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workers who made mysterious floats had no idea of their ultimate purpose until one morning in June 1944 they realised that their products were helping to support the
Mulberry Harbour off the low coastline of Normandy, and by that time they were busy building pontoon units and Bailey bridge panels ready for the breakthrough into Germany. But if they were often in the dark about the purpose and destination of the products over which they toiled for days in workshop, forge and foundry, they understood their importance. No time was lost through the war years on strikes or disputes, and absenteeism was low. Some of those workers were women, for in the first time in its history female labour was being employed at the Butterley works." 420 concrete pontoons were made by Wates Ltd. at their Barrow in Furness, West India Docks, Marchwood and Beaulieu sites. A further 40 concrete beetles were made by John Laing (for Wates)at their Southsea factory and 20 were made at R. Costain at Erith, Twelve were made by John Mowlem at Russia Dock as were 8 by Melville Dundas and Whiston. They were moored in position using wires attached to "Kite" anchors which were also designed by
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1316:, and the area's remoteness would simplify security matters. A headquarters camp was erected at Cairn Head, about 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Garlieston. Prototypes of each of the designs were built and transported to the area for testing by Royal Engineers, based at Cairn Head and in Garlieston. The tests revealed various problems (the "Swiss roll" would only take up to a seven-ton truck in the Atlantic swell). The final choice of design was determined by a storm during which the "Hippos" were undermined causing the "Crocodile" bridge spans to fail and the Swiss roll was washed away. Tn5's design proved the most successful and Beckett's floating roadway (subsequently codenamed whale) survived undamaged; the design was adopted and 16 km (10 mi) of whale roadway were manufactured under the management of
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1908:. These anchors had such high holding power that few could be recovered at the end of the war. The Navy was dismissive of Beckett's claims for his anchor's holding ability so Kite anchors were not used for mooring the bombardons. An original Kite anchor is displayed in a private museum at Vierville-sur-Mer while a full size replica forms part of a memorial to Beckett in Arromanches. In October 2018 five Kite anchors were recovered from the bed of the Solent off Woodside Beach, which had been an assembly area for Whale tows prior to D Day. The anchors were taken to Mary Rose Archaeological Services in Portsmouth for conservation treatment.
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shortest beach). At Omaha and Utah, 6,614 tons of cargo was discharged in the first three days. A month after D-Day, Omaha and Utah were handling 9,200 tons, and after a further month, they were landing 16,000 tons per day. This increased until 56,200 tons of supplies, 20,000 vehicles, and 180,000 troops were discharged each day at those beaches. The
Mulberry harbours provided less than half the total (on good weather days) to begin with. The Normandy beaches supplied the following average daily tonnage of supplies:
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2006:. While the harbour at Omaha was destroyed sooner than expected, Port Winston saw heavy use for eight months, despite being designed to last only three months. In the ten months after D-Day, it was used to land almost three million men, four million tons of supplies and half a million vehicles to reinforce France. In response to this longer-than-planned use, the phoenix breakwater was reinforced with the addition of specially strengthened caissons. The
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bombardon units, attached to one another with hemp ropes, created 1 mi (1.6 km) breakwaters. During the storms at the end of June 1944. some broke up and sank while others parted their anchors and drifted down onto the harbours, possibly causing more damage than the storm itself. Their design was the responsibility of the Royal Navy; the Royal
Engineers designed the rest of the Mulberry harbour equipment.
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1839:, the roadways were made from innovative torsionally flexible bridging units that had a span of 80 feet (24 m), mounted on pontoon units of either steel or concrete called "beetles". After the war many of the "Whale" bridge spans from Arromanches were used to repair bombed bridges in France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Such units are still visible as a bridge over the
2197:– 0.5 miles (0.80 km) south-east of Pagham a Phoenix Caisson, known as the 'Near Mulberry', that sank and could not be re-floated is still visible at low tide. Further off the coast in 10 m (33 ft) of water, is a second Phoenix Caisson, known as the 'Far Mulberry', that broke its back and sank in the storm the night before D-Day. Both sections were
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site, tow and mark navigation. The War Office was given the task of constructing the concrete caissons (phoenixes), the roadways (whales) and protection via anti-aircraft installations. Once at the site, the army was responsible for sinking the caissons and assembling all the various other units of the harbours. For the
Mulberry A at Omaha Beach, the US Navy
1174:– landed on the beach at night in Operation KJH and took samples of the sand. This operation was to check the load-bearing capabilities of sand and help determine whether armoured vehicles would be able to cross the beach or become bogged down, rather than being in connection with the Mulberry harbours.)
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By the end of June, over 289,827 tons of supplies had been offloaded onto the
Normandy beaches. Up to September, U.S. forces were supported largely across the beaches, primarily without the use of the Mulberry. "However, in the critical early stage of the operation, had the Allied assault ships been
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with a proposal for an artificial harbour, but the idea was not at first adopted. Churchill issued his memo "Piers for use on beaches" on 30 May 1942, apparently in some frustration at the lack of progress being made on finding a solution to the temporary harbour problem. Between 17 June and 6 August
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of various sorts to build breakwaters and piers and connecting structures to provide the roadways. The caissons were built at a number of locations, mainly existing ship building facilities or large beaches, like Conwy Morfa, around the
British coast. The works were let out to commercial construction
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The
Mulberry B harbour at Gold Beach was used for ten months after D-Day, while over two million men, four million tons of supplies and half a million vehicles were landed before it was fully decommissioned. The partially completed Mulberry A harbour at Omaha Beach was damaged on 19 June by a violent
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over responsibility was only resolved on 15 December 1943 by the intervention of the Vice-Chiefs of Staff. The decision was that the
Admiralty managed the blockships, bombardons and assembly of all constituent parts on the south coast of England. It would also undertake all necessary work to survey,
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The
Mulberry harbours solved the problem of needing deepwater jetties and a harbour to provide the invasion force with the necessary reinforcements and supplies, and were to be used until major French ports could be captured and brought back into use after repair of the inevitable sabotage by German
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Components for the
Mulberry harbours were constructed at many different locations in Britain, before being transferred to assembly points off the south coast. Then on the afternoon of 6 June 1944 (D-Day) over 400 towed component parts (weighing approximately 1.5 million tons) set sail to create the
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Mulberry B was substantially reinforced with units salvaged from the American harbor and that the Phoenixes were pumped full of sand to give them greater stability, measures that undoubtedly explain the extended service which the British port was able to render. Furthermore, the planners obviously
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Beetles were pontoons that supported the Whale piers. War work by the Butterley Company included the production of steel "pontoons used to support the floating bridge between the offshore Mulberry Harbour caissons and the shore on Gold and Omaha beaches after D-Day 1944". Roy Christian wrote: "The
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Although it was a success, the vast resources used on the Mulberry may have been wasted, as the American forces were supplied mostly over the beaches without the use of a Mulberry right through to September 1944. By the end of 6 June, 20,000 troops and 1,700 vehicles had landed on Utah beach (the
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Ellsberg's report resulted in Churchill's intervention, taking the task away from the Royal Engineers and giving it to the Royal Navy. Newly-appointed commodore Sinclair McKenzie was put in charge and quickly assembled every salvage barge in the British Isles. The phoenixes, once refloated, were
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In July 1943 a committee of eminent civil engineers consisting of Colin R White (chairman), J D C Couper, J A Cochrane, R D Gwyther and Lt. Col. Ivor Bell was established to advise on how a number of selected sites on the French coastline could be converted into sheltered harbours. The committee
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The LCP(L)s were manned by a Royal Navy crew and a small group of hydrographers. The first sortie, Operation KJF, occurred on the night of 26/27 November 1943 when three LCP(L)s took measurements off the port of Arromanches, the location for Mulberry B. A follow-up mission, Operation KJG, to the
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Arriving first on D-Day were the bombardons, followed a day later by the first blockship. The first phoenix was sunk on 9 June and the gooseberry was finished by 11 June. By 18 June two piers and four pier heads were working. Though this harbour was abandoned in late June (see below), the beach
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was for use by the American invasion forces. Mulberry "A" (American) was not as securely anchored to the sea bed as Mulberry "B" had been by the British, resulting in such severe damage during the Channel storm of June 19, 1944 that it was considered to be irreparable and its further assembly
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The bombardons were large 200 ft (61 m) by 25 ft (7.6 m) plus-shaped floating breakwaters fabricated in steel and rubberized canvas that were anchored outside the main breakwaters that consisted of gooseberries (scuttled ships) and phoenixes (concrete caissons. Twenty-four
1792:, a known expert in marine salvage, was brought in to review the plans and determined that they were not. The supplied pumps were designed for moving large volumes of sewage horizontally, and were incapable of providing the necessary lift to pump the water up and out of the caissons.
930:, to offload their cargo. These were only available at the already heavily defended French harbours. Thus, the Mulberries were created to provide the port facilities necessary to offload the thousands of men and vehicles and millions of tons of supplies necessary to sustain
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storm that arrived from the northeast before the pontoons were securely anchored. After three days the storm finally abated and damage was found to be so severe that the harbour was abandoned and the Americans resorted to landing men and material over the open beaches.
2359:, were questioned by MI5, which determined the appearance of the words was innocent. Over 60 years later, a former student reported that Dawe frequently requested words from his students, many of whom were children in the same area as US military personnel.
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Mulberry was the codename for all the various structures that created the artificial harbours. These were called gooseberries, which metamorphosed into fully fledged harbours. Mulberry "A" and "B" each consisted of a floating outer breakwater called a
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estimated that the artificial ports (Mulberries) would need to handle 12,000 tons per day, exclusive of motor transport, and in all weathers. On 4 September the go-ahead was given to start work immediately on the harbours. Infighting between the
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had built a complete Mulberry Harbour out of 600,000 tons of concrete between 33 jetties, and had 10 mi (16 km) of floating roadways to land men and vehicles on the beach. Port Winston is commonly upheld as one of the best examples of
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towed across the channel to form the "Mulberry" harbour breakwaters together with the gooseberry block ships. Ellsberg rode one of the concrete caissons to Normandy; once there he helped unsnarl wrecked landing craft and vehicles on the beach.
1891:, a group of English and French volunteers. Seeking a permanent home for it, they gifted it to the Imperial War Museum and it was returned to England in July 2015. After conservation work it is now part of the Land Warfare exhibition at
1102:, under the guidance of Reginald D. Gwyther, who was appointed CBE for his efforts. Various elements of the whale piers were designed and constructed by a group of companies led by Braithwaite & Co, West Bromwich and Newport.
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underrated the capacities of open beaches. The tremendous tonnage capacities subsequently developed at both Utah and Omaha were without doubt one of the most significant and gratifying features of the entire Overlord operation.
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The final Mulberry harbour survey, Operation Bellpush Charlie, occurred on the night of 30–31 January but limited information was gathered due to fog and because German lookouts heard the craft. Further sorties were abandoned.
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The pier heads or landing wharves at which ships were unloaded were codenamed spuds. Each consisted of a pontoon with four legs that rested on the sea bed to anchor it while it could float up and down freely with the tide.
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With the planning of Operation Overlord at an advanced stage by the summer of 1943, it was accepted that the proposed artificial harbours would need to be prefabricated in Britain and then towed across the English Channel.
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blew into Normandy and devastated the Mulberry harbour at Omaha Beach. The harbours had been designed with summer weather conditions in mind, but this was the worst storm to hit the Normandy coast in 40 years.
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at around three knots. The caissons were initially planned to be moored along the coast, but due to a lack of mooring capacity they were sunk awaiting D-Day, and then refloated ("resurrected", hence the name).
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1979:(LSTs). Using this method, the Americans were able to unload a higher tonnage of supplies than at Arromanches. Salvageable parts of the artificial port were sent to Arromanches to repair the Mulberry there.
2258:, Wigtownshire - concrete beetle remains are accessible on foot on the north side of Garlieston Bay (Eggerness) and at Cairn Head on the south side of Portyerrock Bay on the road to Isle of Whithorn.
3809:. United States Army in World War II – The European Theater of Operations. Vol. I, May 1945 – September 1944. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army.
1879:) along road D517. In 1954, some whales were also used to build two bridges (still visible) in Cameroon along the Edea to Kribi road. In the 1960s, three whale spans from Arromanches were used at
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1300:(of the War Office's 'Transportation 5 Department' (Tn5)) who designed a floating bridge linked to a pier head (the latter had integral 'spud' legs that were raised and lowered with the tide).
1267:, outlined the requirement for piers at least one mile (1.6 km) long at which a continuous stream of supplies could be handled, including a pier head capable of handling 2,000-ton ships.
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Horrall, Andrew (2019). "'This War has Produced a Woman Who Can Keep a Secret!': The Mulberry Harbour Exhibitions, the Young Woman and the Contested Meanings of a British Wartime Invention".
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defenders. Comprising floating but sinkable breakwaters, floating pontoons, piers and floating roadways, this innovative and technically difficult system was being used for the first time.
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In August and September 1943 a trial of three competing designs for the cargo-handling jetties was set up together with a test of a compressed air breakwater. The pier designs were by:
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1147:. The first sortie, Operation Bellpush Able, on 25/26 December had problems with their equipment. They returned on 28/29 December, in Operation Bellpush Baker, to complete the task.
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The entire harbour at Omaha was deemed irreparable, 21 of the 28 phoenix caissons were completely destroyed, the bombardons were cast adrift and the roadways and piers lay smashed.
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caught in the open without the benefit of any protection, the damage in the American sector especially could have been catastrophic to the lines of supply and communication."
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at Arromanches for use by the British and Canadian invasion forces. The harbour was decommissioned six months after D-Day, when Allied forces could use the recently captured
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to capture a port on the north French coast. The problem was that large ocean-going ships of the type needed to transport heavy and bulky cargoes and stores needed
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Antill, Peter; Bradford Case, Jeffrey; Moore, David (2011). "Case 1.4, Operation Overlord: Supply Chain Innovation during World War II". In Moore, David (ed.).
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in the east. To protect the new anchorage, the superstructures of the blockships (which remained above sea-level) and the concrete caissons were festooned with
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two Mulberry harbours. It included all the blockships (codenamed Corncobs) to create the outer breakwater (gooseberries) and 146 concrete caissons (phoenixes).
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to act as breakwaters and create sheltered water at the five landing beaches. Once in position the corncobs created the sheltered waters known as gooseberries.
1252:. Hughes-Hallett had the support of Churchill. The concept of Mulberry harbours began to take shape when Hughes-Hallett moved to be Naval Chief of Staff to the
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proposed location for Mulberry A happened over 1 and 2 December but a navigation failure meant the team sounded an area 2,250 yards west of the correct area.
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in September 1944. Centre and left are "spud" pierheads with floating piers of "whales" and "beetles". At right is 2,000 ft (610 m) of "Swiss roll".
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The Royal Engineers were responsible for the task, and questions had arisen about whether their plans were adequate. US Navy Captain (later Rear Admiral)
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to offload troops and supplies. Mulberry "B" was operated by 20 Port Group, Royal Engineers, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel G.C.B Shaddick.
981:(ICE) on 4 August 1943. The minutes of the Sub-Committee's meetings show that initially it was envisaged that bubble breakwaters would be used, then
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2328:, the invasion of the United Kingdom, Germany developed some prototype prefabricated jetties with a similar purpose in mind. These could be seen in
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1356:, floating piers or roadways codenamed whales and beetles and pier heads codenamed spuds. These harbours when built were both of a similar size to
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and sea conditions. To collect this data a special team of hydrographers was created in October 1943. The 712th Survey Flotilla, operating from
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1293:) who devised the "Swiss roll" which consisted of a floating roadway made of waterproofed canvas stiffened with slats and tensioned by cables;
1132:, were detailed to collect soundings off the enemy coast. Between November 1943 and January 1944 this team used a number of specially adapted
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Phoenixes were reinforced concrete caissons constructed by civil engineering contractors around the coast of Britain, collected and sunk at
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in June 1944. They were designed in 1942 then built in under a year in great secrecy; within hours of the Allies creating beachheads after
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1312:, was selected for the trials as the tides were similar to those on the expected invasion beaches in Normandy, a harbour was available at
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in August 1943. An Artificial Harbours Sub-Committee was set up under the Chairmanship of the civil engineer Colin R. White, brother of
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The Mulberry harbour at Arromanches was more protected, and although damaged by the storm, it remained usable. It came to be known as
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the term Mulberry "B" was defined as "an artificial harbour to be built in England and towed to the British beaches at Arromanches".
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The dock piers were codenamed whales. They were the floating roadways that connected the "spud" pier heads to the land. Designed by
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1946:, the first phoenix was sunk at dawn on 8 June 1944. By 15 June a further 115 had been sunk to create a five-mile-long arc between
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2834:(Report). The General Board, United States Forces European Theater, Antiaircraft Artillery Section. 20 November 1945. Study No. 38
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977:, to advise on the location of the harbours and the form of the breakwater; the Sub-Committee's first meeting was held at the
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1248:(the naval commander for the Dieppe Raid) declared that if a port could not be captured, then one should be taken across the
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a conspicuous stone wall at the back of Rigg Bay beach: this was the landward terminal for a "Crocodile" link to a "Hippo"
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were proposed, and finally, because not enough block ships were available, a mix of blockships and purpose-made concrete
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Hughes, Michael; Momber, Gary (2000). "The Mulberry Harbour Remains". In Allen, Michael J.; Gardiner, Julie (eds.).
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initially investigated the use of compressed air breakwaters before eventually deciding on blockships and caissons.
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to the Normandy coast at only 8.0 kilometres per hour (4.3 kn) and assembled, operated and maintained by the
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manned by the men of the 397th and 481st Anti-Aircraft Artillery (Automatic Weapons) Battalions, attached to the
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Force Mulberry: The Planning and Installation of the Artificial Harbor of U.S. Normandy Beaches in World War II
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3709:. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. XI. Boston: Little, Brown and Cimoany.
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for cars to drive from the assembly line directly onto ships. A span from Mulberry B reused after the war at
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https://canmore.org.uk/site/287700/mulberry-harbour-beetle-cairnhead-bay-rigg-bay-wigtown-bay-solway-firth
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The need for two separate artificial harbours – one American and one British/Canadian – was agreed at the
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Geopolitical Constructs: Mulberry Harbours, World War Two, and the Making of a Militarized Trans-Atlantic
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2713:"Some Aspects of the Design of Flexible Bridging Including 'Whale' Floating Roadways - A H Beckett"
2145:. The blue plaque commemorates the construction at Selsey of Mulberry harbour sections for D-Day.
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A line of Phoenix caissons in place at Arromanches, with anti-aircraft guns installed. 12 June 1944
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6253:
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6013:
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5637:
5292:
5223:
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4162:
4100:
4064:
4058:
4041:
3650:
Jackson, Zoe; Grey, Stephen; Adcock, Thomas A. A.; Taylor, Paul H.; Bidlot, Jean-Raymond (2017).
3611:
2355:
crossword puzzle in the month prior to the invasion. The crossword compilers, Melville Jones and
2325:
2234:
2204:
2198:
2184:
2153:
1852:
1705:
1431:
1253:
1159:
1031:
954:
931:
798:
675:
642:
635:
602:
595:
538:
480:
465:
427:
271:
190:
7780:
2829:
Tactical Employment of Antiaircraft Units Including the Defense Against Pilotless Aircraft (V-1)
2296:
some lengths of concrete roadway on the beach at Cairn Head, intended for use with "Swiss roll".
2266:
Prototype concrete Mulberry Harbour roadway 'Hard', photographed at Cairn Head on 31 August 2013
3346:"'Whale' roadway section and buffer pontoon of the Second World War Mulberry Harbour (1448094)"
7726:
7610:
7500:
7440:
7401:
7334:
7316:
7282:
7225:
7179:
7123:
6948:
6686:
6678:
6615:
6468:
6062:
5594:
5239:
5216:
5055:
5034:
4744:
4483:
4442:
4174:
4150:
4132:
4126:
4047:
3925:
3908:
3898:
3881:
3871:
3845:
3810:
3781:
3754:
3737:
3727:
3710:
3673:
3638:
3628:
3580:
3556:
3528:
3518:
3484:
3474:
3457:
3447:
3274:
2808:
2524:
2210:
2012:
1976:
1872:
1746:
1637:
1361:
1283:
1231:
1203:
1047:
1002:
805:
763:
756:
749:
569:
555:
359:
316:
235:
7645:
7638:
7582:
7246:
7011:
6997:
6900:
6837:
6788:
6601:
6454:
6401:
6211:
6162:
6076:
5306:
5283:
4816:
4411:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4323:
4191:
4144:
3837:
3663:
3603:
3341:
3183:
3127:
3069:
3038:
2985:
2878:
2230:
2226:
1449:
1087:
1055:
860:
791:
770:
690:
628:
439:
388:
1780:
of approximately 2,000 tons to 6,000 tons each) and each unit was towed to Normandy by two
7668:
7380:
7295:
7253:
7151:
7094:
6962:
6744:
6735:
6264:
5846:
5822:
5418:
5076:
4328:
4203:
4156:
4138:
4088:
4076:
3959:
3829:
3497:
2759:
Butterley Brick, 200 years in the Making,p 170, Roy Christian, 1990, Henry Melland, London
2374:
2368:
2351:
2168:
2007:
1959:
1789:
1455:
1413:
1388:
1249:
1163:
1099:
1067:
927:
875:
621:
562:
519:
509:
444:
347:
342:
297:
283:
2719:
1864:
158:
3625:
Our Changing Coast a survey of the intertidal archaeology of Langstone Harbour Hampshire
7675:
7211:
7137:
5189:
5048:
4416:
4401:
3318:
https://canmore.org.uk/site/265635/cairnhead-mulberry-harbour-project-construction-yard
2214:
2190:
2180:
1992:
1824:
1773:
1352:, a static breakwater consisting of "corncobs" and reinforced concrete caissons called
1129:
1091:
1027:
1023:
680:
352:
337:
332:
278:
259:
2805:
Battleground Sussex: A Military History of Sussex From the Iron Age to the present day
2635:
7838:
7486:
5411:
5260:
5099:
4437:
4375:
4276:
3615:
2220:
1988:
1947:
1905:
1880:
1856:
1848:
1836:
1692:
1541:
1461:
1297:
1119:
1083:
1039:
915:
378:
209:
7785:
7589:
5889:
5794:
5425:
4788:
4552:
4027:
3841:
3244:
https://canmore.org.uk/site/311533/mulberry-garlieston-bay-wigtown-bay-solway-firth
2356:
2245:
1309:
1222:
1207:
1110:
Both locations for the temporary harbours required detailed information concerning
919:
3607:
1399:
934:. The harbours were made up of all the elements one would expect of any harbour:
7424:
7410:
7072:
5748:
5569:
5554:
4908:
4452:
4296:
4270:
3577:
Code Name Mulberry: The Planning Building and Operation of the Normandy Harbours
2750:
T.Castledine, 2014, Butterley Ironworks and Codnor Park Forge, 1790-1986, p 250.
2665:
2301:
2194:
1844:
1829:
1781:
1755:
1677:
1481:
1368:
1340:
1324:
1305:
1286:(a civil engineer) who developed his "Hippo" piers and "Crocodile" bridge spans;
1238:
1210:. This memo was for artificial harbours to be created off the German islands of
1186:
1155:
1144:
1115:
1075:
1019:
974:
958:
907:
879:
395:
368:
68:
64:
47:
2443:
2179:, the caisson began to leak and was intentionally beached on a sandbank in the
1776:
in West Sussex prior to D-Day. There were six different sizes of caisson (with
17:
6779:
6532:
6511:
5404:
4737:
4665:
4462:
4290:
4284:
4264:
3975:
3912:
3668:
3651:
2255:
2164:
1884:
1698:
1625:
1553:
1427:
1384:
1313:
1226:
998:
883:
856:
405:
400:
373:
3929:
3849:
3814:
3785:
3741:
3714:
3677:
3560:
3532:
3488:
3461:
3256:
Mulberry Harbour 'beetle': Cairnhead Bay, Rigg Bay, Wigtown Bay, Solway Firth
1929:
Wrecked pontoon causeway of Mulberry A following the storm of 19–22 June 1944
96:
83:
7042:
6447:
6244:
6055:
5853:
5808:
4825:
3885:
3642:
2313:
2305:
2272:
2172:
1769:
1590:
1417:
982:
5329:
3868:
A Harbour Goes to War: The Story of Mulberry and the Men Who Made It Happen
2378:: a floating airstrip using components developed for the Mulberry harbour.
2252:, where it washed up a few days after D-Day. Easily accessible at low tide
1403:
Gooseberry line of ships used as artificial harbor breakwater in June 1944
5313:
5041:
4406:
2478:"Engineering Timelines - Guy Maunsell - WWII : sea forts + harbours"
2329:
2176:
1951:
1860:
1195:
1167:
670:
3986:
3216:"The incredible Sussex wrecks and ruins you only get to see at low tide"
2349:"Mulberry" and the names of all the beaches were words appearing in the
2207:, Kent – caisson could not be refloated. The site was scheduled in 2013.
2249:
2015:. Its remains are still visible today from the beaches at Arromanches.
1868:
1111:
1095:
848:
1327:, the Director of Ports and Inland Water Transport at the War Office.
1234:
submitted a design concept for artificial harbours to the War Office.
5923:
2142:
1211:
1071:
3971:
A wartime aerial view of part of the Mulberry Harbour at Arromanches
3944:
3924:. Vol. II: Docks and Harbours. Institution of Civil Engineers.
863:
to facilitate the rapid offloading of cargo onto beaches during the
2990:"World War II caisson, West Knock sandbank, Shoeburyness (1021090)"
2223:- caissons about five metres underwater and dived by novice divers.
874:, sections of the two prefabricated harbours were towed across the
6111:
2293:
a number of abandoned brick buildings, once the camp at Cairn Head
2290:
the remains of a collapsed "Hippo" visible at low tide in Rigg Bay
2261:
2148:
2136:
1924:
1828:
A Whale floating roadway leading to a Spud pier at Mulberry A off
1823:
1745:
1737:
1398:
1357:
1334:
1185:
949:
871:
3188:"Mulberry Harbour Phoenix Caissons at Portland Harbour (1203075)"
1218:. No further investigation was made and the memo was filed away.
3949:
3753:. Local History Series No 4. Wigtown: G.C. Book Publishers Ltd.
1215:
1133:
939:
923:
4525:
4521:
3995:
2964:"Mulberry Harbour Phoenix Caisson, Thorpe Bay, Southend-on-Sea"
162:
3515:
D-Day Manual: 'Neptune', 'Overlord' and the Battle of Normandy
1094:. On completion they were towed across the English Channel by
7880:
Allied logistics in the Western European Campaign (1944–1945)
2617:
2615:
2613:
2237:. They were designated as a Grade II listed building in 1993.
1987:
Both harbours were almost fully functional when on 19 June a
1150:(On New Year's Eve 1943, the 712th Survey Flotilla carried a
3386:"D-Day crosswords are still a few clues short of a solution"
2646:. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration
1010:(CEC) would construct the harbour from prefabricated parts.
3627:. York: Council for British Archaeology. pp. 127–128.
3444:
Case Studies in Defence Procurement and Logistics, Volume I
2670:
Encyclopédie du débarquement et de la Bataille de Normandie
1975:
continued to be used for landing vehicles and stores using
2028:
Average Daily Tonnage of Supplies Landed, Normandy 1944
2938:
2503:"A User Requirement Document - Piers for Use on Beaches"
3579:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military.
3313:
National Record of the Historic Environment (Canmore):
3254:
National Record of the Historic Environment (Canmore):
3239:
National Record of the Historic Environment (Canmore):
2807:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books ltd. pp. 148–149.
2324:
In the period between postponement and cancellation of
2217:– faulty caisson left in-situ at place of construction.
5183:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
3751:
The Mulberry Harbour Project in Wigtownshire 1942-1944
3273:, Stranraer & District Local History Trust, 2005,
3074:"Phoenix Caisson (outer) off Pagham Harbour (1452912)"
1416:(either under their own steam or towed) and were then
7812:
3315:
Cairnhead, Mulberry Harbour Project Construction Yard
1202:
An early idea for temporary harbours was sketched by
3987:"Seabees in Normandy" video (U.S. National Archives)
3159:"Mulberry Harbour construction site, Hayling Island"
3017:"Engineering feats that served our soldiers so well"
1383:
Mulberry "B" (British) was the harbour assembled on
7544:
7272:
7113:
6938:
6697:
6549:
6487:
6391:
6382:
6263:
5989:
5899:
5747:
5450:
5441:
5199:
5024:
4877:
4639:
4632:
4430:
4394:
4343:
4306:
4249:
4184:
4034:
3687:"Mulberry Harbour Components - Gooseberry 4 - Juno"
3241:
Mulberry: Garlieston Bay, Wigtown Bay, Solway Firth
3102:"The concrete D-Day hulk that helped defeat Hitler"
2444:"Mulberry Harbour: British, French and Dutch tugs'"
886:(Mulberry "B"), along with old ships to be sunk as
149:
141:
133:
125:
117:
112:
75:
60:
55:
34:
3724:The Journey Continues: The World War II Home Front
3384:
3132:"Phoenix Caisson off Littlestone-on-Sea (1415588)"
2598:. Centre for Coastal and Ocean Mapping. 9 May 2014
2740:. London: Temple Press Ltd: 496. 24 October 1962.
878:from southern England and placed in position off
46:View of the Mulberry B harbour "Port Winston" at
3726:. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: White Mane Books.
3897:. Boulder, Colorado: Rowman & Littlefield.
3498:Mulberry B D+4–D+147 10 June to 31 October 1944
1291:Department of Miscellaneous Weapons Development
7875:Closed installations of the United States Navy
3656:Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy
3043:"Phoenix Caisson (inner) off Pagham (1453065)"
2782:"World war 2 Kite anchors found and recovered"
2345:D-Day Daily Telegraph crossword security alarm
914:could not rely on being able to penetrate the
4537:
4007:
3540:Godfrey, Frederick (November–December 2003).
2768:
2160:Sections of Phoenix caissons are located at:
1143:Two attempts to take soundings were made off
174:
8:
4022:Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy,
2902:
4314:American logistics in the Normandy campaign
3952:, Mulberry Harbour trials around Garlieston
3770:"Logistical Planning of Operation Overlord"
2621:
2283:Other artefacts around Garlieston include:
1154:(COPP) to the Gold Beach area just west of
1136:, or LCP(L), to survey the Normandy coast.
1013:The proposed harbours called for many huge
6388:
5447:
4636:
4544:
4530:
4522:
4511:Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord
4319:British logistics in the Normandy campaign
4014:
4000:
3992:
3866:Evans, J.; Walter, T.; Palmer, E. (2000).
3722:Morton, High M.; Jones, Wilbur D. (2005).
2950:
2248:, on the shore line West of Marine Drive,
2026:
181:
167:
159:
40:
31:
3685:Lewis, Richard; Bonderud, Erlend (2024).
3667:
1296:Lieutenant Colonel William T Everall and
3945:Beckett Rankine Mulberry Harbour Archive
2926:
2644:Ship History Database Vessel Status Card
2582:
2464:
1412:Corncobs were 61 ships that crossed the
145:Military equipment, stores and personnel
27:British WWII portable temporary harbours
7819:
3920:Institution of Civil Engineers (1948).
3371:
3328:
3301:
3289:
2914:
2430:
2394:
2387:
1190:Aerial view of Mulberry harbour "B" at
6369:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
4054:American airborne landings in Normandy
3496:Crawford, R. W., ed. (November 1944).
2939:Antill, Bradford Case & Moore 2011
2525:"Hughes War Plans - Mulberry Harbours"
2332:, until they were demolished in 1978.
2187:in 2004. It is accessible at low tide.
1887:was saved from destruction in 2008 by
7870:Military installations closed in 1945
7240:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
6672:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
6318:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
6274:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
5379:Rape during the occupation of Germany
3836:. New York: William Morrow & Co.
7:
6362:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
5394:Rape during the liberation of France
3977:Factory-Made Invasion Harbour (1944)
3870:. South Machars Historical Society.
3652:"The waves at the Mulberry Harbours"
3397:from the original on 12 January 2022
1423:The ships used for each beach were:
3214:Donnelly, Luke (18 November 2022).
2803:Grehan, John; Mace, Martin (2012).
7850:Military logistics of World War II
6588:German invasion of the Netherlands
4868:Weather events during World War II
4107:Greenline, Pomegranate and Express
3707:The Invasion of France and Germany
3351:National Heritage List for England
3193:National Heritage List for England
3137:National Heritage List for England
3079:National Heritage List for England
3048:National Heritage List for England
2995:National Heritage List for England
2279:, three beetles at the shore line.
2233:– two are located at the beach at
1367:The Mulberry harbour assembled on
1152:Combined Operations Pilotage Party
25:
7219:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
3446:. Cambridge: Cambridge Academic.
3104:. Daily Telegraph. Archived from
2408:"War Office: Artificial Harbours"
1754:, and the remains of a third, at
305:Caen canal and Orne river bridges
7822:
7779:
4083:Capture of Caen and Orne bridges
3803:Logistical Support of the Armies
3768:Osmanski, F. A. (January 1950).
2505:. Think Defence. 5 February 2015
2141:Pagham Harbour from East Beach,
1289:Ronald Hamilton (working at the
4501:People of Western Europe speech
4422:Military cemeteries in Normandy
3517:. Sparkford, Somerset: Haynes.
1339:The remains of the harbour off
1134:Landing Craft Personnel (Large)
243:Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum
7466:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
5176:Territorial changes of Germany
5084:Indonesian National Revolution
4496:June 6, 1944, order of the day
3800:Ruppenthal, Roland G. (1953).
3100:Sawer, Patrick (3 June 2014).
2691:"Caisson (Phoenix) Breakwater"
979:Institution of Civil Engineers
1:
6866:Japanese invasion of Thailand
6817:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
6581:German invasion of Luxembourg
4962:Mediterranean and Middle East
3608:10.1080/07292473.2019.1617661
3417:"The Crossword Panic of 1944"
2596:"Omaha Beach Mulberry Harbor"
2482:www.engineering-timelines.com
2320:German equivalent of Mulberry
1068:Melville Dundas & Whitson
6773:Invasion of the Soviet Union
6462:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
5780:Independent State of Croatia
4255:
4251:
2666:"Gooseberry 2 (Omaha Beach)"
2133:Surviving remnants in the UK
1376:ceased, It was commanded by
1261:Chief of Combined Operations
847:were two temporary portable
7757:End of World War II in Asia
7597:Western invasion of Germany
7104:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
7081:Second Battle of El Alamein
6651:Hundred Regiments Offensive
6623:Battle of the Mediterranean
6476:Italian invasion of Albania
4650:Air warfare of World War II
4331:(Pipe-Line Under The Ocean)
3962: (archived May 8, 2013)
3542:"The Logistics of Invasion"
3513:Falconer, Jonathan (2013).
3163:The D-Day Story, Portsmouth
2529:Kaller Historical Documents
1893:Imperial War Museum Duxford
1556:(Gooseberry 3, 16 ships):
1259:In the autumn of 1942, the
1237:At a meeting following the
1221:In 1940 the civil engineer
910:of 1942 had shown that the
7896:
7683:Naval bombardment of Japan
7051:First Battle of El Alamein
6970:Battle of Christmas Island
6915:Japanese invasion of Burma
6679:Italian invasion of Greece
6595:German invasion of Belgium
6567:German invasion of Denmark
6540:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
6409:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
4673:Comparative military ranks
3966:Google Maps satellite view
3471:Alderney at War: 1939-1949
3271:Stranraer in World War Two
2342:
1803:
1761:
1680:(Gooseberry 5, 9 ships ):
1628:(Gooseberry 4, 11 ships):
1484:(Gooseberry 2, 15 ships):
1430:(Gooseberry 1, 10 ships):
1170:Bruce Ogden Smith, of the
137:Temporary portable harbour
7772:
7604:Bratislava–Brno offensive
7535:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
7159:Allied invasion of Sicily
7019:Aleutian Islands campaign
6991:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
6929:Greek famine of 1941–1944
6824:Second Battle of Changsha
6729:German invasion of Greece
6574:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
4916:North and Central Pacific
4559:
4468:Allied forces in Normandy
3922:The Civil Engineer at War
3669:10.1007/s40722-017-0088-4
2883:historylearningsite.co.uk
2769:Lewis & Bonderud 2024
2736:"The World of Motoring".
2634:Maritime Administration.
2183:. It was designated as a
2171:– while being towed from
1841:Noireau river in Normandy
1408:Corncobs and gooseberries
920:sufficient depth of water
250:Combined Bomber Offensive
202:
39:
7196:Allied invasion of Italy
7173:Solomon Islands campaign
6922:Third Battle of Changsha
6519:First Battle of Changsha
6425:Second Sino-Japanese War
5365:German military brothels
5231:United States war crimes
2903:Hughes & Momber 2000
2241:Beetles are located at:
1855:), as a bridge over the
1100:Corps of Royal Engineers
1060:Peter Lind & Company
994:Combined Chiefs of Staff
992:On 2 September 1943 the
7618:Second Guangxi campaign
7473:Philippines (1944–1945)
6977:Battle of the Coral Sea
6880:Fall of the Philippines
6526:Battle of South Guangxi
6432:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
5838:Italian Social Republic
3950:Garlieston's Secret War
3842:2027/mdp.39015034330186
3749:Murchie, A. T. (1993).
3473:. Stroud: Alan Sutton.
3469:Bonnard, Brian (1993).
3019:. Bognor Regis Observer
2966:. worldwar2heritage.com
2693:. worldwar2heritage.com
2622:Morton & Jones 2005
2573:Murchie (1993) pp 13-20
1889:Les Amis du Pont Bailey
1686:French battleship
1158:. Two soldiers – Major
7203:Armistice of Cassibile
7005:Battle of Dutch Harbor
6956:Battle of the Java Sea
6859:Attack on Pearl Harbor
6759:Syria–Lebanon campaign
6752:Battle of South Shanxi
6722:Invasion of Yugoslavia
6505:Battle of the Atlantic
6119:Korean Liberation Army
5832:(until September 1943)
5789:(until September 1944)
5767:(until September 1944)
4448:D-Day naval deceptions
2879:"The Mulberry Harbour"
2550:"Artificioal Harbours"
2267:
2157:
2156:, Kent Phoenix caisson
2146:
2130:
1930:
1832:
1759:
1743:
1404:
1344:
1265:Lord Louis Mountbatten
1199:
1182:Design and development
962:
957:under construction in
712:Air and Sea operations
505:Anglo-Canadian Sector
384:Anglo-Canadian Sector
7367:Second Battle of Guam
7263:Bengal famine of 1943
7233:Second Battle of Kiev
7189:Battle of the Dnieper
6894:Battle of Wake Island
6766:East African campaign
6708:Battle of South Henan
6353:atrocities by Germans
6126:Korean Volunteer Army
5107:Occupation of Germany
4861:Music in World War II
3893:Flint, Colin (2016).
3703:Morison, Samuel Eliot
3575:Hartcup, Guy (2011).
2277:Dumfries and Galloway
2265:
2152:
2140:
2125:
1928:
1827:
1749:
1741:
1402:
1378:Augustus Dayton Clark
1373:Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer
1360:. In the planning of
1338:
1192:Arromanches-les-Bains
1189:
953:
744:Supporting operations
7855:Coastal construction
7653:Surrender of Germany
7131:Battle of West Hubei
7088:Guadalcanal campaign
7058:Battle of Stalingrad
6984:Battle of Madagascar
5758:Albania protectorate
5545:(formerly Swaziland)
5254:Wehrmacht war crimes
5070:Expulsion of Germans
4854:Art and World War II
4752:British contribution
4701:Governments in exile
4218:(Canada, Poland, US)
4171:(Canada, Poland, UK)
4165:(Canada, Poland, UK)
2858:normandiememoire.com
2316:car ferry terminal.
2013:military engineering
1859:on road D56 between
1806:Bombardon breakwater
1750:A pair of surviving
1304:The western side of
1172:East Surrey Regiment
1056:John Laing & Son
1008:Civil Engineer Corps
868:invasion of Normandy
196:(Battle of Normandy)
7743:Potsdam Declaration
7632:Italy (Spring 1945)
7395:Liberation of Paris
6852:Siege of Sevastopol
5870:(until August 1944)
5773:Wang Jingwei regime
5595:from September 1943
5555:from September 1944
5493:from September 1944
5353:Romanian war crimes
5344:Persecution of Jews
5330:Croatian war crimes
5300:Japanese war crimes
5114:Occupation of Japan
5063:First Indochina War
4775:Military production
4687:Declarations of war
4479:Operation Bodyguard
4473:Liberation of Paris
3830:Stanford, Alfred B.
3393:. 6 February 2009.
3391:The Daily Telegraph
3374:, pp. 106–108.
2905:, pp. 127–128.
2854:"Mulberry Harbours"
2029:
1764:Phoenix breakwaters
1354:phoenix breakwaters
1298:Major Allan Beckett
1246:John Hughes-Hallett
1241:of 19 August 1942,
1064:Sir Robert McAlpine
1036:Cochrane & Sons
882:(Mulberry "A") and
93: /
7865:British inventions
7845:Operation Overlord
7736:Surrender of Japan
7569:Battle of Iwo Jima
7418:Belgrade offensive
6831:Siege of Leningrad
6715:Battle of Shanggao
6644:British Somaliland
6609:Dunkirk evacuation
6560:Norwegian campaign
6498:Invasion of Poland
6325:Japanese prisoners
5293:Italian war crimes
5224:British war crimes
5139:Soviet occupations
4923:South-West Pacific
4810:Allied cooperation
4768:Military equipment
4506:Rommel's asparagus
4490:Operation Jedburgh
4335:Operation Chastity
2784:. 16 November 2018
2326:Operation Sea Lion
2268:
2205:Littlestone-on-Sea
2185:scheduled monument
2158:
2154:Littlestone-on-Sea
2147:
2027:
1977:Landing Ship Tanks
1956:anti-aircraft guns
1931:
1833:
1760:
1744:
1660:Manchester Spinner
1405:
1345:
1206:in a 1915 memo to
1200:
1198:(October 27, 1944)
1160:Logan Scott-Bowden
1020:Wates Construction
963:
932:Operation Overlord
539:Normandy massacres
428:Operation Chastity
192:Operation Overlord
97:49.3475°N 0.6340°W
71:, Normandy, France
7860:Operation Neptune
7810:
7809:
7768:
7767:
7611:Battle of Okinawa
7510:Burma (1944–1945)
7344:Mariana and Palau
7124:Tunisian campaign
6949:Fall of Singapore
6873:Fall of Hong Kong
6616:Battle of Britain
6469:Operation Himmler
6378:
6377:
6042:Dutch East Indies
5685:Southern Rhodesia
5437:
5436:
5337:Genocide of Serbs
5240:German war crimes
5217:Soviet war crimes
5210:Allied war crimes
5056:Division of Korea
5035:Chinese Civil War
4833:Strategic bombing
4745:Manhattan Project
4519:
4518:
4484:Operation Dragoon
4159:(UK 6th Airborne)
3956:Mulberry Harbours
3904:978-1-4422-6667-4
3733:978-1-57249-365-0
3689:. The Crete Fleet
3596:War & Society
3586:978-1-84884-558-9
3524:978-0-85733-234-9
3453:978-1-903499-61-0
3419:. Historic-UK.com
3304:, pp. 58–59.
2814:978-1-84884-661-6
2467:, pp. 69–71.
2271:Old House Point,
2211:Langstone Harbour
2120:
2119:
2019:Post-war analysis
1873:Vierville-sur-Mer
1523:James W. Marshall
1362:Operation Neptune
1284:Hugh Iorys Hughes
1232:Hugh Iorys Hughes
1204:Winston Churchill
1088:Pauling & Co.
1052:Holloway Brothers
1018:firms, including
989:units were used.
971:Quebec Conference
853:British Admiralty
851:developed by the
845:Mulberry harbours
840:
839:
696:Mantes-Gassicourt
360:Normandy landings
157:
156:
16:(Redirected from
7887:
7827:
7826:
7825:
7818:
7803:
7796:
7789:
7786:World portal
7784:
7783:
7759:
7752:
7745:
7738:
7729:
7722:
7715:
7706:
7699:
7692:
7685:
7678:
7671:
7662:
7655:
7648:
7646:Prague offensive
7641:
7639:Battle of Berlin
7634:
7627:
7620:
7613:
7606:
7599:
7592:
7585:
7583:Vienna offensive
7578:
7571:
7564:
7562:Battle of Manila
7557:
7537:
7528:
7519:
7512:
7503:
7496:
7489:
7482:
7475:
7468:
7461:
7452:
7443:
7436:
7427:
7420:
7413:
7406:
7397:
7390:
7383:
7376:
7369:
7362:
7355:
7346:
7339:
7330:
7321:
7312:
7305:
7303:Korsun–Cherkassy
7298:
7287:
7265:
7256:
7249:
7242:
7235:
7228:
7221:
7214:
7205:
7198:
7191:
7184:
7175:
7168:
7161:
7154:
7147:
7145:Bombing of Gorky
7140:
7133:
7126:
7106:
7099:
7090:
7083:
7076:
7067:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7035:
7028:
7021:
7014:
7012:Battle of Midway
7007:
7000:
6998:Battle of Gazala
6993:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6958:
6951:
6931:
6924:
6917:
6910:
6908:Battle of Borneo
6903:
6901:Malayan campaign
6896:
6889:
6882:
6875:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6847:
6845:Bombing of Gorky
6840:
6838:Battle of Moscow
6833:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6782:
6775:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6747:
6738:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6710:
6690:
6681:
6674:
6667:
6660:
6653:
6646:
6639:
6632:
6625:
6618:
6611:
6604:
6602:Battle of France
6597:
6590:
6583:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6542:
6535:
6528:
6521:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6478:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6455:Munich Agreement
6450:
6443:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6411:
6404:
6389:
6371:
6364:
6355:
6348:
6341:
6340:Soviet prisoners
6334:
6327:
6320:
6311:
6304:
6295:
6288:
6281:
6280:German prisoners
6276:
6256:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6228:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6016:
6009:
6002:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5840:
5833:
5825:
5818:
5816:French Indochina
5811:
5804:
5797:
5790:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5760:
5740:
5731:
5724:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5663:from August 1944
5654:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5546:
5538:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5448:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5389:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5355:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5307:Nanjing Massacre
5302:
5295:
5286:
5284:Nuremberg trials
5277:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5125:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5017:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4888:Asia and Pacific
4870:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4819:
4817:Mulberry harbour
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4659:
4652:
4637:
4625:
4618:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4523:
4492:(France, UK, US)
4486:(France, UK, US)
4458:Hobart's Funnies
4412:Hillman Fortress
4324:Mulberry harbour
4257:
4253:
4250:Landing points (
4228:Merville Battery
4097:(Deception plan)
4016:
4009:
4002:
3993:
3978:
3933:
3916:
3889:
3853:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3808:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3764:
3745:
3718:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3681:
3671:
3646:
3619:
3590:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3549:Army Logistician
3546:
3536:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3492:
3465:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3342:Historic England
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3267:
3261:
3252:
3246:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3184:Historic England
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3128:Historic England
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3070:Historic England
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3039:Historic England
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2986:Historic England
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2718:. Archived from
2717:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2231:Portland, Dorset
2227:Portland Harbour
2030:
1960:barrage balloons
1734:Phoenix caissons
1562:Alghios Spyridon
1519:George W. Childs
1468:Willis A. Slater
1442:George S. Wasson
955:Phoenix caissons
926:, together with
861:Second World War
471:La Haye-du-Puits
456:American Sector
364:American Sector
310:Merville Battery
290:Airborne assault
197:
193:
183:
176:
169:
160:
108:
107:
105:
104:
103:
102:49.3475; -0.6340
98:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
44:
35:Mulberry harbour
32:
21:
7895:
7894:
7890:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7835:
7834:
7833:
7823:
7821:
7813:
7811:
7806:
7799:
7792:
7778:
7776:
7764:
7755:
7748:
7741:
7734:
7725:
7718:
7711:
7702:
7697:Atomic bombings
7695:
7688:
7681:
7674:
7667:
7658:
7651:
7644:
7637:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7595:
7588:
7581:
7574:
7567:
7560:
7553:
7540:
7533:
7522:
7515:
7508:
7499:
7492:
7485:
7478:
7471:
7464:
7455:
7446:
7439:
7430:
7423:
7416:
7409:
7400:
7393:
7388:Eastern Romania
7386:
7381:Warsaw Uprising
7379:
7374:Tannenberg Line
7372:
7365:
7360:Western Ukraine
7358:
7349:
7342:
7333:
7324:
7315:
7308:
7301:
7290:
7281:
7268:
7261:
7252:
7245:
7238:
7231:
7224:
7217:
7210:
7201:
7194:
7187:
7178:
7171:
7164:
7157:
7152:Battle of Kursk
7150:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7122:
7109:
7102:
7093:
7086:
7079:
7070:
7063:
7056:
7049:
7040:
7031:
7024:
7017:
7010:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6975:
6968:
6963:St Nazaire Raid
6961:
6954:
6947:
6934:
6927:
6920:
6913:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6864:
6857:
6850:
6843:
6836:
6829:
6822:
6815:
6808:
6801:
6787:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6757:
6750:
6745:Anglo-Iraqi War
6743:
6736:Battle of Crete
6734:
6727:
6720:
6713:
6706:
6693:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6665:Eastern Romania
6663:
6656:
6649:
6642:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6614:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6565:
6558:
6545:
6538:
6531:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6483:
6474:
6467:
6460:
6453:
6446:
6439:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6407:
6400:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6351:
6344:
6339:
6330:
6323:
6316:
6307:
6300:
6291:
6284:
6279:
6272:
6259:
6252:
6243:
6236:
6231:
6226:Western Ukraine
6224:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6170:Northeast China
6168:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6133:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6096:
6089:
6082:
6075:
6068:
6061:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5876:Slovak Republic
5874:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5847:Empire of Japan
5845:
5836:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5785:
5778:
5771:
5763:
5756:
5743:
5736:
5727:
5720:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5549:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5433:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5392:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5359:Sexual violence
5358:
5351:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5282:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5128:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5089:
5082:
5077:Greek Civil War
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5020:
5013:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4902:South-East Asia
4900:
4893:
4886:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4761:Military awards
4759:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4655:
4648:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4586:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4550:
4520:
4515:
4426:
4390:
4371:Longues-sur-Mer
4339:
4302:
4245:
4234:Verrières Ridge
4180:
4073:(UK and Canada)
4030:
4020:
3976:
3960:Wayback Machine
3941:
3936:
3919:
3905:
3892:
3878:
3865:
3861:
3859:Further reading
3856:
3828:
3819:
3817:
3806:
3799:
3790:
3788:
3774:Military Review
3767:
3761:
3748:
3734:
3721:
3701:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3649:
3635:
3622:
3593:
3587:
3574:
3565:
3563:
3544:
3539:
3525:
3512:
3503:
3501:
3500:(Report). SHAEF
3495:
3481:
3468:
3454:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3268:
3264:
3253:
3249:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2951:Ruppenthal 1953
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2725:on 7 July 2011.
2722:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2369:Operation Pluto
2365:
2352:Daily Telegraph
2347:
2341:
2337:Daily Telegraph
2322:
2169:Southend-on-Sea
2135:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2021:
2008:Royal Engineers
1985:
1972:
1950:in the west to
1940:
1923:
1914:
1901:
1822:
1817:
1808:
1802:
1790:Edward Ellsberg
1766:
1736:
1707:Empire Defiance
1652:Empire Waterhen
1644:Empire Flamingo
1438:David O. Saylor
1433:Benjamin Contee
1414:English Channel
1410:
1397:
1389:port of Antwerp
1333:
1277:
1184:
1166:, and commando
1164:Royal Engineers
1108:
975:Sir Bruce White
948:
928:dockside cranes
904:
876:English Channel
841:
836:
823:
610:Verrières Ridge
532:Le Mesnil-Patry
455:
453:Ground campaign
363:
326:American Sector
293:British Sector
292:
198:
195:
191:
189:
187:
101:
99:
95:
92:
87:
84:
82:
80:
79:
51:
28:
23:
22:
18:Mulberry harbor
15:
12:
11:
5:
7893:
7891:
7883:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7837:
7836:
7832:
7831:
7829:United Kingdom
7808:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7797:
7790:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7760:
7753:
7746:
7732:
7731:
7730:
7716:
7713:South Sakhalin
7709:
7708:
7707:
7693:
7686:
7679:
7672:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7649:
7642:
7635:
7628:
7621:
7614:
7607:
7600:
7593:
7586:
7579:
7572:
7565:
7558:
7550:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7538:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7513:
7506:
7505:
7504:
7490:
7483:
7476:
7469:
7462:
7453:
7444:
7437:
7428:
7421:
7414:
7407:
7398:
7391:
7384:
7377:
7370:
7363:
7356:
7347:
7340:
7331:
7322:
7313:
7306:
7299:
7288:
7278:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7250:
7236:
7229:
7222:
7215:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7192:
7185:
7176:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7138:Battle of Attu
7134:
7127:
7119:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7100:
7091:
7084:
7077:
7068:
7061:
7054:
7047:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7029:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6980:
6973:
6966:
6959:
6952:
6944:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6925:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6887:Battle of Guam
6883:
6876:
6869:
6862:
6855:
6848:
6841:
6834:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6810:Battle of Kiev
6806:
6799:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6769:
6762:
6755:
6748:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6703:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6612:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6563:
6555:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6536:
6529:
6522:
6515:
6508:
6501:
6493:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6479:
6472:
6465:
6458:
6451:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6428:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6397:
6395:
6386:
6380:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6349:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6321:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6309:United Kingdom
6305:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6277:
6269:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6241:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6166:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6122:
6108:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6010:
6003:
5995:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5905:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5761:
5753:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5713:British Empire
5706:United Kingdom
5702:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5667:
5655:
5648:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5599:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5547:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5522:Czechoslovakia
5518:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5464:
5456:
5454:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5422:
5419:Rape of Manila
5415:
5408:
5401:
5390:
5375:
5368:
5356:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5340:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5296:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5271:
5257:
5250:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5205:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5190:United Nations
5186:
5179:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5135:
5126:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5049:Decolonization
5045:
5038:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5011:
5010:
5009:
4995:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4949:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4898:
4883:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4813:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4741:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4725:
4722:United Kingdom
4718:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4645:
4643:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4568:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4526:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4417:Pegasus Bridge
4414:
4409:
4404:
4402:Falaise pocket
4398:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4268:
4261:
4259:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4240:Villers-Bocage
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4051:
4050:(assault plan)
4045:
4044:(overall plan)
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3953:
3947:
3940:
3939:External links
3937:
3935:
3934:
3917:
3903:
3890:
3876:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3826:
3797:
3765:
3759:
3746:
3732:
3719:
3699:
3682:
3662:(3): 285–292.
3647:
3633:
3620:
3602:(3): 185–202.
3591:
3585:
3572:
3537:
3523:
3510:
3493:
3479:
3466:
3452:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3408:
3376:
3364:
3333:
3321:
3306:
3294:
3282:
3269:Bell, Archie,
3262:
3247:
3232:
3206:
3175:
3150:
3119:
3108:on 5 June 2014
3092:
3061:
3030:
3008:
2977:
2955:
2953:, p. 415.
2943:
2931:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2870:
2845:
2820:
2813:
2795:
2773:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2728:
2704:
2682:
2657:
2626:
2624:, p. 111.
2609:
2587:
2575:
2566:
2541:
2516:
2494:
2469:
2457:
2435:
2423:
2399:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2343:Main article:
2340:
2334:
2321:
2318:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2281:
2280:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2239:
2238:
2224:
2218:
2215:Hayling Island
2208:
2202:
2191:Pagham Harbour
2188:
2181:Thames Estuary
2134:
2131:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:total beaches
2103:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2020:
2017:
1984:
1981:
1971:
1968:
1939:
1936:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1900:
1897:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1804:Main article:
1801:
1798:
1774:Pagham Harbour
1762:Main article:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1675:
1672:Vera Radcliffe
1648:Empire Moorhen
1639:Empire Bunting
1623:
1551:
1511:Flight-Command
1479:
1446:Matt W. Ransom
1409:
1406:
1396:
1393:
1332:
1329:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1276:
1273:
1183:
1180:
1107:
1104:
1092:Taylor Woodrow
1032:Bovis & Co
1024:Balfour Beatty
947:
944:
942:and roadways.
903:
900:
838:
837:
835:
834:
822:
821:
810:
803:
796:
789:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
741:
740:
735:
733:Pierres Noires
730:
725:
720:
709:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
661:
654:
653:
652:
640:
633:
626:
613:
612:
607:
600:
593:
588:
581:
574:
567:
560:
553:
548:
547:
546:
536:
535:
534:
529:
527:Villers-Bocage
517:
512:
503:
502:
501:
500:
490:
489:
488:
478:
473:
468:
463:
461:Brécourt Manor
450:
449:
448:
447:
442:
432:
431:
430:
414:
413:
411:Port-en-Bessin
408:
403:
398:
393:
382:
381:
376:
371:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
322:
321:
314:
313:
312:
307:
287:
286:
281:
276:
269:
262:
260:Transport Plan
257:
252:
247:
246:
245:
240:
233:
226:
212:
203:
200:
199:
188:
186:
185:
178:
171:
163:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
110:
109:
77:
73:
72:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7892:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7830:
7820:
7816:
7802:
7798:
7795:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7782:
7775:
7774:
7771:
7758:
7754:
7751:
7747:
7744:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7728:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:Kuril Islands
7717:
7714:
7710:
7705:
7701:
7700:
7698:
7694:
7691:
7687:
7684:
7680:
7677:
7673:
7670:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7650:
7647:
7643:
7640:
7636:
7633:
7629:
7626:
7622:
7619:
7615:
7612:
7608:
7605:
7601:
7598:
7594:
7591:
7587:
7584:
7580:
7577:
7573:
7570:
7566:
7563:
7559:
7556:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7547:
7543:
7536:
7532:
7527:
7526:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7507:
7502:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7491:
7488:
7487:Syrmian Front
7484:
7481:
7477:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7442:
7438:
7435:
7434:
7433:Market Garden
7429:
7426:
7422:
7419:
7415:
7412:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7396:
7392:
7389:
7385:
7382:
7378:
7375:
7371:
7368:
7364:
7361:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7345:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7314:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7293:
7292:Monte Cassino
7289:
7286:
7285:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7271:
7264:
7260:
7255:
7251:
7248:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7237:
7234:
7230:
7227:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7204:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7193:
7190:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7177:
7174:
7170:
7167:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7149:
7146:
7142:
7139:
7135:
7132:
7128:
7125:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7105:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7009:
7006:
7002:
6999:
6995:
6992:
6988:
6985:
6981:
6978:
6974:
6971:
6967:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6937:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6919:
6916:
6912:
6909:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6891:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6877:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6863:
6860:
6856:
6853:
6849:
6846:
6842:
6839:
6835:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6814:
6811:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6786:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6770:
6767:
6763:
6760:
6756:
6753:
6749:
6746:
6742:
6737:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6696:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6666:
6662:
6659:
6658:Baltic states
6655:
6652:
6648:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6634:
6631:
6627:
6624:
6620:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6592:
6589:
6585:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6548:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6530:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6509:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6452:
6449:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6438:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6410:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6350:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6333:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6302:United States
6299:
6294:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6255:
6251:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6238:Quốc dân Đảng
6235:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6060:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5938:Liechtenstein
5935:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5914:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5844:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5722:United States
5719:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5412:Comfort women
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5396: /
5395:
5391:
5388:
5385: /
5384:
5381: /
5380:
5376:
5373:
5372:Camp brothels
5369:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:The Holocaust
5258:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5247:forced labour
5244:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5100:Marshall Plan
5097:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4953:Eastern Front
4950:
4947:
4946:Western Front
4943:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4840:Puppet states
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4782:Naval history
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4729:United States
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4535:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4438:Atlantic Wall
4436:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:Gun batteries
4342:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4278:
4277:Pointe du Hoc
4275:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4248:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4024:Western Front
4017:
4012:
4010:
4005:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3877:1-873547-30-7
3873:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3787:
3783:
3780:(10): 50–62.
3779:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3760:1-872350-62-3
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3634:1-902771-14-1
3630:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3480:0-7509-0343-0
3476:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3365:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3331:, p. 31.
3330:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3292:, p. 59.
3291:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3279:0 9542966 3 X
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3093:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3018:
3012:
3009:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2941:, p. 63.
2940:
2935:
2932:
2929:, p. 57.
2928:
2927:Osmanski 1950
2923:
2920:
2917:, p. 44.
2916:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2729:
2721:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2583:Crawford 1944
2579:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2465:Falconer 2013
2461:
2458:
2446:. Thames Tugs
2445:
2439:
2436:
2433:, p. 94.
2432:
2427:
2424:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2221:Littlehampton
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1964:First US Army
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:Tracy-sur-Mer
1945:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1906:Allan Beckett
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:Ford Dagenham
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:Moselle River
1854:
1850:
1849:Vacherauville
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:Allan Beckett
1831:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:displacements
1775:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:James Iredell
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1472:Victory Sword
1469:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1451:West Cheswald
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1358:Dover harbour
1355:
1351:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1263:Vice-Admiral
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1225:wrote to the
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1145:Pointe de Ver
1141:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:Beach surveys
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Halcrow Group
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
960:
956:
952:
945:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:Atlantic Wall
913:
909:
901:
899:
895:
891:
889:
885:
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544:Ardenne Abbey
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385:
380:
379:Pointe du Hoc
377:
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210:Atlantic Wall
208:
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78:
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70:
66:
63:
59:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7794:Bibliography
7777:
7590:Project Hula
7555:Vistula–Oder
7524:
7457:
7448:
7432:
7402:
7351:
7335:
7326:
7317:
7283:
7180:
7095:
7071:
7041:
6792:
6685:
6630:North Africa
6332:Soviet Union
6286:Soviet Union
6212:Soviet Union
5980:Vatican City
5890:Vichy France
5795:German Reich
5692:Soviet Union
5678:South Africa
5671:Sierra Leone
5624:Newfoundland
5443:Participants
5426:Marocchinate
5130:
5121:
5091:
4969:North Africa
4930:Indian Ocean
4789:Nazi plunder
4680:Cryptography
4553:World War II
4395:Other places
4206:(UK, Canada)
4119:
4028:World War II
3921:
3894:
3867:
3833:
3818:. Retrieved
3802:
3789:. Retrieved
3777:
3773:
3750:
3723:
3706:
3691:. Retrieved
3659:
3655:
3624:
3599:
3595:
3576:
3564:. Retrieved
3555:(6): 44–49.
3552:
3548:
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3470:
3443:
3423:27 September
3421:. Retrieved
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3379:
3372:Bonnard 1993
3367:
3355:. Retrieved
3349:
3336:
3329:Murchie 1993
3324:
3314:
3309:
3302:Murchie 1993
3297:
3290:Murchie 1993
3285:
3270:
3265:
3255:
3250:
3240:
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3219:
3209:
3197:. Retrieved
3191:
3178:
3166:. Retrieved
3162:
3153:
3141:. Retrieved
3135:
3122:
3110:. Retrieved
3106:the original
3095:
3083:. Retrieved
3077:
3064:
3052:. Retrieved
3046:
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3011:
2999:. Retrieved
2993:
2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2958:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2915:Godfrey 2003
2910:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2882:
2873:
2861:. Retrieved
2857:
2848:
2836:. Retrieved
2823:
2804:
2798:
2786:. Retrieved
2776:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2731:
2720:the original
2707:
2695:. Retrieved
2685:
2673:. Retrieved
2669:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2643:
2637:
2629:
2600:. Retrieved
2590:
2585:, p. 1.
2578:
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2555:. War Office
2544:
2534:12 September
2532:. Retrieved
2528:
2519:
2509:12 September
2507:. Retrieved
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2481:
2472:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2438:
2431:Hartcup 2011
2426:
2416:13 September
2414:. Retrieved
2402:
2397:, p. 4.
2395:Murchie 1993
2390:
2373:
2357:Leonard Dawe
2350:
2348:
2336:
2323:
2299:
2282:
2246:Bognor Regis
2240:
2159:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2022:
2004:Port Winston
2003:
2001:
1998:
1993:force 6 to 8
1986:
1973:
1941:
1932:
1915:
1902:
1888:
1865:Kœnigsmacker
1834:
1809:
1794:
1787:
1772:in Kent and
1767:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1712:Empire Tamar
1711:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:Elswick Park
1565:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1490:
1486:Artemas Ward
1485:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:West Honaker
1456:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1422:
1411:
1382:
1366:
1346:
1318:J. D. Bernal
1310:Solway Firth
1303:
1278:
1269:
1258:
1243:Vice-Admiral
1236:
1223:Guy Maunsell
1220:
1208:Lloyd George
1201:
1176:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1124:
1109:
1012:
991:
968:
964:
922:under their
905:
896:
892:
844:
842:
825:
824:
817:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
742:
738:Audierne Bay
711:
710:
664:
657:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
614:
603:
596:
584:
577:
570:
563:
556:
520:
504:
452:
451:
416:
415:
389:
383:
358:
357:
324:
323:
317:
298:
289:
288:
272:
266:Postage Able
265:
236:
229:
222:
215:
204:
29:
7525:Bodenplatte
7411:Gothic Line
6637:West Africa
6184:Philippines
6163:Netherlands
6028:Czech lands
5966:Switzerland
5910:Afghanistan
5861:Philippines
5729:Puerto Rico
5645:Philippines
5631:New Zealand
5617:Netherlands
5570:Free France
5321:Prosecution
5122:Osoaviakhim
4992:West Africa
4976:East Africa
4623:Conferences
4453:Dieppe Raid
4386:Mont Canisy
3225:28 November
3220:Sussex Live
3112:18 December
3023:18 December
3001:18 December
2970:18 December
2888:17 December
2863:21 December
2788:15 February
2675:26 December
2650:26 December
2602:17 December
2302:Southampton
2195:West Sussex
1944:Arromanches
1938:Arromanches
1845:Meuse River
1830:Omaha Beach
1756:Arromanches
1716:Empire Tana
1678:Sword Beach
1608:Saltersgate
1574:Giorgios P.
1482:Omaha Beach
1395:Breakwaters
1369:Omaha Beach
1341:Arromanches
1325:Bruce White
1306:Wigtown Bay
1239:Dieppe Raid
1156:Ver-sur-Mer
1116:hydrography
959:Southampton
946:Preparation
908:Dieppe Raid
888:breakwaters
880:Omaha Beach
859:during the
786:Houndsworth
706:La Rochelle
100: /
76:Coordinates
69:Omaha Beach
65:Arromanches
48:Arromanches
7839:Categories
7625:West Hunan
7458:Pointblank
6794:Silver Fox
6780:Summer War
6533:Winter War
6512:Phoney War
6293:Azerbaijan
6254:Yugoslavia
6149:Luxembourg
5991:Resistance
5738:Yugoslavia
5603:Luxembourg
5405:Sook Ching
5201:War crimes
4803:Technology
4796:Opposition
4738:Lend-Lease
4715:Australian
4708:Home front
4666:Blitzkrieg
4616:Casualties
4607:Commanders
4579:Operations
4463:Rhino tank
4351:Amfreville
4035:Operations
3913:1023137454
3435:References
3401:15 January
3199:9 December
3143:9 December
3085:9 December
3054:9 December
2339:crosswords
2310:Royal Pier
2256:Garlieston
2235:Castletown
2165:Thorpe Bay
2084:Grandcamp
2039:Beach/Port
1989:nor'easter
1921:Deployment
1885:Pont-Farcy
1800:Bombardons
1694:Dover Hill
1682:Becheville
1626:Juno Beach
1570:Flowergate
1554:Gold Beach
1543:West Grama
1507:Courageous
1463:West Nohno
1428:Utah Beach
1385:Gold Beach
1350:bombardons
1314:Garlieston
1256:planners.
1227:War Office
1120:naval base
1028:Henry Boot
999:War Office
983:blockships
936:breakwater
902:Background
884:Gold Beach
857:War Office
832:Cemeteries
686:Saint-Malo
255:Pointblank
129:March 1945
85:49°20′51″N
7690:Manchuria
7576:Indochina
7352:Bagration
6803:Lithuania
6448:Anschluss
6245:Viet Minh
6142:Lithuania
6084:Hong Kong
5854:Manchukuo
5809:Azad Hind
5468:Australia
5268:Aftermath
5131:Paperclip
5026:Aftermath
4826:Total war
4694:Diplomacy
4657:In Europe
4307:Logistics
4222:Cherbourg
4169:Tractable
4095:Fortitude
4071:Charnwood
3930:903868063
3850:987387246
3815:640653201
3786:0026-4148
3742:751019759
3715:671874345
3678:2198-6452
3616:198034466
3561:0004-2528
3533:840187873
3489:799680591
3462:858069223
2738:The Motor
2638:Illinoian
2314:Town Quay
2306:Town Quay
2273:Cairnryan
2199:scheduled
2173:Immingham
2051:Mulberry
1871:) and in
1770:Dungeness
1752:Phoenixes
1699:HMS
1600:Parkhaven
1530:Illinoian
1515:Galveston
1502:Centurion
1500:HMS
1496:Baialoide
1491:Audacious
1476:Vitruvius
1322:Brigadier
1308:, in the
1162:, of the
1125:Tormentor
1080:Parkinson
1003:Admiralty
826:Aftermath
779:Bulbasket
728:Cherbourg
665:Tractable
578:Charnwood
493:Cherbourg
417:Logistics
223:Fortitude
216:Bodyguard
121:June 1944
88:0°38′02″W
7801:Category
7750:document
7660:document
7517:Ardennes
7501:Budapest
7449:Crossbow
7327:Overlord
7166:Smolensk
6384:Timeline
6219:Slovakia
6205:Thailand
6056:Ethiopia
6021:Bulgaria
5945:Portugal
5883:Thailand
5765:Bulgaria
5543:Eswatini
5536:Ethiopia
5489:Bulgaria
5314:Unit 731
5275:Response
5092:Keelhaul
5042:Cold War
5015:Americas
5006:timeline
4999:Atlantic
4879:Theaters
4475:(France)
4431:See also
4407:Hill 262
4381:Merville
4366:Houlgate
4361:Crisbecq
4356:Azeville
4293:(Canada)
4236:(Canada)
4216:Chambois
4210:Carentan
4198:Bréville
4177:(Canada)
4163:Totalize
4147:(Canada)
4123:(German)
4101:Goodwood
4065:Bluecoat
4061:(Canada)
4059:Atlantic
4042:Overlord
3886:59573968
3832:(1951).
3791:5 August
3705:(1957).
3643:49326461
3566:16 March
3504:16 March
3395:Archived
3357:26 March
2838:8 August
2559:16 March
2487:16 March
2450:20 April
2363:See also
2330:Alderney
2312:and the
2201:in 2019.
2177:Southsea
1952:Asnelles
1877:Calvados
1861:Cattenom
1815:Roadways
1664:Mariposa
1656:Formigny
1634:Bendoran
1630:Belgique
1604:Parklaan
1586:Lynghaug
1582:Innerton
1558:Alynbank
1534:Olambala
1418:scuttled
1331:Elements
1254:Overlord
1196:Normandy
1168:Sergeant
1096:tugboats
1015:caissons
1001:and the
849:harbours
800:Jedburgh
723:La Caine
676:Chambois
671:Hill 262
650:Hill 140
644:Totalize
637:Bluecoat
616:Breakout
604:Goodwood
597:Atlantic
591:2nd Odon
515:Bréville
481:Carentan
476:Saint-Lô
466:Graignes
440:Mulberry
423:American
273:Tarbrush
230:Zeppelin
61:Location
56:Location
7727:Shumshu
7494:Hungary
7441:Estonia
7425:Lapland
7403:Dragoon
7336:Neptune
7318:Ichi-Go
7284:Tempest
7226:Changde
7181:Cottage
7073:Jubilee
6789:Finland
6687:Compass
6393:Prelude
6346:Finland
6232:Vietnam
6198:Romania
6070:Germany
6049:Estonia
6035:Denmark
6014:Belgium
6007:Austria
6000:Albania
5931:Ireland
5917:Andorra
5901:Neutral
5868:Romania
5802:Hungary
5787:Finland
5659:Romania
5551:Finland
5529:Denmark
5475:Belgium
5461:Algeria
5167:Romania
5153:Hungary
4909:Pacific
4633:General
4587:Leaders
4572:Battles
4565:Outline
4185:Battles
4175:Windsor
4151:Titanic
4133:Martlet
4127:Mallard
4120:Lüttich
4113:Jupiter
4048:Neptune
3982:YouTube
3958:at the
3820:14 July
2697:28 July
2250:Aldwick
2073:Isigny
2068:10,000
1899:Beetles
1869:Moselle
1726:Sumatra
1688:Courbet
1616:Vinlake
1612:Sirehei
1548:Wilscox
1343:in 1990
1250:Channel
1112:geology
1076:Nuttall
1044:Cubitts
1040:Costain
987:caisson
961:in 1944
814:Wallace
807:Dragoon
765:Titanic
758:Samwest
751:Dingson
681:Falaise
658:Lüttich
585:Jupiter
571:Windsor
557:Martlet
551:Douvres
486:Hill 30
435:British
348:Detroit
343:Chicago
318:Mallard
237:Titanic
205:Prelude
142:Purpose
113:Details
7815:Portal
7704:Debate
7676:Taipei
7669:Borneo
7247:Tarawa
6441:Europe
6402:Africa
6191:Poland
6177:Norway
6156:Malaya
6135:Latvia
6077:Greece
6063:France
5959:Sweden
5924:Bhutan
5652:Poland
5638:Norway
5610:Mexico
5577:Greece
5563:France
5501:Canada
5482:Brazil
5452:Allies
5398:Serbia
5387:Poland
5160:Poland
5146:Baltic
4939:Europe
4641:Topics
4593:Allied
4145:Spring
3928:
3911:
3901:
3884:
3874:
3848:
3813:
3784:
3757:
3740:
3730:
3713:
3693:3 June
3676:
3641:
3631:
3614:
3583:
3559:
3531:
3521:
3487:
3477:
3460:
3450:
3277:
3168:1 June
2811:
2143:Selsey
2115:16,000
2101:6,000
2079:1,300
2062:Omaha
2057:6,750
1820:Whales
1758:, 2010
1724:HNLMS
1720:Forbin
1701:Durban
1596:Njegos
1591:Modlin
1578:Ingman
1538:Potter
1275:Trials
1230:1942,
1212:Borkum
1130:Hamble
1072:Mowlem
1048:French
912:Allies
865:Allied
816:&
793:Loyton
772:Cooney
718:Ushant
630:Spring
390:Gambit
353:Elmira
338:Boston
333:Albany
284:Fabius
126:Closed
118:Opened
7480:Leyte
7310:Narva
7296:Anzio
7254:Makin
7212:Burma
7096:Torch
7065:Rzhev
7026:Kiska
6112:Korea
6098:Japan
6091:Italy
5973:Tibet
5952:Spain
5830:Italy
5591:Italy
5584:India
5508:China
5383:Japan
4983:Italy
4895:China
4847:Women
4443:D-Day
4376:Maisy
4329:Pluto
4297:Sword
4273:(US)
4271:Omaha
4192:Brest
4157:Tonga
4139:Perch
4089:Epsom
4077:Cobra
3807:(PDF)
3612:S2CID
3545:(PDF)
2832:(PDF)
2723:(PDF)
2716:(PDF)
2553:(PDF)
2411:(PDF)
2383:Notes
2110:9,200
2098:8,000
2095:Utah
2065:1,200
2054:6,750
2046:D+60
1983:Storm
1970:Omaha
1912:Spuds
1853:Meuse
1668:Panos
1620:Winha
940:piers
924:keels
872:D-Day
818:Hardy
701:Paris
691:Brest
623:Cobra
564:Epsom
521:Perch
498:Naval
445:Pluto
396:Sword
369:Omaha
299:Tonga
279:Tiger
153:Beach
150:Joins
7546:1945
7274:1944
7115:1943
7043:Blue
7033:Attu
6940:1942
6699:1941
6551:1940
6489:1939
6418:Asia
6265:POWs
6105:Jews
5823:Iraq
5749:Axis
5699:Tuva
5515:Cuba
4600:Axis
4299:(UK)
4291:Juno
4287:(UK)
4285:Gold
4279:(US)
4267:(US)
4265:Utah
4242:(UK)
4230:(UK)
4224:(US)
4212:(US)
4204:Caen
4200:(UK)
4194:(US)
4153:(UK)
4141:(UK)
4135:(UK)
4129:(UK)
4115:(UK)
4109:(UK)
4103:(UK)
4091:(UK)
4085:(UK)
4079:(US)
4067:(UK)
3926:OCLC
3909:OCLC
3899:ISBN
3882:OCLC
3872:ISBN
3846:OCLC
3822:2019
3811:OCLC
3793:2024
3782:ISSN
3755:ISBN
3738:OCLC
3728:ISBN
3711:OCLC
3695:2024
3674:ISSN
3639:OCLC
3629:ISBN
3581:ISBN
3568:2020
3557:ISSN
3529:OCLC
3519:ISBN
3506:2020
3485:OCLC
3475:ISBN
3458:OCLC
3448:ISBN
3425:2009
3403:2011
3359:2019
3275:ISBN
3227:2022
3201:2021
3170:2024
3145:2021
3114:2015
3087:2021
3056:2021
3025:2015
3003:2015
2972:2015
2890:2015
2865:2015
2840:2023
2809:ISBN
2790:2019
2699:2018
2677:2014
2652:2014
2604:2015
2561:2020
2536:2015
2511:2015
2489:2020
2452:2009
2418:2015
2375:Lily
2090:900
2043:D+30
1958:and
1863:and
1782:tugs
1722:and
1670:and
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