Muhammad al-Mahdi - Knowledge (XXG)

2383:) is an example which, at a high level, necessitates that a prophet or an Imam should exist at any time to guide towards God, as the manifestation of His utmost kindness towards His subjects. Other Twelver arguments aim to establish that the Hidden Imam benefits the humankind even in occultation, "just as the people benefit from the sun while it is covered by clouds." While the ordinary Twelvers were likely content with the traditions about occultation, the theologist approach to vindicating the Hidden Imam was intended to address the criticisms of the non-Twelver theologians. The two approaches were blended together by Shaykh Tusi in his substantial monograph 1244:, claimed that the eleventh Imam had an infant son named Muhammad, who was kept hidden from the public out of fear of Abbasid persecution. Uthman also claimed to represent Muhammad, who had entered a state of occultation. Other local representatives of al-Askari largely supported these assertions, while the Shia community fragmented into several sects over al-Askari's succession. All these sects, however, are said to have disappeared after a few decades except the Twelvers, who accept the son of al-Askari as the twelfth and final Imam in occultation. 1931:). The letter, ascribed to al-Mahdi, added that the complete occultation would continue until God granted him permission to manifest himself again in a time when the earth would be filled with tyranny. The letter emphasized that anyone claiming to be the deputy of the Imam henceforth had to be considered an imposter. This and similar letters to the four agents and other Shia figures are said to have had the same handwriting, suggesting that they were written by the Hidden Imam. 2415:"Light" of the prophethood has continued to shine through the ages in the character of the Imams. Thus the Hidden Imam is not viewed as inaccessible in the state of occultation. Indeed, it is popularly held that al-Mahdi occasionally appears to the pious in person or, more commonly, in dreams and visions. The accounts of these encounters are numerous and widespread in the Twelver community. Among these accounts are also the encounters of the prominent religious scholars ( 2463:. One version of this hadith reads, "If the earth had only one day of existence left to it, God would prolong that day until a man of my posterity, whose name will be my name, and his surname my surname, manifests himself; he will fill the earth, filled till then with violence and oppression, with harmony and justice." Another prophetic hadith, in circulation long before the occultation, predicted that Muhammad was to be followed by twelve successors ( 2572:, or exaggerators. Extremists or exaggerators would focus & indulge in different concepts resulting in themes that would be integrated into Twelver Shiism. Hodgson states “nor is there anything more extreme in expecting a man to return whom others regard as dead – assome of the early Ghulat did – than in the expectation of the so-called moderate Sh’ia that a man will return whom others doubt was ever born”. 1636: 2933: 2919: 2081:

underground network of representatives responsible primarily for the collection and distribution of the religious dues. The office of deputyship was thus formally closed. Despite some uncertainty, there were likely early traditions among the Shia that had already predicted the two periods of occultation. These hadiths were previously cited, for instance, by the

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second coming of al-Mahdi is the prevalence of evil on earth in the form of tyranny, injustice, and religious and moral degradation. In particular, at the time, Islam would be devoid of its soul and practiced only outwardly. Only a fraction of the Shia, those who truly practice their Imams' teachings, will remain on the righteous path in the end of time.

1609:, claimed that the Imam had an infant son, named Muhammad, who was kept hidden from the public out of fear of Abbasid persecution. As the closest associate of al-Askari, this assertion by Uthman was largely supported by other representatives of al-Askari. Those who accepted the imamate of this Muhammad later formed the Twelvers. 1698:, which is celebrated by the Shia for this occasion. The Twelver accounts describe that, except for a few trusted associates, the existence of al-Mahdi was kept secret since the Abbasids sought to eliminate the son of al-Askari, whom persistent rumors described as a savior. Hussain writes that the infant must have been sent to 2610:, when commanded by God, al-Mahdi will return to lead the forces of righteousness against the forces of evil in an apocalyptic war that would ultimately establish peace and justice on earth, according to the Twelvers. He is also viewed by the Twelvers as the restorer of true Islam. In his mission, al-Mahdi will be assisted by 1978:

denouncing the concept of occultation as a lie. Another instance was a disciple of al-Askari, named al-Karkhi, who was later condemned in a rescript, said to be written by al-Mahdi. Some miracles are also ascribed to the four agents, perceived by the faithful to be the result of their initiation by the Hidden Imam.

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As early as the fourth (ninth) century, or possibly much earlier, Shia sources identify the twelfth Imam with the messianic figure of Mahdi in Islam. The Twelver authors also aim to establish that the description of Mahdi in Sunni sources applies to the twelfth Imam. Their efforts gained considerable

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While the Abbasid threat might have initially forced al-Mahdi into occultation, his absence continues in Twelver belief until initial conditions are met for his reappearance to establish justice and peace on earth. One such condition, Sobhani writes, is humankind's readiness for the intellectual and

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The Major Occultation, a term coined later, began with the death of the fourth agent in 329 (940–941), who did not designate a successor. In this period, which continues today, there is no agent of the Hidden Imam on earth. There is some evidence that the death of the fourth agent also dissolved the

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In his new capacity as the caretaker of the office of imamate, Uthman received petitions and made available their responses, sometimes in writing. As the closest associate of al-Askari, most of al-Askari's local representatives continued to support Uthman. However, there might have been doubts among

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The Twelver theory of occultation crystallized in the first half of the fourth century AH (tenth century CE) based on rational and textual arguments. This theory, for instance, sets forth that the life of Muhammad al-Mahdi has been miraculously prolonged, arguing that the earth cannot be void of the

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While some traditions, dating back to before 260 (874), might have predicted a second occultation, the sources from the beginning of Major Occultation indicate that the prolonged absence of the Hidden Imam may have led many of the Twelvers to abandon their belief in him. His absence also provided a

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Unlike Sunni Islam, however, the belief in Mahdi of the lineage of the prophet is central to Shia Islam, in general, and to Twelver Shia, in particular, where Mahdi is identified with the twelfth Imam. Distinctive to Shia is also the doctrine of occultation or the temporary absence of Mahdi. Sunni

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The descriptions of these contacts often show the concern of the Hidden Imam for the well-being of his followers and how such encounters may prompt the believer's "spiritual resurrection," an interpretation put forward by late mystic sources. As the Hidden Imam can only be seen in the end of time,

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The authority of the four agents on behalf of the Hidden Imam was challenged by some Shia figures, more so during the term of the third agent, al-Nawbakhti. For instance, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ali al-Shalmaghani turned against al-Nawbakhti and claimed to be the rightful agent of al-Mahdi, before

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Numerous Shia hadiths predict that the reappearance of al-Mahdi would be heralded by some signs, of which some are inevitable, and others are conditional, i.e., might change by divine decision. Alternatively, some of these signs are general, and some are specific. The foremost general sign of the

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The Twelver doctrine of occultation crystallized in the first half of the fourth (tenth) century. In its simplest form, this doctrine states that Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Imam, did not die but has been concealed by God from humanity. His life has been miraculously prolonged until the day he

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sent his doctors and servants to attend the Imam. Considering that al-Askari did not have an obvious heir, it has been suggested that the caliph intended to closely monitor al-Askari from within his residence. After the death of al-Askari, there are reports that his residence was searched and the

2448:(gates). During the Major Occultation, which began in 329 (941) and continues to this day, there is no direct communication, though the Hidden Imam still remains responsible in Twelver belief for the inward spiritual guidance of humankind (whereas his outward role begins with his reappearance). 2444:

manifests himself again by God's permission to fill the earth with justice. This occultation continues until the safety of the Imam can be guaranteed, and until humankind is ready to receive his guidance. During the Minor Occultation, he remained in contact with his followers through the four

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by the Abbasid caliphs. It also appears that the idea of occultation was a well-established concept for the Shia and the related traditions were already in circulation among them. These traditions forecasted the occultation and rise of a future Imam, referred to as al-Qa'im

2064:, these doubts gradually disappeared from the Shia community, possibly due to the efforts of the Shia traditionists during the period of transition to the Major Occultation. These traditionists heavily relied on prophetic traditions and specific interpretations of the 1787:

sects. He also contested al-Askari's will and raised the case with the authorities. Al-Askari was apparently childless, and Hadith was thus regarded as the sole inheritor in Shia law. The caliph, however, ruled the inheritance to be divided between Hadith and Ja'far.

1876:), as the next representative of al-Mahdi. Abu Ja'far, who served for some forty years, has been credited with the unification of the mainstream Shia behind the son of al-Askari as the twelfth Imam in concealment. In turn, as his replacement, Abu Ja'far nominated 1537:, the (highest) proof of God, through whom the inner meanings of the Quran become accessible after the death of the prophet. This title is more pronounced for the twelfth Imam, however, possibly because of a related hadith from the tenth Imam, Ali al-Hadi. 5853: 2262:

In sum, the politically quiescent approach of the Twelver jurists over time gave way to eventually questioning the legitimacy of Shia monarchs and even attempts to restrict their power through a constitution. This evolution culminated with the concept of

1783:, who had earlier unsuccessfully laid a claim to the imamate after the death of their father, al-Hadi. Ja'far repeated his claims to the imamate after the death of al-Askari, which this time found a following in the form of the now-extinct Ja'fariyya and 2541:) to unjust rulers of the time. It is also held that the true reason for the occultation will be only known when the Imam reappears as in the story of Musa and Khidr, where the motivation of Khidr for his actions was not immediately revealed to Musa. 1557:

by the Abbasids, who are often responsible in Shia sources for poisoning the two Imams. The two Imams witnessed the deterioration of the Abbasid caliphate, as the imperial authority rapidly transitioned into the hands of the Turks, particularly after

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describe Narjis as a captured granddaughter of the Byzantine emperor and a pious woman who learned about her future union with al-Askari in a dream, though these accounts have been described as hagiographic. Possibly the correct account is given by

2811:) writes that some Sufi gnostics agreed with the Twelvers about the identity and occultation of Mahdi. As another instance, the Egyptian Sufi al-Sha'rani, not known to be sympathetic to the Shia cause, echoed the Twelver views about Mahdi in his 2733:. These hadiths have likely strengthened the popular belief in Mahdi among Muslims. Historically, various Muslim figures were identified with Mahdi or used the name as an honorific epithet with messianic significance. These include the Umayyad 1734:, a slave-girl whose name is given by various sources as Sawsan, Rayhana, Sayqal, and Maryam. The first three are names of flowers and were likely given to her by her owner in keeping with the practice of the day. Her origin is recorded as the 2176:

in order to resolve new religious questions that arose over time. Their authority also increased with time to address the need to explicate religious teachings for the community. For instance, as early as the seventh (thirteenth) century,

1274:, which continues to this day. The letter, ascribed to Muhammad al-Mahdi, added that the complete occultation would continue until God granted him permission to manifest himself again in a time when the earth would be filled with tyranny. 2521:) connects verses 28:5–6 to the rule of al-Mahdi in the end of time. In particular, verse 28:5 reads, "And We desired to show favor unto those who were oppressed in the earth, and to make them Imams and to make them the inheritors." 2762:

traditionist Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Gandji proved that the twelfth Shia Imam was Mahdi, relying solely on Sunni traditions. Since then, Amir-Moezzi writes, there is Sunni support from time to time for the Twelvers' view of Mahdi.

2697:), will rule the world in the end of time. In particular, it appears to be an accepted notion in Sunni Islam that this savior would be a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah and his son-in-law 2475:

and other canonical Sunni sources. It is argued that these twelve successors cannot include the (often immoral) Umayyad or Abbasid caliphs and, in any case, their number exceeded twelve. These twelve, he thus concludes, are the

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Nevertheless, many did not expect the occultation to continue beyond six years or beyond the fortieth birthday of al-Mahdi, and this might have contributed to an atmosphere of doubt and uncertainty among the Shia. According to

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women were examined for pregnancy, possibly in the hope of finding his heir. A female servant of al-Askari was held for a while, perhaps due to false rumors of her pregnancy designed to distract the Abbasids in their search.

1817:) due to the Abbasid threat to his life. As the special representative of al-Askari, Uthman also claimed that he had been appointed to represent the son of the eleventh Imam. A Shia tradition attributed to the sixth Imam, 2618:. He is expected to reemerge as a young man in possession of the relics of the past prophets, e.g., the staff and arc of Moses. The time of his reappearance is unknown, however, and Shia hadiths expressly forbid haste ( 1573:, who is reported to have kept the eleventh Imam under house arrest without any visitors. Instead, al-Askari is known to have mainly communicated with his followers through a network of representatives. Among them was 2534:

is reported to have answered, "To prevent his being killed." Shia traditions add two more reasons for the occultation, namely, test for the followers of the Imam and their faith, and avoiding the burden of commitment

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The Twelver literature about the doctrine of occultation is extensive, based on rational and textual arguments. One such instance is a prophetic hadith, reported by Shia and Sunni authorities, including the canonical

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in the fourth (tenth) century. Perhaps it was the relative safety of the Shia that prompted the second agent to issue a rescript to the effect that al-Mahdi remained in occultation to avoid the burden of commitment

1974:) speaks of other trusted men of the Hidden Imam in different cities in addition to the four agents. Sachedina writes that the Shia community lacked a notable figure to replace the fourth agent after his death. 2097:

As both the spiritual and political head of the Shia community, the occultation of the Hidden Imam left a considerable gap in the Shia community. This leadership vacuum was eventually filled by Twelver jurists

1887:), who is said to have been a well-respected figure in the Abbasid court. Under Abu al-Qasim, it is reported that the communications with the Hidden Imam resumed after a lapse of about twenty-five years. 2108:. Often cited to support this transition is a letter received by Ishaq ibn Ya'qub in response to his religious inquiries of the second agent. The letter, said to be written by al-Mahdi, stipulated that 1662:

When al-Askari died without leaving an obvious heir, the traditions and predictions attributed to earlier Imams were largely the basis for the existence of the son of al-Askari as the twelfth Imam; see

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suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because the caliphate had come to know about traditions among the Shia elite, predicting that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological

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and Shia traditions, however, have much in common about the career of Mahdi. In particular, Moojan Momen lists several signs before the advent of Mahdi which are common to both Sunni and Shia beliefs.

2229:) of the Hidden Imam whose authority encompassed all prerogatives of the Imam. The transition of Twelver jurists into their new role was facilitated by the formation of Shia states, particularly the 2492:

Al-Mahdi is viewed by the Twelvers as a hidden saint in view of verses 18:65–66 of the Quran and the two types of saints in those verses, namely, outwardly manifest, such as Moses, and hidden, like

1742:, and some accounts state that she was bought providentially by an agent of al-Hadi, who recognized by clairvoyance in her the future mother of al-Mahdi. In the same vein, the detailed accounts of 2206:

Considering that jurists were not directly appointed by the Hidden Imam, it was debated whether their authority should extend to functions with political implications, such as declaring holy war (

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spiritual message of the Hidden Imam. Without these conditions, he argues that al-Mahdi might be killed similar to his predecessors. Similarly, when asked about the reason for the occultation,

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At the time, the occultation of al-Mahdi was likely not a radical change for his followers. Indeed, the tenth and eleventh Imams were already effectively in occultation for the majority of the

2614:, who will kill the Dajjal or "antichrist" in some Islamic accounts. Al-Mahdi would also be accompanied by 313 loyal followers, their number identical to the number of Muslim warriors in the 2549:

In response to Sunni criticism and even ridicule, Shia scholars have argued that the longevity of the Hidden Imam, born around 868 CE, is not unreasonable given the long lives of

2653:) which calls upon men to join al-Mahdi, often followed shortly by another supernatural cry from the earth that invites men to join the enemies of al-Mahdi, the swallowing up ( 2325:), for instance, argued that the absence of an Imam does not invalidate his religion or law, as with the absence of a prophet. Concerns about inauthentic hadiths, voiced by 1282:"jurists". It is popularly held that the Hidden Imam occasionally appears to the pious. The accounts of these encounters are numerous and widespread among the Twelvers. 2480:. More generally, in Twelver collections of hadith, the reappearance of al-Mahdi is the most frequently cited subject in predictions made by the prophet, his daughter, 1511:) on the earth. Majlesi also suggests that death might be meant figuratively in this hadith, referring to the forgotten memory of al-Qa'im after his long occultation. 2314:. These pressures likely expedited a transition in Twelver arguments from a traditionist to a rationalist approach in order to vindicate the occultation of al-Mahdi. 1624:, another brother of al-Askari. Some believed that the twelfth Imam would be born in the end of time to a descendant of al-Askari, and some left the Shia community. 2977: 1267: 1670:

As for the details of his birth, Twelver sources report that the son of al-Askari was born around 255 (868). He was named Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, the same name and

2072:, in circulation long before the occultation, which stated that the prophet would be followed by twelve successors. The Hidden Imam was thus also the last Imam. 1270:

shortly before his death. The letter predicted the death of Abu al-Hasan in six days and announced the beginning of the complete occultation, later called the

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by al-Barqi (d. 893). Muhammad bin Ali bin Babawayhi (d. 991) was the one who began to mention details regarding occultation being beyond the ordinary human.

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to vindicate the imamate of al-Mahdi. In this period, possibly after 295 (908), Shia traditionists also settled the number of Imams with the help of a Sunni

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have published the accounts of some Hezbollah fighters who believed they were directly assisted by al-Mahdi in critical moments on the battlefields of the

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died in 260 (873–874) without an obvious heir. The death of the eleventh Imam divided his followers into several sects and created widespread confusion (

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Some others held that the imamate ceased with al-Askari and the Waqifites maintained that the eleventh Imam would later reemerge as the eschatological

2011:) and less frequently as al-Mahdi. These traditions were appropriated by various Shia sects in different periods. For instance, they were used by the 1821:, states that this threat was specific to Muhammad al-Mahdi, who was expected to rise, unlike his predecessors who practiced religious dissimulation ( 6280: 5638: 2315: 1939:

The number of these agents was not limited to four in early Shia sources. Sachedina suggests that the later stress of the Twelver literature on the

1901: 1256: 5712: 1836:. It is also said that the occultation took place in the family home in Samarra, where currently a mosque stands, under which there is a cellar ( 6098: 5855:

Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abū Ja'far Ibn Qiba Al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmite Shī'ite Thought

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those who see him, it is argued, have attained their end of time. For instance, publishers close to the Lebanese Shia militant organization

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Imam as the highest proof of God. In the absence of the Hidden Imam, the leadership vacuum in the Twelver community was gradually filled by

7366: 6963: 6376: 5393: 2508:, the fifth Imam, is said to have related verse 21:105 of the Quran to the rise of al-Mahdi: "And verily We have written in the scripture ( 2213: 7212: 6949: 5774: 2089:, the seventh Imam. Nevertheless, the prolonged absence of the Hidden Imam seems to have created widespread doubts among his followers. 1627:

All these sects, however, are said to have disappeared within a hundred years except the group that went on to become the Twelver Shia.

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momentum in the seventh (thirteenth) century when several notable Sunni scholars endorsed the Shia view of Mahdi. For instance, in his

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is decorated by bright lights and flags. The date of the celebration is based on the Islamic calendar and changes from year to year:

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Twelver sources detail that al-Mahdi made his only public appearance to lead the funeral prayer for his father instead of his uncle,

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Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Askari, the eschatological savior in Twelver Islam, is known by many titles, including al-Mahdi (

2259:, who was conducting the campaign. Later on, however, jurists often had to compete with the Shia monarchs for religious authority. 1915:

shortly before his death. The letter predicted the death of Abu al-Hasan in six days and announced the beginning of the complete (

7376: 552: 5696: 2960: 1531:. The title al-Hujja, on the other hand, highlights the religious function of the savior. Indeed, every Shia Imam is viewed as 1128: 5486: 1577:, who is said to have disguised himself as a seller of cooking fat to avoid the Abbasid agents, hence his nickname al-Samman. 7356: 2815:

Possibly to avoid the Shia implications of this statement, al-Idwi later falsely quoted parts of it and suppressed the rest.

2781:. On the other hand, according to Madelung, al-Aburi testified that this stipulation was later added to the tradition by the 7157: 7111: 6894: 6848: 6765: 6719: 6588: 6542: 5659: 7078: 6815: 6686: 6509: 6416: 1866: 2641:, who would later command the enemies of al-Mahdi, the rise of Yamani, who would later support al-Mahdi, the divine cry ( 7262: 7132: 6869: 6740: 6563: 5222:

Cambridge University Press on Behalf of Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 39, No. 03 (1976): P. 522

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Cambridge University Press on Behalf of Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 39, No. 03 (1976): P. 523

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matches those of the prophet, is that the name of his father, Hasan al-Askari, differs from the prophet's father,

1486:), especially because it contradicts the Twelver belief that the earth cannot be void of Imam at any time, as the 7351: 7267: 7142: 6879: 6750: 6618: 6573: 6558: 2835:. On the evening of the birthday, millions of people in the country celebrate the occasion annually. The city of 2562: 2192:(a type of Islamic alms) on activities that furthered the cause of Shia, as opposed to his predecessors, such as 2024: 1780: 1580: 999: 38: 7217: 7177: 7127: 7008: 6914: 6864: 6735: 6385: 6369: 6104: 5887: 5482: 5466: 2565:

emphasizes the miraculous qualities of al-Mahdi, adding that his long life, while unlikely, is not impossible.

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Contemporary to the tenth Imam, Caliph al-Mutawakkil violently prosecuted the Shia, partly due to the renewed

924: 2496:. As with the account of Khidr in the Quran, it is held that the Hidden Imam benefits the Islamic community ( 2156:

A few similar hadiths are attributed to the tenth and eleventh Imams. The traditions also specify that these

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opposition. The restrictive policies of al-Mutawakkil towards the tenth Imam were later adopted by his son,

1053: 684: 679: 7247: 7237: 7232: 7202: 7167: 6939: 6904: 6270: 6069:. Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. 6013: 2714: 2713:, traditions about Mahdi can be found in other canonical Sunni hadith collections, including the works of 1743: 1476: 1197: 1164: 719: 42: 7023: 6264: 4948: 7341: 7192: 7172: 7152: 7028: 6929: 6909: 6889: 6760: 6583: 5551: 2294: 1714: 6643: 5683: 5589: 2950: 2514:), after the reminder, My righteous slaves will inherit the earth." As another instance, Shaykh Tusi ( 902: 7313: 7207: 7197: 6944: 6934: 6466: 6237: 5877: 5538: 2955: 2710: 2561:(another eschatological figure), as well as secular reports about long-lived men. Along these lines, 1519: 1089: 1038: 714: 592: 534: 443: 1620:, a deceased brother of al-Askari, must have been the true Imam. Yet others accepted the imamate of 7336: 7301: 7187: 7162: 6998: 6924: 6899: 6770: 6593: 6362: 6200: 6131: 5752: 5612: 5448: 2972: 2706: 1808: 1514: 1216: 602: 562: 407: 5499: 5359: 7371: 6633: 6167: 6159: 5975: 5849: 5742: 5706: 5503: 2290: 2238: 2193: 2061: 1752: 1123: 948: 7088: 6825: 6696: 6519: 6426: 5910: 5816: 5440: 1818: 1466: 1208: 487: 418: 7018: 5389: 2056:

but also added that the large population of the Shia did not necessarily guarantee his safety.

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Al-Imam Al-Mahdi: The Just Leader of Humanity, translated by Abdulaziz Abdulhussein Sachedina

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in 1979, who called upon religious scholars to assume an active role after the toppling of

2041:) to unjust rulers of the time who were the usurpers of the Imam's right in the Shia view. 1771:

The death of al-Askari in 260 (873–874) followed a brief illness, during which the Abbasid

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writes that a major Sunni objection to the Mahdiship of the twelfth Imam, whose name and

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A widely-held Muslim belief is that a restorer of religion and justice, with the name of

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Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini

5794: 5746: 5634: 2824: 2770: 2615: 2611: 2554: 2412: 2019:, the seventh Imam, had not died but was in occultation. Even earlier, the now-extinct 1772: 1718: 1706: 1671: 1570: 1028: 989: 887: 547: 472: 6302: 7330: 7119: 7103: 7003: 6978: 6856: 6840: 6727: 6711: 6676: 6550: 6534: 6499: 6431: 6406: 6327: 6204: 6171: 6037: 5979: 2987: 2607: 2086: 2082: 2031: 2016: 2012: 1940: 1807:) claimed that al-Askari had a young son, named Muhammad, who had entered a state of 1756: 1559: 1248: 994: 959: 862: 492: 477: 467: 7043: 6973: 6059: 5770: 5720: 5427: 2938: 2477: 2471: 2230: 2042: 1964: 1954: 1635: 1605:), particularly in Iraq. Immediately after the death of al-Askari, his main agent, 1212: 964: 897: 877: 453: 380: 5931: 2726: 2353:), Shia scholars began to employ theological arguments modeled on the Mu'tazilite 2307: 2203:), who often asked the faithful to save these donations for the rise of al-Mahdi. 1779:

Al-Askari left his estate to his mother, Hadith, to the exclusion of his brother,

6147: 5573: 2502:) during the occultation, as the sun behind clouds still gives light and warmth. 17: 7048: 7038: 6983: 6446: 6436: 2718: 2326: 2256: 1963:) likely continued to operate during the Minor Occultation of al-Mahdi. Indeed, 1747: 1651: 1546: 1009: 872: 507: 497: 390: 6182:

Iran's First Revolution: Shi'ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909

1678:

as the Islamic prophet, though he is more commonly known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (

1222:, who will emerge in the end of time to establish peace and justice and redeem 7242: 7033: 6337: 6311: 5971: 5534: 2982: 2914: 2832: 2801: 2311: 2234: 2020: 1987: 1695: 411: 348: 331: 321: 6155: 2800:

There has also been some Sufi support for the Mahdiship of the twelfth Imam.

2469:

s), during whose reign the Islamic community would be united, as reported in

2722: 2428: 1694:). His birthdate is given differently, but most sources seem to agree on 15 944: 857: 826: 779: 769: 86: 5593: 2030:

The political situation of the Shia in Iraq improved after the rise of the

1705:

The birth of al-Mahdi is often compared in Twelver sources to the birth of

1553:, respectively) were held under close surveillance in the garrison town of 1084: 929: 1755:, who writes that Narjis was a slave girl born and raised in the house of 1475:

hadith, this report is not viewed as reliable by experts, writes the Shia

6668: 6613: 6608: 6491: 2738: 2659:) of an army dispatched by Sufyani in a desert, and the assassination by 2157: 1279: 1098: 882: 846: 724: 597: 394: 6163: 2918: 2223:) who first suggested that a (qualified) jurist was the general deputy ( 1862:

the Shia about his authority to collect and manage the religious funds.

1142: 6623: 6334: 2734: 2638: 2481: 2246: 1991: 1950: 1900:), ended after about seventy years with the death of the fourth agent, 1784: 1643: 1566: 1554: 1103: 1075: 969: 954: 892: 852: 821: 814: 809: 774: 764: 759: 694: 689: 617: 30:"Twelfth Imam" redirects here. For the twelfth imam in Isma'ilism, see 1255:, ended after about seventy years with the death of the fourth agent, 5996:

The Life of Imam Al-Mahdi, translated by Syed Athar Husain S.H. Rizvi

2558: 2161: 2069: 1822: 1731: 1727:) and both spoke with the authority of an adult while still a child. 1699: 749: 622: 542: 366: 1469:, connects this title to the rise of al-Qa'im after his death. As a 1247:

Uthman was followed by three more agents, collectively known as the

5328: 2336:) and others, might have given another impetus to this transition. 6064:

History of Islamic Philosophy, translated by Liadain Sherrard and

5892:

Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam

2678: 2660: 2550: 2510: 2493: 2416: 2354: 2242: 2189: 2065: 1739: 1710: 1650:, 2017. This is where the tenth and eleventh of the Twelve Imams, 1634: 1613: 1585: 1489: 1291: 1223: 1219: 939: 754: 744: 674: 669: 664: 649: 627: 587: 5190:

Hodgson, Marshall. "How did the early Shi'a become Sectarian?".

4396: 4394: 2828: 2782: 2104:), who remain the sole leaders of the Shia community during the 1647: 1527:

have more of a political emphasis than the eschatological title

1443:

The title al-Qa'im signifies the rise against tyranny, though a

659: 6358: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4199: 4197: 3450: 3448: 7068: 6805: 6651: 6474: 6401: 6281:

What evidence is there regarding the birth of Imam Mehdi (AS)?

6185:. Studies in Middle Eastern History. Oxford University Press. 5500:"HASAN AL-'ASKARI, ABU MUHAMMAD HASAN IBN 'ALI (c. AD 845-74)" 2836: 2698: 2112:

As for the events which may occur refer to the transmitters (

784: 6354: 5525:

Eliash, J. (2022). "Ḥasan Al-ʿAskarī". In Bearman, P. (ed.).

5876:

Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1970).

5487:"ISLAM IN IRAN vii. THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM" 5298: 5296: 4994: 4992: 4894: 4892: 4675: 4673: 4540: 4538: 3744: 3742: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 2663:

of the messenger of al-Mahdi, referred to as the pure soul (

5958:

Kohlberg, Etan (2009). "From Imamiyya to Ithna-ashariyya".

5841:

The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ

4333: 4331: 4318: 4316: 3984: 3982: 3882: 3880: 3729: 3727: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 1796:

Immediately after the death of al-Askari in 260 (873–874),

6242: 6132:"Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement" 5799:

Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism

5071: 5069: 5067: 4525: 4523: 4486: 4484: 4471: 4469: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4116: 4114: 4062: 4060: 4028: 4026: 3837: 3835: 3690: 3688: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 5122: 5120: 4967: 4965: 4077: 4075: 3107: 3105: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2575:

This view is supported by the absence of the occultation

2052:) suggested that the situation remains unknown until the 1957:

reckons that al-Askari's network of the representatives (

1858:). Into this well, al-Mahdi is said to have disappeared. 5661:

Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background

5617:

Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdī in Twelver Shīʻism

5360:"For Iran's Shiites, a Celebration of Faith and Waiting" 5271: 5269: 5267: 5192:

Journal of the American Oriental Society 75 (1955). P. 5

4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3969: 3967: 3852: 3850: 3783: 3781: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 2306:

basis for renewed criticisms at the time, voiced by the

1240:. Immediately after his death, his main representative, 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4148: 4146: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 3810: 3808: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3494: 3492: 3490: 1545:

Until their deaths, the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams (

5960:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

3465: 3463: 3206: 3204: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 1717:. As a child Imam, al-Mahdi is also often compared to 6100:

Patriotic Ayatollahs: Nationalism in Post-Saddam Iraq

3592: 3590: 3257: 3255: 5329:"Iran Celebrates Birthday Anniversary of Imam Mahdi" 5220:

Etan, Kohlberg. "From Imāmiyya to Ithnā-ashariyya".

5205:

Etan, Kohlberg. "From Imāmiyya to Ithnā-ashariyya".

3867: 3865: 2771: 2664: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2625: 2619: 2536: 2497: 2464: 2417: 2362: 2355: 2264: 2250: 2224: 2207: 2171: 2165: 2141: 2119: 2113: 2099: 2036: 1958: 1944: 1926: 1916: 1895: 1837: 1823: 1812: 1722: 1672: 1664: 1600: 1532: 1487: 1470: 1444: 1202: 7057: 6794: 6642: 6465: 6392: 3308: 3306: 386: 375: 354: 344: 311: 306: 122: 106: 75: 50: 2568:Historians suggest that these views stem from the 6209:Expectation of the Millennium: Shiʻism in History 5508:Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilization and Religion 1763:(the ninth Imam) and paternal aunt of al-Askari. 3195: 6233:Understanding Imamate in the Early Shia Society 5691:. Translated by Shah-Kazemi, Reza. I.B.Tauris. 2978:Final letter of Muhammad al-Mahdi to al-Samarri 2110: 5779:. Translated by Sherrard, Liadain. Routledge. 6370: 2255:against the Russians to support the Qajarite 1990:, as both Imams were held nearly isolated in 1721:, since both are viewed as the proof of God ( 1165: 8: 6260:Special specifications of Imam al-Mahdi (as) 6044:. Islamic Education and Information Center. 2673:Connections with the Islamic figure of Mahdi 2602:Signs of the appearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi 2579:raditions in early texts such as al-Qummi's 2237:dynasties in Iran. For instance, during the 55: 3655: 3222: 3027: 2682: 2388: 2368: 2270: 2125: 1996: 1878:Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti 1843: 1679: 1496: 1450: 1425: 1409: 1393: 1377: 1361: 1345: 1329: 1313: 1297: 284: 263: 242: 221: 200: 179: 158: 137: 6377: 6363: 6355: 6307: 5882:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. 5529:(Second ed.). Brill Reference Online. 5445:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World 5434:(Second ed.). Brill Reference Online. 5302: 5087: 4448: 4400: 4373: 4361: 4349: 4295: 4215: 4203: 4188: 3958: 3826: 3799: 3510: 3454: 3439: 3374: 3355: 1953:, the Shia center of the time. Similarly, 1172: 1158: 432: 402: 47: 5578:"ISLAM IN IRAN ix. THE DEPUTIES OF MAHDI" 5287: 5258: 5246: 5174: 5162: 5150: 5010: 4998: 4898: 4883: 4871: 4847: 4835: 4799: 4787: 4715: 4679: 4556: 4544: 4514: 4460: 4436: 4385: 4337: 4322: 4278: 4227: 4176: 4164: 4137: 4120: 4105: 4066: 4032: 4000: 3934: 3910: 3886: 3841: 3760: 3733: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3667: 3581: 3562: 3422: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3234: 3183: 3171: 3159: 3147: 3135: 3111: 3096: 3084: 3072: 3060: 2411:The Twelvers believe that the primordial 27:Twelfth and last of the Twelve Shia Imams 6248:The Shia Mahdi: the history of confusion 5821:Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law 5099: 4811: 4424: 4266: 2841: 2637:Among the special signs are the rise of 1949:) was likely due to their prominence in 1902:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri 1257:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri 5314: 5138: 5126: 5111: 5075: 5034: 5022: 4983: 4971: 4859: 4823: 4775: 4664: 4652: 4616: 4604: 4592: 4568: 4529: 4490: 4475: 4412: 4307: 4093: 4081: 4017: 3973: 3898: 3856: 3787: 3772: 3748: 3679: 3529: 3343: 3003: 2756:Kitab al-Bayan fi akhbar sahib al-zaman 1236:(873–874 CE), possibly poisoned by the 451: 417: 132: 37:For the ruler of Córdoba, Andalus, see 6974:Gharib Mirza (al-Mustansir Billah III) 6113:10.7591/cornell/9781501715211.001.0001 5755:. State University of New York Press. 5704: 5185: 5183: 5058: 5046: 4922: 4763: 4751: 4727: 4703: 4640: 4628: 4580: 3946: 3814: 3596: 3261: 3246: 2346:) and his student al-Shaykh al-Mufid ( 1730:Al-Mahdi is said to have been born to 1713:, who was miraculously saved from the 5477:. Vol. VIII/6. pp. 575–581. 5396:from the original on 22 February 2017 5275: 5234: 4934: 4910: 4739: 4691: 4502: 4152: 4051: 3988: 3922: 3871: 3550: 3498: 3481: 3469: 3393: 3324: 3210: 3123: 3048: 2316:Abu Sahl Isma'il ibn Ali al-Nawbakhti 2241:of 1804–1813, the eminent clerics of 2118:) of our sayings (hadith) who are my 1842:) that hides a well (Bi'r al-Ghayba, 7: 5493:. Vol. XIV/2. pp. 136–143. 5358:Slackman, Michael (30 August 2007). 3312: 5711:: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors ( 4949:"Messianism in the Shiite Crescent" 2085:in reference to the two arrests of 1465:) hadith from the sixth Shia Imam, 1266:). He is said to have received the 1192: 56: 7347:People whose existence is disputed 6092:. Vol. I/7. pp. 732–735. 5600:. Vol. X/4. pp. 341–344. 5584:. Vol. XIV/2. pp. 143–6. 2160:must be just and knowledgeable in 1911:), who is said to have received a 1829:) and were politically quiescent. 1702:, where al-Askari's mother lived. 1562:(March 822 – 11 December 861 CE). 25: 6964:Ali Shah (al-Mustansir Billah II) 6266:A Discussion concerning the Mahdi 5994:al-Qarashi, Baqir Sharif (2006). 5743:Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn 5613:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein 5339:from the original on 24 June 2016 2949:, the Occulted Imam and Mahdi of 2596:Reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi 2054:reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1865:Uthman later introduced his son, 1268:final letter of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1232:, the eleventh Imam, died in 260 6989:Khalil Allah I (Dhu'l-Faqar Ali) 6238:Identifying the infallible imam/ 5558:. Alta Mira. pp. 178, 179. 5471:"ESCHATOLOGY iii. Imami Shiʿism" 5370:from the original on 5 June 2015 2931: 2917: 1921:) occultation, later called the 1631:Birth and early life of al-Mahdi 1141: 6925:Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi's Salam 5936:. Crabtree Publishing Company. 5443:. In Martin, Richard C. (ed.). 5390:"Imam Mahdi's birthday in Iran" 2961:People claiming to be the Mahdi 2439:Twelver doctrine of occultation 2076:Major Occultation (941–present) 1665:Twelver doctrine of occultation 6097:Sayej, Caroleen Marji (2018). 5879:The Cambridge history of Islam 5823:. Princeton University Press. 5725:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam 5664:. Routledge Kegan & Paul. 5545:. Vol. II/7. p. 769. 3196:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970 2289:, the religious leader of the 2214:Zayn al-Din al-Juba'i al'Amili 1890:This period, later termed the 1204:Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mahdī 840:Other related sects and groups 1: 6417:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin 6130:Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013). 5838:Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). 5776:History Of Islamic Philosophy 5556:The New Encyclopedia of Islam 2825:birthday of Muhammad al-Mahdi 2361:. Of these, the principle of 1867:Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Uthman 325: 315: 6148:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828 5801:. Harvard University Press. 5498:Hulmes, Edward D.A. (2013). 2806: 2787: 2779:Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib 2516: 2348: 2341: 2339:Starting with ibn Babawayh ( 2331: 2320: 2297:, the last monarch of Iran. 2218: 2198: 2188:) spent the Imam's share of 2183: 2047: 1969: 1906: 1882: 1871: 1802: 1481: 1261: 1129:Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism 868:Bektashism and folk religion 7367:People of Byzantine descent 6293:Muḥammad al-Mahdī al-Ḥujjah 5658:Hussain, Jassim M. (1986). 5550:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2008). 2772: 2665: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2626: 2620: 2537: 2498: 2465: 2418: 2363: 2356: 2265: 2251: 2225: 2208: 2172: 2166: 2142: 2120: 2114: 2100: 2037: 1959: 1945: 1927: 1917: 1896: 1838: 1824: 1813: 1792:Minor Occultation (874–941) 1723: 1673: 1601: 1533: 1488: 1471: 1445: 1203: 1185:Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Mahdi 7398: 5998:. Ansariyan Publications. 5510:. Routledge. p. 217. 2827:is celebrated annually in 2749:Support from Sunni circles 2599: 2593: 2280:guardianship of the jurist 1376:), al-Hojja/Hojjat Allah ( 1289: 1124:List of Twelver Shia books 36: 29: 7296: 6325: 6317: 6310: 6022:. Imam Al Khoei Islamic. 5972:10.1017/S0041977X00050989 5888:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali 5727:. Yale University Press. 5483:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali 5467:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali 2813:al-Yawaqit wa al-Jawahir. 2796:Support from Sufi circles 2563:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai 2025:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya 1798:Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi 1581:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai 1575:Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi 1020:Other hadith collections 1000:Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih 118: 94: 83: 71: 32:al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph) 6105:Cornell University Press 5930:Richter, Joanne (2005). 5685:Doctrines of Shi'i Islam 5640:A History of Shi'i Islam 4096:, pp. 90, 139, 140. 2701:. While absent from the 2484:, and the Twelve Imams. 2423:) with the Hidden Imam. 2249:issued a declaration of 2027:and awaited his return. 1618:Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi 1616:. Others concluded that 428:The Fourteen Infallibles 7377:9th-century Arab people 7203:Ala al-Din Muhammad III 7178:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi 6960:Muhammad ibn Islam Shah 6940:Ala al-Din Muhammad III 6915:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi 6287:Encyclopedia Britannica 6276:The Days of the Newborn 6014:al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir 5439:Gleave, Robert (2004). 5426:(2022). "Al-Mahdī". In 2525:Reasons for occultation 2460:Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal 1853:well of the occultation 1592:Succession to al-Askari 1054:Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya 1024:Book of Sulaym ibn Qays 338:Samarra, Abbasid Empire 65:Imam of Twelver Shi'ism 7218:Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah 7198:Jalal al-Din Hasan III 7193:Nur al-Din Muhammad II 6935:Jalal al-Din Hasan III 6930:Nur al-Din Muhammad II 6271:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr 6179:Bayat, Mangol (1991). 6136:Middle Eastern Studies 5909:Mavani, Hamid (2013). 5527:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5432:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4352:, pp. 86, 87, 95. 2715:Abu Dawud al-Sijistani 2581:Basa’ir al-Darajat and 2301:Doctrinal developments 2154: 2140:) to you and I am the 1781:Ja'far ibn Ali al-Hadi 1744:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi 1659: 1517:notes that the titles 1477:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi 1211:to be the last of the 379:Being the last of the 43:Mahdi (disambiguation) 41:. For other uses, see 39:Muhammad II of Córdoba 7357:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi 7253:Sadr al-Din Miuhammad 7213:Shams al-Din Muhammad 7029:Shah Khalil Allah III 6950:Shams al-Din Muhammad 6786:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib 6609:Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz 6457:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi 5598:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5582:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5543:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5491:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5475:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5451:. pp. 273, 274. 2947:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib 2741:, among many others. 2600:Further information: 2295:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1638: 1541:Historical background 1207:) is believed by the 1148:Shia Islam portal 583:Imamate of the Family 7208:Rukn al-Din Khurshah 7099:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 6945:Rukn al-Din Khurshah 6836:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 6707:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 6634:Sulayman Badr al-Din 6530:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 6201:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 6090:Encyclopædia Iranica 5114:, pp. 116, 117. 4790:, pp. 109, 110. 4778:, pp. 142, 143. 4718:, pp. 101, 107. 4631:, pp. 189, 190. 4619:, pp. 148, 149. 4595:, pp. 149, 150. 4583:, pp. 177, 178. 4439:, pp. 106, 107. 3925:, pp. 161, 162. 3396:, pp. 162, 163. 3288:, pp. 184, 185. 2956:Theology of Twelvers 2819:Birthday celebration 2785:transmitter Za'ida ( 2711:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj 2624:) and setting time ( 2151:ascribed to al-Mahdi 2023:denied the death of 1913:letter from al-Mahdi 1897:al-ghaybat al-sughra 1193:محمد بن الحسن المهدي 1039:Reality of Certainty 715:Mourning of Muharram 593:Mourning of Muharram 6999:Khalil Allah II Ali 5850:Modarressi, Hossein 5753:Sayyid Hossein Nasr 5590:Arjomand, Said Amir 5504:Netton, Ian Richard 5449:Macmillan Reference 4766:, pp. 192–195. 4403:, pp. 99, 100. 3991:, pp. 162–164. 3763:, pp. 218–222. 3721:, pp. 87, 206. 2973:Occultation (Islam) 2707:Muhammad al-Bukhari 2606:Shortly before the 2398:book of occultation 2146:of God to you all . 1928:al-ghaybat al-kubra 1515:Abdulaziz Sachedina 1344:), Saheb al-Zaman ( 720:Arba'een Pilgrimage 57:مُحَمَّد ٱلْمَهْدِي 7183:Hasan (I) al-Qahir 7163:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 7094:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 6920:Hasan (I) al-Qahir 6900:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 6831:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 6771:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 6702:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 6594:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 6525:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 6084:Hairi, A. (1984). 5364:The New York Times 4802:, pp. 79, 80. 4298:, pp. 96. 97. 4206:, pp. 87, 88. 3751:, pp. 68, 69. 3670:, pp. 39, 40. 3513:, pp. 80, 81. 3484:, pp. 59, 60. 3457:, pp. 79, 80. 3138:, pp. 25, 26. 3126:, pp. 43, 44. 3087:, pp. 59, 69. 2951:Tayyibi Isma'ilism 2630:) for his return. 2291:Iranian Revolution 2194:al-Shaykh al-Mufid 2062:Hossein Modarressi 1946:al-nuwwab al-arba' 1689:the rightly guided 1660: 1435:the remnant of God 1424:), Baqiyat Allah ( 1408:), Sahib al-Haqq ( 1307:the rightly guided 983:Hadith collections 210:the remnant of God 147:the rightly guided 52:Muhammad al-Mahdi 7362:9th-century imams 7322: 7321: 7138:Isma'il al-Mansur 7128:Abdallah al-Mahdi 7084:Muhammad al-Baqir 6969:Abd al-Salam Shah 6875:Isma'il al-Mansur 6865:Abdallah al-Mahdi 6821:Muhammad al-Baqir 6776:Ahmad al-Musta'li 6746:Isma'il al-Mansur 6741:Muhammad al-Qa'im 6736:Abdallah al-Mahdi 6692:Muhammad al-Baqir 6599:Ahmad al-Musta'li 6569:Isma'il al-Mansur 6564:Muhammad al-Qa'im 6559:Abdallah al-Mahdi 6515:Muhammad al-Baqir 6442:Muhammad al-Jawad 6422:Muhammad al-Baqir 6353: 6352: 6347:Major Occultation 6312:Shia Islam titles 6192:978-0-19-506822-1 5933:Iran: The Culture 5922:978-0-415-62440-4 5141:, pp. 118–9. 5013:, pp. 194–5. 4754:, pp. 190–2. 4667:, pp. 147–8. 3802:, pp. 77–79. 2925:Shia Islam portal 2908: 2907: 2904:14 February 2025 2896:25 February 2024 2666:al-nafs al-zakiya 2532:Muhammad al-Baqir 2506:Muhammad al-Baqir 2452:Hadith literature 2287:Ruhollah Khomeini 2239:Russo-Iranian war 2212:). It was likely 2179:Muhaqqiq al-Hilli 2106:Major Occultation 2093:Leadership vacuum 1923:Major Occultation 1892:Minor Occultation 1761:Muhammad al-Jawad 1419:lord of the truth 1403:lord of the cause 1392:), Sahib al-Amr ( 1272:Major Occultation 1253:Minor Occultation 1201: 1182: 1181: 1078:and jurisprudence 685:Nahy ani l-Munkar 525: 524: 401: 400: 252:lord of the cause 18:Muhammad al Mahdi 16:(Redirected from 7389: 7352:Shia eschatology 7288:Amir Muhammad II 7122:(Radhi Abdallah) 7014:Sayyid Hasan Ali 6859:(Radhi Abdallah) 6730:(Radhi Abdallah) 6624:Abdallah al-Adid 6614:Isma'il al-Zafir 6553:(Radhi Abdallah) 6379: 6372: 6365: 6356: 6318:Preceded by 6308: 6222: 6196: 6175: 6126: 6093: 6086:"AḴŪND ḴORĀSĀNĪ" 6080: 6055: 6033: 6009: 5983: 5947: 5926: 5905: 5883: 5872: 5861:. Darwin Press. 5860: 5845: 5834: 5817:Goldziher, Ignaz 5812: 5790: 5766: 5751:. Translated by 5738: 5716: 5710: 5702: 5690: 5675: 5654: 5630: 5601: 5585: 5569: 5546: 5530: 5521: 5494: 5478: 5462: 5435: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5187: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5025:, pp. 17–8. 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4533: 4527: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4479: 4473: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4326: 4320: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4179:, pp. 97–8. 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4141: 4135: 4124: 4118: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4070: 4064: 4055: 4049: 4036: 4030: 4021: 4015: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3977: 3971: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3875: 3869: 3860: 3854: 3845: 3839: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3737: 3731: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3656:Amir-Moezzi 2007 3653: 3600: 3594: 3585: 3579: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3533: 3527: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3458: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3426: 3420: 3397: 3391: 3378: 3372: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3223:Amir-Moezzi 2016 3220: 3214: 3208: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3075:, pp. 60–1. 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3031: 3028:Amir-Moezzi 1998 3025: 2967:Princess of Rome 2941: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2927: 2922: 2921: 2842: 2810: 2808: 2791: 2789: 2775: 2767:Wilferd Madelung 2737:and the Abbasid 2731:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2668: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2629: 2623: 2584:Kitab al-Mahasin 2540: 2520: 2518: 2501: 2468: 2433:2006 Lebanon War 2421: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2352: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2335: 2333: 2324: 2322: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2266:wilayat al-faqih 2254: 2228: 2222: 2220: 2211: 2202: 2200: 2187: 2185: 2175: 2169: 2152: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2117: 2103: 2051: 2049: 2040: 2010: 2007: 2006:he who will rise 2004: 2001: 1998: 1973: 1971: 1962: 1948: 1930: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1899: 1886: 1884: 1875: 1873: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1827: 1816: 1806: 1804: 1767:Abbasid reaction 1736:Byzantine Empire 1726: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1676: 1640:Al-Askari Shrine 1607:Uthman ibn Sa'id 1604: 1536: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1485: 1483: 1474: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328:), al-Montazar ( 1327: 1324: 1323:he who will rise 1321: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1265: 1263: 1242:Uthman ibn Sa'id 1206: 1196: 1194: 1174: 1167: 1160: 1146: 1145: 1049:Mafatih al-Jinan 1034:Wasā'il al-Shīʿa 1005:Tahdhib al-Ahkam 608:Wilayat al-Faqih 433: 403: 330: 327: 320: 317: 298: 295: 294:awaited to Zahra 292: 289: 286: 277: 274: 273:the proof of God 271: 268: 265: 256: 253: 250: 247: 244: 235: 232: 229: 226: 223: 214: 211: 208: 205: 202: 193: 190: 187: 184: 181: 172: 169: 168:he who will rise 166: 163: 160: 151: 148: 145: 142: 139: 109: 99: 60: 59: 58: 48: 21: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7327: 7326: 7323: 7318: 7292: 7273:Mu'in al-Din II 7153:Mansur al-Hakim 7143:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 7114:(Taqi Muhammad) 7089:Ja'far al-Sadiq 7061: 7053: 7024:Abu'l-Hasan Ali 6994:Nur al-Dahr Ali 6890:Mansur al-Hakim 6880:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 6851:(Taqi Muhammad) 6826:Ja'far al-Sadiq 6798: 6790: 6761:Mansur al-Hakim 6751:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 6722:(Taqi Muhammad) 6697:Ja'far al-Sadiq 6638: 6584:Mansur al-Hakim 6574:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 6545:(Taqi Muhammad) 6520:Ja'far al-Sadiq 6461: 6452:Hasan al-Askari 6427:Ja'far al-Sadiq 6388: 6383: 6341: 6323: 6321:Hasan al-Askari 6289: 6256: 6229: 6219: 6199: 6193: 6178: 6129: 6123: 6096: 6083: 6077: 6066:Philip Sherrard 6058: 6052: 6036: 6030: 6019:Awaited Saviour 6012: 6006: 5993: 5990: 5988:Further reading 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I.B. Tauris. 5635:Daftary, Farhad 5633: 5627: 5611: 5608: 5588: 5572: 5566: 5549: 5533: 5524: 5518: 5497: 5481: 5465: 5459: 5447:. Vol. 2. 5438: 5422: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5340: 5327:Staff writers. 5326: 5325: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5303:Modarressi 1993 5301: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5188: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5125: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5088:Modarressi 1993 5086: 5082: 5074: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4970: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4536: 4528: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4482: 4474: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4449:Modarressi 1993 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4401:Modarressi 1993 4399: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4374:Modarressi 1993 4372: 4368: 4362:Modarressi 1993 4360: 4356: 4350:Modarressi 1993 4348: 4344: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4296:Modarressi 1993 4294: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4265: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4216:Modarressi 1993 4214: 4210: 4204:Modarressi 1993 4202: 4195: 4189:Modarressi 1993 4187: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4144: 4136: 4127: 4119: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4058: 4050: 4039: 4031: 4024: 4016: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3965: 3959:Modarressi 1993 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3878: 3870: 3863: 3855: 3848: 3840: 3833: 3827:Modarressi 1993 3825: 3821: 3813: 3806: 3800:Modarressi 1993 3798: 3794: 3786: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3740: 3732: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3603: 3595: 3588: 3580: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3536: 3528: 3517: 3511:Modarressi 1993 3509: 3505: 3497: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3461: 3455:Modarressi 1993 3453: 3446: 3440:Modarressi 1993 3438: 3429: 3421: 3400: 3392: 3381: 3375:Modarressi 1993 3373: 3362: 3356:Modarressi 1993 3354: 3350: 3342: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3034: 3026: 3005: 3001: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2913: 2821: 2805: 2798: 2786: 2751: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2675: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2547: 2527: 2515: 2490: 2454: 2441: 2409: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2385:Kitab al-Ghayba 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2347: 2340: 2330: 2319: 2303: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2217: 2197: 2182: 2170:) of hadith to 2153: 2150: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2095: 2078: 2046: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1984: 1968: 1937: 1905: 1881: 1870: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1819:Ja'far al-Sadiq 1801: 1794: 1769: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1656:Hasan al-Askari 1633: 1597:Hasan al-Askari 1594: 1551:Hasan al-Askari 1543: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1480: 1467:Ja'far al-Sadiq 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1357: 1355:lord of the age 1354: 1351: 1348: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1288: 1260: 1230:Hasan al-Askari 1178: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1118: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1094:The Infallibles 1079: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1044:Nahj al-Balagha 1016: 984: 976: 975: 974: 919: 911: 910: 909: 841: 833: 832: 831: 799: 791: 790: 789: 739: 731: 730: 729: 709: 708:Other practices 701: 700: 699: 680:Amr bi-l maʿrūf 644: 634: 633: 632: 577: 569: 568: 567: 537: 527: 526: 430: 419:Twelver Shi'ism 371: 362:Hasan al-Askari 340: 335: 328: 318: 302: 296: 293: 290: 287: 282: 275: 272: 269: 266: 261: 254: 251: 248: 245: 240: 233: 230: 227: 224: 219: 212: 209: 206: 203: 198: 191: 189:lord of the age 188: 185: 182: 177: 176:Sahib al-Zaman 170: 167: 164: 161: 156: 149: 146: 143: 140: 135: 131: 130: 113:Hasan al-Askari 107: 101: 95: 90: 67: 61: 54: 53: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7395: 7393: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7329: 7328: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7258:Mu'in al-Din I 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7238:Radi al-Din II 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7117: 7109: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7074:Husayn ibn Ali 7071: 7065: 7063: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6854: 6846: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6811:Husayn ibn Ali 6808: 6802: 6800: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6781:Mansur al-Amir 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6725: 6717: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6648: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6629:Dawud al-Hamid 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6604:Mansur al-Amir 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6548: 6540: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6471: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6412:Husayn ibn Ali 6409: 6404: 6398: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6359: 6351: 6350: 6343: 6342:874 – present 6324: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6262: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6228: 6227:External links 6225: 6224: 6223: 6217: 6211:. SUNY Press. 6197: 6191: 6176: 6142:(3): 430–453. 6127: 6121: 6107:. p. 67. 6103:. Ithaca, NY: 6094: 6081: 6075: 6056: 6050: 6038:Amini, Ibrahim 6034: 6028: 6010: 6004: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5966:(3): 521–534. 5953: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5942: 5927: 5921: 5906: 5900: 5894:. SUNY Press. 5884: 5873: 5867: 5846: 5835: 5829: 5813: 5807: 5791: 5785: 5767: 5761: 5739: 5733: 5717: 5697: 5676: 5670: 5655: 5649: 5631: 5626:978-0873954426 5625: 5619:. Suny press. 5607: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5586: 5570: 5564: 5547: 5531: 5522: 5516: 5495: 5479: 5463: 5457: 5436: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5381: 5350: 5319: 5307: 5292: 5288:Sachedina 1981 5280: 5278:, p. 168. 5263: 5261:, p. 150. 5259:Sachedina 1981 5251: 5249:, p. 171. 5247:Sachedina 1981 5239: 5237:, p. 166. 5227: 5212: 5197: 5179: 5177:, p. 194. 5175:Tabatabai 1975 5167: 5165:, p. 201. 5163:Goldziher 1981 5155: 5151:Sachedina 1981 5143: 5131: 5116: 5104: 5102:, p. 526. 5092: 5080: 5078:, p. 113. 5063: 5051: 5039: 5037:, p. 115. 5027: 5015: 5011:Tabatabai 1975 5003: 5001:, p. 186. 4999:Tabatabai 1975 4988: 4986:, p. 118. 4976: 4961: 4939: 4937:, p. 199. 4927: 4915: 4903: 4901:, p. 181. 4899:Sachedina 1981 4888: 4886:, p. 134. 4884:Sachedina 1981 4876: 4874:, p. 112. 4872:Sachedina 1981 4864: 4862:, p. 144. 4852: 4850:, p. 109. 4848:Sachedina 1981 4840: 4838:, p. 110. 4836:Sachedina 1981 4828: 4816: 4804: 4800:Sachedina 1981 4792: 4788:Sachedina 1981 4780: 4768: 4756: 4744: 4742:, p. 191. 4732: 4730:, p. 189. 4720: 4716:Sachedina 1981 4708: 4706:, p. 188. 4696: 4694:, p. 190. 4684: 4682:, p. 107. 4680:Sachedina 1981 4669: 4657: 4655:, p. 148. 4645: 4643:, p. 187. 4633: 4621: 4609: 4607:, p. 150. 4597: 4585: 4573: 4571:, p. 149. 4561: 4559:, p. 101. 4557:Sachedina 1981 4549: 4547:, p. 149. 4545:Sachedina 1981 4534: 4532:, p. 147. 4519: 4517:, p. 100. 4515:Sachedina 1981 4507: 4505:, p. 170. 4495: 4493:, p. 143. 4480: 4478:, p. 141. 4465: 4461:Sachedina 1981 4453: 4441: 4437:Sachedina 1981 4429: 4427:, p. 529. 4417: 4405: 4390: 4386:Sachedina 1981 4378: 4376:, p. 105. 4366: 4354: 4342: 4340:, p. 105. 4338:Sachedina 1981 4327: 4325:, p. 102. 4323:Sachedina 1981 4312: 4300: 4283: 4281:, p. 151. 4279:Sachedina 1981 4271: 4232: 4228:Sachedina 1981 4220: 4208: 4193: 4181: 4177:Sachedina 1981 4169: 4165:Sachedina 1981 4157: 4155:, p. 163. 4142: 4138:Sachedina 1981 4125: 4121:Sachedina 1981 4110: 4106:Sachedina 1981 4098: 4086: 4084:, p. 140. 4071: 4067:Sachedina 1981 4056: 4054:, p. 164. 4037: 4033:Sachedina 1981 4022: 4005: 4001:Sachedina 1981 3993: 3978: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3937:, p. 233. 3935:Donaldson 1933 3927: 3915: 3913:, p. 234. 3911:Donaldson 1933 3903: 3891: 3889:, p. 104. 3887:Sachedina 1981 3876: 3861: 3846: 3842:Sachedina 1981 3831: 3819: 3804: 3792: 3777: 3765: 3761:Donaldson 1933 3753: 3738: 3736:, p. 222. 3734:Donaldson 1933 3723: 3719:Sachedina 1981 3711: 3707:Sachedina 1981 3699: 3695:Sachedina 1981 3684: 3672: 3668:Sachedina 1981 3660: 3601: 3586: 3584:, p. 185. 3582:Tabatabai 1975 3567: 3565:, p. 229. 3563:Donaldson 1933 3555: 3553:, p. 161. 3534: 3515: 3503: 3501:, p. 162. 3486: 3474: 3459: 3444: 3427: 3423:Sachedina 1981 3398: 3379: 3360: 3348: 3329: 3317: 3302: 3298:Sachedina 1981 3290: 3286:Tabatabai 1975 3278: 3274:Sachedina 1981 3266: 3251: 3239: 3235:Sachedina 1981 3227: 3215: 3200: 3198:, p. 126. 3188: 3184:Sachedina 1981 3176: 3174:, p. 209. 3172:Donaldson 1933 3164: 3160:Sachedina 1981 3152: 3148:Sachedina 1981 3140: 3136:Sachedina 1981 3128: 3116: 3112:Sachedina 1981 3101: 3097:Sachedina 1981 3089: 3085:Sachedina 1981 3077: 3073:Sachedina 1981 3065: 3061:Sachedina 1981 3053: 3051:, p. 165. 3032: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2943: 2942: 2928: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2880:19 March 2022 2878: 2874: 2873: 2872:29 March 2021 2870: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2856:21 April 2019 2854: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2820: 2817: 2797: 2794: 2750: 2747: 2692:rightly guided 2674: 2671: 2616:Battle of Badr 2594:Main article: 2591: 2588: 2546: 2543: 2526: 2523: 2489: 2486: 2453: 2450: 2440: 2437: 2408: 2405: 2302: 2299: 2148: 2094: 2091: 2077: 2074: 2015:to argue that 1983: 1982:Shia community 1980: 1936: 1935:Shia authority 1933: 1874: 916–917 1834:Ja'far al-Zaki 1793: 1790: 1768: 1765: 1759:, daughter of 1632: 1629: 1622:Ja'far al-Zaki 1593: 1590: 1542: 1539: 1360:), al-Gha'ib ( 1287: 1284: 1264: 940–941 1217:eschatological 1180: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1169: 1162: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1117:Related topics 1116: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1029:Bihar al-Anwar 1026: 1017: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 990:The Four Books 986: 985: 982: 981: 978: 977: 973: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 942: 937: 927: 921: 920: 917: 916: 913: 912: 908: 907: 906: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 849: 843: 842: 839: 838: 835: 834: 830: 829: 824: 819: 818: 817: 812: 801: 800: 797: 796: 793: 792: 788: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 741: 740: 737: 736: 733: 732: 728: 727: 722: 717: 711: 710: 707: 706: 703: 702: 698: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 646: 645: 640: 639: 636: 635: 631: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 579: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 566: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 539: 538: 533: 532: 529: 528: 523: 522: 521: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 457: 456: 449: 448: 447: 446: 441: 431: 426: 425: 422: 421: 415: 414: 399: 398: 388: 384: 383: 377: 376:Known for 373: 372: 370: 369: 364: 358: 356: 352: 351: 346: 342: 341: 336: 313: 309: 308: 304: 303: 301: 300: 281:Yusuf-e-Zahra 279: 258: 237: 216: 197:Baqiyat Allah 195: 174: 153: 129:List of titles 128: 127: 126: 124: 120: 119: 116: 115: 110: 104: 103: 97:Assumed office 92: 91: 84: 81: 80: 73: 72: 69: 68: 62: 51: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7394: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7325: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7278:Amir Muhammad 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7263:Atiyyat Allah 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7228:Radi al-Din I 7226: 7224: 7223:Muhammad Shah 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7148:Nizar al-Aziz 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7079:Ali al-Sajjad 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7004:Shah Nizar II 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6979:Abu Dharr Ali 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6885:Nizar al-Aziz 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6816:Ali al-Sajjad 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799:(Qasim-Shahi) 6797: 6793: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6756:Nizar al-Aziz 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6687:Ali al-Sajjad 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6579:Nizar al-Aziz 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6510:Ali al-Sajjad 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6432:Musa al-Kazim 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6407:Hasan ibn Ali 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6380: 6375: 6373: 6368: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6322: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6218:0-88706-843-X 6214: 6210: 6206: 6205:Hamid Dabashi 6202: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6122:9781501714856 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6078: 6076:0-7103-0416-1 6072: 6068: 6067: 6061: 6060:Corbin, Henry 6057: 6053: 6051:0-9680717-0-8 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6029:0-686-90398-6 6025: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6005:964-438-806-2 6001: 5997: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5943:9780778793175 5939: 5935: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5915:. Routledge. 5914: 5913: 5907: 5903: 5901:9780791494790 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5874: 5870: 5868:9780878500956 5864: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5836: 5832: 5830:9781400843510 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5808:9780674737075 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5786:9781135198893 5782: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5771:Corbin, Henry 5768: 5764: 5762:0-87395-390-8 5758: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5748:Shi'ite Islam 5744: 5740: 5736: 5734:9780300034998 5730: 5726: 5722: 5721:Momen, Moojan 5718: 5714: 5708: 5700: 5694: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5671:9780710301581 5667: 5663: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5650:9780755608669 5646: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5574:Klemm, Verena 5571: 5567: 5565:9781905299683 5561: 5557: 5553: 5552:"Hidden Imām" 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5519: 5517:9781135179670 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5458:0-02-865604-0 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5417:Encyclopedias 5416: 5411: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5382: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5354: 5351: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5320: 5317:, p. 14. 5316: 5311: 5308: 5305:, p. 91. 5304: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5290:, p. 69. 5289: 5284: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5228: 5223: 5216: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5156: 5153:, p. 104 5152: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5132: 5129:, p. 17. 5128: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5100:Kohlberg 2009 5096: 5093: 5090:, p. 99. 5089: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5061:, p. 65. 5060: 5055: 5052: 5049:, p. 71. 5048: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4977: 4974:, p. 67. 4973: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4950: 4947:Cook, David. 4943: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4928: 4925:, p. 70. 4924: 4919: 4916: 4913:, p. 65. 4912: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4829: 4826:, p. 65. 4825: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4812:Arjomand 2000 4808: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4463:, p. 85. 4462: 4457: 4454: 4451:, p. 93. 4450: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4425:Kohlberg 2009 4421: 4418: 4415:, p. 19. 4414: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4388:, p. 79. 4387: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4367: 4364:, p. 96. 4363: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4310:, p. 68. 4309: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4267:Madelung 2022 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4230:, p. 61. 4229: 4224: 4221: 4218:, p. 89. 4217: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4191:, p. 94. 4190: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4170: 4167:, p. 98. 4166: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4140:, p. 99. 4139: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4123:, p. 97. 4122: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4108:, p. 88. 4107: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4069:, p. 96. 4068: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4035:, p. 84. 4034: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4020:, p. 66. 4019: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4003:, p. 92. 4002: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3976:, p. 64. 3975: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3961:, p. 79. 3960: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3904: 3901:, p. 88. 3900: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3859:, p. 77. 3858: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3844:, p. 90. 3843: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3829:, p. 82. 3828: 3823: 3820: 3817:, p. 90. 3816: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3793: 3790:, p. 76. 3789: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3775:, p. 69. 3774: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3712: 3709:, p. 74. 3708: 3703: 3700: 3697:, p. 72. 3696: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3682:, p. 75. 3681: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3532:, p. 70. 3531: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3472:, p. 60. 3471: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3442:, p. 92. 3441: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3425:, p. 41. 3424: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3377:, p. 77. 3376: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3358:, p. 80. 3357: 3352: 3349: 3346:, p. 63. 3345: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3327:, p. 59. 3326: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3300:, p. 40. 3299: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3276:, p. 30. 3275: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3237:, p. 29. 3236: 3231: 3228: 3225:, p. 65. 3224: 3219: 3216: 3213:, p. 44. 3212: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3189: 3186:, p. 26. 3185: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3165: 3162:, p. 25. 3161: 3156: 3153: 3150:, p. 28. 3149: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3117: 3114:, p. 67. 3113: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3099:, p. 68. 3098: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3063:, p. 60. 3062: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2993:Du'a al-Faraj 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2888:8 March 2023 2887: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2864:9 April 2020 2863: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2803: 2795: 2793: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2680: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2608:Last Judgment 2603: 2597: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2533: 2524: 2522: 2513: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2495: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2473: 2467: 2462: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2414: 2406: 2404: 2386: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2337: 2328: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2267: 2260: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2215: 2210: 2204: 2195: 2191: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2147: 2144: 2122: 2116: 2109: 2107: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2087:Musa al-Kazim 2084: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2055: 2044: 2039: 2033: 2032:Buyid dynasty 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2017:Musa al-Kazim 2014: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1941:Four Deputies 1934: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 940-41 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1885: 937-38 1879: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1799: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1774: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1757:Hakima Khatun 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1677: 1675: 1668: 1666: 1658:, are buried. 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1560:al-Mutawakkil 1556: 1552: 1548: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1493: 1491: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1447: 1441: 1312:), al-Qa'im ( 1293: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249:Four Deputies 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1199: 1190: 1186: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1114: 1113: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1019: 1018: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 995:Kitab al-Kafi 993: 992: 991: 988: 987: 980: 979: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 960:Seghatoleslam 958: 956: 953: 950: 946: 943: 941: 938: 935: 931: 928: 926: 923: 922: 915: 914: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 855: 854: 850: 848: 845: 844: 837: 836: 828: 825: 823: 820: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 806: 803: 802: 795: 794: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 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Khan III 6895:Ali al-Zahir 6858: 6850: 6843:(Wafi Ahmad) 6842: 6766:Ali al-Zahir 6729: 6721: 6714:(Wafi Ahmad) 6713: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6619:Isa al-Fa'iz 6589:Ali al-Zahir 6552: 6544: 6537:(Wafi Ahmad) 6536: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6456: 6345: 6326: 6265: 6254:Al-Islam.org 6243:Twelfth Imam 6208: 6181: 6139: 6135: 6099: 6089: 6063: 6041: 6018: 5995: 5963: 5959: 5932: 5911: 5891: 5878: 5854: 5844:. 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al-Hadi 6447:Ali al-Hadi 6437:Ali al-Rida 5698:01860647804 5441:"GHAYBA(T)" 5428:Bearman, P. 5059:Pierce 2016 5047:Corbin 2014 4923:Corbin 2014 4764:Mavani 2013 4752:Mavani 2013 4728:Mavani 2013 4704:Mavani 2013 4641:Mavani 2013 4629:Mavani 2013 4581:Mavani 2013 3947:Glassé 2008 3815:Pierce 2016 3597:Gleave 2004 3262:Eliash 2022 3247:Hulmes 2013 2809: 1066 2719:al-Tirmidhi 2519: 1067 2407:Visitations 2351: 1022 2257:Abbas Mirza 2221: 1558 2201: 1022 2186: 1277 2162:Islamic law 1809:occultation 1773:al-Mu'tamid 1748:Shaykh Tusi 1652:Ali al-Hadi 1571:al-Mu'tamid 1547:Ali al-Hadi 1484: 1699 1339:the awaited 1074:Sources of 1010:Al-Istibsar 918:Scholarship 873:Malamatiyya 851:Sufism and 738:Holy cities 603:Occultation 553:Prophethood 391:Ahl al-Bayt 231:the awaited 108:Preceded by 7337:869 births 7331:Categories 7243:Shah Tahir 7034:Aga Khan I 7009:Sayyid Ali 6957:Islam Shah 6954:Qasim Shah 6386:Shia Imams 6338:Shia Islam 5276:Momen 1985 5235:Momen 1985 4935:Momen 1985 4911:Momen 1985 4740:Momen 1985 4692:Momen 1985 4503:Momen 1985 4153:Momen 1985 4052:Momen 1985 3989:Momen 1985 3923:Momen 1985 3872:Klemm 2007 3551:Momen 1985 3499:Momen 1985 3482:Momen 1985 3470:Momen 1985 3394:Momen 1985 3325:Momen 1985 3211:Momen 1985 3124:Momen 1985 3049:Momen 1985 2999:References 2988:Du'a Nudba 2983:Dua-e Ahad 2802:Al-Bayhaqi 2557:, and the 2344: 991 2334: 995 2323: 923 2312:Ash'arites 2173:mujtahidun 2050: 991 2021:Kaysanites 1972: 991 1805: 880 1387:the proof 1371:the hidden 1290:See also: 888:Bektashism 543:Monotheism 535:Principles 412:Shia Islam 349:Shia islam 329: 868 319: 255 7372:Husaynids 7283:Haydar II 7268:Aziz Shah 7104:Abdallah 7062:(Mu'mini) 7019:Qasim Ali 6841:Abdallah 6712:Abdallah 6535:Abdallah 6172:143672216 6156:0026-3206 5980:155070530 5707:cite book 5539:"ʿASKARĪ" 3313:Halm 1987 2727:al-Nasa'i 2723:ibn Majah 2545:Longevity 2429:Hezbollah 2083:Waqifites 2013:Waqifites 1198:romanized 1099:Consensus 945:Ayatollah 863:Safaviyya 858:Qizilbash 780:Kadhimiya 770:Jerusalem 642:Practices 513:al-Askari 478:al-Sajjad 387:Relatives 155:al-Qa'im 134:al-Mahdi 87:Incumbent 78:Shia Imam 7248:Haydar I 7188:Hasan II 7133:al-Qa'im 6870:al-Qa'im 6669:Muhammad 6492:Muhammad 6207:(1989). 6164:23471080 6062:(1993). 6040:(1996). 6016:(1983). 5952:Articles 5890:(2016). 5852:(1993). 5819:(1981). 5797:(2016). 5773:(2014). 5745:(1975). 5723:(1985). 5682:(2001). 5637:(2013). 5615:(1981). 5592:(2000). 5576:(2007). 5537:(1987). 5535:Halm, H. 5485:(2007). 5469:(1998). 5394:Archived 5368:Archived 5337:Archived 2911:See also 2739:al-Mahdi 2621:este'jal 2378:kindness 2149:— 1785:Fathiyya 1753:al-Mufid 1529:al-Mahdi 1520:al-Qa'im 1238:Abbasids 1215:and the 1059:Al-Amali 883:Hurufism 847:Alawites 518:al-Mahdi 493:al-Kazim 488:al-Sadiq 483:al-Baqir 439:Muhammad 408:a series 406:Part of 395:Husaynid 345:Religion 307:Personal 63:Twelfth 7382:Mahdism 7309:caliphs 7307:Fatimid 7120:Husayn 6857:Husayn 6728:Husayn 6660:"Wāsih" 6644:Tayyibi 6551:Husayn 6483:"Wāsih" 6394:Twelver 6335:Twelver 6298:Ghaybah 5594:"ḠAYBA" 5506:(ed.). 5430:(ed.). 5412:Sources 5400:9 April 2833:Sha'ban 2760:Shafi'i 2735:Umar II 2686: 2661:Meccans 2639:Sufyani 2482:Fatimah 2466:khalifa 2392: 2372: 2364:al-lutf 2274: 2247:Isfahan 2231:Safavid 2158:jurists 2129: 2000: 1992:Samarra 1951:Baghdad 1847: 1715:pharaoh 1709:in the 1696:Sha'ban 1683: 1644:Samarra 1555:Samarra 1500: 1454: 1429: 1413: 1397: 1381: 1365: 1349: 1333: 1317: 1301: 1200:: 1090:Hadiths 1076:ijtihad 970:Ijtihad 955:Allamah 947: ( 932: ( 853:Alevism 827:Shaykhi 815:Akhbari 805:Ja'fari 775:Samarra 765:Mashhad 760:Karbala 695:Tabarri 690:Tawalli 618:Ijtihad 558:Imamate 548:Justice 508:al-Naqi 503:al-Taqi 498:ar-Rida 444:Fatimah 355:Parents 288: 267: 246: 225: 204: 183: 162: 141: 7112:Ahmad 7059:Nizari 6849:Ahmad 6796:Nizari 6720:Ahmad 6682:Husayn 6656:"Asās" 6543:Ahmad 6505:Husayn 6479:"Asās" 6467:Hafizi 6215: 6189: 6170: 6162: 6154: 6119: 6073: 6048: 6026: 6002: 5978: 5940: 5919: 5898: 5865: 5827: 5805: 5783: 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In 2848:Iran 2783:Kufan 2773:kunya 2705:s of 2703:Sahih 2679:Mahdi 2644:sayha 2612:Jesus 2555:Jesus 2551:Khidr 2538:bay'a 2511:Zabur 2494:Khidr 2488:Quran 2419:ulama 2357:kalam 2285:) by 2252:jihad 2243:Najaf 2235:Qajar 2209:jihad 2190:Khums 2167:ruwat 2143:hujja 2135:proof 2121:hujja 2115:ruwat 2066:Quran 2038:bay'a 1918:tamma 1740:Nubia 1724:hujja 1719:Jesus 1711:Quran 1707:Moses 1674:kunya 1614:Mahdi 1602:hayra 1586:Mahdi 1567:Zaydi 1492:Allah 1472:wahid 1460:alone 1446:wahid 1292:hujja 1280:faqīh 1224:Islam 1220:Mahdi 940:Hawza 822:Alevi 810:Usuli 755:Najaf 745:Mecca 675:Jihad 670:Khums 665:Zakat 650:Salat 628:Irfan 468:Hasan 123:Title 100: 76:12th 6665:Nabi 6488:Nabi 6331:Imam 6328:12th 6213:ISBN 6187:ISBN 6152:ISSN 6117:ISBN 6071:ISBN 6046:ISBN 6024:ISBN 6000:ISBN 5938:ISBN 5917:ISBN 5896:ISBN 5863:ISBN 5825:ISBN 5803:ISBN 5781:ISBN 5757:ISBN 5729:ISBN 5713:link 5693:ISBN 5666:ISBN 5645:ISBN 5621:ISBN 5560:ISBN 5512:ISBN 5453:ISBN 5402:2017 5376:2016 5345:2016 4956:2017 2901:1446 2893:1445 2885:1444 2877:1443 2869:1442 2861:1441 2853:1440 2829:Iran 2823:The 2709:and 2683:lit. 2656:kasf 2650:neda 2499:umma 2446:Babs 2389:lit. 2369:lit. 2327:Tusi 2310:and 2271:lit. 2245:and 2233:and 2126:lit. 1997:lit. 1988:Shia 1844:lit. 1746:and 1680:lit. 1654:and 1648:Iraq 1549:and 1523:and 1497:lit. 1451:lit. 1426:lit. 1410:lit. 1394:lit. 1378:lit. 1362:lit. 1346:lit. 1330:lit. 1314:lit. 1298:lit. 949:list 934:list 660:Hajj 655:Sawm 452:The 312:Born 285:lit. 264:lit. 243:lit. 222:lit. 201:lit. 180:lit. 159:lit. 138:lit. 7312:in 7300:in 7069:Ali 6806:Ali 6662:of 6658:or 6652:Ali 6485:of 6481:or 6475:Ali 6402:Ali 6333:of 6144:doi 6109:doi 5968:doi 2837:Qom 2792:). 2699:Ali 2669:). 2413:Nūr 2403:). 1738:or 1642:in 1440:). 1092:of 925:Law 785:Qom 463:Ali 410:on 7333:: 6203:; 6166:. 6158:. 6150:. 6140:49 6138:. 6134:. 6115:. 6088:. 5974:. 5964:39 5962:. 5709:}} 5705:{{ 5596:. 5580:. 5554:. 5541:. 5489:. 5473:. 5392:. 5366:. 5362:. 5335:. 5331:. 5295:^ 5266:^ 5182:^ 5119:^ 5066:^ 4991:^ 4964:^ 4891:^ 4672:^ 4537:^ 4522:^ 4483:^ 4468:^ 4393:^ 4330:^ 4315:^ 4286:^ 4235:^ 4196:^ 4145:^ 4128:^ 4113:^ 4074:^ 4059:^ 4040:^ 4025:^ 4008:^ 3981:^ 3966:^ 3879:^ 3864:^ 3849:^ 3834:^ 3807:^ 3780:^ 3741:^ 3726:^ 3687:^ 3604:^ 3589:^ 3570:^ 3537:^ 3518:^ 3489:^ 3462:^ 3447:^ 3430:^ 3401:^ 3382:^ 3363:^ 3332:^ 3305:^ 3254:^ 3203:^ 3104:^ 3035:^ 3006:^ 2807:d. 2788:d. 2721:, 2717:, 2647:, 2553:, 2517:d. 2435:. 2349:d. 2342:d. 2332:d. 2321:d. 2219:d. 2199:d. 2184:d. 2048:d. 1970:d. 1907:d. 1883:d. 1872:d. 1803:d. 1667:. 1646:, 1588:. 1482:d. 1262:d. 1234:AH 1226:. 1195:, 1191:: 332:CE 326:c. 322:AH 316:c. 278:) 257:) 236:) 215:) 194:) 173:) 152:) 6671:) 6654:( 6494:) 6477:( 6378:e 6371:t 6364:v 6221:. 6195:. 6174:. 6146:: 6125:. 6111:: 6079:. 6054:. 6032:. 6008:. 5982:. 5970:: 5946:. 5925:. 5904:. 5871:. 5833:. 5811:. 5789:. 5765:. 5737:. 5715:) 5701:. 5674:. 5653:. 5629:. 5568:. 5520:. 5461:. 5404:. 5378:. 5347:. 5224:. 5209:. 5194:. 4958:. 4814:. 4269:. 3949:. 3874:. 3658:. 3599:. 3315:. 3264:. 3249:. 3030:. 2804:( 2695:' 2689:' 2681:( 2577:t 2535:( 2401:' 2395:' 2387:( 2381:' 2375:' 2367:( 2329:( 2318:( 2283:' 2277:' 2269:( 2216:( 2196:( 2181:( 2138:' 2132:' 2124:( 2098:( 2045:( 2035:( 2009:' 2003:' 1995:( 1967:( 1943:( 1925:( 1904:( 1894:( 1880:( 1869:( 1856:' 1850:' 1811:( 1800:( 1692:' 1686:' 1509:' 1503:' 1495:( 1479:( 1463:' 1457:' 1449:( 1438:' 1432:' 1422:' 1416:' 1406:' 1400:' 1390:' 1384:' 1374:' 1368:' 1358:' 1352:' 1342:' 1336:' 1326:' 1320:' 1310:' 1304:' 1259:( 1187:( 1173:e 1166:t 1159:v 951:) 936:) 397:) 393:( 334:) 324:( 299:) 297:' 291:' 283:( 276:' 270:' 262:( 255:' 249:' 241:( 234:' 228:' 220:( 213:' 207:' 199:( 192:' 186:' 178:( 171:' 165:' 157:( 150:' 144:' 136:( 45:. 34:. 20:)

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