Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid

778:, however, Ibn Ra'iq received a nomination by the caliph to the governorship of Syria and in 939 marched west to claim it from al-Ikhshid's forces. Ibn Ra'iq's appointment enraged al-Ikhshid, who sent an envoy to Baghdad to clarify the situation. There Bajkam informed him that the caliph might appoint whomever he chose, but that it ultimately did not matter: it was military strength that would determine who was governor of Syria and even of Egypt, not any appointment by a figurehead caliph. If either Ibn Ra'iq or al-Ikhshid emerged victorious from the conflict, caliphal confirmation would soon follow. Al-Ikhshid was even more infuriated by the reply, and reportedly for a time even threatened to give one of his daughters to the Fatimid caliph al-Qa'im and to have coins minted and the 997:

Hamdanid ruler was also to marry one of al-Ikhshid's daughters or nieces. For al-Ikhshid, the maintenance of Aleppo was less important than southern Syria with Damascus, which was Egypt's eastern bulwark. Provided that these remained under his control, he was more than willing to allow the existence of a Hamdanid state in the north. The Egyptian ruler knew that he would have difficulty in asserting and maintaining control over northern Syria and Cilicia, which had traditionally been influenced more by Upper Mesopotamia and Iraq. By abandoning its claims on these distant provinces, not only would Egypt be spared the cost of maintaining a large army there, but the Hamdanid emirate would also fulfil the useful role of a

529:) on 22 September, suggesting that Ibn Tughj's nomination was in all likelihood also due to Mu'nis. The fact that al-Qahir sent a eunuch called Bushri to replace Ibn Tughj in Damascus after the fall of Mu'nis reinforces this view. Bushri was able to take over the governorship of Aleppo (to which he also had been appointed), but Ibn Tughj resisted his replacement, and defeated and took him prisoner. The caliph then charged Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh with forcing Ibn Tughj to surrender, but although Ahmad marched against Ibn Tughj, both avoided a direct confrontation. Instead, the two men met and reached an agreement of mutual support, upholding the status quo. 972: 891:

Hamdanid garrisons withdrew before him, and in September 944, al-Ikhshid reached Raqqa. Distrusting the Hamdanids given their treatment of Ibn Ra'iq, he waited until Sayf al-Dawla had left the city before entering it to meet the caliph. Al-Ikhshid tried without success to persuade al-Muttaqi to come with him to Egypt, or at least to stay in Raqqa, while the caliph tried to get al-Ikhshid to march against Tuzun, which al-Ikhshid refused. The meeting was not entirely fruitless, as al-Ikhshid secured an agreement that virtually repeated the terms of a similar treaty between the Tulunid Khumarawayh and Caliph

679:, he was "a resolute prince, displaying great foresight in war, and a close attention to the prosperity of his empire; he treated the military class with honour and governed with ability and justice". His potential rivals Muhammad ibn Takin and al-Madhara'i were quickly won over and incorporated in the new administration. The latter had tried to resist al-Ikhshid's takeover in vain, as his troops had immediately defected, and was initially imprisoned by al-Ikhshid, only to be released in 939. He soon recovered his status and influence, and briefly served as regent of al-Ikhshid's son and heir, 693:

Kayghalagh was indicative of his approach: instead of a direct clash, the truce between the two gave al-Ikhshid the time to reconnoitre the situation in Egypt before acting. Although following in the footsteps of Ibn Tulun, his ambitions were more modest and his objectives more practical, as became particularly evident in his policies towards Syria and the rest of the Caliphate. Historically, possession of Syria, and particularly Palestine, was a foreign policy objective for many rulers of Egypt, to foreclose the most likely invasion route into the country. Ibn Tulun before and

993:

get to keep northern Syria, while al-Ikhshid would pay him an annual tribute for the possession of Palestine and Damascus. Sayf al-Dawla refused and reportedly even boasted that he would conquer Egypt itself, but al-Ikhshid held the upper hand: his agents managed to bribe several Hamdanid leaders, and he won over the citizens of Damascus, who barred their gates before the Hamdanid and opened them for al-Ikhshid. The two armies met near Qinnasrin in May, where the Hamdanids were defeated. Sayf al-Dawla fled to Raqqa, leaving his capital Aleppo to be captured by al-Ikhshid.

724: 1056:. There were important differences, however: al-Ikhshid lacked the "flamboyance" (Hugh Kennedy) of the Tulunids. Al-Ikhshid's caution and self-imposed restraint in his foreign policy objectives also stood in stark contrast with his contemporaries and other rulers of Egypt who preceded and followed him, earning him a reputation of extreme caution, often misinterpreted as timidity by contemporaries. He was also described as less cultivated than his predecessor Ibn Tulun. Unlike Ibn Tulun, who built an entire new capital at 626: 764:. Although carried out in the name of Caliph al-Radi, it was a special honour and an implicit recognition of al-Ikhshid's autonomy, since correspondence and negotiations for such events were normally directed to the caliph rather than provincial governors. The exchange took place in autumn 938, resulting in the release of 6,300 Muslims for an equivalent number of Byzantine captives. As the Byzantines held 800 more prisoners than the Muslims, these had to be ransomed and were gradually released over the next six months. 309: 533: 241:. In 933, he was briefly named governor of Egypt, but this order was revoked after the death of Mu'nis, and Ibn Tughj had to fight to preserve even his governorship of Damascus. In 935, he was re-appointed to Egypt, where he quickly defeated a Fatimid invasion and stabilized the turbulent country. His reign marks a rare period of domestic peace, stability and good government in the annals of early Islamic Egypt. In 938 Caliph 1041:. The succession of his son Unujur was peaceful and undisputed, due to the influence of the powerful and talented commander-in-chief, Kafur. One of the many Black African slaves recruited by al-Ikhshid, Kafur remained the paramount minister and virtual ruler of Egypt over the next 22 years, assuming power in his own right in 966 until his death two years later. Encouraged by Kafur's demise, in 969 the Fatimids 1068:, he was described by medieval chroniclers as "a choleric and gluttonous man, yet shrewd and inclined toward avarice", but with a fondness for luxuries imported from the east, and especially perfumes. His love of eastern luxuries soon spread among the upper classes of Fustat as well and influenced the style and fashion of local Egyptian products in turn, which began to imitate them. 698:

realist". His goals were limited but clear: his main concern was Egypt proper and the establishment of his family as a hereditary dynasty over it, while Syria remained a secondary objective. Unlike other military strongmen of the time, he had no intention of entering the contest for control of Baghdad and the caliphal government through the all-powerful office of

505:, may indicate that Ibn Tughj commanded a significant military force. Three years later, in July 931, Muhammad ibn Tughj was promoted to governor of Damascus, while al-Rashidi returned to Ramla. Both these appointments were likely the result of Ibn Tughj's relation with Mu'nis al-Muzaffar, who at this time was at the zenith of his power and influence. 801:, the two men came to an understanding, dividing Syria between them: the areas from Ramla to the south would be under al-Ikhshid, and the areas to the north under Ibn Ra'iq. In May or June 940, however, al-Ikhshid learned that Ibn Ra'iq had once again moved against Ramla. Once more, the Egyptian ruler led his army to battle. Although defeated at 866:. Al-Ikhshid used the opportunity to reoccupy Syria for himself, joining his forces in person in June 942, and venturing as far as Damascus, before returning to Egypt in January 943. The Hamdanids also staked claim on Syria at the same time, but the sources do not record details of their expeditions there. Nasir al-Dawla's position as 809:. Despite his victory, Ibn Ra'iq opted for peace: he gave Abu Nasr an honourable burial and sent his son, Muzahim, as envoy to Egypt. True to his political strategy, al-Ikhshid accepted. The agreement saw the restoration of the territorial status quo of the previous year, but with al-Ikhshid paying an annual tribute of 140,000 gold 915:), for a period of thirty years, with the right of hereditary succession for al-Ikhshid's sons. This development had already been anticipated by al-Ikhshid the previous year, when he named his son Unujur as his regent during his absences from Egypt, although Unujur had not yet come of age, and had required an oath of allegiance ( 1002:

states did not clash. Despite Sayf al-Dawla's attempt to push again into southern Syria soon after al-Ikhshid's death, the border agreed in 945 held, and even outlived both dynasties, forming the dividing line between Mesopotamian-influenced northern Syria and the Egyptian-controlled southern part of the country until the

996:

Nevertheless, in October the two sides came to an agreement, broadly on the lines of the earlier Ikhshidid proposal: al-Ikhshid acknowledged Hamdanid control over northern Syria and even consented to sending an annual tribute in exchange for Sayf al-Dawla's renunciation of all claims on Damascus. The

616:

and burned its arsenal. Ibn Tughj's admirals Ali ibn Badr and Bajkam defected to the Fatimids, and Alexandria itself was captured in March 936. Nevertheless, on 31 March, Ibn Tughj's brother al-Hasan defeated the Fatimid forces near Alexandria, driving them out of the city and forcing the Fatimids to

258:

Throughout his governorship, al-Ikhshid was engaged in conflicts with other regional strongmen for control over Syria, without which Egypt was vulnerable to invasion from the east, but unlike many other Egyptian leaders, notably the Tulunids themselves, he was prepared to bide his time and compromise

983:

Following his meeting with al-Muttaqi, al-Ikhshid returned to Egypt, leaving the field open for the ambitious Sayf al-Dawla. The Ikhshidid forces left behind in Syria were relatively weak, and the Hamdanid leader, having gained the support of the Banu Kilab, had little difficulty in capturing Aleppo

928:

As it happened, al-Muttaqi was persuaded by the emissaries of Tuzun, who protested his loyalty, to return to Iraq, only to be seized, blinded and deposed on 12 October and replaced by al-Mustakfi. Al-Mustakfi reconfirmed al-Ikhshid's governorship, but by this point it was an empty gesture. According

683:

in 946, before being overthrown and imprisoned for a year. Thereafter, and until his death in 957, he retired into private life. Like the Tulunids before him, al-Ikhshid also took particular care to build up a considerable military force of his own, including Turkic and Black African slave soldiers.

404:

attack on Damascus in 903; although defeated in battle, he held the city itself against the Qarmatians for seven months until, with the arrival of reinforcements from Egypt, the Qarmatians were driven away. Thus Muhammad ibn Tughj spent a great part of his youth in the Tulunid Levant at his father's

992:

and retreated back to Egypt, abandoning Damascus and Palestine to the Hamdanids. Al-Ikhshid was then forced to once again campaign in person in April 945, but at the same time he sent envoys proposing to Sayf al-Dawla an agreement along the lines of the one with Ibn Ra'iq: the Hamdanid prince would

890:

In the meantime, al-Muttaqi with Sayf al-Dawla had fled to Raqqa before Tuzun's advance, but the caliph grew increasingly suspicious of the Hamdanids, and wrote to al-Ikhshid (perhaps as early as the winter of 943), asking for aid. The latter immediately responded by leading an army into Syria. The

1001:

against incursions from both Iraq and a resurgent Byzantine Empire. Indeed, throughout al-Ikhshid's rule, and that of his successors, relations with the Byzantines were quite friendly, as the lack of a common border and the common hostility to the Fatimids guaranteed that the interests of the two

451:

In Syria, Muhammad ibn Tughj joined the service of the tax supervisor of the local provinces, Abu'l-Abbas al-Bistam. He soon followed his new master to Egypt, and after al-Bistam's death in June 910 he continued serving the latter's son. Eventually, he gained the attention of the local governor,

692:

As commander and ruler in Egypt, al-Ikhshid was a patient and cautious man. He achieved his goals as much by diplomacy and ties to powerful personages in the Baghdad regime as by force, and even then he tended to avoid direct military confrontation whenever possible. His conflict with Ahmad ibn

697:

after al-Ikhshid were two typical examples of Egyptian rulers who spent much of their reigns securing control of Syria, and indeed used Egypt mostly as a source of revenue and resources to accomplish this goal. Al-Ikhshid differed from them; Bacharach describes him as a "cautious, conservative

674:

revolt in 942, which was swiftly suppressed—stands in stark contrast to the usual narrative of Bedouin raids, urban riots over high prices, or military and dynastic revolts and intrigues, and indicates that he was successful in restoring internal tranquillity and orderly government in Egypt.

574:, whose son was married to one of Ibn Tughj's daughters, Ibn Tughj was once more named the governor of Egypt. Taking no chances, Ibn Tughj organized an invasion of the country by land and sea. Although Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh was able to delay the advance of the army, Ibn Tughj's fleet took 653:

writes, "in some ways the Fatimid threat actually helped Ibn Tughj" since, as long as he supported the Abbasids, "the caliphs were prepared to give their approval to his rule in return". His standing in the Abbasid court was sufficient for him to ask in 938 for the honorific title

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and northern Syria in the autumn of 944, and although defeated and driven out of Syria by Ibn Tughj himself in the next year, a treaty dividing the region along the lines of the agreement with Ibn Ra'iq was concluded in October. Ibn Tughj died nine months later, and was buried in

805:, al-Ikhshid was able to quickly rally his troops and ambush Ibn Ra'iq, preventing him from entering Egypt proper and forcing him to retreat back to Damascus. Al-Ikhshid sent his brother, Abu Nasr al-Husayn, with another army against Ibn Ra'iq, but he was defeated and killed at 667:, originally held by the kings of his ancestral homeland Farghana. Caliph al-Radi granted the request, although formal approval was delayed until July 939. After receiving official confirmation, Ibn Tughj required that he be henceforth addressed solely by his new title. 649:) in 936, Muhammad ibn Tughj could present a commendable record: the Fatimid invasion was defeated and first measures for improving the financial situation in the province had been undertaken. The caliph confirmed him in his post and sent robes of honour. As 213:

but grew up in Syria and acquired his first military and administrative experiences at his father's side. He had a turbulent early career: he was imprisoned along with his father by the Abbasids in 905, was released in 906, participated in the murder of the

878:

sheltered the caliph, they also did not confront Tuzun's troops, and in May 944 they reached an agreement that gave Upper Mesopotamia and northern Syria to the Hamdanids in exchange for recognizing Tuzun's possession of Iraq. Nasir al-Dawla sent his cousin

275:; the caliph had fled there from the various strongmen vying to kidnap him and control the caliphal government in Baghdad. Although unsuccessful in persuading the caliph to come to Egypt, he received recognition of hereditary rule over Egypt, Syria and the 544:

Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh soon proved incapable of restoring order to the increasingly turbulent province. By 935, the troops were rioting over lack of pay, and Bedouin raids had recommenced. At the same time, Takin's son Muhammad and the fiscal administrator

793:, Ibn Ra'iq's troops swiftly took over the districts of northern Syria, where al-Ikhshid's brother Ubayd Allah was governor, while the Egyptian forces retreated south. By October or November, Ibn Ra'iq's men had reached Ramla and moved on into the 513:

Takin died in March 933, and his son and nominated successor, Muhammad, failed to establish his authority in Egypt. Ibn Tughj was named as the new governor in August but the appointment was revoked a month later before he could reach Egypt, and

412:

in 896, the Tulunid state quickly began crumbling from within, and failed to put up any serious resistance when the Abbasids moved to re-establish direct control over Syria and Egypt in 905. Tughj defected to the invading Abbasids under

617:

once again retreat from Egypt to their base at Barqa. During the campaign, Ibn Tughj notably prohibited his troops from looting, which, according to J. L. Bacharach, was indicative of his "long-term view towards his stay in Egypt".

553:

that had handled the province's finances since the time of Ibn Tulun and amassed enormous wealth—undermined Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh and coveted his position. Infighting broke out among the troops between the Easterners

921:) to be sworn to him. Nevertheless, as Michael Brett comments, the territories conferred were "mixed blessings", as the holy cities were exposed to Qarmatian raids, while the marches of the 2553: 474:

raiders, thereby improving his standing at the Abbasid court. Two years later, Ibn Tughj gained an influential patron when he briefly served under the powerful Abbasid commander-in-chief

421:

were imprisoned in Baghdad. Tughj died in prison in 906, and the brothers were freed shortly after. The sons of Tughj participated in the palace coup that tried to depose the new caliph,

774:

was in power in Baghdad (936–938) with al-Ikhshid's old friend al-Fadl ibn Ja'far ibn al-Furat as vizier, relations with Baghdad were good. Following Ibn Ra'iq's replacement by the Turk

1014:

In mid-spring 946, al-Ikhshid sent emissaries to the Byzantines for yet another prisoner exchange (which eventually would take place under Sayf al-Dawla's auspices in October). Emperor

582:

and moved on to the capital Fustat. Outmanoeuvred and defeated in battle, Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh fled to the Fatimids. The victorious Muhammad ibn Tughj entered Fustat on 26 August 935.

883:

to take over the Syrian provinces allotted to him in this agreement. The Ikhshidid forces either defected or retreated, and al-Husayn swiftly took over the districts of Qinnasrin and

731:

Following the expulsion of the Fatimids from Egypt, al-Ikhshid had his troops occupy all of Syria up to Aleppo, allying himself, as Ibn Tulun had done, with the local tribe of

874:. In October, Caliph al-Muttaqi, fearing that Tuzun intended to replace him, fled the capital and sought refuge with the Hamdanids. Although Nasir al-Dawla and his brother 485:

When Takin returned to Egypt as governor in 923, Ibn Tughj joined him there, but the two men fell out in 928 over Takin's refusal to give Ibn Tughj the post of governor of

482:

invasion. During the campaign, Ibn Tughj commanded the finest troops of the Egyptian army. The two men evidently established a rapport, and remained in contact thereafter.

2548: 2528: 634:

minted in Palestine under al-Ikhshid, 944 CE. From 942 on, Ibn Tughj included his name and title ("Muhammad al-Ikhshid"), alongside that of the caliph in his coinage.

2568: 937:

and read the Friday prayer in the new caliph's name, based on the available numismatic evidence, he appears to have delayed recognition of both al-Mustakfi and his

782:

read in his name rather than the Abbasid caliph, until the Abbasids formally reconfirmed his position. The Fatimids themselves were preoccupied with the revolt of

1048:

Medieval historians noted the many parallels between al-Ikhshid and his Tulunid predecessors, especially Khumarawayh. Ibn Sa'id even reported that according to

670:

Very little is known about al-Ikhshid's domestic policies. Nevertheless, the silence of the sources about domestic troubles during his reign—apart from a minor

417:, and was named governor of Aleppo in return; Muhammad al-Katib himself fell victim to court intrigues soon after, and Tughj along with his sons Muhammad and 2558: 546: 984:

on 29 October 944. He then began extending his control over the provinces of northern Syria down to Hims. Al-Ikhshid sent an army under the eunuchs

2538: 2365:

Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt

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in December 908. Although the attempt failed, Muhammad ibn Tughj and his brother were able to avenge themselves for their imprisonment on the

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between 939 and 942. Following Ibn Ra'iq's murder, al-Ikhshid reimposed his control over northern Syria, only to have it challenged by the

2500: 680: 293: 62: 1029:

in response, which arrived at Damascus on 11 July. On 24 July 946, al-Ikhshid died in Damascus; his body was transported for burial in

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Peace did not last for long, as the political turmoil in Baghdad continued. In September 941, Ibn Ra'iq assumed once more the post of

571: 2199: 2139: 518:

was appointed in his place. The timing of Ibn Tughj's recall coincides with the arrest (and subsequent murder) of Mu'nis by Caliph

952:) for several months by refraining from including them in his coinage, in an act that was a deliberate and clear statement of his 570:, who backed Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh. With the support this time of the former vizier and inspector-general of the western provinces 2152:

The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE

409: 364:, both served the Abbasids, but Tughj later entered the service of the Tulunids, who since 868 had become autonomous rulers of 414: 259:

with his rivals. Although he was initially in control of the entirety of Syria, he was forced to cede the northern half to

441: 2563: 594: 229:. Eventually he acquired the patronage of several influential Abbasid magnates, chiefly the powerful commander-in-chief 1049: 962:

records that in the correspondence of the Byzantine court, the "Emir of Egypt" was accorded a golden seal worth four

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Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum, Deuxième partie: Syrie du Sud. Tome deuxième: Jérusalem "Haram"

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side, gaining his first experiences in administration—he served as his father's sub-governor of Tiberias—and war.

2295: 2220: 2086: 1042: 1034: 191: 839: 2543: 536:

The Mashhad (Mausoleum) of al-Tabataba, erected in 943 CE during the reign of Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid in

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Bacharach, Jere L. (1975). "The Career of Muḥammad Ibn Ṭughj Al-Ikhshīd, a Tenth-Century Governor of Egypt".

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were increasingly menaced by the Byzantines, and Aleppo (with northern Syria) was coveted by the Hamdanids.

2190:

The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (A.H. 200–275/815–889 C.E.)

604:) to invade Egypt with their assistance. The Fatimid invasion met with initial success: the Fatimid army's 418: 880: 445: 749:. Thus, in 936/7 or 937/8 (most likely in autumn 937) he received an embassy from the Byzantine emperor, 735:

to strengthen his hold over northern Syria. As governor of Syria, his remit extended to the borderlands (

871: 771: 475: 344:", is a Turkic royal title. Muhammad's grandfather Juff left Farghana to enter military service in the 260: 230: 2442: 2356: 515: 2523: 2518: 1064:, al-Ikhshid was neither a patron of artists and poets nor a major builder. According to historian 1061: 750: 2338:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

2173:(1936). "Une lettre de Muḥammad ibn Ṭuġj al-Ihšid, émir d'Egypte, à l'empereur Romain Lécapène". 2090: 2063: 2055: 210: 532: 1052:, the two men had entered Egypt on the same day of the year and with the same star in the same 956:

independence from Baghdad. This independence was also acknowledged by others; the contemporary

625: 2484: 2454: 2423: 2384: 2342: 2318: 2299: 2271: 2243: 2195: 2156: 2135: 2109: 2047: 1351: 985: 976: 502: 479: 437: 345: 297: 188: 184: 168: 121: 2376: 2127: 1345: 2372: 2123: 2039: 1065: 1003: 847: 742: 453: 264: 226: 2419:

Islamic History Through Coins: An Analysis and Catalogue of Tenth-century Ikhshidid Coinage

2332: 1015: 838:), but he was not as powerful as before. Unable to stop the advance of another strongman, 794: 723: 650: 357: 353: 333: 252: 222: 160: 550: 846:, both Ibn Ra'iq and the caliph were forced to abandon Baghdad and seek the help of the 2267: 2228: 2216: 2188: 2094: 2082: 964: 892: 863: 389: 381: 361: 329: 202: 198: 131: 2211: 2077: 895:

in 886. The caliph recognized the authority of al-Ikhshid over Egypt, Syria (with the

815:. The deal was cemented by the marriage of Muzahim with al-Ikhshid's daughter Fatima. 2512: 2471: 2285: 2224: 2170: 2067: 1057: 1026: 958: 938: 875: 779: 700: 676: 567: 563: 494: 369: 317: 280: 234: 176: 585:

With the capital under his control, Ibn Tughj now had to confront the Fatimids. The

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caravan, among which was one of the ladies-in-waiting of al-Muqtadir's mother, from

1038: 998: 904: 609: 558:), chiefly Turkish soldiers, who supported Muhammad ibn Takin, and the Westerners ( 457: 397: 17: 2417: 2336: 2312: 2289: 2261: 2150: 705: 501:

for Damascus, whose governorship he assumed. His flight, according to historian

422: 337: 141: 2360: 150:

Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Ṭughj ibn Juff ibn Yiltakīn ibn Fūrān ibn Fūrī ibn Khāqān

2404:(in French). Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie oriantele. 2303: 2257: 854:. The latter soon had Ibn Ra'iq assassinated (April 942) and succeeded him as 828: 811: 732: 671: 630: 579: 486: 440:. After the coup's failure, the three fled: Ibn Hamdan returned to his native 401: 268: 2314:

Towards a Shi'i Mediterranean Empire: Fatimid Egypt and the Founding of Cairo

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Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Translated from the Arabic. Vol. III

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also proved to be weak, and in June 943 he was ousted by the Turkish general

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Annales de l'Institut d'Études Oriantales de la Faculté des Lettres d'Alger

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by a ruse, and managed to obtain for himself an appointment as governor of

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under the leadership of Habashi ibn Ahmad, and invited the Fatimid ruler

519: 393: 373: 296:

as ruler of his domains, under the tutelage of the powerful black eunuch

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for thirty years. Following his departure, the ambitious Hamdanid prince

238: 206: 97: 797:. Al-Ikhshid led his army against Ibn Ra'iq, but after a short clash at 2059: 942: 746: 737: 694: 663: 639: 471: 349: 321: 247: 242: 116: 81: 2399: 589:

who refused to submit to Ibn Tughj had fled to Alexandria and then to

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from Baghdad; the incumbent, al-Rashidi, fled the governor's seat at

490: 430: 385: 341: 284: 215: 180: 2043: 2475: 970: 908: 900: 851: 843: 790: 722: 656: 624: 590: 537: 498: 461: 307: 276: 272: 153: 2298:. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. 2132:

The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517

989: 613: 466: 377: 325: 42: 1802: 1800: 727:

Map of the region of Syria and its provinces under the Abbasids

1817: 1815: 1094: 1092: 183:) from 935 until his death in 946. He was the founder of the 2266:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 26. Translated by 1381: 1379: 1347:

Architecture for the Dead : Cairo's Medieval Necropolis

2155:. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: BRILL. 1998: 1996: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1787: 1785: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1719: 1717: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1240: 2359:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). 2134:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–119. 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1109: 1107: 209:

rulers of Egypt and Syria, Muhammad ibn Tughj was born in

171:

commander and governor who became the autonomous ruler of

2383:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–73. 1880: 1878: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1476: 1474: 988:

and Fatik against the Hamdanid, but it was defeated near

540:, is the only remaining monument of the Ikhshidid period. 2194:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 929:

to J. L. Bacharach, although the 13th-century historian

340:, and claimed royal descent; the name of his ancestor, " 1461: 1459: 1457: 205:

origin who served both the Abbasids and the autonomous

1444: 1442: 903:(carrying with it the prestigious guardianship of the 251:, which had been borne by the rulers of his ancestral 233:. These ties led him to being named governor first of 316:

According to the biographical dictionary compiled by

255:. It is by this title that he was known thereafter. 152:(8 February 882 – 24 July 946), better known by the 2128:"Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Ṭūlūn to Kāfūr, 868–969" 137: 127: 115: 103: 87: 68: 58: 50: 34: 2210: 2187: 2076: 1350:. American Univ in Cairo Press. pp. 96, 297. 2263:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids 2554:Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate 1045:, beginning a new era in the country's history. 324:on 8 February 882, on the street leading to the 1680: 1678: 225:to enter the service of the governor of Egypt, 456:, who sent him to govern the lands beyond the 1125: 1098: 933:reports that al-Ikhshid immediately took the 27:Ruler of Egypt and the Levant from 935 to 946 8: 675:According to the biographical dictionary of 2367:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. 1963: 715:) offered him the post, he turned it down. 478:, when he came to help defend Egypt from a 400:). He played a major role in repelling the 372:. Tughj served the Tulunids as governor of 2436: 2377:"The Fatimids and the Qarmaṭīs of Baḥrayn" 2234:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2100:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 1385: 425:(reigned 908–932), in favour of the older 31: 2014: 2002: 1951: 1903: 1869: 1845: 1833: 1806: 1791: 1776: 1764: 1735: 1723: 1708: 1642: 1630: 1618: 1601: 1589: 1577: 1540: 1528: 1516: 1421: 1397: 1331: 1319: 1295: 1264: 1252: 1183: 1113: 786:and were unable to offer any assistance. 688:Foreign policy and the struggle for Syria 2549:10th-century monarchs in the Middle East 1987: 1939: 1915: 1669: 1497: 1480: 1370: 1344:Kadi, Galila El; Bonnamy, Alain (2007). 531: 436:, whom they struck down with the aid of 2529:10th-century Abbasid governors of Egypt 2422:. Cairo: American University in Cairo. 1975: 1884: 1821: 1565: 1433: 1307: 1231: 1219: 1195: 1160: 1088: 2569:Amir al-umara of the Abbasid Caliphate 2381:Mediaeval Isma'ili History and Thought 1927: 1857: 1696: 1137: 547:Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ali al-Madhara'i 360:. Juff and his son, Muhammad's father 1465: 1409: 968:, the same as the caliph in Baghdad. 245:granted his request for the title of 7: 2361:"Muḥammad b. Ṭuġǧ al-Iḫšīd (#25443)" 2341:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. 2317:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. 2242:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 953. 2108:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 411. 1747: 1448: 1276: 1207: 408:After the death of Ibn Tulun's son 187:, which ruled the region until the 164: 1006:seized the entire region in 1260. 434:al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i 312:Map of the Tulunid domains ca. 893 219:al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i 25: 2559:Syria under the Abbasid Caliphate 2501:Abu'l-Qasim Unujur ibn al-Ikhshid 2492:autonomous, from 944 hereditary) 320:, Muhammad ibn Tughj was born in 1684: 975:Map of the fragmentation of the 489:. Ibn Tughj escaped the capital 448:, while Muhammad fled to Syria. 388:(the capital of the district of 1020: 947: 833: 755: 710: 644: 608:Berbers captured the island of 599: 572:al-Fadl ibn Ja'far ibn al-Furat 524: 267:. In 944 al-Ikhshid met Caliph 2539:Abbasid governors of Palestine 415:Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib 1: 2534:Abbasid governors of Damascus 979:in the 9th and 10th centuries 444:and Ubayd Allah fled east to 45:of Egypt, Syria and the Hejaz 35:Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid 2379:. In Daftary, Farhad (ed.). 2311:Jiwa, Shainool, ed. (2009). 1930:, pp. 190–193, 205–209. 827:at the invitation of Caliph 2416:Bacharach, Jere L. (2006). 2186:Gordon, Matthew S. (2001). 2130:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). 2075:Bacharach, Jere L. (1993). 1043:invaded and conquered Egypt 819:Conflict with the Hamdanids 54:26 August 935 – 24 July 946 2585: 2497: 2461: 2439: 2398:van Berchem, Max (1927). 2296:Baron Mac Guckin de Slane 2209:Gottschalk, H.L. (1986). 39: 2078:"Muḥammad b. Ṭug̲h̲d̲j̲" 1373:, pp. 97, 105, 111. 1310:, pp. 191–194, 311. 1222:, pp. 184–185, 310. 1128:, pp. 217, 219–220. 1025:) sent an embassy under 328:Gate. His family was of 2149:Brett, Michael (2001). 1078:10th century in Lebanon 719:Conflict with Ibn Ra'iq 464:. In 918, he rescued a 352:, as did the father of 980: 840:Abu'l-Husayn al-Baridi 728: 704:; indeed, when Caliph 635: 551:dynasty of bureaucrats 541: 313: 2357:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes 974: 941:-installed successor 931:Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi 726: 628: 535: 356:, the founder of the 311: 304:Origin and early life 2443:Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh 1824:, pp. 196, 312. 1633:, pp. 597, 603. 1198:, pp. 185, 286. 1050:Egyptian astrologers 516:Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh 167:) after 939, was an 2564:People from Baghdad 2017:, pp. 610–612. 1990:, pp. 115–118. 1978:, pp. 312–313. 1942:, pp. 113–114. 1918:, pp. 113–115. 1848:, pp. 603–608. 1809:, pp. 602–603. 1779:, pp. 601–602. 1738:, pp. 599–600. 1711:, pp. 598–599. 1645:, pp. 597–598. 1604:, pp. 596–597. 1592:, pp. 594–595. 1580:, pp. 595–596. 1436:, pp. 311–312. 1424:, pp. 592–594. 1400:, pp. 592–593. 1322:, pp. 591–592. 1279:, pp. 208–209. 1267:, pp. 589–590. 1210:, pp. 143–144. 1140:, pp. 158–159. 881:al-Husayn ibn Sa'id 751:Romanos I Lekapenos 621:Government of Egypt 460:, with his seat at 446:Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj 398:homonymous district 1126:Ibn Khallikan 1868 1099:Ibn Khallikan 1868 1035:Gate of the Tribes 981: 729: 638:Writing to Caliph 636: 542: 476:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar 314: 292:. He left his son 231:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar 18:Muhammad ibn Tughj 2507: 2506: 2498:Succeeded by 2485:Abbasid Caliphate 2459: 2455:Abbasid Caliphate 2451:governor of Egypt 2429:978-977-424-930-3 2390:978-0-521-45140-6 2373:Madelung, Wilferd 2348:978-0-582-40525-7 2324:978-1-84511-960-7 2277:978-90-04-10056-5 2270:. Leiden: BRILL. 2249:978-90-04-07819-2 2162:978-90-04-11741-9 2124:Bianquis, Thierry 2115:978-90-04-09419-2 1966:, pp. 13–14. 1357:978-977-416-074-5 986:Abu al-Misk Kafur 977:Abbasid Caliphate 762:prisoner exchange 760:), to organize a 509:Takeover of Egypt 503:Jere L. Bacharach 442:Upper Mesopotamia 438:Husayn ibn Hamdan 298:Abu al-Misk Kafur 221:in 908, and fled 185:Ikhshidid dynasty 147: 146: 122:Ikhshidid dynasty 16:(Redirected from 2576: 2446: 2440:Preceded by 2437: 2433: 2405: 2394: 2368: 2352: 2328: 2307: 2294:. Translated by 2281: 2253: 2214: 2212:"al-Mād̲h̲arāʾī" 2205: 2193: 2182: 2166: 2145: 2119: 2091:Heinrichs, W. P. 2080: 2071: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1964:van Berchem 1927 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1888: 1882: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1810: 1804: 1795: 1789: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1673: 1667: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1605: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1569: 1563: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1501: 1495: 1484: 1478: 1469: 1463: 1452: 1446: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1374: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1341: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1311: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1235: 1229: 1223: 1217: 1211: 1205: 1199: 1193: 1187: 1181: 1164: 1158: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1117: 1111: 1102: 1096: 1066:Thierry Bianquis 1024: 1022: 1010:Death and legacy 951: 949: 837: 835: 759: 757: 743:Byzantine Empire 718: 714: 712: 648: 646: 603: 601: 528: 526: 454:Takin al-Khazari 396:(capital of the 376:(capital of the 332:origin from the 227:Takin al-Khazari 166: 94: 78: 76: 32: 21: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2544:Ikhshidid emirs 2509: 2508: 2503: 2494: 2488: 2478: 2445: 2430: 2415: 2412: 2410:Further reading 2397: 2391: 2371: 2355: 2349: 2331: 2325: 2310: 2284: 2278: 2256: 2250: 2217:Bosworth, C. E. 2208: 2202: 2185: 2169: 2163: 2148: 2142: 2122: 2116: 2083:Bosworth, C. E. 2074: 2044:10.2307/2855469 2029: 2026: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2001: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1902: 1891: 1883: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1813: 1805: 1798: 1790: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1754: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1691: 1683: 1676: 1668: 1649: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1617: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1576: 1572: 1564: 1547: 1539: 1535: 1527: 1523: 1515: 1504: 1496: 1487: 1479: 1472: 1464: 1455: 1447: 1440: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1416: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1392: 1386:Gottschalk 1986 1384: 1377: 1369: 1365: 1358: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1330: 1326: 1318: 1314: 1306: 1302: 1294: 1283: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1259: 1251: 1238: 1230: 1226: 1218: 1214: 1206: 1202: 1194: 1190: 1182: 1167: 1159: 1144: 1136: 1132: 1124: 1120: 1112: 1105: 1097: 1090: 1086: 1074: 1019: 1016:Constantine VII 1012: 946: 905:two holy cities 832: 821: 754: 721: 709: 690: 651:Hugh N. Kennedy 643: 623: 598: 549:—the heir of a 523: 511: 358:Tulunid dynasty 334:Farghana Valley 306: 253:Farghana Valley 201:, a general of 111: 96: 92: 80: 74: 72: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2582: 2580: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2496: 2460: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2428: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2395: 2389: 2369: 2353: 2347: 2329: 2323: 2308: 2282: 2276: 2268:Michael Bonner 2254: 2248: 2221:van Donzel, E. 2206: 2200: 2183: 2171:Canard, Marius 2167: 2161: 2146: 2140: 2120: 2114: 2087:van Donzel, E. 2072: 2038:(4): 586–612. 2025: 2022: 2020: 2019: 2015:Bacharach 1975 2007: 2005:, p. 610. 2003:Bacharach 1975 1992: 1980: 1968: 1956: 1954:, p. 609. 1952:Bacharach 1975 1944: 1932: 1920: 1908: 1906:, p. 608. 1904:Bacharach 1975 1889: 1887:, p. 273. 1874: 1872:, p. 607. 1870:Bacharach 1975 1862: 1860:, p. 191. 1850: 1846:Bacharach 1975 1838: 1836:, p. 603. 1834:Bacharach 1975 1826: 1811: 1807:Bacharach 1975 1796: 1794:, p. 602. 1792:Bacharach 1975 1781: 1777:Bacharach 1975 1769: 1767:, p. 601. 1765:Bacharach 1975 1752: 1750:, p. 408. 1740: 1736:Bacharach 1975 1728: 1726:, p. 599. 1724:Bacharach 1975 1713: 1709:Bacharach 1975 1701: 1699:, p. 193. 1689: 1674: 1672:, p. 113. 1647: 1643:Bacharach 1975 1635: 1631:Bacharach 1975 1623: 1621:, p. 600. 1619:Bacharach 1975 1606: 1602:Bacharach 1975 1594: 1590:Bacharach 1975 1582: 1578:Bacharach 1975 1570: 1568:, p. 312. 1545: 1543:, p. 595. 1541:Bacharach 1975 1533: 1531:, p. 605. 1529:Bacharach 1975 1521: 1519:, p. 594. 1517:Bacharach 1975 1502: 1500:, p. 112. 1485: 1470: 1468:, p. 162. 1453: 1451:, p. 284. 1438: 1426: 1422:Bacharach 1975 1414: 1412:, p. 161. 1402: 1398:Bacharach 1975 1390: 1388:, p. 953. 1375: 1363: 1356: 1336: 1334:, p. 592. 1332:Bacharach 1975 1324: 1320:Bacharach 1975 1312: 1300: 1298:, p. 590. 1296:Bacharach 1975 1281: 1269: 1265:Bacharach 1975 1257: 1255:, p. 589. 1253:Bacharach 1975 1236: 1234:, p. 191. 1224: 1212: 1200: 1188: 1186:, p. 588. 1184:Bacharach 1975 1165: 1163:, p. 311. 1142: 1130: 1118: 1116:, p. 411. 1114:Bacharach 1993 1103: 1101:, p. 220. 1087: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1073: 1070: 1023: 913–959 1011: 1008: 950: 946–974 864:Nasir al-Dawla 836: 940–944 820: 817: 758: 920–944 720: 717: 713: 944–946 689: 686: 647: 934–940 622: 619: 602: 934–946 568:Black Africans 527: 932–934 510: 507: 427:Ibn al-Mu'tazz 305: 302: 199:Tughj ibn Juff 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 132:Tughj ibn Juff 129: 125: 124: 119: 113: 112: 107: 105: 101: 100: 95:(aged 64) 89: 85: 84: 79:8 February 882 70: 66: 65: 60: 56: 55: 52: 48: 47: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2581: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2502: 2493: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2438: 2431: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2333:Kennedy, Hugh 2330: 2326: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2286:Ibn Khallikan 2283: 2279: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2207: 2203: 2201:0-7914-4795-2 2197: 2192: 2191: 2184: 2180: 2177:(in French). 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2154: 2153: 2147: 2143: 2141:0-521-47137-0 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2016: 2011: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1988:Bianquis 1998 1984: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1940:Bianquis 1998 1936: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1916:Bianquis 1998 1912: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1670:Bianquis 1998 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1498:Bianquis 1998 1494: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1483:, p. 34. 1482: 1481:Madelung 1996 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1371:Bianquis 1998 1367: 1364: 1359: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1062:famous mosque 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027:John Mystikos 1017: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1000: 994: 991: 987: 978: 973: 969: 967: 966: 961: 960: 959:De Ceremoniis 955: 944: 940: 936: 932: 926: 924: 920: 919: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 888: 886: 882: 877: 876:Sayf al-Dawla 873: 869: 868:amir al-umara 865: 861: 857: 856:amir al-umara 853: 849: 845: 841: 830: 826: 825:amir al-umara 818: 816: 814: 813: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 780:Friday prayer 777: 773: 770: 769:amir al-umara 765: 763: 752: 748: 744: 740: 739: 734: 725: 716: 707: 703: 702: 701:amir al-umara 696: 687: 685: 682: 678: 677:Ibn Khallikan 673: 668: 666: 665: 659: 658: 652: 641: 633: 632: 627: 620: 618: 615: 611: 607: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 552: 548: 539: 534: 530: 521: 517: 508: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 468: 463: 459: 455: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 411: 406: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 318:Ibn Khallikan 310: 303: 301: 299: 295: 291: 286: 282: 281:Sayf al-Dawla 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 256: 254: 250: 249: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 217: 212: 208: 204: 200: 195: 193: 190: 186: 182: 178: 175:and parts of 174: 170: 162: 158: 155: 151: 143: 140: 136: 133: 130: 126: 123: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 99: 90: 86: 83: 71: 67: 64: 61: 57: 53: 49: 46: 44: 38: 33: 30: 19: 2489: 2480: 2462: 2448: 2447: 2418: 2400: 2380: 2364: 2337: 2313: 2290: 2262: 2239: 2232: 2189: 2178: 2174: 2151: 2131: 2105: 2098: 2035: 2031: 2010: 1983: 1976:Kennedy 2004 1971: 1959: 1947: 1935: 1923: 1911: 1885:Kennedy 2004 1865: 1853: 1841: 1829: 1822:Kennedy 2004 1772: 1743: 1731: 1704: 1692: 1638: 1626: 1597: 1585: 1573: 1566:Kennedy 2004 1536: 1524: 1434:Kennedy 2004 1429: 1417: 1405: 1393: 1366: 1346: 1339: 1327: 1315: 1308:Kennedy 2004 1303: 1272: 1260: 1232:Kennedy 2004 1227: 1220:Kennedy 2004 1215: 1203: 1196:Kennedy 2004 1191: 1161:Kennedy 2004 1133: 1121: 1047: 1039:Temple Mount 1013: 999:buffer state 995: 982: 963: 957: 953: 934: 927: 922: 916: 896: 889: 867: 859: 855: 824: 822: 810: 788: 768: 766: 736: 730: 699: 691: 669: 661: 655: 637: 629: 586: 584: 562:), probably 559: 555: 543: 512: 484: 465: 458:Jordan River 450: 407: 315: 257: 246: 237:and then of 196: 156: 149: 148: 40: 29: 2258:Halm, Heinz 2229:Pellat, Ch. 2104:Volume VII: 2095:Pellat, Ch. 1928:Canard 1936 1858:Canard 1936 1697:Canard 1936 1138:Gordon 2001 1033:, near the 899:), and the 893:al-Mu'tamid 741:) with the 706:al-Mustakfi 423:al-Muqtadir 419:Ubayd Allah 410:Khumarawayh 338:Transoxiana 197:The son of 142:Sunni Islam 93:(946-07-24) 91:24 July 946 41:Hereditary 2524:946 deaths 2519:882 births 2513:Categories 2304:1204465708 2181:: 189–209. 1466:Brett 2001 1410:Brett 2001 1084:References 1058:al-Qatta'i 829:al-Muttaqi 767:While the 733:Banu Kilab 580:Nile Delta 487:Alexandria 269:al-Muttaqi 248:al-Ikhshid 157:al-Ikhshīd 2464:Ikhshidid 2238:Volume V: 2225:Lewis, B. 2068:161166177 2052:0038-7134 1748:Halm 1996 1449:Halm 1996 1277:Halm 1996 1208:Jiwa 2009 1054:ascendant 1031:Jerusalem 858:with the 850:ruler of 799:al-Farama 784:Abu Yazid 772:Ibn Ra'iq 587:Maghariba 560:Maghariba 556:Mashariqa 495:Palestine 402:Qarmatian 390:Qinnasrin 354:Ibn Tulun 348:court at 290:Jerusalem 265:Hamdanids 261:Ibn Ra'iq 235:Palestine 109:Jerusalem 75:882-02-08 59:Successor 2495:935–946 2490:de facto 2483:for the 2474:and the 2466:emir of 2453:for the 2375:(1996). 2335:(2004). 2288:(1868). 2260:(1996). 2240:Khe–Mahi 2231:(eds.). 2126:(1998). 2097:(eds.). 2032:Speculum 1072:See also 954:de facto 848:Hamdanid 803:al-Arish 610:al-Rawda 595:al-Qa'im 578:and the 520:al-Qahir 394:Damascus 378:district 374:Tiberias 239:Damascus 194:of 969. 192:conquest 138:Religion 98:Damascus 2481:de jure 2106:Mif–Naz 2060:2855469 2024:Sources 1037:of the 1004:Mamluks 943:al-Muti 923:thughur 897:thughur 747:Cilicia 738:thughur 695:Saladin 672:Shi'ite 664:Ikhshid 640:al-Radi 612:on the 564:Berbers 480:Fatimid 472:Bedouin 350:Samarra 346:Abbasid 322:Baghdad 283:seized 243:al-Radi 211:Baghdad 207:Tulunid 189:Fatimid 169:Abbasid 165:الإخشيد 117:Dynasty 82:Baghdad 2426: 2387: 2345: 2321: 2302: 2274: 2246: 2227:& 2198: 2159: 2138: 2112: 2093:& 2066: 2058: 2050: 1354: 1060:and a 965:solidi 913:Medina 812:dinars 807:Lajjun 776:Bajkam 681:Unujur 606:Kutama 576:Tinnis 491:Fustat 431:vizier 392:) and 386:Aleppo 382:Jordan 342:Khaqan 330:Turkic 294:Unujur 285:Aleppo 216:vizier 203:Turkic 181:Levant 161:Arabic 128:Father 104:Burial 63:Unujur 2476:Hejaz 2472:Syria 2468:Egypt 2215:. In 2081:. In 2064:S2CID 2056:JSTOR 939:Buyid 935:bay'a 918:bay'a 909:Mecca 901:Hejaz 872:Tuzun 860:laqab 852:Mosul 844:Basra 795:Sinai 791:Raqqa 789:From 660:) of 657:laqab 631:Dinar 591:Barqa 538:Cairo 499:Ramla 462:Amman 370:Syria 366:Egypt 362:Tughj 277:Hejaz 273:Raqqa 177:Syria 173:Egypt 154:title 2424:ISBN 2385:ISBN 2343:ISBN 2319:ISBN 2300:OCLC 2272:ISBN 2244:ISBN 2196:ISBN 2157:ISBN 2136:ISBN 2110:ISBN 2048:ISSN 1685:PmbZ 1352:ISBN 990:Hama 911:and 885:Hims 614:Nile 566:and 467:hajj 368:and 326:Kufa 223:Iraq 88:Died 69:Born 51:Rule 43:emir 2449:as 2040:doi 907:of 862:of 842:of 745:in 662:al- 384:), 380:of 336:in 271:at 2515:: 2470:, 2363:. 2236:. 2223:; 2219:; 2179:II 2102:. 2089:; 2085:; 2062:. 2054:. 2046:. 2036:50 2034:. 1995:^ 1892:^ 1877:^ 1814:^ 1799:^ 1784:^ 1755:^ 1716:^ 1677:^ 1650:^ 1609:^ 1548:^ 1505:^ 1488:^ 1473:^ 1456:^ 1441:^ 1378:^ 1284:^ 1239:^ 1168:^ 1145:^ 1106:^ 1091:^ 1021:r. 948:r. 887:. 834:r. 756:r. 711:r. 645:r. 600:r. 525:r. 300:. 163:: 2487:, 2479:( 2432:. 2393:. 2351:. 2327:. 2306:. 2280:. 2252:. 2204:. 2165:. 2144:. 2118:. 2070:. 2042:: 1687:. 1360:. 1018:( 945:( 831:( 753:( 708:( 654:( 642:( 597:( 554:( 522:( 179:( 159:( 77:) 73:( 20:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid

Index