559:
46:
575:
548:
2273:
2400:
2167:
2316:
647:
10 Muharram (Ashura): The Battle of
Karbala was fought on this day in 680. Husayn and most of his male relatives and his small retinue were slaughtered by the Umayyad army by the end of the day. After the battle, the women and children in Husayn's camp were taken prisoner and marched to the Umayyad
558:
488:, and also other pious acts and acceptable expressions of joy. In some Sunni communities, the annual Ashura festivities include carnivals, bonfires, and special dishes, even though some Sunni scholars have criticized such practices.
578:
Conversion of Hijri years 1343 to 1500 to the
Gregorian calendar, with first days of al-Muharram (brown), Ramadan (grey) and Shawwal (black) bolded, and Eid al-Adha dotted – in
2155:
2304:
644:) was set to attack after the afternoon prayer on Tasu'a but was persuaded to delay the confrontation until the following day. Husayn and his men spent the night in prayer.
229:
615:, Husayn and his small caravan were intercepted by the Umayyad army and eventually forced to camp in the desert lands of Karbala, away from water and fortifications.
544:). Mourners also hope to secure the intercession of Husayn in the afterlife. Ashura is observed annually through mourning gatherings, processions, and reenactments.
684:
2–10 Muharram: Most mourning rituals for
Karbala take place during the first ten days of Muharram, culminating on the tenth with processions in major Shia cities.
1717:
Pinault, D. (2000). "Zaynab bin 'Ali and the Place of the Women of the
Households of the First Imāms in Shī'īte Devotional Literature". In Hambly, G. (ed.).
1772:(2019). "Orations of Zaynab and Umm Kulthūm in the aftermath of Ḥusayn's Martyrdom at Karbala: Speaking Truth to Power". In Korangy, A.; Rouhi, L. (eds.).
2148:
2133:
2297:
2528:
2423:
2282:
2045:
484:
was released from prison, among various auspicious events on Ashura in Sunni tradition. Ashura is celebrated in Sunni Islam through supererogatory
2579:
345:). The Shia rituals span the first ten days of Muharram, culminating on Ashura with mourning processions in Shia cities. Also in Muharram, the
2589:
2141:
586:
The
Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, and months begin when the first crescent of a new moon is sighted. Since the lunar year (of twelve
2594:
2290:
222:
1365:
1849:
1990:
1957:
1924:
1826:
1793:
1759:
1726:
1687:
1608:
1584:
1522:
1413:
1394:
1329:
1307:
45:
500:
313:
215:
2015:
1631:
1449:
2609:
536:). Among the Shia, mourning for Husayn is viewed as an act of protest against oppression, and as such a struggle for God (
2584:
2171:
2038:
2364:
2320:
1511:
524:) and was subsequently killed, alongside most of his male relatives and his small retinue, by the Umayyad army in the
1707:
1387:
Religious
Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations
2513:
2107:
507:
320:
188:
381:, with (at most) thirty days. Warfare in Muharram is forbidden and it has been so since before the advent of
2031:
678:
411:
calendar between Safar I, which was sacred, and Safar II, which was not. Over time, however, the adjective
2217:
457:
255:
2252:
2438:
2374:
1898:
1841:
579:
1381:
2604:
2478:
2468:
2443:
2227:
815:
436:
289:
28:
2599:
2523:
2493:
1697:
1556:
547:
269:. It is one of the four sacred months of the year when warfare is banned. It precedes the month of
1776:
The "Other" Martyrs: Women and the
Poetics of Sexuality, Sacrifice, and Death in World Literatures
2553:
2548:
2498:
1886:
1650:
1497:
716:
633:): Negotiations between Husayn and the Umayyads failed on this day in 680. The Umayyad commander
574:
2453:
1464:
1371:
2518:
2418:
2187:
2082:
2077:
2009:
1986:
1953:
1920:
1845:
1822:
1789:
1755:
1722:
1683:
1680:
Female
Personalities in the Qur'an and Sunna: Examining the Major Sources of Imami Shi'i Islam
1627:
1620:
1604:
1580:
1518:
1409:
1390:
1325:
1303:
608:
525:
511:
503:
440:
432:
332:
324:
163:
158:
1322:
Redemptive
Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism
2533:
2359:
2334:
2242:
2232:
2192:
2055:
1978:
1945:
1912:
1814:
1781:
1769:
1747:
1662:
1532:
1489:
1352:
1317:
1295:
810:
800:
728:
634:
529:
378:
266:
134:
79:
20:
1666:
2543:
2448:
2428:
2092:
2087:
1549:
720:
481:
246:
173:
168:
67:
1973:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
1940:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
1907:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
1742:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
624:
river. Under the siege, Husayn's camp suffered from thirst and hunger in the coming days.
620:
7 Muharram: The
Umayyad army cut off Husayn's access to the drinking water of the nearby
1576:
Know Thy Enemy: Evolving Attitudes Towards "Others" in Modern Shiʿi Thought and Practice
1536:
2503:
735:
496:
461:
346:
309:
293:
24:
2023:
1969:
1936:
1903:
1738:
765:
17 Muharram: Arrival of the "people of the elephant" in Mecca, a reference to al-Fil (
304:
and other acceptable expressions of joy. By contrast, Ashura is a day of mourning for
2573:
2558:
2122:
1982:
1949:
1916:
1805:
1751:
1501:
1437:
1343:
1286:
805:
591:
477:
473:
203:
1818:
1356:
1299:
2458:
2379:
2182:
2117:
1596:
587:
323:. Husayn was killed, alongside most of his relatives and his small retinue, in the
198:
115:
1701:
1574:
2508:
2488:
2463:
2354:
2349:
2262:
2257:
2202:
1871:
450:
282:
750:, towards which early Muslims prayed. This was superseded later by the ancient
2339:
2212:
2102:
1477:
688:
533:
492:
465:
328:
305:
297:
183:
1424:
2433:
2389:
2272:
2237:
2166:
739:
705:
621:
350:
1809:. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.).
1290:. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.).
630:
1493:
495:
Muslims, Ashura is a day of mourning as they commemorate the martyrdom of
2483:
2399:
2384:
2315:
709:
649:
552:
316:
1890:
1785:
2473:
2112:
1838:
Islam and Identity Politics Among British-Bangladeshis: A Leap of Faith
1654:
1642:
604:
514:
485:
453:
335:
301:
285:
193:
1774:
2538:
2247:
2207:
2008:
724:
695:
692:
446:
426:
274:
105:
1406:
Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras
2344:
2222:
2197:
2097:
2072:
1513:
The Birth of the Prophet Muḥammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam
784:
759:
755:
751:
745:
653:
557:
546:
539:
510:. Husayn refused on moral grounds to pledge his allegiance to the
408:
382:
278:
270:
178:
153:
120:
1719:
Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage, and Piety
667:
612:
582:
hover over a spot to show its dates and a line to show the month
563:
469:
353:
was initially set as the direction of prayer for early Muslims.
2286:
2137:
2027:
734:
16 Muharram: On this day, the Islamic prophet Muhammad set the
700:
1478:"Jihad of words: Gender and contemporary Karbala Narratives"
97:
29–30 (depends on actual observation of the moon's crescent)
1643:"An Attempt to Trace the Origin of the Rituals of 'Āshūrā'"
1450:"ASWJ rallies in many towns to observe Yaum-i-Umar Farooq"
698:
saint, died on this day in 1266. His death is celebrated (
594:. Muharram days are different in consecutive solar years.
1780:(First ed.). Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 103–132.
727:
staged one of the earliest anti-British uprisings in the
681:. Sunnis carry rallies on 1 Muharram to commemorate Umar.
1703:
The Life and Times of Shaikh Farid-u'd-din Ganj-i-Shakar
2444:
Anniversary of Installation of the Sultan of Terengganu
960:
958:
956:
417:
itself became the name of the first month of the year.
837:
835:
833:
831:
864:
862:
1537:"Ḥosayn b. 'Ali i. Life and Significance in Shi'ism"
1132:
782:
743:
537:
412:
386:
260:
2407:
2327:
101:
93:
85:
75:
55:
38:
1968:
1935:
1902:
1863:Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac
1804:
1773:
1737:
1619:
1510:
1380:
1342:
1285:
883:
881:
879:
877:
449:, an important day of commemoration in Islam. For
2494:Declaration of George Town as World Heritage Site
1096:
899:
677:) by injuries from the attack of Persian slave
308:Muslims, who annually commemorate the death of
2459:Declaration of Malacca City as Historical City
1548:Islam, Emad Ullah Shahidul (19 October 2016).
1267:
2298:
2149:
2039:
715:8 Muharram: In what became known as the 1782
223:
19:This article is about the first month of the
8:
590:) is eleven or twelve days shorter than the
59:
766:
392:
362:
2305:
2291:
2283:
2156:
2142:
2134:
2046:
2032:
2024:
1465:"The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia"
1060:
230:
216:
130:
2424:Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sembilan's Birthday
1341:Bahramian, A.; Bulookbashi, A.A. (2015).
1084:
603:2 Muharram: Arrival of Husayn ibn Ali in
1370:(in Urdu) (2nd ed.). Archived from
964:
947:
841:
573:
1622:Islam and Revolution in the Middle East
1438:"Ḥosayn b. 'Ali ii. In Popular Shi'ism"
1347:. In Madelung, W.; Daftary, F. (eds.).
1156:
1108:
1048:
1036:
827:
277:, an important day of commemoration in
140:
133:
1364:Bakhsh, Khwaja Muhammad Tahir (2008).
1231:
1180:
1144:
1120:
1024:
1000:
935:
853:
762:, the central religious text in Islam.
758:in connection with verse 2:144 of the
407:), which distinguishes in the ancient
35:
1967:Wensinck, A.J.; Marçais, Ph. (2012).
1255:
1219:
1207:
1168:
1012:
988:
976:
611:, in 680. On their way to the nearby
7:
1861:Seidelmann, P. Kenneth, ed. (1992).
1543:. Vol. XII/5. pp. 493–498.
1444:. Vol. XII/5. pp. 498–502.
1431:. Vol. III/2. pp. 174–177.
1243:
1192:
1072:
923:
911:
887:
868:
300:, celebrated through supererogatory
273:. The tenth of Muharram is known as
2514:Hol Day of Sultan Iskandar of Johor
1934:Wensinck, A.J.; Jomier, J. (2012).
704:) for six days during Muharram, in
250:
60:
16:First month of the Islamic calendar
1904:"(al-)Ḥusayn b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib"
23:. For the annual commemoration of
14:
2529:Sarawak State Governor's Birthday
2524:Malacca State Governor's Birthday
1872:"The Image of Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī in
2499:Penang State Governor's Birthday
2398:
2314:
2271:
2165:
1983:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0068
1950:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0401
1917:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0304
1752:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5426
1554:[Another Martyrs' Day].
1133:Bahramian & Bulookbashi 2015
562:Muharram mourning procession in
44:
2519:Sabah State Governor's Birthday
2469:Sultan of Terengganu's Birthday
1819:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23081
1482:The Yearbook of English Studies
1408:. University of Chicago Press.
1357:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0009
1300:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23855
672:
551:Muharram mourning gathering in
519:
391:is short for "Muharram Safar" (
340:
50:Ashura procession in Iran, 2016
2580:Months of the Islamic calendar
2016:New International Encyclopedia
1601:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam
1385:. In Gordon Melton, J. (ed.).
445:Tenth of Muharram is known as
1:
2554:Sultan of Selangor's Birthday
2549:Sultan of Kelantan's Birthday
1351:. Translated by Negahban, F.
2590:Public holidays in Indonesia
2172:Public holidays in Indonesia
1389:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 47–49.
666:1 Muharram: Death of Caliph
639:
377:) is the first month of the
265:) is the first month of the
2595:Public holidays in Malaysia
2534:Sultan of Pahang's Birthday
2321:Public holidays in Malaysia
900:Wensinck & Marçais 2012
783:
744:
538:
413:
387:
261:
2626:
2544:Sultan of Perak's Birthday
2449:Sultan of Johor's Birthday
2429:Sultan of Kedah's Birthday
1836:Riaz, Ali (23 July 2013).
1268:Wensinck & Jomier 2012
430:
424:
18:
2504:Raja of Perlis's Birthday
2396:
2269:
2178:
2063:
1708:Aligarh Muslim University
1706:. Department of History,
1626:. Yale University Press.
1603:. Yale University Press.
464:and the salvation of the
296:and the salvation of the
111:
43:
1550:
331:against the army of the
1883:Quaderni di Studi Arabi
1671:Encyclopedia Britannica
1463:Gent, R.H. van (n.d.).
1379:Beverley, J.A. (2011).
789:(chapter) in the Quran.
2248:The Prophet's Birthday
1975:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1942:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1909:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1811:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1744:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1469:webspace.science.uu.nl
1349:Encyclopaedia Islamica
1292:Encyclopaedia of Islam
583:
566:
555:
458:parting of the Red Sea
290:parting of the Red Sea
2479:Day of Nuzul Al-Quran
2439:Federal Territory Day
1842:Manchester University
1736:Plessner, M. (2012).
1573:Litvak, Meir (2021).
1541:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1494:10.1353/yes.2009.0016
1442:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1429:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1284:Aghaie, K.S. (2013).
577:
561:
550:
472:disembarked from the
2610:Crossing the Red Sea
2474:First Day of Ramadan
1870:Sindawi, K. (2002).
1806:"'Āshūrā' (Sunnism)"
1698:Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad
1436:Calmard, J. (2004).
1423:Calmard, J. (1987).
1287:"'Āshūrā' (Shī'ism)"
1097:Veccia Vaglieri 2012
816:Mourning of Muharram
661:Other Islamic events
468:. Also on this day,
437:Mourning of Muharram
288:, the day marks the
29:Mourning of Muharram
2585:Islamic terminology
2385:Muhammad's Birthday
1977:(Second ed.).
1944:(Second ed.).
1911:(Second ed.).
1899:Veccia Vaglieri, L.
1803:Reid, M.H. (2011).
1786:10.2307/j.ctvrnfq6q
1746:(Second ed.).
1647:Die Welt des Islams
1641:Nakash, Y. (1993).
1618:Munson, H. (1988).
1557:Bangladesh Pratidin
1509:Katz, M.H. (2007).
1476:Hamdar, A. (2009).
1344:"Al-'Abbās b. 'Alī"
991:, pp. 142–143.
926:, pp. 115–116.
729:Indian subcontinent
456:, Ashura marks the
2411:(differ by states)
1813:(Third ed.).
1678:Osman, R. (2014).
1665:(24 August 2024).
1456:. 27 October 2014.
1404:Blank, J. (2001).
1374:on 7 October 2011.
1294:(Third ed.).
717:Muharram Rebellion
584:
567:
556:
515:Yazid ibn Mu'awiya
499:, grandson of the
336:Yazid ibn Mu'awiya
312:, grandson of the
2567:
2566:
2328:National holidays
2280:
2279:
2131:
2130:
1885:. 20/21: 79–104.
1171:, pp. 30–31.
1123:, pp. 85–86.
979:, pp. 28–31.
679:Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz
598:Battle of Karbala
526:Battle of Karbala
491:By contrast, for
441:Ashura in Algeria
433:Battle of Karbala
325:Battle of Karbala
259:
240:
239:
129:
128:
2617:
2412:
2402:
2375:Agong's Birthday
2360:Islamic New Year
2335:Chinese New Year
2319:
2318:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2253:Isra' and Mi'raj
2243:Islamic New Year
2233:Independence Day
2193:Chinese New Year
2170:
2169:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2135:
2056:Islamic calendar
2048:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2020:
2012:
2010:"Muharram"
1996:
1972:
1963:
1939:
1930:
1906:
1894:
1880:
1866:
1855:
1832:
1808:
1799:
1779:
1765:
1741:
1732:
1711:
1693:
1674:
1658:
1637:
1625:
1614:
1590:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1544:
1528:
1516:
1505:
1472:
1457:
1445:
1432:
1419:
1400:
1384:
1375:
1367:Jalwa Gah-e-Dost
1360:
1346:
1335:
1313:
1289:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
872:
866:
857:
851:
845:
839:
801:Islamic Calendar
788:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
749:
676:
674:
643:
641:
543:
523:
521:
416:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
390:
379:Islamic calendar
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
344:
342:
267:Islamic calendar
264:
254:
252:
232:
225:
218:
135:Islamic calendar
131:
102:Significant days
80:Islamic calendar
71:
63:
62:
48:
36:
21:Islamic calendar
2625:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2454:Isra and Mi'raj
2410:
2409:
2403:
2394:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2281:
2276:
2267:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2132:
2127:
2059:
2052:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1966:
1960:
1933:
1927:
1897:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1852:
1835:
1829:
1802:
1796:
1768:
1762:
1735:
1729:
1716:
1696:
1690:
1677:
1661:
1640:
1634:
1617:
1611:
1595:
1587:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1547:
1531:
1525:
1508:
1488:(1–2): 84–100.
1475:
1462:
1448:
1435:
1422:
1416:
1403:
1397:
1378:
1363:
1340:
1332:
1316:
1310:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1061:Seidelmann 1992
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
987:
983:
975:
971:
963:
954:
946:
942:
934:
930:
922:
918:
910:
906:
898:
894:
886:
875:
867:
860:
852:
848:
840:
829:
825:
820:
796:
778:
775:
772:
769:
721:Bengali Muslims
671:
663:
638:
600:
572:
518:
501:Islamic prophet
443:
429:
423:
404:
401:
398:
395:
374:
371:
368:
365:
359:
339:
314:Islamic prophet
236:
174:Jumada al-Thani
169:Jumada al-Awwal
125:
124:
118:
65:
51:
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2198:Day of Silence
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2188:New Year's Day
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2054:Months of the
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2002:External links
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1998:
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1173:
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1085:Qutbuddin 2019
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1065:
1063:, p. 577.
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993:
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512:Umayyad caliph
506:and the third
497:Husayn ibn Ali
476:, God forgave
425:Main article:
422:
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343: 680–683
333:Umayyad caliph
319:and the third
310:Husayn ibn Ali
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1959:9789004161214
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1767:
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1761:9789004161214
1757:
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1749:
1745:
1740:
1739:"al-Muḥarram"
1734:
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1728:9780333800355
1724:
1721:. Macmillan.
1720:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1705:
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1689:9781315770147
1685:
1682:. Routledge.
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1517:. Routledge.
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1159:, p. 91.
1158:
1153:
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1111:, p. 71.
1110:
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1069:
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1050:
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1042:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1027:, p. 24.
1026:
1021:
1018:
1015:, p. 84.
1014:
1009:
1006:
1002:
997:
994:
990:
985:
982:
978:
973:
970:
966:
965:Madelung 2004
961:
959:
957:
953:
950:, p. 48.
949:
948:Beverley 2011
944:
941:
937:
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929:
925:
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865:
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843:
842:Plessner 2012
838:
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802:
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754:sanctuary in
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635:Umar ibn Sa'd
632:
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581:
580:the SVG file,
576:
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528:on Ashura 61
527:
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123: →
122:
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114:←
110:
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84:
81:
78:
74:
69:
58:
54:
47:
42:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2380:Malaysia Day
2369:
2118:Dhu al-Qadah
2067:
2014:
1974:
1970:"'Ās̲h̲ūrā'"
1941:
1908:
1882:
1873:
1862:
1837:
1810:
1775:
1743:
1718:
1702:
1679:
1670:
1663:Newman, A.J.
1646:
1621:
1600:
1575:
1562:. Retrieved
1560:(in Bengali)
1555:
1540:
1533:Madelung, W.
1512:
1485:
1481:
1468:
1453:
1441:
1428:
1405:
1386:
1372:the original
1366:
1348:
1321:
1291:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1234:, p. 1.
1227:
1215:
1203:
1193:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1157:Sindawi 2002
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1109:Pinault 2000
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1049:Calmard 2004
1044:
1037:Calmard 1987
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
984:
972:
943:
931:
919:
907:
895:
849:
776:the elephant
699:
687:5 Muharram:
629:9 Muharram (
588:lunar months
585:
490:
444:
402:sacred Safar
360:
242:
241:
199:Dhu al-Qadah
148:
116:Dhu al-Hijja
86:Month number
33:
2605:Husayniyyas
2509:Sarawak Day
2489:Gawai Dayak
2464:Good Friday
2365:Merdeka Day
2355:Eid al-Adha
2350:Eid al-Fitr
2263:Eid al-Adha
2258:Eid al-Fitr
2203:Good Friday
1876:Literature"
1649:: 161–181.
1318:Ayoub, M.M.
1232:Nizami 1955
1181:Litvak 2021
1145:Munson 1988
1121:Hamdar 2009
1025:Munson 1988
1001:Nakash 1993
936:Aghaie 2013
854:Newman 2024
385:. The word
262:al-Muḥarram
251:ٱلْمُحَرَّم
61:ٱلْمُحَرَّم
56:Native name
2600:Shia Islam
2574:Categories
2340:Labour Day
2213:Labour Day
1667:"'Āshūrā'"
1633:0300046049
1425:"'Azādārī"
1277:References
1256:Islam 2016
1220:Momen 1985
1208:Osman 2014
1169:Momen 1985
1013:Blank 2001
989:Ayoub 1978
977:Momen 1985
738:mosque in
689:Baba Farid
642: 686
592:solar year
466:Israelites
431:See also:
361:Muharram (
349:mosque in
298:Israelites
2539:Deepavali
2434:Thaipusam
2390:Christmas
2345:Wesak Day
2238:Christmas
2093:Jumada II
1597:Momen, M.
1579:. Brill.
1502:158479476
1244:Riaz 2013
924:Katz 2007
912:Katz 2007
888:Reid 2011
869:Katz 2007
823:Footnotes
740:Jerusalem
706:Pakpattan
622:Euphrates
508:Shia imam
351:Jerusalem
321:Shia imam
256:romanized
2370:Muharram
2088:Jumada I
2083:Rabi' II
2068:Muharram
1901:(2012).
1891:25802958
1700:(1955).
1599:(1985).
1535:(2004).
1382:"Ashura"
1320:(1978).
1073:Gent n.d
794:See also
710:Pakistan
650:Damascus
648:capital
553:Tanzania
504:Muhammad
414:Muharram
388:Muharram
317:Muhammad
243:Muharram
149:Muharram
76:Calendar
39:Muharram
2113:Shawwal
2108:Ramadan
2103:Sha'ban
2078:Rabi' I
2019:. 1997.
1937:"Ka'ba"
1874:Maqātil
1655:1570949
770:
742:as the
693:Punjabi
605:Karbala
486:fasting
454:Muslims
396:
366:
357:Origins
327:in 680
302:fasting
286:Muslims
258::
194:Shawwal
189:Ramadan
184:Sha'ban
2208:Easter
1989:
1956:
1923:
1889:
1848:
1825:
1792:
1758:
1725:
1686:
1653:
1630:
1607:
1583:
1521:
1500:
1412:
1393:
1328:
1306:
811:Tasu'a
806:Ashura
725:Sylhet
631:Tasu'a
570:Timing
482:Joseph
480:, and
447:Ashura
439:, and
427:Ashura
421:Ashura
372:sacred
281:. For
275:Ashura
247:Arabic
141:Months
106:Ashura
68:Arabic
64:
27:, see
2223:Vesak
2098:Rajab
2073:Safar
1887:JSTOR
1879:(PDF)
1651:JSTOR
1564:1 May
1498:S2CID
785:surah
781:), a
760:Quran
756:Mecca
752:Ka'ba
746:qibla
654:Syria
540:jihad
532:(680
462:Moses
451:Sunni
383:Islam
294:Moses
283:Sunni
279:Islam
271:Safar
179:Rajab
154:Safar
121:Safar
2058:(AH)
1987:ISBN
1954:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1723:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1628:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1581:ISBN
1566:2019
1519:ISBN
1454:Dawn
1410:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1304:ISBN
1196:2014
1194:Dawn
767:lit.
736:Aqsa
696:Sufi
691:, a
668:Umar
613:Kufa
609:Iraq
564:Iran
493:Shia
478:Adam
470:Noah
409:Arab
393:lit.
363:lit.
347:Aqsa
306:Shia
1979:doi
1946:doi
1913:doi
1815:doi
1782:doi
1748:doi
1490:doi
1353:doi
1296:doi
723:in
701:urs
652:in
474:Ark
460:by
292:by
2576::
2013:.
1985:.
1952:.
1919:.
1881:.
1844:.
1840:.
1821:.
1788:.
1754:.
1669:.
1645:.
1539:.
1496:.
1486:39
1484:.
1480:.
1467:.
1452:.
1440:.
1427:.
1302:.
955:^
876:^
861:^
830:^
708:,
673:r.
640:d.
607:,
534:CE
530:AH
520:r.
435:,
341:r.
329:CE
253:,
249::
2306:e
2299:t
2292:v
2157:e
2150:t
2143:v
2047:e
2040:t
2033:v
1995:.
1981::
1962:.
1948::
1929:.
1915::
1893:.
1865:.
1854:.
1831:.
1817::
1798:.
1784::
1764:.
1750::
1731:.
1710:.
1692:.
1673:.
1657:.
1636:.
1613:.
1589:.
1568:.
1527:.
1504:.
1492::
1471:.
1418:.
1399:.
1359:.
1355::
1334:.
1312:.
1298::
1270:.
1258:.
1246:.
1198:.
1135:.
1099:.
1075:.
1051:.
1039:.
967:.
938:.
902:.
890:.
856:.
844:.
779:'
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731:.
712:.
670:(
656:.
637:(
517:(
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369:'
338:(
245:(
231:e
224:t
217:v
89:1
70:)
66:(
31:.
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