557:. It was the most extensive of the inquiries into the Information Scandal, though its proceedings were kept secret, ostensibly for national security reasons. It released its first report in an emergency session of Parliament in December 1978 and its second on 4 June 1979. Rhoodie, Mulder, and van den Bergh all claimed that Vorster had been closely involved in the Project. After the publication of the first report, which was sympathetic to Vorster, Mulder went to the press to double down on these allegations: he said that van den Bergh had informed Vorster of the proposal to launch the
488:. Botha, his Minister of Defence, became Prime Minister. In late September, the report of the Reynders inquiry was leaked in a nationalist newspaper in Mulder's constituency. The report was remarkably brief and found no irregularities, clearing Mulder and his department. The leak came only days before an internal National Party leadership election in which Mulder was slated to compete – he had previously held substantial political power as the Party's apparent "crown prince." However, despite Reynders's favourable report, Mulder lost the leadership election to Botha.
240:– money was channelled to the Department of Information through the secret Defence Special Account. From April 1974, BOSS acted as banker for the Project, but the involvement of the Department of Defence was necessary to avoid the perception of inflation in BOSS's own budget. The programme, named Project Annemarie, after Rhoodie's daughter, mainly targeted Western countries, and involved 180 initiatives at an estimated cost of between R65 million and R85 million, or between $ 73 million and $ 76 million, over five years. Participants said it included:
576:
irregularities. Mulder, Rhoodie and van den Bergh were held primarily responsible for the irregularities, with
Erasmus also claiming that Rhoodie and van den Bergh had attempted to manipulate the September 1978 National Party election to have Mulder appointed Vorster's successor. Erasmus did not reveal what other Project Annemarie initiatives had been, and he recommended that dozens of them should continue to operate.
3910:
468:, initiated an inquiry. The committee's final report to Parliament in July 1978 found that there had been financial irregularities and that a more extensive inquiry should be established. Rhoodie was forced to resign, and Vorster dissolved the Department of Information, replacing it with the Bureau of National and International Communication. Van den Bergh also resigned and BOSS was restructured.
439:, and an apparent cover-up by senior government officials and elected representatives. It emerged, through the state audit and other sources, that Project Annemarie funds had been transferred to private bank accounts and used to fund extravagant trips abroad by Project officials. Deceit by participants became a prominent issue in 1978, when attention turned to the financing of the
543:
293:
124:
177:
In
September 1972, Mulder appointed Rhoodie Secretary of Information – the Department of Information's head of "dirty tricks," on some accounts. Under him, the department began to pursue a concerted communications and propaganda programme. By early 1973, the department had allegedly been involved in
592:
that he was a scapegoat and that senior officials, including the Prime
Minister, had authorised the projects. In July 1979, he was extradited from France to South Africa to face fraud and theft charges. He was found guilty on five counts and sentenced to six years' imprisonment, but the verdict was
231:
From
December 1973, these initiatives were expanded and formalised. The department's new approach was to be "a no-holds-barred secret campaign of psychological warfare against foreign opinion." Vorster later said that the purpose was "to assist in a delicate and unconventional way in combating the
111:, Vorster's successor as Prime Minister, was Minister of Defence throughout Project Annemarie's lifespan and was implicated in facilitating the slush fund, but he was ultimately cleared of all wrongdoing. Rhoodie was prosecuted for fraud and theft, and one other participant, American media magnate
561:
in
December 1975, and that in December 1976 Vorster had been consulted on the details of the scheme. He also said that Vorster was one of three Cabinet members – the others being Defence Minister Botha and Finance Minister Horwood – who had attended meetings on Project Annemarie from 1974 onward.
520:
to carry out an inquiry into foreign exchange control violations in particular. In his testimony, Luyt implicated
Vorster, Mulder, and van den Bergh in the project. Despite efforts by Botha to block him, Mostert decided in the public interest to release some of his findings on 2 November 1978. He
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575:
and other projects. While presenting the second
Erasmus report to Parliament in June 1979, Botha announced that Vorster had resigned as State President in disgrace. Botha was absolved of any wrongdoing, on the basis that he had not known how the slush fund was used and so had not known about the
412:. Barrie reported to Vorster about financial irregularities and the mismanagement of state funds at the department. Over the next two years, revelations about the department's activities and secret propaganda campaign emerged through a series of official inquiries and in the press. The
326:, a conservative business tycoon who would steer the paper in a more sympathetic editorial direction. When shareholders refused to sell to Luyt, the Project decided to establish an entirely new pro-government, but ostensibly independent, English-language newspaper. The
566:
project in August 1977, during the state audit, and that it had been discussed in his
Cabinet only once, shortly before his resignation as Prime Minister. In April 1979, Mulder was expelled from the National Party for refusing to accept Erasmus's findings.
529:
ran the story under a famous banner headline reading "It's all true." Three days later, Botha suspended the
Mostert Commission. In the following weeks, Mulder resigned from the Cabinet and then from his chairmanship of the National Party's
54:, channelled from the defence budget, to fund an ambitious series of projects in publishing, media relations, public relations, lobbying, and diplomacy. Most ambitiously, the fund was used to establish a new pro-government newspaper, the
357:, with similar plans to sway its editorial policy toward a favourable view of the South African government. The intention was probably to use the newspaper to influence American foreign policy on South Africa and to attack liberal
72:. The projects, involving a total amount of at least $ 72 million (over $ 300 million in 2021 terms), aimed primarily to counter negative perceptions of the South African government in foreign countries, especially in the West.
570:
However, Erasmus ultimately came to accept Mulder's account of
Vorster's involvement, concluding that Vorster had been fully informed ("knew everything") about, and had covered up, the department's involvement with the
99:. A series of internal investigations, inquiries, and media exposés culminated in the resignation in disgrace of all four men. In fact, during the course of the scandal, Vorster resigned twice, first from the
389:
he Department of Information has, for years, been asked by the government to undertake sensitive and even highly secret operations as counteraction to the propaganda war being waged against South Africa.
332:
was founded in 1976, at substantial expense, under Luyt, and recruited several popular conservative journalists. It lost significant amounts of money, and an overdraft facility had to be arranged. The
143:, worried about South Africa's increasing isolation in the international arena, which was the result of an array of domestic and international factors. Particular concerns were the intensification of
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1883:
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Rhoodie testified at the Erasmus Commission but fled the country immediately afterwards, spending time in Ecuador, the United Kingdom, the United States, and France. In an interview with the
2513:
144:
139:
and concomitant brutalities, were felt to endanger its reputation abroad, and thus to endanger important trade and financial links. Sectors of the South African state, and Prime Minister
1426:
553:
The Commission of Inquiry into Alleged Irregularities in the Former Department of Information, better known as the Erasmus Commission, was appointed in November 1978 under Justice
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661:
476:
Also in July 1978, Vorster appointed BOSS to conduct a special internal investigation into financial irregularities in the use of the secret accounts. The BOSS auditor was
2744:
2464:
498:
I have no pangs of conscience about the entire matter because everything I have done I did in the conviction that I was serving my country, South Africa, in the best way.
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162:, published internationally and supported financially by the state and by its Dutch publisher. The project was authorised by Vorster; by the Minister of Information,
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is estimated to have cost the state R32 million or $ 37 million by the time Luyt pulled out in 1977. On some views, the eventual scandal "discredited" the
2712:
3954:
3914:
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1869:
2349:
435:, the scandal was less about the fact of a state propaganda campaign than about the mismanagement of state funds, appropriated without the knowledge of
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At the end of January 1978, amid widely circulated rumours inflamed by media reports, Parliament's Committee on Public Accounts, chaired by
3851:
3642:
3552:
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443:. In this regard, Mulder faced particular public censure – in May 1978, responding to a parliamentary question from opposition politician
158:
had written a book on South Africa's global positioning. In 1971 he helped the government to establish a pro-South African news magazine,
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376:
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The establishment of front organisations for research, for transferring money abroad, and for hosting foreign guests in South Africa;
3531:
3398:
3377:
3335:
2877:
593:
overturned on appeal in 1980. Rhoodie continued to maintain that he was innocent and had been the victim of a political "vendetta."
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3300:
2485:
2399:
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1621:
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announced that the Department of Information had misappropriated at least $ 15 million in public funds, including to finance the
485:
358:
272:
The establishment of publication firms for propaganda distributed locally and internationally, including in foreign universities;
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3251:
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2436:
1286:
481:
104:
2629:
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2863:
405:
100:
1773:
Hachten, William A., Giffard, C. Anthony & Hachten, Harva (1984). "Muldergate: Covert Efforts to Influence Opinion." In
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total onslaught against South Africa," and "to withstand the subversion of our country's good image and stability." A
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Apartheid South Africa's propaganda effort c.1960-1980 : the hearts and minds campaign of the National Party
3621:
2884:
2552:
612:
189:
called the Club of Ten, which criticised what it alleged was bias in attitudes toward the apartheid government;
171:
96:
50:
Department of Information. It centred on revelations about the department's use of a multi-million rand secret
2192:
192:
The establishment of a covert photo news agency, which distributed articles and photos to the European press;
182:
The establishment of a Committee for Fairness in Sport, a front organisation which addressed sports boycotts;
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1851:
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2011:
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43:
1071:"Muldergate Scandal Figure Is Directly Tied To South African Rugby Tour Of The United States"
3768:
3132:
2842:
2622:
2328:
2083:
2051:
1987:
1191:
216:
A January 1974 visit to the United States, involving meetings with top politicians and the
3090:
3004:
2898:
2566:
2506:
2427:
2151:
2035:
2027:
2019:
1995:
1243:
1017:
632:
480:. On 20 September, Vorster resigned as Prime Minister, citing ill health, and took up the
417:
282:
1622:"Mulder, Once a Possible Prime Minister, Was Expelled From the National Party Last Week"
3837:
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3433:
3076:
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80:
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2559:
2545:
2538:
2247:
1855:
1219:
607:
504:
163:
135:
In the early 1970s, public perceptions of the South African government, arising from
128:
84:
1861:
3419:
3028:
2849:
2800:
1979:
1893:
1232:
996:
513:
444:
297:
140:
76:
17:
1339:
912:
3012:
1971:
546:
237:
108:
3587:
3125:
2254:
2199:
2059:
2043:
1845:
1839:
1491:
Report to the Minister of Justice in the matter of Dr Verwoerd's assassination
425:
365:, who was provided $ 11.3 million in Project funds with which to purchase the
323:
233:
203:
202:
A smear campaign against liberal politicians in the United Kingdom, including
51:
1734:
1700:
1666:
1633:
1599:
1562:
1521:
1464:
1404:
1298:
1203:
1156:
1113:
1049:
941:
873:
748:
712:
673:
3046:
3037:
2968:
2390:
2367:
2356:
136:
47:
542:
361:. Luyt's counterpart in this unsuccessful bid was right-wing media magnate
351:
In 1974, the Project also attempted to facilitate the sale of the American
123:
292:
3816:
3314:
2959:
2099:
1956:
369:. McGoff went on to use part of the funds to purchase an interest in the
2240:
1551:"High South African Official Quits In a Scandal Over Secret Activities"
1164:
1140:
1211:
1179:
322:, the most staunchly anti-apartheid national newspaper of the era, to
2951:
2123:
1902:
1195:
2115:
1038:"Eschel Rhoodie, a South African At Center of Scandal, Dies at 60"
541:
428:
broke the story and were particularly active in investigating it.
291:
248:
122:
451:
had been financed with state funds, thereby lying to Parliament.
1588:"Misleading Statement Attributed to Vorster In Information Case"
1338:
Harrison, David (1983). "'It's known as the Persian solution'".
802:"Apartheid's InfoGate, fresh and relevant after all these years"
1865:
585:
562:
Vorster continued to maintain that he had first learnt of the
375:, and was ultimately investigated and charged by the American
316:
The Project had initially planned to arrange the sale of the
75:
The scandal broke in 1977 and implicated the Prime Minister,
257:
Contributions toward the 1976 electoral defeats of Senators
147:
and the intensification of calls, especially by the British
244:
Backdoor diplomacy with African countries and with Israel;
1102:"Vorster, accused of role in scandal, quits as President"
236:
was set up in collaboration with the Minister of Defence
185:
The establishment of a front business organisation under
1427:"Secret-Fund Scandal Damages Key South African Minister"
1367:"Allister Sparks: passionate crusader against apartheid"
340:, which is still operational, for some years afterward.
46:
involving a secret propaganda campaign conducted by the
431:
At least in conservative society and within the ruling
1180:"South Africa's Propaganda War: A Bibliographic Essay"
254:
Extensive use of lobbying groups in the United States;
115:, also faced criminal charges related to the scandal.
79:. Also centrally involved in "Project Annemarie" were
997:"A historical perspective of the information scandal"
549:, Vorster's successor, was cleared of any wrongdoing
404:
In mid-1977, the department was audited by the state
87:, Minister of Information, and a rising star in the
3872:
3778:
3611:
3066:
3057:
2915:
2711:
2366:
2311:
2230:
2168:
2141:
2134:
1900:
1287:"Charge over publisher's Pretoria tie is dismissed"
1262:"Publisher John McGoff, insisting on his innocence"
484:, a largely ceremonial position similar to that of
213:Members of Parliament for lobbying and spying; and
662:"French Arrest S. African Linked To Fund Scandal"
178:the following, funded partly by loans from BOSS:
2665:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
496:
387:
300:later denied that he had been consulted on the
408:, led by the former Secretary of Information,
1877:
379:for acting as the agent of a foreign nation.
8:
288:An attempt to establish black film theatres.
251:, a television news service based in London;
174:(BOSS), which also helped with its funding.
3063:
2138:
1884:
1870:
1862:
1848:, following his successful appeal in court
1453:"Foreign-image fund issue in South Africa"
1365:Van Niekerk, Phillip (24 September 2016).
265:, who opposed American involvement in the
195:The purchase of a small French newspaper,
1782:Muldergate: The Story of the Info Scandal
1689:"Acid general is key in Pretoria scandal"
999:– via University of the Free State.
2738:Reconstruction and Development Programme
2350:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
624:
151:, for economic sanctions and boycotts.
60:, and in attempts to purchase both the
2815:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
1780:Rees, Mervyn & Day, Chris (1980).
1581:
1579:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1260:Gulino, Denis G. (15 September 1983).
1134:
1132:
1130:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1013:
1002:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
800:Spector, J. Brooks (29 January 2013).
1821:. Penguin Random House South Africa.
1723:"New groups tried to confirm charges"
1510:"Scandal confirmed by South Africans"
1483:
1481:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
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1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1031:
1029:
1027:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
930:"Key Figure in South African Scandal"
900:(MA thesis). Stellenbosch University.
835:"South Africa's Scandal - At Home..."
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
247:Purchase of a 50 percent interest in
7:
856:
854:
828:
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824:
822:
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731:
729:
694:
692:
690:
655:
653:
2745:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2407:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
1237:"Lies, truth and good Citizen-ship"
507:, upon his resignation from Cabinet
3945:Political scandals in South Africa
1721:Carmody, Deirdre (22 March 1979).
1549:Burns, John F. (8 November 1978).
1508:Burns, John F. (6 December 1978).
1344:. University of California Press.
737:"Vorster Reported About to Resign"
660:Branigin, William (20 July 1979).
447:, he had denied outright that the
25:
3955:Political history of South Africa
3897:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
3532:South African Party (Cape Colony)
1858:'s involvement in the Club of Ten
1799:. Voortrekkerpers. OCLC 53023687.
1391:Sampson, Anthony (8 April 1979).
3909:
3908:
1586:Burns, John F. (26 March 1979).
1036:Saxon, Wolfgang (21 July 1993).
928:Burns, John F. (12 March 1979).
911:Rhoodie, Eschel Mostert (1969).
833:Murphy, Caryle (25 March 1979).
580:Criminal charges against Rhoodie
486:Governor-General of South Africa
27:South African politician scandal
3546:South African Party (1977–1980)
3539:South African Party (1911–1934)
3455:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
3252:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
1687:Burns, John F. (1 April 1979).
1620:Burns, John F. (8 April 1979).
1425:Murphy, Caryle (27 June 1978).
1141:"South Africa's Propaganda War"
699:Burns, John F. (10 June 1979).
131:, for whom the scandal is named
2864:2019 service delivery protests
2850:#FeesMustFall student protests
2595:1983 constitutional referendum
1777:, 229–261. Palgrave Macmillan.
1451:Burns, John F. (10 May 1978).
1:
3322:Johannesburg Reform Committee
1960:
1945:
1922:
1915:
2977:Black Consciousness Movement
2731:Government of National Unity
1804:The Real Information Scandal
1488:Dousemetzis, Harris (2018).
637:South African History Online
83:, Secretary of Information;
2688:Saint James Church massacre
2574:Weapons of mass destruction
1806:. Atlanta, Georgia: Orbis.
395:– Secretary of Information
34:scandal, also known as the
3976:
3960:Corruption in South Africa
2444:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
2322:South West Africa campaign
2221:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
2186:French Huguenot settlement
1784:. Macmillan South Africa.
995:Haasbroek, Joshua (2016).
894:Obermeyer, Johann (2016).
3906:
3883:African National Congress
3343:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
2681:1992 apartheid referendum
1819:Thank You, Judge Mostert!
1758:De Villiers, Les (1980).
1341:The White Tribe of Africa
1250:Retrieved March 10, 2012.
1139:Windrich, Elaine (1989).
633:"The Information Scandal"
613:Bureau for State Security
172:Bureau for State Security
154:Diplomatic press officer
97:Bureau for State Security
3336:Labour Party (1969–1994)
3329:Labour Party (1910–1958)
2885:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
2843:#RhodesMustFall protests
2458:1960 republic referendum
1840:AP report on the scandal
1817:Rickard, Carmel (2012).
1802:Rhoodie, Eschel (1983).
1795:Rhoodie, Eschel (1969).
1242:15 February 2020 at the
1075:African Activist Archive
3940:Apartheid in propaganda
3781:terrorist organisations
2871:2019 Johannesburg riots
2500:Constructive engagement
2465:International isolation
2283:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
1775:The Press and Apartheid
281:in townships after the
149:Anti-Apartheid Movement
2794:Attack on Kennedy Road
2421:Congress of the People
2012:South African Republic
1184:African Studies Review
1012:Cite journal requires
550:
500:
392:
305:
132:
42:, was a South African
3364:Natal Indian Congress
3084:Afrikaner Broederbond
2938:Afrikaner nationalism
2724:1994 general election
2695:Bophuthatswana crisis
2588:Church Street bombing
2384:Apartheid legislation
2377:1948 general election
2297:South Africa Act 1909
2092:Union of South Africa
1912:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
1892:Political history of
545:
525:. On 3 November, the
460:Parliamentary inquiry
377:Department of Justice
295:
168:Hendrik van den Bergh
126:
93:Hendrik van den Bergh
3950:1977 in South Africa
3935:Apartheid government
2998:Greater South Africa
2836:2014 platinum strike
2702:Shell House massacre
2630:Transkei coup d'état
2451:Sharpeville massacre
2214:Battle of Blaauwberg
2207:Battle of Muizenberg
2159:Battle of Salt River
1942:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1293:. 20 December 1986.
1178:Hull, Galen (1979).
868:. 20 November 1978.
283:1976 Soweto uprising
3890:Democratic Alliance
3067:Civic and political
2931:Afrikaner Calvinism
2924:African nationalism
2773:African Renaissance
2479:UNSC Resolution 591
2400:Internal resistance
2301:National Convention
2269:Transvaal Civil War
2193:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
2076:Orange River Colony
466:Hennie van der Walt
209:Contracts with two
36:Information Scandal
2637:Ciskei coup d'état
2472:UN Resolution 1761
2437:Women's March 1956
2290:South African Wars
2276:Mineral Revolution
1760:Secret Information
1727:The New York Times
1693:The New York Times
1626:The New York Times
1592:The New York Times
1555:The New York Times
1514:The New York Times
1457:The New York Times
1397:The New York Times
1291:The New York Times
1106:The New York Times
1042:The New York Times
934:The New York Times
917:. Voortrekkerpers.
741:The New York Times
705:The New York Times
551:
538:Erasmus Commission
516:appointed Justice
492:Mostert Commission
455:Official inquiries
306:
133:
103:and then from the
101:Prime Ministership
95:, the Head of the
18:Muldergate Scandal
3922:
3921:
3875:political parties
3868:
3867:
3845:Orde van die Dood
3462:Progressive Party
3168:Congress Alliance
2984:Cape Independence
2916:Political culture
2911:
2910:
2878:COVID-19 pandemic
2808:Marikana massacre
2644:Venda coup d'état
2414:Defiance Campaign
2004:Orange Free State
1934:Dutch Cape Colony
1827:978-0-14-352775-6
1812:978-0-620-07057-7
1797:The Paper Curtain
1790:978-0-86954-089-3
1768:978-0-624-01397-6
1351:978-0-520-05066-2
914:The Paper Curtain
512:Finance Minister
227:Project Annemarie
44:political scandal
16:(Redirected from
3967:
3912:
3911:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3779:Paramilitary and
3771:
3769:Umkosi Wezintaba
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3614:social movements
3612:Trade unions and
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
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3450:
3443:
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3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3133:Boerestaat Party
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3064:
3050:
3041:
3032:
3023:
3016:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2904:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2623:Dakar Conference
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2514:Sporting boycott
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2486:Academic boycott
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2343:Great Depression
2338:
2331:
2329:Maritz rebellion
2324:
2304:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2179:Dutch settlement
2161:
2154:
2152:Bantu migrations
2139:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2084:Transvaal Colony
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2052:Nieuwe Republiek
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1988:Natalia Republic
1983:
1975:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1957:Ndwandwe Kingdom
1952:
1950:
1947:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1863:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1661:. 18 June 1979.
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1583:
1574:
1573:
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1569:
1546:
1533:
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1530:
1528:
1505:
1499:
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1475:
1473:
1471:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1422:
1416:
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1413:
1411:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1335:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1257:
1251:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1136:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1098:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1033:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1000:
992:
953:
952:
950:
948:
925:
919:
918:
908:
902:
901:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
858:
849:
848:
846:
844:
830:
817:
816:
814:
812:
797:
760:
759:
757:
755:
733:
724:
723:
721:
719:
696:
685:
684:
682:
680:
657:
648:
647:
645:
643:
629:
508:
482:State Presidency
472:Reynders inquiry
400:
372:Sacramento Union
197:Le Monde Moderne
105:State Presidency
21:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3280:HNP (Herstigte)
3278:
3273:HNP (Herenigde)
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3091:Afrikaner Party
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3059:
3053:
3044:
3035:
3026:
3019:
3010:
3005:Honorary whites
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2907:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2766:Soweto bombings
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2567:Soweto Uprising
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2507:Tar Baby Option
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:Freedom Charter
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2307:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2028:Griqualand West
2026:
2020:Griqualand East
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1896:
1890:
1846:Rhoodie in 1980
1836:
1755:
1753:Further reading
1750:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1655:"Vorster Quits"
1653:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1548:
1547:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1431:Washington Post
1424:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1337:
1336:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1244:Wayback Machine
1231:
1227:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1108:. 5 June 1979.
1100:
1099:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1035:
1034:
1025:
1011:
1001:
994:
993:
956:
946:
944:
927:
926:
922:
910:
909:
905:
893:
892:
888:
878:
876:
860:
859:
852:
842:
840:
838:Washington Post
832:
831:
820:
810:
808:
799:
798:
763:
753:
751:
743:. 28 May 1979.
735:
734:
727:
717:
715:
698:
697:
688:
678:
676:
666:Washington Post
659:
658:
651:
641:
639:
631:
630:
626:
621:
599:
582:
555:Rudolph Erasmus
540:
527:Rand Daily Mail
510:
502:
494:
474:
462:
457:
418:Allister Sparks
414:Rand Daily Mail
406:Auditor-General
402:
394:
385:
354:Washington Star
349:
346:Washington Star
319:Rand Daily Mail
314:
296:Prime Minister
229:
145:sports boycotts
121:
69:Washington Star
63:Rand Daily Mail
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3927:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3878:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3838:Ossewabrandwag
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3617:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3581:Unionist Party
3577:
3570:
3563:
3560:Torch Commando
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3434:Orde Boerevolk
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3210:DP (1989–2000)
3206:
3203:DP (1973–1977)
3199:
3196:Dominion Party
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3077:Afrikaner Bond
3072:
3070:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3042:
3033:
3024:
3017:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2991:Day of the Vow
2987:
2980:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2759:Floor crossing
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2719:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2674:Bisho massacre
2670:
2669:
2668:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2616:Operation Vula
2612:
2609:Rubicon speech
2605:
2602:Langa massacre
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2380:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2336:Rand Rebellion
2332:
2325:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2262:Boer Republics
2258:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2145:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2108:Bophuthatswana
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2068:Klein Vrystaat
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1953:
1938:
1930:
1907:
1905:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1843:
1835:
1834:External links
1832:
1831:
1830:
1815:
1800:
1793:
1778:
1771:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1713:
1679:
1646:
1612:
1575:
1534:
1500:
1497:. Vol. 2.
1477:
1443:
1417:
1383:
1357:
1350:
1311:
1278:
1252:
1248:The Harbinger.
1235:(2006-09-13).
1225:
1196:10.2307/523897
1170:
1126:
1088:
1062:
1023:
1014:|journal=
954:
920:
903:
886:
862:"Connie Quits"
850:
818:
806:Daily Maverick
761:
725:
686:
649:
623:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
610:
605:
603:Eschel Rhoodie
598:
595:
590:David Dimbleby
581:
578:
539:
536:
495:
493:
490:
473:
470:
461:
458:
456:
453:
433:National Party
422:Sunday Express
397:Eschel Rhoodie
386:
384:
383:Public scandal
381:
363:John P. McGoff
348:
342:
313:
307:
290:
289:
286:
279:Pamphlet bombs
276:
273:
270:
255:
252:
245:
228:
225:
224:
223:
219:New York Times
214:
207:
200:
193:
190:
187:Gerald Sparrow
183:
156:Eschel Rhoodie
120:
117:
113:John P. McGoff
89:National Party
81:Eschel Rhoodie
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3972:
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3807:
3804:
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3797:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:Die Spoorbund
3752:
3749:
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3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
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3714:
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3696:
3693:
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3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
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3610:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:Workers Party
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3571:
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3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
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3476:Radio Freedom
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3427:Oranjewerkers
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3069:organisations
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3060:organisations
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2857:Tshwane riots
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2581:Project Coast
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:Mafeje affair
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:Durban Moment
2543:
2540:
2539:Rivonia Trial
2536:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2518:
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2508:
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2497:
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2493:Disinvestment
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2248:1820 Settlers
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1856:Arnon Milchan
1853:
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1842:in March 1979
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1762:. Tafelberg.
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608:Connie Mulder
606:
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579:
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568:
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560:
556:
548:
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528:
524:
519:
518:Anton Mostert
515:
509:
506:
505:Connie Mulder
499:
491:
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478:Loot Reynders
471:
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467:
459:
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410:Gerald Barrie
407:
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180:
179:
175:
173:
169:
165:
164:Connie Mulder
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
141:B. J. Vorster
138:
130:
129:Connie Mulder
125:
118:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:Connie Mulder
82:
78:
77:B. J. Vorster
73:
71:
70:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3913:
3873:Histories of
3574:United Party
3483:Reform Party
3420:Orangia Unie
3045:
3036:
3029:Swart gevaar
3027:
3011:
2967:
2958:
2899:
2801:Blikkiesdorp
2143:Pre-colonial
1996:Natal Colony
1980:Zulu Kingdom
1894:South Africa
1852:"The Player"
1818:
1803:
1796:
1781:
1774:
1759:
1738:. Retrieved
1726:
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1692:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1658:
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1625:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1591:
1566:. Retrieved
1554:
1525:. Retrieved
1513:
1503:
1490:
1468:. Retrieved
1456:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1396:
1393:"Muldergate"
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1371:the Guardian
1370:
1360:
1340:
1302:. Retrieved
1290:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1265:
1255:
1247:
1228:
1190:(3): 79–98.
1187:
1183:
1173:
1151:(1): 51–60.
1148:
1145:Africa Today
1144:
1117:. Retrieved
1105:
1079:. Retrieved
1074:
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1041:
1005:cite journal
945:. Retrieved
933:
923:
913:
906:
896:
889:
877:. Retrieved
865:
841:. Retrieved
837:
809:. Retrieved
805:
752:. Retrieved
740:
716:. Retrieved
704:
677:. Retrieved
665:
640:. Retrieved
636:
627:
583:
572:
569:
563:
558:
552:
526:
522:
514:Owen Horwood
511:
501:
497:
475:
463:
448:
445:Japie Basson
440:
430:
421:
413:
403:
393:
388:
370:
366:
352:
350:
345:
337:
333:
327:
317:
315:
310:
301:
298:John Vorster
230:
217:
211:Labour Party
196:
176:
160:To the Point
159:
153:
134:
74:
67:
61:
55:
39:
35:
31:
29:
3013:Rooi gevaar
2892:2021 unrest
2822:Nkandlagate
2651:Third Force
2528:Rugby union
2126:(1981–1994)
2118:(1979–1994)
2110:(1977–1994)
2102:(1976–1994)
2094:(1910–1961)
2086:(1902–1910)
2078:(1902–1910)
2070:(1886–1891)
2062:(1885–1887)
2054:(1884–1888)
2046:(1882–1885)
2038:(1882–1883)
2030:(1870–1873)
2022:(1861–1879)
2014:(1856–1902)
2006:(1854–1902)
1998:(1843–1910)
1990:(1839–1843)
1982:(1816–1897)
1974:(1795–1910)
1972:Cape Colony
1964: 1780
1949: 1780
1936:(1652–1806)
1926: 1220
1919: 1075
1740:28 November
1706:28 November
1672:28 November
1639:28 November
1605:28 November
1568:28 November
1527:28 November
1470:28 November
1436:28 November
1410:28 November
1376:28 November
1304:27 November
1271:27 November
1119:28 November
1081:28 November
1055:28 November
947:28 November
879:28 November
843:28 November
811:27 November
754:28 November
718:28 November
679:28 November
547:P. W. Botha
503:– Minister
399:in May 1978
267:Angolan War
259:John Tunney
238:P. W. Botha
109:P. W. Botha
3929:Categories
3824:Greyshirts
3588:Volksparty
3126:Black Sash
2787:Xenophobia
2780:Travelgate
2553:Border War
2357:Bantustans
2255:Great Trek
2200:Xhosa Wars
2060:Upingtonia
2044:Stellaland
642:12 January
619:References
588:, he told
437:Parliament
426:Rex Gibson
324:Louis Luyt
263:Dick Clark
234:slush fund
204:Peter Hain
119:Background
52:slush fund
32:Muldergate
3047:Volkstaat
3038:Uitlander
2969:Boerehaat
2945:Anarchism
2752:Arms Deal
2715:apartheid
2391:Pass laws
2368:Apartheid
2313:1910–1948
2232:1815–1910
2170:1652–1815
1735:0362-4331
1701:0362-4331
1667:0040-781X
1634:0362-4331
1600:0362-4331
1563:0362-4331
1522:0362-4331
1465:0362-4331
1405:0362-4331
1299:0362-4331
1220:145230515
1204:0002-0206
1157:0001-9887
1114:0362-4331
1050:0362-4331
942:0362-4331
874:0040-781X
749:0362-4331
713:0362-4331
701:"Vorster"
674:0190-8286
532:Transvaal
359:Democrats
166:; and by
137:apartheid
127:Minister
48:apartheid
3915:Category
3817:Boeremag
3315:Jeugkrag
3266:Het Volk
2960:Baasskap
2902:incident
2521:Olympics
2100:Transkei
1903:polities
1901:Defunct
1240:Archived
597:See also
534:branch.
420:and the
66:and the
40:Infogate
3720:SAAPAWU
3058:Defunct
3021:Slavery
2241:Mfecane
1165:4186533
573:Citizen
564:Citizen
559:Citizen
523:Citizen
449:Citizen
441:Citizen
338:Citizen
334:Citizen
329:Citizen
311:Citizen
302:Citizen
170:of the
57:Citizen
3671:FOSATU
3525:SAYRCO
3497:SADECO
3413:Occupy
2952:Azania
2900:Lady R
2829:Racism
2658:CODESA
2135:Events
2124:Ciskei
2036:Goshen
1966:–1819)
1951:–1817)
1825:
1810:
1788:
1766:
1733:
1699:
1665:
1632:
1598:
1561:
1520:
1463:
1403:
1348:
1297:
1218:
1212:523897
1210:
1202:
1163:
1155:
1112:
1077:. 1981
1048:
940:
872:
747:
711:
672:
424:under
416:under
304:scheme
91:; and
3852:PAGAD
3748:SATUC
3741:SARHU
3727:SACTU
3706:NURHS
3664:FNETU
3650:CTSWU
3643:CNETU
3636:BLATU
3518:SAYCO
3406:NUSAS
3287:IDASA
3098:AITUP
2713:Post-
2116:Venda
1854:, on
1495:(PDF)
1216:S2CID
1208:JSTOR
1161:JSTOR
285:; and
249:UPITN
3859:SANF
3789:APLA
3734:SAIF
3713:PAWE
3699:NEUM
3692:MUSA
3657:FCWU
3602:WOSA
3553:TNIP
3511:SASO
3504:SAIC
3490:SABP
3441:PAVN
3175:COSG
3154:CTEG
3147:CNIP
1823:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1742:2021
1731:ISSN
1708:2021
1697:ISSN
1674:2021
1663:ISSN
1659:Time
1641:2021
1630:ISSN
1607:2021
1596:ISSN
1570:2021
1559:ISSN
1529:2021
1518:ISSN
1472:2021
1461:ISSN
1438:2021
1412:2021
1401:ISSN
1378:2021
1346:ISBN
1306:2021
1295:ISSN
1273:2021
1200:ISSN
1153:ISSN
1121:2021
1110:ISSN
1083:2021
1057:2021
1046:ISSN
1018:help
949:2021
938:ISSN
881:2021
870:ISSN
866:Time
845:2021
813:2021
756:2021
745:ISSN
720:2021
709:ISSN
681:2021
670:ISSN
644:2008
367:Star
344:The
309:The
261:and
30:The
3810:BBB
3803:AWB
3796:ARM
3762:UDF
3685:IWW
3678:ICU
3629:BCM
3622:APF
3567:UFP
3469:PRP
3448:PFP
3399:NRP
3392:NPP
3378:NNP
3371:NLP
3357:NCP
3308:ISL
3259:GNP
3231:ECC
3224:DSM
3217:DPP
3189:DLF
3161:COD
3140:CDA
3119:BPC
3112:AVF
3105:APO
1266:UPI
1192:doi
586:BBC
38:or
3931::
3831:MK
3385:NP
3350:NA
3301:IP
3294:ID
3245:FD
3238:FA
3182:CP
1961:c.
1946:c.
1923:c.
1916:c.
1729:.
1725:.
1695:.
1691:.
1657:.
1628:.
1624:.
1594:.
1590:.
1578:^
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