, and 2714:, and 2616:tawqit 2559:Ghulat 2548:Dajjal 2090:fuqaha 2059:hadith 1949:wukala 1828:sardab 1814:taqiya 1803:ghayba 1721:Narjis 1689:Medina 1479:hujjat 1275:Titles 1178:Arabic 1093:Reason 1074:Qur'an 919:Marja' 887:Galibi 882:Rifa`i 787:Groups 739:Medina 612:Taqlid 577:Angels 462:Husayn 356:Narjis 91:874 CE 7222:Tahir 7157:Nizar 6894:Nizar 6666:Hasan 6489:Hasan 6292:Mahdi 6258:, by 6157:S2CID 6149:JSTOR 5965:S2CID 5848:(PDF) 5678:(PDF) 5595:Books 5491:. In 2837:Iran 2772:Kufan 2762:kunya 2694:s of 2692:Sahih 2668:Mahdi 2633:sayha 2601:Jesus 2544:Jesus 2540:Khidr 2527:bay'a 2500:Zabur 2483:Khidr 2477:Quran 2408:ulama 2346:kalam 2274:) by 2241:jihad 2232:Najaf 2224:Qajar 2198:jihad 2179:Khums 2156:ruwat 2132:hujja 2124:proof 2110:hujja 2104:ruwat 2055:Quran 2027:bay'a 1907:tamma 1729:Nubia 1713:hujja 1708:Jesus 1700:Quran 1696:Moses 1663:kunya 1603:Mahdi 1591:hayra 1575:Mahdi 1556:Zaydi 1481:Allah 1461:wahid 1449:alone 1435:wahid 1281:hujja 1269:faqīh 1213:Islam 1209:Mahdi 929:Hawza 811:Alevi 799:Usuli 744:Najaf 734:Mecca 664:Jihad 659:Khums 654:Zakat 639:Salat 617:Irfan 457:Hasan 112:Title 89: 65:12th 6654:Nabi 6477:Nabi 6320:Imam 6317:12th 6202:ISBN 6176:ISBN 6141:ISSN 6106:ISBN 6060:ISBN 6035:ISBN 6013:ISBN 5989:ISBN 5927:ISBN 5906:ISBN 5885:ISBN 5852:ISBN 5814:ISBN 5792:ISBN 5770:ISBN 5746:ISBN 5718:ISBN 5702:link 5682:ISBN 5655:ISBN 5634:ISBN 5610:ISBN 5549:ISBN 5501:ISBN 5442:ISBN 5391:2017 5365:2016 5334:2016 4945:2017 2890:1446 2882:1445 2874:1444 2866:1443 2858:1442 2850:1441 2842:1440 2818:Iran 2812:The 2698:and 2672:lit. 2645:kasf 2639:neda 2488:umma 2435:Babs 2378:lit. 2358:lit. 2316:Tusi 2299:and 2260:lit. 2234:and 2222:and 2115:lit. 1986:lit. 1977:Shia 1833:lit. 1735:and 1669:lit. 1643:and 1637:Iraq 1538:and 1512:and 1486:lit. 1440:lit. 1415:lit. 1399:lit. 1383:lit. 1367:lit. 1351:lit. 1335:lit. 1319:lit. 1303:lit. 1287:lit. 938:list 923:list 649:Hajj 644:Sawm 441:The 301:Born 274:lit. 253:lit. 232:lit. 211:lit. 190:lit. 169:lit. 148:lit. 127:lit. 7301:in 7289:in 7058:Ali 6795:Ali 6651:of 6647:or 6641:Ali 6474:of 6470:or 6464:Ali 6391:Ali 6322:of 6133:doi 6098:doi 5957:doi 2826:Qom 2781:). 2688:Ali 2658:). 2402:Nūr 2392:). 1727:or 1631:in 1429:). 1081:of 914:Law 774:Qom 452:Ali 399:on 7322:: 6192:; 6155:. 6147:. 6139:. 6129:49 6127:. 6123:. 6104:. 6077:. 5963:. 5953:39 5951:. 5698:}} 5694:{{ 5585:. 5569:. 5543:. 5530:. 5478:. 5462:. 5381:. 5355:. 5351:. 5324:. 5320:. 5284:^ 5255:^ 5171:^ 5108:^ 5055:^ 4980:^ 4953:^ 4880:^ 4661:^ 4526:^ 4511:^ 4472:^ 4457:^ 4382:^ 4319:^ 4304:^ 4275:^ 4224:^ 4185:^ 4134:^ 4117:^ 4102:^ 4063:^ 4048:^ 4029:^ 4014:^ 3997:^ 3970:^ 3955:^ 3868:^ 3853:^ 3838:^ 3823:^ 3796:^ 3769:^ 3730:^ 3715:^ 3676:^ 3593:^ 3578:^ 3559:^ 3526:^ 3507:^ 3478:^ 3451:^ 3436:^ 3419:^ 3390:^ 3371:^ 3352:^ 3321:^ 3294:^ 3243:^ 3192:^ 3093:^ 3024:^ 2995:^ 2796:d. 2777:d. 2710:, 2706:, 2636:, 2542:, 2506:d. 2424:. 2338:d. 2331:d. 2321:d. 2310:d. 2208:d. 2188:d. 2173:d. 2037:d. 1959:d. 1896:d. 1872:d. 1861:d. 1792:d. 1656:. 1635:, 1577:. 1471:d. 1251:d. 1223:AH 1215:. 1184:, 1180:: 321:CE 315:c. 311:AH 305:c. 267:) 246:) 225:) 204:) 183:) 162:) 141:) 6660:) 6643:( 6483:) 6466:( 6367:e 6360:t 6353:v 6210:. 6184:. 6163:. 6135:: 6114:. 6100:: 6068:. 6043:. 6021:. 5997:. 5971:. 5959:: 5935:. 5914:. 5893:. 5860:. 5822:. 5800:. 5778:. 5754:. 5726:. 5704:) 5690:. 5663:. 5642:. 5618:. 5557:. 5509:. 5450:. 5393:. 5367:. 5336:. 5213:. 5198:. 5183:. 4947:. 4803:. 4258:. 3938:. 3863:. 3647:. 3588:. 3304:. 3253:. 3238:. 3019:. 2793:( 2684:' 2678:' 2670:( 2566:t 2524:( 2390:' 2384:' 2376:( 2370:' 2364:' 2356:( 2318:( 2307:( 2272:' 2266:' 2258:( 2205:( 2185:( 2170:( 2127:' 2121:' 2113:( 2087:( 2034:( 2024:( 1998:' 1992:' 1984:( 1956:( 1932:( 1914:( 1893:( 1883:( 1869:( 1858:( 1845:' 1839:' 1800:( 1789:( 1681:' 1675:' 1498:' 1492:' 1484:( 1468:( 1452:' 1446:' 1438:( 1427:' 1421:' 1411:' 1405:' 1395:' 1389:' 1379:' 1373:' 1363:' 1357:' 1347:' 1341:' 1331:' 1325:' 1315:' 1309:' 1299:' 1293:' 1248:( 1176:( 1162:e 1155:t 1148:v 940:) 925:) 386:) 382:( 323:) 313:( 288:) 286:' 280:' 272:( 265:' 259:' 251:( 244:' 238:' 230:( 223:' 217:' 209:( 202:' 196:' 188:( 181:' 175:' 167:( 160:' 154:' 146:( 139:' 133:' 125:( 34:. 23:.

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