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318:. Eventually, he gained the additional prominent position of Chairman of the Presidential Intelligence Committee. Under al-Khuli's leadership, Air Force Intelligence became a powerful apparatus largely independent from scrutiny and tasked with assignments beyond its traditional roles. Practically, it oversaw the nominating of posts throughout Syria's intelligence networks and those networks' undercover activities.
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In 1994 President Assad promoted al-Khuli to
Commander of the Air Force as indicated by sources in the Syrian press. His appointment, which coincided with efforts by the Syrian government to improve ties with the West, was a surprise to observers due to al-Khuli's alleged role in the Hindawi affair.
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or abuse of authority. He is mostly depicted as "upright, competent and deep in Assad's confidence." However, al-Khouli has been accused of influencing al-Assad to strongly rely on fellow
Alawites. In 1988 an opponent of the Assad government and a former secretary-general of the Ba'ath Party was
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Al-Khouli remained close to al-Assad as a presidential adviser and still maintained strong influence within the Air Force
Intelligence apparatus. Indeed, his successor, Ibrahim al-Hwayjah belonged to the same tribe and has been described by some Syrians as "al-Khouli's creature." According to
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Historian Moshe Ma'oz explains the move as a possible attempt by al-Assad to secure the "foundations" of his government during difficult times by promoting a loyal confidant such as al-Khuli who could also be relied on to support al-Assad in his bid to nominate
35:
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358:, "it is not unlikely that al-Khouli decided to take ultimate responsibility for imprudence or missteps by Air Intelligence and to consent to the semblance of presidential disfavor in the higher interest of the regime."
342:, al-Khouli was dismissed from his intelligence post in 1987. He was transferred to his old post as Deputy Chief of the Air Force. Assad likely dismissed al-Khouli as a result of international pressure led by the
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quoted by Batatu as stating "It is possible that it was he who pushed Assad towards the slippery path of sectarianism. But he is a man with a horizon."
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Al-Khouli retired from service in June 1999 at the age of 66. Batatu asserts that al-Khuli was not tainted by official
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265:. Information on his early life is scarce, although it is known that he was not involved, nor interested, in the
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Political
Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary
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Syria's
Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics
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family descending from the
Hadadeen tribe, near the coastal city of
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Modern Syria: From
Ottoman Rule to Pivotal Role in the Middle East
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Following the attempted April 1986 bombing of an
Israeli
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In 1964 al-Khouli was appointed Deputy Chief of the
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455:"Editor's Notes: Ignoring the lessons of the past"
306:. Between 1971 and 1973 he underwent training in
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401:"SYRIA : MOHAMED EL-KHOULY - 16/11/1994"
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241:rule in Syria and during the presidency of
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294:. When al-Assad ousted the government of
233:; born 1937) was a career officer in the
302:in 1970, he appointed al-Khuli Chief of
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587:. Vol. 23. Moshe Dayan Center.
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371:as successor to the presidency.
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723:People from Latakia Governorate
584:Middle East Contemporary Survey
581:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2002).
566:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
524:. Princeton University Press.
459:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
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477:Maddy-Weitzman, 2002, p. 553.
338:in what became known as the
150:1937 (age 86–87)
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123:1994 โ June 1999
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273:in Syria in March 1963.
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560:Reich, Bernard (1990).
157:French Mandate of Syria
39:Official portrait, 1990
673:Ghassan Jaoudat Ismail
518:Batatu, Hanna (1999).
304:Air Force Intelligence
253:Al-Khouli was born in
70:Air Force Intelligence
539:Ma'oz, Moshe (1999).
504:Batatu, 1999, p. 241.
435:Batatu, p. 1999, 242.
235:Syrian Arab Air Force
196:Syrian Arab Air Force
663:Abdel-Fatah Qudsiyeh
49:Deputy Chief of the
495:Ma'oz, 1999, p. 48.
486:Ma'oz, 1999, p. 47.
444:Reich, 1990, p. 54.
405:Intelligence Online
362:Air Force Commander
211:General of the Army
296:Nureddin al-Atassi
223:Muhammad al-Khouli
104:Ibrahim al-Hwayjah
20:Muhammad al-Khouli
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462:. Retrieved
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409:. Retrieved
407:. 1994-11-16
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356:Hanna Batatu
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308:East Germany
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267:Ba'ath Party
255:Beit Yashout
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153:Beit Yashout
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100:Succeeded by
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703:1937 births
300:Salah Jadid
237:throughout
231:ู
ุญู
ุฏ ุงูุฎููู
129:Preceded by
88:Preceded by
27:ู
ุญู
ุฏ ุงูุฎููู
697:Categories
594:9652240494
573:0313262136
552:1898723834
531:0691002541
464:2023-05-12
411:2023-05-11
388:References
381:corruption
375:Later life
354:historian
271:took power
249:Early life
168:Allegiance
330:plane in
239:Ba'athist
119:In office
82:1970โ1987
78:In office
68:Chief of
63:1964โ1970
59:In office
346:and the
314:and the
259:Alawite
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332:London
290:under
277:Career
269:which
263:Jableh
227:Arabic
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328:El Al
316:Stasi
183:Syria
589:ISBN
568:ISBN
547:ISBN
526:ISBN
298:and
202:Rank
147:Born
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225:(
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