529:
918:
2009:
398:, light, precipitation, and temperature. Foliage-applied herbicides will enter the leaf more readily at high humidity by lengthening the drying time of the spray droplet and increasing cuticle hydration. Light of high intensity may break down some herbicides and cause the leaf cuticle to thicken, which can interfere with absorption. Precipitation may wash away or remove some foliage-applied herbicides, but it will increase root absorption of soil-applied herbicides. Drought-stressed plants are less likely to translocate herbicides. As temperature increases, herbicides' performance may decrease. Absorption and translocation may be reduced in very cold weather.
2606:
of the efficacy of each herbicide component is possible, provided that sufficient time elapses between each application. A disadvantage with sequences is that two separate applications have to be made and it is possible that the later application will be less effective on weeds surviving the first application. If these are resistant, then the second herbicide in the sequence may increase selection for resistant individuals by killing the susceptible plants which were damaged but not killed by the first application, but allowing the larger, less affected, resistant plants to survive. This has been cited as one reason why ALS-resistant
213:
7745:
2447:
In 2017, the USEPA issued a revised
Pesticide Registration Notice (PRN 2017-1), which provides guidance to pesticide registrants on required pesticide resistance management labeling. This requirement applies to all conventional pesticides and is meant to provide end-users with guidance on managing pesticide resistance. An example of a fully executed label compliant with the USEPA resistance management labeling guidance can be seen on the specimen label for the herbicide, cloransulam-methyl, updated in 2022.
1932:
2666:, while good for grazing sheep, compete intensely with wheat. Ryegrasses produce so many seeds that, if left unchecked, they can completely choke a field. Herbicides provided excellent control, while reducing soil disrupting because of less need to plough. Within little more than a decade, ryegrass and other weeds began to develop resistance. In response Australian farmers changed methods. By 1983, patches of ryegrass had become immune to Hoegrass (
2273:, rendering the herbicides ineffective against target plants. Out of 31 known herbicide modes of action, weeds have evolved resistance to 21. 268 plant species are known to have evolved herbicide resistance at least once. Herbicide resistance was first observed in 1957, and since has evolved repeatedly in weed species from 30 families across the globe. Weed resistance to herbicides has become a major concern in crop production worldwide.
38:
7757:
544:. They interfere with the metabolism in the target plants. Herbicides are often classified according to their site of action because as a general rule, herbicides within the same site of action class produce similar symptoms on susceptible plants. Classification based on the site of action of the herbicide is preferable as herbicide resistance management can be handled more effectively. Classification by
6473:
2044:(MNLA) insurgents of cover, potential sources of food and to flush them out of the jungle. Deployment of herbicides and defoliants served the dual purpose of thinning jungle trails to prevent ambushes and destroying crop fields in regions where the MNLA was active to deprive them of potential sources of food. As part of this process, herbicides and defoliants were also sprayed from
1944:
5343:
993:
7781:
46:
2257:, can cause significant drops in bird populations. Even when herbicides which have low toxicity to birds are used, they decrease the abundance of many types of vegetation on which the birds rely. Herbicide use in agriculture in the UK has been linked to a decline in seed-eating bird species which rely on the weeds killed by the herbicides. Heavy use of herbicides in
7769:
466:: These herbicides are applied after weed seedlings have emerged through the soil surface. They can be foliar or root absorbed, selective or nonselective, and contact or systemic. Application of these herbicides is avoided during rain since being washed off the soil makes it ineffective. 2,4-D is a selective, systemic, foliar-absorbed postemergence herbicide.
664:: The discovery of synthetic auxins inaugurated the era of organic herbicides. They were discovered in the 1940s after a long study of the plant growth regulator auxin. Synthetic auxins mimic this plant hormone in some way. They have several points of action on the cell membrane, and are effective in the control of dicot plants.
479:: Herbicides applied to the soil are usually taken up by the root or shoot of the emerging seedlings and are used as preplant or preemergence treatment. Several factors influence the effectiveness of soil-applied herbicides. Weeds absorb herbicides by both passive and active mechanisms. Herbicide adsorption to soil
2461:
genus (wild oat) can often be controlled adequately when herbicides are applied at the 2-3 leaf stage, whereas later applications at the 2-3 tiller stage can fail badly. Patch spraying, or applying herbicide to only the badly infested areas of fields, is another means of reducing total herbicide use.
929:
equipped with long booms, of 60 to 120 feet (18 to 37 m) with spray nozzles spaced every 20–30 inches (510–760 mm) apart. Towed, handheld, and even horse-drawn sprayers are also used. On large areas, herbicides may also at times be applied aerially using helicopters or airplanes, or through
2605:
No mixture is likely to have all these attributes, but the first two listed are the most important. There is a risk that mixtures will select for resistance to both components in the longer term. One practical advantage of sequences of two herbicides compared with mixtures is that a better appraisal
2446:
should be reduced. By relying on diverse weed control methods, including non-herbicide methods of weed control, the selection pressure on weeds to evolve resistance can be lowered. Researchers warn that if herbicide resistance is combatted only with more herbicides, "evolution will most likely win."
2408:
Cross-resistance: In this case, a single resistance mechanism causes resistance to several herbicides. The term target-site cross-resistance is used when the herbicides bind to the same target site, whereas non-target-site cross-resistance is due to a single non-target-site mechanism (e.g., enhanced
2317:
in 41 Missouri counties revealed glyphosate resistance in 69%. Weeds from some 500 sites throughout Iowa in 2011 and 2012 revealed glyphosate resistance in approximately 64% of waterhemp samples. As of 2023, 58 weed species have developed glyphosate resistance. Weeds resistant to multiple herbicides
2151:
Some herbicides cause a range of health effects ranging from skin rashes to death. The pathway of attack can arise from intentional or unintentional direct consumption, improper application resulting in the herbicide coming into direct contact with people or wildlife, inhalation of aerial sprays, or
483:
or organic matter often reduces the amount available for weed absorption. Positioning of the herbicide in the correct layer of soil is very important, which can be achieved mechanically and by rainfall. Herbicides on the soil surface are subjected to several processes that reduce their availability.
2354:
When mutations occur in the genes responsible for the biological mechanisms that herbicides interfere with, these mutations may cause the herbicide mode of action to work less effectively. This is called target-site resistance. Specific mutations that have the most helpful effect for the plant have
2337:
and annual bluegrass share the distinction of the species with confirmed resistance to the largest number of herbicide modes of action, both with confirmed resistance to 12 different modes of action; however, this number references how many forms of herbicide resistance are known to have emerged in
961:
in the early growth stages, when the height similarities between growing trees and growing annual crops yields a similar problem with weed competition. Unlike with annuals however, application is mostly unnecessary thereafter and is thus mostly used to decrease the delay between productive economic
519:
An herbicide is described as having low residual activity if it is neutralized within a short time of application (within a few weeks or months) – typically this is due to rainfall, or reactions in the soil. A herbicide described as having high residual activity will remain potent for the long term
347:
had been first prepared in the 1950s but its herbicidal activity was only recognized in the 1960s. It was marketed as
Roundup in 1971. The development of glyphosate-resistant crop plants, it is now used very extensively for selective weed control in growing crops. The pairing of the herbicide with
3505:
Lock, E. A.; Ellis, M. K.; Gaskin, P; Robinson, M; Auton, T. R.; Provan, W. M.; Smith, L. L.; Prisbylla, M. P.; Mutter, L. C.; Lee, D. L. (1998). "From toxicological problem to therapeutic use: The discovery of the mode of action of 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC),
2399:
Non-target-site resistance: In non-target-site resistance, the genetic change giving resistance is not directly related to the target site, but causes the plant to be less susceptible by some other means. Some mechanisms include metabolic detoxification of the herbicide in the weed, reduced uptake
4529:
Robbins, C.S.; Dowell, B.A.; Dawson, D.K.; Colon, J.A.; Estrada, R.; Sutton, A.; Sutton, R.; Weyer, D. (1992). "Comparison of neotropical migrant landbird populations wintering in tropical forest, isolated forest fragments, and agricultural habitats". In Hagan, John M.; Johnston, David W. (eds.).
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When resistance is first suspected or confirmed, the efficacy of alternatives is likely to be the first consideration. If there is resistance to a single group of herbicides, then the use of herbicides from other groups may provide a simple and effective solution, at least in the short term. For
2345:
released crop seed varieties resistant to both dicamba and glyphosate, allowing for use of a greater variety of herbicides on fields without harming the crops. By 2020, five years after the release of dicamba-resistant seed, the first example of dicamba-resistant Palmer amaranth was found in one
2293:
However, in 2015, an expansive study showed an increase in herbicide resistance as a result of rotation, and instead recommended mixing multiple herbicides for simultaneous application. As of 2023, the effectiveness of combining herbicides is also questioned, particularly in light of the rise of
2147:
are acutely toxic, their use was found to be uncorrelated with any health issues like cancer in a massive US Department of Health study on 90,000 members of farmer families for over a period of 23 years. That is, the study shows lack of chronic toxicity, but cannot question the herbicide's acute
2450:
Optimising herbicide input to the economic threshold level should avoid the unnecessary use of herbicides and reduce selection pressure. Herbicides should be used to their greatest potential by ensuring that the timing, dose, application method, soil and climatic conditions are optimal for good
2309:
is one weed that has developed glyphosate resistance. Glyphosate-resistant weeds are present in the vast majority of soybean, cotton and corn farms in some U.S. states. Weeds that can resist multiple other herbicides are spreading. Few new herbicides are near commercialization, and none with a
438:. The herbicides kill weeds as they grow through the herbicide-treated zone. Volatile herbicides have to be incorporated into the soil before planting the pasture. Crops grown in soil treated with a preplant herbicide include tomatoes, corn, soybeans, and strawberries. Soil fumigants like
2203:; Vacco complained about misleading claims that its spray-on glyphosate-based herbicides, including Roundup, were safer than table salt and "practically non-toxic" to mammals, birds, and fish (though proof that this was ever said is hard to find). Roundup is toxic and has resulted in
941:
Weed-wiping may also be used, where a wick wetted with herbicide is suspended from a boom and dragged or rolled across the tops of the taller weed plants. This allows treatment of taller grassland weeds by direct contact without affecting related but desirable shorter plants in the
502:: These are applied to a portion of the plant above the ground and are absorbed by exposed tissues. These are generally postemergence herbicides and can either be translocated (systemic) throughout the plant or remain at a specific site (contact). External barriers of plants like
139:
relatively unharmed, while non-selective herbicides (sometimes called "total weed killers") kill plants indiscriminately. The combined effects of herbicides, nitrogen fertilizer, and improved cultivars has increased yields (per acre) of major crops by 3x to 6x from 1900 to 2000.
260:
to be of practical agricultural use; by 1941, his team succeeded in synthesizing a wide range of chemicals to achieve the same effect at lower cost and better efficacy, including 2,4-D. In the same year, R. Pokorny in the US achieved this as well. Independently, a team under
341:. Under alkaline soil conditions, atrazine may be carried into the soil profile as far as the water table by soil water following rainfall causing the aforementioned contamination. Atrazine is thus said to have "carryover", a generally undesirable property for herbicides.
143:
In the United States in 2012, about 91% of all herbicide usage, determined by weight applied, was in agriculture. In 2012, world pesticide expenditures totaled nearly $ 24.7 billion; herbicides were about 44% of those sales and constituted the biggest portion, followed by
452:: Preemergence herbicides are applied before the weed seedlings emerge through the soil surface. Herbicides do not prevent weeds from germinating but they kill weeds as they grow through the herbicide-treated zone by affecting the cell division in the emerging seedling.
2379:
Target-site resistance: In target-site resistance, the genetic change that causes the resistance directly alters the chemical mechanism the herbicide targets. The mutation may relate to an enzyme with a crucial function in a metabolic pathway, or to a component of an
2281:, neglecting non-herbicide weed control practices, and reliance on one herbicide for weed control. To minimize resistance, rotational programs of herbicide application, where herbicides with multiple modes of action are used, have been widely promoted. In particular,
3247:
Dill, Gerald M.; Sammons, R. Douglas; Feng, Paul C. C.; Kohn, Frank; Kretzmer, Keith; Mehrsheikh, Akbar; Bleeke, Marion; Honegger, Joy L.; Farmer, Donna; Wright, Dan; Haupfear, Eric A. (2010). "Glyphosate: Discovery, Development, Applications, and
Properties".
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Alberto, Diana; Serra, Anne-Antonella; Sulmon, Cécile; Gouesbet, Gwenola; Couée, Ivan (2016). "Herbicide-related signaling in plants reveals novel insights for herbicide use strategies, environmental risk assessment and global change assessment challenges".
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Ryegrass populations were large, and had substantial genetic diversity, because farmers had planted many varieties. Ryegrass is cross-pollinated by wind, so genes shuffle frequently. To control its distribution farmers sprayed inexpensive
Hoegrass, creating
2095:
In general, many questions exist about the health and environmental effects of many herbicides because of the large number of herbicides and the myriad potential targets, mostly unintended. For example, a 1995 panel of 13 scientists reviewing studies on the
2686:. Once again, ryegrass in Australia evolved a kind of "cross-resistance" that allowed it to rapidly break down a variety of herbicides. Four classes of herbicides become ineffective within a few years. In 2013 only two herbicide classes, called
4095:
Andreotti, Gabriella; Koutros, Stella; Hofmann, Jonathan N; Sandler, Dale P; Lubin, Jay H; Lynch, Charles F; Lerro, Catherine C; De Roos, Anneclaire J; Parks, Christine G; Alavanja, Michael C; Silverman, Debra T; Beane
Freeman, Laura E (2018).
903:(WSSA) developed a classification system. Groups in the WSSA and the HRAC systems are designated by numbers and letters, inform users awareness of herbicide mode of action and provide more accurate recommendations for resistance management.
2248:
Bird populations are one of many indicators of herbicide damage.Most observed effects are due not to toxicity, but to habitat changes and the decreases in abundance of species on which birds rely for food or shelter. Herbicide use in
2063:
and U.S soldiers that handled the chemicals. More than 20% of South
Vietnam's forests and 3.2% of its cultivated land were sprayed at least once between during the war. The government of Vietnam says that up to four million people in
2384:. For example, ALS-resistant weeds developed by genetic mutations leading to an altered enzyme. Such changes render the herbicide impotent. Target-site resistance may also be caused by an over-expression of the target enzyme (via
811:
Complementary to mechanism-based classifications, herbicides are often classified according to their chemical structures or motifs. Similar structural types work in similar ways. For example, aryloxphenoxypropionates herbicides
2400:
and translocation, sequestration of the herbicide, or reduced penetration of the herbicide into the leaf surface. These mechanisms all cause less of the herbicide's active ingredient to reach the target site in the first place.
430:: Preplant herbicides are nonselective herbicides applied to the soil before planting. Some preplant herbicides may be mechanically incorporated into the soil. The objective for incorporation is to prevent dissipation through
255:
indicated that "growth substances applied appropriately would kill certain broad-leaved weeds in cereals without harming the crops," though these substances were too expensive and too short-lived in soil due to degradation by
2160:
to contaminate groundwater or distant surface water sources. Generally, the conditions that promote herbicide transport include intense storm events (particularly shortly after application) and soils with limited capacity to
4430:
Solomon, Keith R.; Carr, James A.; Du Preez, Louis H.; Giesy, John P.; Kendall, Ronald J.; Smith, Ernest E.; Van Der Kraak, Glen J. (2008). "Effects of
Atrazine on Fish, Amphibians, and Aquatic Reptiles: A Critical Review".
2276:
Resistance to herbicides is often attributed to overuse as well as the strong evolutionary pressure on the affected weeds. Three agricultural practices account for the evolutionary pressure upon weeds to evolve resistance:
898:
Using the Weed
Science Society of America (WSSA) and herbicide Resistance and World Grains (HRAC) systems, herbicides are classified by mode of action. Eventually the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) and the
2289:
use first began, it was continuously and heavily relied upon for weed control. This caused incredibly strong selective pressure upon weeds, encouraging mutations conferring glyphosate resistance to persist and spread.
313:(grasses). The low cost of 2,4-D has led to continued usage today, and it remains one of the most commonly used herbicides in the world. Like other acid herbicides, current formulations use either an amine salt (often
2231:
Herbicide use generally has negative impacts on many aspects of the environment. Insects, non-targeted plants, animals, and aquatic systems subject to serious damage from herbicides. Impacts are highly variable.
2362:
Recently, incidences of non-target site resistance have increasingly emerged, such as examples where plants are capable of producing enzymes that neutralize herbicides before they can enter the plant's cells –
1712:
2359:. Some mutations conferring herbicide resistance may have fitness costs, reducing the plant's ability to survive in other ways, but over time, the least costly mutations tend to dominate in weed populations.
1891:
2682:. In addition, farmers sometimes diluted the herbicide in order to save money, which allowed some plants to survive application. When resistance appeared farmers turned to a group of herbicides that block
1886:
363:
Herbicides can be classified/grouped in various ways; for example, according to their activity, the timing of application, method of application, mechanism of their action, and their chemical structures.
288:
When 2,4-D was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide, triggering a worldwide revolution in agricultural output. It allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in
4637:
Forouzesh, Abed; Zand, Eskandar; Soufizadeh, Saeid; Samadi
Foroushani, Sadegh (2015). "Classification of herbicides according to chemical family for weed resistance management strategies–an update".
488:
are two common processes that reduce the availability of herbicides. Many soil-applied herbicides are absorbed through plant shoots while they are still underground leading to their death or injury.
2322:
samples were resistant to two different herbicides; 6% resisted three; and 0.5% resisted four. In Iowa 89% of waterhemp samples resist two or more herbicides, 25% resist three, and 10% resist five.
2112:
were too few to accurately assess the risk of many types of cancer from these herbicides, even although evidence was stronger that exposure to these herbicides is associated with increased risk of
2072:
estimates that up to one million people were disabled or have health problems as a result of exposure to Agent Orange. The United States government has described these figures as unreliable.
528:
2310:
molecular mode of action for which there is no resistance. Because most herbicides could not kill all weeds, farmers rotate crops and herbicides to stop the development of resistant weeds.
2207:
after being ingested in quantities ranging from 85 to 200 ml, although it has also been ingested in quantities as large as 500 ml with only mild or moderate symptoms. The manufacturer of
4300:
Talbot, AR; Shiaw, MH; Huang, JS; Yang, SF; Goo, TS; Wang, SH; Chen, CL; Sanford, TR (1991). "Acute poisoning with a glyphosate-surfactant herbicide ('Roundup'): A review of 93 cases".
460:
are preemergence herbicides. Weeds that have already emerged before application or activation are not affected by pre-herbicides as their primary growing point escapes the treatment.
1990:
or spray drift may result in herbicide affecting neighboring fields or plants, particularly in windy conditions. Sometimes, the wrong field or plants may be sprayed due to error.
6713:
7785:
3622:
Shaner, D. L.; Leonard, P. (2001). "Regulatory aspects of resistance management for herbicides and other crop protection products". In Powles, S. B.; Shaner, D. L. (eds.).
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4843:
2367:. This form of resistance is particularly challenging, since plants can develop non-target-site resistance to herbicides their ancestors were never directly exposed to.
795:, which protect chlorophyll in plants from being destroyed by sunlight. If this happens, the plants turn white due to complete loss of chlorophyll, and the plants die.
6819:
5115:
Dimaano, Niña Gracel; Iwakami, Satoshi (2021). "Cytochrome <SCP>P450</SCP>-mediated herbicide metabolism in plants: Current understanding and prospects".
3796:
MacKinnon, D. S.; Freedman, B. (1993). "Effects of
Silvicultural Use of the Herbicide Glyphosate on Breeding Birds of Regenerating Clearcuts in Nova Scotia, Canada".
2582:
The use of two or more herbicides which have differing modes of action can reduce the selection for resistant genotypes. Ideally, each component in a mixture should:
3925:
2135:
arising from environmental and occupational exposure over long periods. Much public suspicion of herbicides revolves around a confusion between valid statements of
273:(ARC) to discover methods for improving crop yield. By analyzing soil as a dynamic system, rather than an inert substance, he was able to apply techniques such as
1896:
925:
Most herbicides are applied as water-based sprays using ground equipment. Ground equipment varies in design, but large areas can be sprayed using self-propelled
5650:
2165:
or retain the herbicides. Herbicide properties that increase likelihood of transport include persistence (resistance to degradation) and high water solubility.
823:) appear to all act as ACCase inhibitors. The so-called cyclohexanedione herbicides, which are used against grasses, include the following commercial products
778:
4880:
917:
2442:
Integrated weed management (IWM) approach utilizes several tactics to combat weeds and forestall resistance. This approach relies less on herbicides and so
1974:
1662:
4473:
Laboratory studies have at times overestimated negative impacts on birds due to toxicity, predicting serious problems that were not observed in the field.
629:(SCTs). The ALS biological pathway exists only in plants and microorganisms (but not animals), thus making the ALS-inhibitors among the safest herbicides.
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2783:
2008:
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285:. While the full work of the unit remained secret, certain discoveries were developed for commercial use after the war, including the 2,4-D compound.
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were used to control weeds, but these chemicals were either toxic, flammable or corrosive and were expensive and ineffective at controlling weeds.
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3314:
Kukorelli, Gábor; Reisinger, Péter; Pinke, Gyula (2013). "ACCase inhibitor herbicides – selectivity, weed resistance and fitness cost: A review".
2880:
4365:
3101:
Hamner, Charles L.; Tukey, H. B. (1944). "The Herbicidal Action of 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic and 2,4,5 Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Bindweed".
4580:"Evolutionary and ecological insights from herbicide-resistant weeds: what have we learned about plant adaptation, and what is left to uncover?"
2261:
agricultural areas has been one of many factors implicated in limiting the usefulness of such agricultural land for wintering migratory birds.
2219:) has claimed Tordon 101 has no effects on animals and insects, in spite of evidence of strong carcinogenic activity of the active ingredient,
2028:, its main purpose is to disrupt agricultural food production or to destroy plants which provide cover or concealment to the enemy. During the
270:
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Vats, S. (2015). "Herbicides: history, classification and genetic manipulation of plants for herbicide resistance". In Lichtfouse, E. (ed.).
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2412:
Multiple resistance: In this situation, two or more resistance mechanisms are present within individual plants, or within a plant population.
1881:
4502:
Newton, Ian (2004). "The recent declines of farmland bird populations in Britain: An appraisal of causal factors and conservation actions".
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Retzinger, E. J. Jr.; Mallory-Smith, C. (1997). "Classification of herbicides by site of action for weed resistance management strategies".
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4197:"Cancer mortality in workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins. An expanded and updated international cohort study"
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agriculture, after many Australian sheep farmers began to exclusively grow wheat in their pastures in the 1970s. Introduced varieties of
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example, many triazine-resistant weeds have been readily controlled by the use of alternative herbicides such as dicamba or glyphosate.
2081:
1282:
1202:
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2943:"Herbicides as Weed Control Agents: State of the Art: I. Weed Control Research and Safener Technology: The Path to Modern Agriculture"
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581:(ALS; also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase, or AHAS) is part of the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids (
3725:. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17–20 November 1997, British Crop Protection Council. pp. 1133–1140.
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2180:; research has suggested such contamination results in a small rise in cancer risk after occupational exposure to these herbicides.
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1637:
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Ibrahim MA, Bond GG, Burke TA, Cole P, Dost FN, Enterline PE, Gough M, Greenberg RS, Halperin WE, McConnell E, et al. (1991).
851:. Knowing about herbicide chemical family grouping serves as a short-term strategy for managing resistance to site of action. The
6647:
2632:. Few natural herbicides rival the effectiveness of synthetics. Some plants also produce their own herbicides, such as the genus
2177:
2041:
3877:
2240:
Atrazine has often been blamed for affecting reproductive behavior of aquatic life, but the data do not support this assertion.
2195:
Herbicide manufacturers have at times made false or misleading claims about the safety of their products. Chemical manufacturer
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2715:
1967:
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alter the physical properties of the spray solution and the overall phytotoxicity of the herbicide, increasing translocation.
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food consumption prior to the labelled preharvest interval. Under some conditions, certain herbicides can be transported via
2101:
333:, was introduced in the 1950s; they have the current distinction of being the herbicide family of greatest concern regarding
2068:
were exposed to the defoliant, and as many as three million people have suffered illness because of Agent Orange, while the
3055:
2333:
collected from a golf course in the U.S. state of Tennessee was found in 2020 to be resistant to seven herbicides at once.
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1912:
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556:
394:
Selectivity is determined by the circumstances and technique of application. Climatic factors affect absorption including
626:
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6532:
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4675:
Tranel, Patrick J.; Wright, Terry R. (2002). "Resistance of Weeds to ALS-inhibiting Herbicides: What Have We Learned?".
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618:
244:
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Blus, Lawrence J.; Henny, Charles J. (1997). "Field Studies on Pesticides and Birds: Unexpected and Unique Relations".
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Keith G. Watson (2011). "Cyclohexane-1,3-dione Oxime Ether Grass-Specific Herbicides and the Discovery of Butroxydim".
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Van Almsick, A. (2009). "New HPPD-Inhibitors – A Proven Mode of Action as a New Hope to Solve Current Weed Problems".
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are produced and oxidation reactions in excess of those normally tolerated by the cell occur, leading to plant death.
697:, and prevent quinone from binding to this site. Therefore, this group of compounds causes electrons to accumulate on
192:
and flooding were also used to control weeds. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, inorganic chemicals such as
2355:
been shown to occur in separate instances and dominate throughout resistant weed populations. This is an example of
391:
enhance the selectivity by boosting herbicide resistance by the crop but allowing the herbicide to damage the weed.
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The following terms are also used to describe cases where plants are resistant to multiple herbicides at once:
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1960:
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281:, inhibitors, and other chemicals on the activity of microorganisms in the soil and assess their direct impact on
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as the result of research conducted independently in the United Kingdom and the United States into the potential
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Herbicides interfere with the biochemical machinery that supports plant growth. Herbicides often mimic natural
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1987:
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548:(MOA) indicates the first enzyme, protein, or biochemical step affected in the plant following application:
541:
212:
185:
5397:
3349:
Zhou Q, Liu W, Zhang Y, Liu KK (2007). "Action Mechanisms of Acetolactate Synthase-Inhibiting Herbicides".
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7457:
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5358:
4907:
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Gianessi, Leonard P.; Reigner, Nathan P. (April 2007). "The Value of Herbicides in U.S. Crop Production".
2453:
2153:
2143:
toxicity at the recommended levels of usage. For instance, while glyphosate formulations with tallowamine
1855:
1342:
510:
etc. affect herbicide absorption and action. Glyphosate, 2,4-D, and dicamba are foliar-applied herbicides.
435:
348:
the resistant seed contributed to the consolidation of the seed and chemistry industry in the late 1990s.
337:. Atrazine does not break down readily (within a few weeks) after being applied to soils of above-neutral
3436:
7761:
7519:
7236:
6854:
6849:
6742:
6557:
6552:
6542:
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2691:
2683:
2282:
1825:
1667:
1533:
1445:
1142:
912:
578:
4997:
725:) are photosystem II inhibitors. Other members of this class are chlorbromuron, pyrazon, isoproturon,
520:
in the soil. For some compounds, the residual activity can leave the ground almost permanently barren.
4714:
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7623:
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1100:
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of the grass plant. The ACCases of grasses are sensitive to these herbicides, whereas the ACCases of
248:
240:
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One major complication to the use of herbicides for weed control is the ability of plants to evolve
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7807:
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metabolic detoxification) that entails resistance across herbicides with different sites of action.
2113:
1702:
1647:
1612:
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1465:
1415:
1410:
1395:
1052:
950:, a scheme offering free weed-wiper hire was launched in 2015 in an effort to reduce the levels of
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266:
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5688:
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4824:
4742:
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4619:
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4333:
4238:"Triazine herbicide exposure and breast cancer incidence: An ecologic study of Kentucky counties"
3821:
3753:
3703:
3531:
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3083:
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2703:
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2003:
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832:
800:
610:
431:
232:
31:
5736:
4921:
3736:
Mallory-Smith, C. (1999). "Impact of labeling herbicides by site of action: A University view".
2881:"Governments say glyphosate is safe, but some say 'poison' is being sprayed on northern forests"
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824:
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1999:
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388:
177:
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has evolved in Scotland recently (2000), despite the regular use of a sequence incorporating
156:. Herbicide is also used in forestry, where certain formulations have been found to suppress
17:
7749:
7723:
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7241:
7164:
6966:
6914:
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5191:"PRN 2017-1: Guidance for Pesticide Registrants on Pesticide Resistance Management Labeling"
5124:
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59:
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6998:
6949:
6924:
6904:
6547:
5948:
5053:
3186:
Quastel, J. H. (1950). "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) as a Selective Herbicide".
2787:
2629:
2608:
2500:
2393:
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the species at some point, not how many have been found simultaneously in a single plant.
2097:
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1630:
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1297:
1225:
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1062:
705:
reactions in excess of those normally tolerated by the cell occur, killing the plant. The
560:
507:
201:
100:
3771:
2646:; such actions of natural herbicides, and other related chemical interactions, is called
5348:
5266:
5085:
4650:
4400:
4313:
3809:
3721:
Schmidt, R. R. (1997). "HRAC classification of herbicides according to mode of action".
3114:
410:, are used to clear industrial sites, waste grounds, railways, and railway embankments.
7703:
7693:
7537:
7482:
7472:
7427:
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4196:
4122:
4097:
4029:
4004:
2969:
2942:
2745:
2687:
2643:
2375:
Resistance to herbicides can be based on one of the following biochemical mechanisms:
2334:
2318:
with completely different biological action modes are on the rise. In Missouri, 43% of
2157:
2128:
1948:
1752:
1652:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1352:
1047:
760:
690:
680:
314:
37:
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7015:
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6226:
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6043:
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5891:
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5144:
4746:
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1005:
644:
636:
606:
598:
537:
457:
278:
257:
193:
5093:
5040:
Powles, S.B.; Yu, Q. (2010). "Evolution in action: plants resistant to herbicides".
4828:
4696:
4623:
4460:
3980:
The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : a Political, Social, and Military History
3757:
3335:
3087:
3013:
2941:
Kraehmer, Hansjoerg; Laber, Bernd; Rosinger, Chris; Schulz, Arno (5 November 2014).
7643:
7462:
7442:
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7339:
7326:
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7281:
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5506:
5501:
5447:
4730:
4337:
3535:
3190:. Advances in Chemistry. Vol. 1. American Chemical Society. pp. 244–249.
2755:
2710:
2305:
relatively early, but more recently, glyphosate resistance has dramatically risen.
2254:
2250:
2200:
2017:
1800:
1762:
1747:
1578:
1543:
1488:
1207:
1067:
673:
602:
439:
282:
165:
4776:
4052:
Howard I. Morrison; Kathryn Wilkins; Robert Semenciw; Yang Mao; Don Wigle (1992).
601:. They affect grasses and dicots alike. The ALS inhibitor family includes various
5274:
3362:
3327:
3160:
3122:
3028:
743:
to Fdx to NADP, leading to direct discharge of electrons on oxygen. As a result,
7554:
7549:
7334:
7221:
7216:
7206:
7201:
7129:
7119:
6894:
6859:
6839:
6804:
6772:
6457:
6437:
6400:
6203:
6198:
5956:
5938:
5918:
5908:
5900:
5825:
5773:
5726:
5561:
5551:
5521:
5486:
2647:
2432:
2278:
2258:
2056:
1722:
1420:
1400:
1037:
935:
816:
792:
772:
698:
493:
415:
355:
are specifically formulated to degrade within a short period after application.
145:
5324:
A Brief History of On-track Weed Control in the N.S.W. SRA during the Steam Era
4321:
3841:
The Global Politics of Pesticides: Forging Consensus from Conflicting Interests
3195:
2199:
agreed to change its advertising after pressure from New York attorney general
135:. Selective herbicides control specific weed species while leaving the desired
7271:
7154:
7089:
7074:
7032:
6909:
6809:
6497:
6447:
6321:
6301:
6281:
6241:
6147:
6107:
6009:
5873:
5855:
5840:
5731:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5602:
5582:
5577:
5541:
5471:
4715:"Herbicide resistance evolution, fitness cost, and the fear of the superweeds"
4444:
4408:
4072:
4053:
3749:
3699:
3519:
3424:
3257:
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1772:
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594:
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485:
384:
344:
6691:
3921:
3079:
2927:
2817:
372:
Chemical structure of the herbicide is of primary affecting efficacy. 2,4-D,
7718:
7681:
7628:
7603:
7261:
6747:
6734:
6726:
6462:
6452:
6430:
6420:
6395:
6386:
6378:
6311:
6286:
6266:
6102:
6024:
6004:
5923:
5850:
5845:
5830:
5711:
5706:
5491:
5165:
Moss, S. R. (2002). "Herbicide-Resistant Weeds". In Naylor, R. E. L. (ed.).
4819:
4802:
3844:
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1707:
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407:
352:
274:
153:
149:
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5136:
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4738:
4615:
4452:
4131:
3457:(2nd, rev. and enl. ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH-Verl. pp. 197–276.
3432:
3223:
3130:
2978:
2466:
Agronomic factors influencing the risk of herbicide resistance development
2184:
exposure has been implicated in a likely relationship to increased risk of
45:
4606:
4534:. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London. pp. 207–220.
4416:
4329:
4271:
4253:
4222:
4113:
4081:
4038:
3527:
3056:"In the beginning: the multiple discovery of the first hormone herbicides"
2959:
2435:– a number of products combine herbicides with different means of action.
921:
Herbicides being sprayed from the spray arms of a tractor in North Dakota.
380:
control many broadleaf weeds but remain ineffective against turf grasses.
7577:
7504:
7432:
7169:
7044:
6834:
6276:
6127:
6112:
6097:
6075:
6061:
6014:
5996:
5933:
5928:
5835:
5793:
5778:
5716:
5592:
5546:
5526:
5476:
3222:. The Industry Task Force II on 2,4-D Research Data. 2015. Archived from
2795:
2663:
2613:
2342:
2298:
2220:
2181:
2124:
1212:
958:
875:
813:
788:
764:
756:
726:
718:
710:
706:
648:
411:
395:
373:
330:
310:
197:
161:
157:
4844:"Tank mixing herbicides may not be enough to avoid herbicide resistance"
4555:
4020:
3005:
2808:
Appleby, Arnold P.; Müller, Franz; Carpy, Serge (2001). "Weed Control".
2329:
with resistance to six different herbicide modes of action has emerged.
7686:
7648:
7638:
7514:
7191:
7149:
7039:
6405:
6306:
6296:
6188:
5913:
5617:
5587:
5463:
5459:
4763:
Service, R. F. (2013). "What Happens when Weed Killers Stop Killing?".
4556:"Current Status of the International Herbicide-Resistant Weed Database"
3825:
2634:
2065:
2013:
926:
879:
871:
669:
586:
480:
443:
377:
189:
181:
4658:
4596:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4098:"Glyphosate Use and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Health Study"
3607:
946:
sward beneath. The method has the benefit of avoiding spray drift. In
807:, was discovered in the course of developing this class of herbicides.
7378:
7371:
7366:
6782:
6056:
5768:
5481:
2639:
2189:
2162:
2105:
1850:
1830:
1737:
1727:
1435:
752:
722:
582:
306:
302:
5128:
4796:
4794:
3817:
3597:
3580:
3562:
3491:
2781:
Pesticides Industry. Sales and Usage 2006 and 2007: Market Estimates
2595:
Have similar persistence in the soil (if it is a residual herbicide)
655:(Roundup) is a systemic EPSPS inhibitor inactivated by soil contact.
219:, the first selective chemical herbicide, was discovered during the
6051:
2864:"Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 2008 – 2012 Market Estimates"
7467:
5755:
4940:"Multiple resistant Amaranthus palmeri from United States, Kansas"
2458:
2204:
2007:
1860:
1805:
1197:
947:
916:
867:
856:
791:
breakdown. Tyrosine breakdown products are used by plants to make
665:
659:
568:
527:
318:
294:
290:
236:
216:
211:
128:
44:
36:
563:. Thus, ACCase inhibitors affect cell membrane production in the
7388:
7003:
6183:
6161:
5788:
5783:
2750:
1835:
1082:
1077:
1042:
951:
863:
686:
298:
136:
132:
6695:
6351:
5420:
3579:
Beckie, H. J.; Harker, L. M.; Hall, S. I.; et al. (2006).
7316:
4005:"Weight of the evidence on the human carcinogenicity of 2,4-D"
3952:
2131:
arising from ingestion of a significant quantity rapidly, and
6347:
5407:
4922:"Number of Resistant Species to Individual Active Herbicides"
2451:
activity. In the UK, partially resistant grass weeds such as
184:, salinity, or fertility levels, were used to control weeds.
5380:
4236:
Kettles, MK; Browning, SR; Prince, TS; Horstman, SW (1997).
2392:). A related mechanism is that an adaptable enzyme such as
115:
71:
30:"Weedkiller" redirects here. For the album by Ashnikko, see
4991:
4989:
4958:"Multiple resistant Poa Anna from United States, Tennessee"
4689:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0700:rrowta]2.0.co;2
4489:
10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[1125:FSOPAB]2.0.CO;2
3072:
10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0290:ITBTMD]2.0.CO;2
2139:
toxicity as opposed to equally valid statements of lack of
593:). These herbicides slowly starve affected plants of these
338:
83:
3948:"U.S. in first effort to clean up Agent Orange in Vietnam"
3791:
3789:
3647:
5253:
Stokstad, E. (2013). "The War Against Weeds Down Under".
5169:(9th ed.). Blackwell Science Ltd. pp. 225–252.
4803:"The "Wicked" Nature of the Herbicide Resistance Problem"
4532:
Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds
2439:
may use herbicides alongside other pest control methods.
77:
4370:
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food & Rural Affairs
4175:"Facts About Herbicide - Department Of Veterans Affairs"
2670:), a family of herbicides that inhibit an enzyme called
277:. Quastel was able to quantify the influence of various
5374:
4713:
Damalas, Christos A.; Koutroubas, Spyridon D. (2024).
4195:
Kogevinas, M; Becher, H; Benn, T; et al. (1997).
3878:"Agent Orange's Long Legacy, for Vietnam and Veterans"
3772:"Campaign launched to halt Welsh river pesticide rise"
3300:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 153–192.
5392:
4352:"Complaints halt herbicide spraying in Eastern Shore"
89:
80:
4976:"Resistant Species by # of Sites of Action (Top 15)"
3665:
3144:
Templeman, W. G. (1945). "Harnessing the hormones".
2104:
had divided opinions on the likelihood 2,4-D causes
639:(EPSPS) is used in the synthesis of the amino acids
86:
74:
7659:
7596:
7563:
7325:
6868:
6733:
6635:
6480:
6385:
6254:
6212:
6169:
6160:
6083:
6074:
6042:
6033:
5995:
5970:
5947:
5899:
5890:
5864:
5816:
5807:
5754:
5745:
5697:
5649:
5616:
5560:
5458:
759:) inhibit the FeS to Fdx step of that chain, while
269:made the same discovery. Quastel was tasked by the
112:
109:
68:
4387:Reuber, MD (1981). "Carcinogenicity of Picloram".
4285:"Monsanto Pulls Roundup Advertising in New York".
3574:
3572:
2658:Herbicide resistance became a critical problem in
2253:, used to favor certain types of growth following
2051:The use of herbicides as a chemical weapon by the
532:Herbicides classified by their mechanism of action
329:The triazine family of herbicides, which includes
3581:"A decade of herbicide-resistant crops in Canada"
2912:. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. p. 862.
2396:is redesigned to neutralize the pesticide itself.
2040:in the Malaysian countryside in order to deprive
4881:"Herbicide-resistant weeds raise more questions"
3027:Andrew H. Cobb; John P. H. Reade (2011). "7.1".
2650:. The applicability of these agents is unclear.
637:Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase enzyme
3978:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011). "Defoliation".
3723:1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds
3626:. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 279–294.
2616:, a herbicide with a different mode of action.
2592:Be detoxified by different biochemical pathways
418:, and glyphosate are non-selective herbicides.
351:Many modern herbicides used in agriculture and
5328:Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin
4389:Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health
3648:"PROTECTING CROP YIELDS AND QUALITY WORLDWIDE"
3162:A History of Weed Science in the United States
2862:Atwood, Donald; Paisley-Jones, Claire (2017).
2810:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2794:Main page for EPA reports on pesticide use is
2654:Farming practices and resistance: a case study
597:, which eventually leads to the inhibition of
6707:
6363:
5432:
4102:JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute
2694:inhibitors, were effective against ryegrass.
2601:Synergise the activity of the other component
1968:
406:Non-selective herbicides, generally known as
27:Type of chemical used to kill unwanted plants
8:
7583:List of organic gardening and farming topics
5377:, Information about pesticide-related topics
4670:
4668:
3898:, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 263
1994:Use politically, militarily, and in conflict
227:The major breakthroughs occurred during the
5015:Powles, S. B.; Shaner, D. L., eds. (2001).
3506:its toxicology and development as a drug".
676:are examples of synthetic auxin herbicides.
176:Prior to the widespread use of herbicides,
127:, are substances used to control undesired
6714:
6700:
6692:
6370:
6356:
6348:
6166:
6080:
6039:
5896:
5813:
5751:
5439:
5425:
5417:
5019:. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. p. 328.
4863:"The grim reality of herbicide resistance"
4708:
4706:
4147:"8: Fate of herbicides in the environment"
2843:"Nitrogen Cycle and World Food Production"
1975:
1961:
1865:
991:
969:
739:, specifically the normal pathway through
383:Chemical additives influence selectivity.
5403:European Commission pesticide information
5235:"Natural Herbicides: Are they effective?"
4818:
4605:
4595:
4261:
4212:
4121:
4071:
4028:
3606:
3596:
3383:. W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 670.
3374:
3372:
3309:
3307:
2968:
2958:
2628:has come to mean herbicides intended for
2313:A 2008–2009 survey of 144 populations of
5381:National Agricultural Statistics Service
5248:
5246:
5244:
4758:
4756:
4059:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
3316:International Journal of Pest Management
3250:Glyphosate Resistance in Crops and Weeds
3242:
3240:
2464:
651:. They affect grasses and dicots alike.
41:A field after application of a herbicide
5160:
5158:
5156:
5154:
3910:"Agent Orange Still Haunts Vietnam, US"
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
2910:Encyclopedia of environment and society
2895:"GLYPHOSATE AND THE POLITICS OF SAFETY"
2869:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
2772:
1904:
1868:
981:
3508:Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
2564:Approaches to treating resistant weeds
803:are herbicides in this class; a drug,
559:(ACCase) is part of the first step of
5375:National Pesticide Information Center
5054:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112119
5017:Herbicide Resistance and World Grains
3652:Herbicide Resistance Action Committee
3624:Herbicide Resistance and World Grains
3406:"4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase"
3351:Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
2285:evolved rapidly in part because when
7:
7768:
2857:
2855:
2731:List of environmental health hazards
627:sulfonylamino carbonyl triazolinones
7780:
4996:Brown, H. Claire (18 August 2021).
4302:Human & Experimental Toxicology
4151:Handbook of Weed Management Systems
2897:. Halifax Examiner. 7 October 2016.
2586:Be active at different target sites
2082:Environmental effects of pesticides
1203:Radium and radon in the environment
785:4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
685:reduce electron flow from water to
5297:"Hoegrass 500 Selective Herbicide"
4900:"Marestail Jumps Glyphosate Fence"
4214:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009069
3298:Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 15
2108:in humans. As of 1992, studies on
2061:impacts upon the Vietnamese people
693:. They bind to the Qb site on the
446:are in use as preplant herbicides.
25:
7838:Chemical anti-agriculture weapons
5411:Pest Management Regulatory Agency
4242:Environmental Health Perspectives
3666:"Weed Science Society of America"
3585:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
2024:Although herbicidal warfare uses
309:(broadleaf plants), but not most
7779:
7767:
7756:
7755:
7743:
6471:
5398:UK Pesticides Safety Directorate
5341:
5078:Science of the Total Environment
4898:Marking, Syl (January 1, 2002).
4516:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004.00375.x
4201:American Journal of Epidemiology
3455:Modern crop protection compounds
2123:Herbicides have widely variable
2076:Health and environmental effects
2042:Malayan National Liberation Army
1942:
1930:
105:
64:
5094:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.064
4153:. CRC Press. pp. 245–278.
3960:from the original on 2013-03-03
3928:from the original on 2017-03-30
3876:Haberman, Clyde (11 May 2014).
3054:Troyer, James R. (March 2001).
3030:Herbicides and Plant Physiology
2716:Environmental impact assessment
2598:Exert negative cross-resistance
2297:Plants developed resistance to
2168:Cases have been reported where
2036:forces deployed herbicides and
1023:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
901:Weed Science Society of America
775:) inhibit the Fdx to NADP step.
267:Rothamsted Experimental Station
49:Weeds controlled with herbicide
5042:Annual Review of Plant Biology
4731:10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111934
4433:Critical Reviews in Toxicology
3453:Krämer, Wolfgang, ed. (2012).
3188:Agricultural Control Chemicals
2192:relationship remains unclear.
1892:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
957:There is little difference in
305:grass crops, because it kills
168:, as well as pasture systems.
1:
4777:10.1126/science.341.6152.1329
2672:acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase
2589:Have a high level of efficacy
2059:has left tangible, long-term
1363:Electrical resistance heating
862:(IAA). This family includes
701:molecules. As a consequence,
689:at the photochemical step in
557:Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase
271:Agricultural Research Council
18:Multiple herbicide resistance
6533:Persistent organic pollutant
5275:10.1126/science.341.6147.734
4366:"Tordon 101: picloram/2,4-D"
3946:King, Jessica (2012-08-10).
3908:Stocking, Ben (2007-06-14).
3859:"The legacy of Agent Orange"
3363:10.1016/j.pestbp.2007.04.004
3328:10.1080/09670874.2013.821212
3123:10.1126/science.100.2590.154
2908:Robbins, Paul (2007-08-27).
2294:non-target site resistance.
2086:Health effects of pesticides
1073:Persistent organic pollutant
997:Air pollution from a factory
894:WSSA and HRAC classification
496:are soil-applied herbicides.
245:Imperial Chemical Industries
7614:Index of pesticide articles
6676:Index of pesticide articles
6503:Agricultural spray adjuvant
3480:Outlooks on Pest Management
2790:. Summary in press release
2721:Index of pesticide articles
7854:
6758:Climate-friendly gardening
6671:Integrated Pest Management
6518:Integrated pest management
4998:"Attack of the Superweeds"
4578:Baucom, Regina S. (2019).
4354:. CBC News. June 16, 2009.
4322:10.1177/096032719101000101
3982:(2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO.
3798:Journal of Applied Ecology
3196:10.1021/ba-1950-0001.ch045
2726:Integrated pest management
2701:
2437:Integrated pest management
2423:Integrated pest management
2420:
2371:Biochemistry of resistance
2079:
2070:Viet Nam Red Cross Society
2016:, most of them victims of
1997:
910:
123:), also commonly known as
29:
7737:
7634:Plant disease forecasting
7588:Vegan organic agriculture
7438:Genetically modified tree
6666:
6568:Paradox of the pesticides
6469:
6171:Photosystem II inhibitors
6085:Photosystem II inhibitors
5205:"Pesticide Product Label"
4445:10.1080/10408440802116496
4409:10.1080/15287398109529973
3750:10.1017/S0890037X00046376
3700:10.1017/S0890037X00043116
3425:10.1016/j.abb.2004.08.015
3381:Biochemistry, 4th Edition
3258:10.1002/9780470634394.ch1
3159:Robert L Zimdahl (2007).
3033:. John Wiley & Sons.
2529:Control in previous years
2382:electron-transport system
1618:War and environmental law
1238:Health effects from noise
1088:Volatile organic compound
966:Misuse and misapplication
540:, enzyme substrates, and
335:groundwater contamination
247:. In 1940, his work with
239:was first synthesized by
196:, arsenic, copper salts,
6608:Pesticide Action Network
6528:Non-pesticide management
6044:Photosystem I inhibitors
5167:Weed management handbook
2883:. CBC News. 2 July 2019.
2818:10.1002/14356007.a28_165
2012:Handicapped children in
1988:Herbicide volatilisation
1243:Marine mammals and sonar
962:cycles of lumber crops.
787:, which are involved in
733:Photosystem I inhibitors
721:) and urea derivatives (
623:pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates
402:Non-selective herbicides
321:of the parent compound.
233:use of herbicides in war
6508:Biological pest control
5117:Pest Management Science
4904:Corn and Soybean Digest
4820:10.1614/WS-D-15-00035.1
4801:Shaw, David R. (2016).
4477:Ecological Applications
4073:10.1093/jnci/84.24.1866
4054:"Herbicides and Cancer"
4009:Environ Health Perspect
3520:10.1023/A:1005458703363
3379:Stryer, Lubert (1995).
2524:Single modes of action
1718:Freshwater salinization
1638:Agricultural wastewater
745:reactive oxygen species
7573:Biodynamic agriculture
7510:Postharvest physiology
7458:Landscape architecture
7155:Indonesian home garden
6621:The Pesticide Question
5330:, April, 1996 pp99–116
5080:. 569–570: 1618–1628.
4145:Smith (18 July 1995).
3894:Lewy, Guenter (1978),
3839:Bruce Cumings (1998).
2578:Mixtures and sequences
2569:Alternative herbicides
2551:Resistance in vicinity
2454:Alopecurus myosuroides
2223:, in studies on rats.
2172:are contaminated with
2021:
1937:Environment portal
922:
709:herbicides (including
533:
253:naphthaleneacetic acid
224:
160:varieties in favor of
50:
42:
6820:Historic conservation
6523:Maximum residue limit
6493:Environmental effects
4254:10.1289/ehp.971051222
3404:Moran GR (Jan 2005).
2960:10.1104/pp.114.241901
2736:Preemergent herbicide
2702:Further information:
2692:long-chain fatty acid
2684:acetolactate synthase
2431:– a major concern in
2417:Resistance management
2350:Evolutionary insights
2283:glyphosate resistance
2011:
1678:Industrial wastewater
1446:Municipal solid waste
1368:Soil guideline values
920:
913:Pesticide application
911:Further information:
735:steal electrons from
579:Acetolactate synthase
531:
471:Method of application
422:Timing of application
215:
48:
40:
7750:Gardening portal
7649:Aquamog weed remover
7624:List of insecticides
6681:Pesticide categories
5193:. 21 September 2017.
3774:. BBC. 16 April 2015
3413:Arch Biochem Biophys
2521:Many modes of action
2429:herbicide resistance
2365:metabolic resistance
2357:convergent evolution
2271:herbicide resistance
2217:Dow Chemical Company
2118:non-Hodgkin lymphoma
2034:British Commonwealth
1887:Most polluted cities
1539:Overhead power lines
763:herbicides (such as
751:herbicides (such as
6272:aminocyclopyrachlor
6237:sulfometuron methyl
5369:General Information
5302:. Bayer CropScience
5267:2013Sci...341..734S
5086:2016ScTEn.569.1618A
4848:farmers advance.com
4651:2015WeedR..55..334F
4584:The New Phytologist
4401:1981JTEH....7..207R
4314:1991HETox..10....1T
4114:10.1093/jnci/djx233
4021:10.1289/ehp.9196213
3914:The Washington Post
3810:1993JApEc..30..395M
3115:1944Sci...100..154H
3006:10.1614/WT-06-130.1
2779:EPA. February 2011
2467:
2114:soft tissue sarcoma
2026:chemical substances
1703:Ocean acidification
1613:Unexploded ordnance
1534:Advertising clutter
1466:Post-consumer waste
1411:Foam food container
1396:Biodegradable waste
1053:Global distillation
907:Use and application
619:triazolopyrimidines
546:mechanism of action
524:Mechanism of action
325:Further discoveries
263:Juda Hirsch Quastel
180:, such as altering
7818:Soil contamination
7619:List of fungicides
7384:Companion planting
6232:metsulfuron-methyl
5901:Nitrophenyl ethers
5002:The New York Times
3896:America in Vietnam
3882:The New York Times
2786:2015-03-18 at the
2741:Soil contamination
2704:List of herbicides
2680:selection pressure
2493:Cultivation system
2465:
2444:selection pressure
2386:gene amplification
2227:Ecological effects
2170:Phenoxy herbicides
2110:phenoxy herbicides
2022:
2004:Herbicidal warfare
1949:Ecology portal
1574:Herbicidal warfare
1118:Introduced species
1058:Indoor air quality
1028:Chlorofluorocarbon
954:in water courses.
934:systems (known as
923:
855:mimic the natural
853:phenoxyacetic acid
611:metsulfuron-methyl
534:
432:photodecomposition
389:Herbicide safeners
225:
186:Mechanical control
51:
43:
32:Weedkiller (album)
7795:
7794:
7667:Community orchard
7493:drought tolerance
6689:
6688:
6345:
6344:
6250:
6249:
6156:
6155:
6070:
6069:
5991:
5990:
5892:Protox inhibitors
5886:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5809:ACCase inhibitors
5387:Regulatory policy
5261:(6147): 734–736.
5176:978-0-632-05732-0
4659:10.1111/wre.12153
4597:10.1111/nph.15723
4160:978-0-8247-9547-4
4066:(24): 1866–1874.
3989:978-1-85109-961-0
3464:978-3-527-32965-6
3390:978-0-7167-2009-6
3252:. pp. 1–33.
3205:978-0-8412-2442-1
3109:(2590): 154–155.
2626:organic herbicide
2620:Natural herbicide
2561:
2560:
2488:Crop monoculture
2457:(blackgrass) and
2030:Malayan Emergency
2000:Rainbow herbicide
1985:
1984:
1920:
1919:
1586:Nuclear holocaust
1509:Urban heat island
1323:Radioactive waste
1108:Biological hazard
1018:Air quality index
860:indoleacetic acid
553:ACCase inhibitors
317:) or one of many
265:, working at the
249:indoleacetic acid
178:cultural controls
16:(Redirected from
7845:
7783:
7782:
7771:
7770:
7759:
7758:
7748:
7747:
7724:Plant collecting
7660:Related articles
7597:Plant protection
6778:French intensive
6716:
6709:
6702:
6693:
6475:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6349:
6167:
6081:
6040:
5949:Pyrimidinediones
5897:
5814:
5752:
5699:Organophosphorus
5441:
5434:
5427:
5418:
5345:
5344:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5301:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5250:
5239:
5238:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5209:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5162:
5149:
5148:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4993:
4984:
4983:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4906:. Archived from
4895:
4889:
4888:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4867:farmprogress.com
4858:
4852:
4851:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4822:
4813:(SP1): 552–558.
4798:
4789:
4788:
4760:
4751:
4750:
4710:
4701:
4700:
4672:
4663:
4662:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4609:
4599:
4575:
4564:
4563:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4483:(4): 1125–1132.
4471:
4465:
4464:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4372:. Archived from
4362:
4356:
4355:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4265:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4216:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4075:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4032:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3905:
3899:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3865:. 29 April 2005.
3855:
3849:
3848:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3793:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3600:
3591:(4): 1243–1264.
3576:
3567:
3566:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3435:. Archived from
3410:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3293:
3272:
3271:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3220:"2,4-D Benefits"
3216:
3210:
3209:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2962:
2953:(3): 1119–1131.
2947:Plant Physiology
2938:
2932:
2931:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2805:
2799:
2777:
2540:Weed infestation
2496:Annual ploughing
2468:
2388:or changes in a
2331:Annual bluegrass
2244:Bird populations
2213:Dow AgroSciences
2197:Monsanto Company
2133:chronic toxicity
1977:
1970:
1963:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1866:
1569:Chemical warfare
1471:Waste management
1431:Industrial waste
1406:Electronic waste
1391:Advertising mail
1373:Phytoremediation
1348:Land degradation
1288:Depleted uranium
1173:Overillumination
1123:Invasive species
995:
985:
970:
662:-like herbicides
633:EPSPS inhibitors
229:Second World War
221:Second World War
208:First herbicides
131:, also known as
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
104:
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
63:
21:
7853:
7852:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7791:
7742:
7733:
7729:Turf management
7714:Lists of plants
7709:List of gardens
7655:
7592:
7559:
7321:
6871:
6864:
6729:
6720:
6690:
6685:
6662:
6631:
6476:
6467:
6381:
6376:
6346:
6341:
6246:
6208:
6152:
6066:
6029:
5987:
5966:
5943:
5878:
5860:
5803:
5741:
5693:
5659:flurochloridone
5645:
5631:copper arsenate
5612:
5556:
5454:
5445:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5346:
5342:
5337:
5326:Longworth, Jim
5320:
5318:Further reading
5315:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5252:
5251:
5242:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5217:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5164:
5163:
5152:
5129:10.1002/ps.6040
5114:
5113:
5109:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5014:
5013:
5009:
4995:
4994:
4987:
4980:weedscience.org
4974:
4973:
4969:
4962:weedscience.org
4956:
4955:
4951:
4944:weedscience.org
4938:
4937:
4933:
4926:weedscience.org
4920:
4919:
4915:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4861:Haynes, Betty.
4860:
4859:
4855:
4842:Quinn, Lauren.
4841:
4840:
4836:
4800:
4799:
4792:
4762:
4761:
4754:
4712:
4711:
4704:
4674:
4673:
4666:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4577:
4576:
4567:
4560:weedscience.org
4554:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4289:. Nov 27, 1996.
4284:
4283:
4279:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4207:(12): 1061–75.
4194:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3963:
3961:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3931:
3929:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3893:
3889:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3818:10.2307/2404181
3795:
3794:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3738:Weed Technology
3735:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3688:Weed Technology
3685:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3598:10.4141/P05-193
3578:
3577:
3570:
3563:10.1071/CH10366
3548:
3547:
3543:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3492:10.1564/20feb09
3477:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3439:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3275:
3268:
3246:
3245:
3238:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3026:
3025:
3021:
2994:Weed Technology
2991:
2990:
2986:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2920:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2788:Wayback Machine
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2706:
2700:
2668:diclofop-methyl
2656:
2630:organic farming
2622:
2609:Stellaria media
2580:
2571:
2566:
2513:Herbicide only
2501:minimum tillage
2482:Cropping system
2425:
2419:
2394:cytochrome P450
2373:
2352:
2327:Palmer amaranth
2267:
2246:
2238:
2229:
2215:, owned by the
2127:in addition to
2098:carcinogenicity
2093:
2088:
2078:
2046:Royal Air Force
2006:
1998:Main articles:
1996:
1981:
1943:
1941:
1929:
1922:
1921:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1713:Pharmaceuticals
1693:Nonpoint source
1633:
1623:
1622:
1591:Nuclear fallout
1564:
1554:
1553:
1524:
1514:
1513:
1504:
1494:
1493:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1461:Packaging waste
1426:Hazardous waste
1386:
1378:
1377:
1338:
1328:
1327:
1298:Nuclear fallout
1293:Nuclear fission
1273:
1263:
1262:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1158:
1156:Electromagnetic
1148:
1147:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1103:
1093:
1092:
1063:Ozone depletion
1008:
998:
983:
968:
915:
909:
896:
780:HPPD inhibitors
729:, and terbacil.
605:(SUs) (such as
571:plants are not.
561:lipid synthesis
526:
517:
484:Volatility and
473:
424:
404:
370:
361:
327:
241:W. G. Templeman
235:. The compound
210:
202:sodium chlorate
174:
108:
99:
98:
67:
58:
57:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7851:
7849:
7841:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7800:
7799:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7789:
7777:
7765:
7753:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7732:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7704:Garden tourism
7701:
7696:
7694:Groundskeeping
7691:
7690:
7689:
7684:
7674:
7669:
7663:
7661:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7600:
7598:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7569:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7483:free-flowering
7480:
7475:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7364:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7331:
7329:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7036:
7035:
7025:
7024:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7006:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6876:
6874:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6800:Groundskeeping
6797:
6796:
6795:
6793:computer-aided
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6739:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6721:
6719:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6696:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6648:European Union
6645:
6639:
6637:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6627:Toxicity class
6624:
6617:
6610:
6605:
6603:Restricted use
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6513:Gene silencing
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6488:Health effects
6484:
6482:
6481:Related topics
6478:
6477:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6392:
6390:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6352:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6218:
6216:
6214:ALS inhibitors
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6138:terbuthylazine
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6089:
6087:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6048:
6046:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6001:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5953:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5905:
5903:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5866:DIM herbicides
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5822:
5820:
5818:FOP herbicides
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5760:
5758:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5651:HPPD inhbitors
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5626:cacodylic acid
5622:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5567:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5466:
5456:
5455:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5371:
5370:
5347:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:External links
5333:
5332:
5331:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5288:
5240:
5233:Cheryl Wilen.
5225:
5196:
5182:
5175:
5150:
5107:
5067:
5048:(1): 317–347.
5032:
5025:
5007:
4985:
4967:
4949:
4931:
4913:
4910:on 2009-07-10.
4890:
4887:. 23 May 2023.
4872:
4853:
4834:
4790:
4771:(6152): 1329.
4752:
4702:
4683:(6): 700–712.
4664:
4645:(4): 334–358.
4629:
4607:2027.42/149516
4565:
4547:
4541:978-1560981138
4540:
4521:
4510:(4): 579–600.
4494:
4466:
4439:(9): 721–772.
4422:
4395:(2): 207–222.
4379:
4376:on 2010-03-12.
4357:
4343:
4292:
4277:
4248:(11): 1222–7.
4228:
4187:
4166:
4159:
4137:
4108:(5): 509–516.
4087:
4044:
3995:
3988:
3970:
3938:
3900:
3887:
3868:
3850:
3831:
3804:(3): 395–406.
3785:
3763:
3728:
3713:
3694:(2): 384–393.
3678:
3657:
3639:
3632:
3614:
3568:
3557:(4): 367–372.
3541:
3514:(5): 498–506.
3497:
3470:
3463:
3445:
3442:on 2014-03-03.
3396:
3389:
3368:
3341:
3322:(3): 165–173.
3303:
3273:
3266:
3236:
3211:
3204:
3178:
3171:
3151:
3136:
3093:
3066:(2): 290–297.
3046:
3039:
3019:
3000:(2): 559–566.
2984:
2933:
2918:
2900:
2886:
2872:
2851:
2841:Smil, Vaclav.
2833:
2826:
2800:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2746:Surface runoff
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2699:
2696:
2688:Photosystem II
2655:
2652:
2644:tree of heaven
2621:
2618:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2579:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2372:
2369:
2351:
2348:
2335:Rigid ryegrass
2303:ALS-inhibitors
2266:
2263:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2158:surface runoff
2129:acute toxicity
2092:
2089:
2077:
2074:
1995:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1939:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1882:Law by country
1879:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1753:Surface runoff
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1653:Eutrophication
1650:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1608:Scorched earth
1605:
1604:
1603:
1601:Nuclear winter
1598:
1596:Nuclear famine
1593:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1353:Bioremediation
1350:
1345:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1283:Bioremediation
1280:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1233:Transportation
1229:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:Radio spectrum
1177:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1048:Global dimming
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
988:
987:
979:
978:
967:
964:
908:
905:
895:
892:
809:
808:
776:
761:diphenyl ether
730:
691:photosynthesis
681:Photosystem II
677:
656:
630:
615:imidazolinones
575:ALS inhibitors
572:
538:plant hormones
525:
522:
516:
513:
512:
511:
500:Foliar applied
497:
472:
469:
468:
467:
461:
447:
423:
420:
403:
400:
369:
366:
360:
357:
326:
323:
315:trimethylamine
301:, and similar
279:plant hormones
258:microorganisms
209:
206:
173:
170:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7850:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7788:
7787:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7766:
7764:
7763:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7740:
7739:
7736:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7699:Garden centre
7697:
7695:
7692:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7678:
7677:Floral design
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7658:
7650:
7647:
7646:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7595:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7562:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7544:
7543:reforestation
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7453:Intercropping
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7395:
7394:most valuable
7392:
7391:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7362:Arboriculture
7360:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7324:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
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6955:Garden square
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6888:
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6885:Ancient Egypt
6883:
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6856:
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6808:
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6789:
6788:Garden design
6786:
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6658:United States
6656:
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6641:
6640:
6638:
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6628:
6625:
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6614:Silent Spring
6611:
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6260:
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6243:
6240:
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6230:
6228:
6227:flazasulfuron
6225:
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6222:chlorsulfuron
6220:
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6000:
5998:
5994:
5984:
5983:sulfentrazone
5981:
5979:
5978:carfentrazone
5976:
5975:
5973:
5971:Triazolinones
5969:
5963:
5960:
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5700:
5696:
5690:
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5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5669:leptospermone
5667:
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5652:
5648:
5642:
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5563:
5559:
5553:
5550:
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5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5532:pendimethalin
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
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5503:
5500:
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5382:
5379:
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5360:
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5334:
5329:
5325:
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5317:
5298:
5292:
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5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
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5256:
5249:
5247:
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5241:
5236:
5229:
5226:
5214:. 19 May 2022
5213:
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5068:
5063:
5059:
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5028:
5026:9781420039085
5022:
5018:
5011:
5008:
5003:
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4986:
4981:
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4909:
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4766:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4719:Plant Science
4716:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4639:Weed Research
4633:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
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4570:
4566:
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4410:
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4380:
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4344:
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4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4293:
4288:
4287:Wichita Eagle
4281:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4229:
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4206:
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4119:
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4107:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4074:
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4065:
4061:
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4055:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
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3996:
3991:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3971:
3959:
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3939:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
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3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3847:. p. 61.
3846:
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3823:
3819:
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3811:
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3803:
3799:
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3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
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3689:
3682:
3679:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3633:9781420039085
3629:
3625:
3618:
3615:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3551:Aust. J. Chem
3545:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
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3509:
3501:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
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3471:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3419:(1): 117–28.
3418:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
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3352:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3267:9780470410318
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3226:on 2015-11-02
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3197:
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3189:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3172:9780123815026
3168:
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3124:
3120:
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3108:
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3097:
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3089:
3085:
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3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3040:9781444322491
3036:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
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2961:
2956:
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2919:9781452265582
2915:
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2858:
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2852:
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2837:
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2829:
2827:3-527-30673-0
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
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2801:
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2709:
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2697:
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2653:
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2649:
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2641:
2637:
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2597:
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2568:
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2550:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:Herbicide use
2517:
2516:
2512:
2510:Cultural only
2509:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:Good rotation
2484:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2390:gene promoter
2387:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2344:
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2332:
2328:
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2316:
2311:
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2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
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2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2188:, although a
2187:
2186:breast cancer
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:U.S. military
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
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1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
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1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
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1817:
1816:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:Water quality
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
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1639:
1636:
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1627:
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1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Traffic signs
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Nanomaterials
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1313:Radioactivity
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1258:Soundproofing
1256:
1254:
1253:Noise control
1251:
1249:
1248:Noise barrier
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1002:
1001:
994:
990:
989:
986:
980:
976:
972:
971:
965:
963:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
939:
937:
933:
928:
919:
914:
906:
904:
902:
893:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:
777:
774:
770:
769:nitrofluorfen
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
663:
661:
657:
654:
650:
646:
645:phenylalanine
642:
638:
634:
631:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:flazasulfuron
604:
603:sulfonylureas
600:
599:DNA synthesis
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
551:
550:
549:
547:
543:
539:
530:
523:
521:
514:
509:
505:
501:
498:
495:
491:
487:
482:
478:
475:
474:
470:
465:
464:Postemergence
462:
459:
458:pendimethalin
455:
451:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
425:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
401:
399:
397:
392:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
367:
365:
358:
356:
354:
349:
346:
342:
340:
336:
332:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
222:
218:
214:
207:
205:
203:
199:
195:
194:sulfuric acid
191:
187:
183:
179:
171:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
120:
102:
94:
61:
55:
47:
39:
33:
19:
7784:
7772:
7760:
7741:
7644:Weed control
7608:
7533:horticulture
7463:Olericulture
7443:Hydroculture
7433:Fruticulture
7411:Floriculture
7340:Permaculture
7327:Horticulture
6723:Horticulture
6619:
6612:
6598:Bee toxicity
6538:Pest control
6443:Molluscicide
6425:
6416:Biopesticide
6411:Bioherbicide
6332:pyribenzoxim
6327:prosulfocarb
6317:metam sodium
6179:chlortoluron
5962:saflufenacil
5664:isoxaflutole
5573:aminopyralid
5537:pretilachlor
5507:dimethenamid
5502:diflufenican
5451:
5448:Pest control
5357:
5356:
5355:profile for
5352:
5323:
5304:. Retrieved
5291:
5258:
5254:
5228:
5216:. Retrieved
5211:
5199:
5185:
5166:
5123:(1): 22–32.
5120:
5116:
5110:
5077:
5070:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5016:
5010:
5001:
4979:
4970:
4961:
4952:
4943:
4934:
4925:
4916:
4908:the original
4903:
4893:
4885:agupdate.com
4884:
4875:
4866:
4856:
4847:
4837:
4810:
4807:Weed Science
4806:
4768:
4764:
4722:
4718:
4680:
4677:Weed Science
4676:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4590:(1): 68–82.
4587:
4583:
4559:
4550:
4531:
4524:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4374:the original
4369:
4360:
4346:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4286:
4280:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4180:September 1,
4178:. Retrieved
4169:
4150:
4140:
4105:
4101:
4090:
4063:
4057:
4047:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3979:
3973:
3962:. Retrieved
3951:
3941:
3930:. Retrieved
3913:
3903:
3895:
3890:
3881:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3840:
3834:
3801:
3797:
3776:. Retrieved
3766:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3722:
3716:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3669:. Retrieved
3660:
3651:
3642:
3623:
3617:
3588:
3584:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3486:(1): 27–30.
3483:
3479:
3473:
3454:
3448:
3437:the original
3416:
3412:
3399:
3380:
3357:(2): 89–96.
3354:
3350:
3344:
3319:
3315:
3297:
3249:
3228:. Retrieved
3224:the original
3214:
3187:
3181:
3165:. Elsevier.
3161:
3154:
3145:
3139:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3063:
3060:Weed Science
3059:
3049:
3029:
3022:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2909:
2903:
2889:
2875:
2836:
2809:
2803:
2775:
2756:Weed control
2711:Bioherbicide
2676:
2657:
2633:
2625:
2623:
2607:
2604:
2581:
2572:
2507:Weed control
2452:
2449:
2441:
2426:
2403:
2374:
2361:
2353:
2340:
2325:As of 2023,
2324:
2312:
2296:
2292:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2255:clearcutting
2251:silviculture
2247:
2239:
2236:Aquatic life
2230:
2201:Dennis Vacco
2194:
2167:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2122:
2094:
2091:Human health
2050:
2023:
2018:Agent Orange
1986:
1856:Point source
1801:Heavy metals
1763:Urban runoff
1748:Sulfur water
1723:Septic tanks
1579:Agent Orange
1489:Space debris
1343:Agricultural
1208:Volcanic ash
1068:Particulates
956:
940:
924:
897:
810:
779:
749:Bipyridinium
732:
679:
674:Aminopyralid
658:
632:
625:(POBs), and
574:
552:
535:
518:
499:
477:Soil applied
476:
463:
450:Preemergence
449:
440:metam-sodium
427:
405:
393:
382:
371:
362:
350:
343:
328:
287:
283:plant growth
226:
175:
166:clearcutting
146:insecticides
142:
125:weed killers
124:
53:
52:
7786:WikiProject
7555:Monoculture
7550:Viticulture
7528:agriculture
7488:propagation
7428:Hügelkultur
7350:sustainable
7335:Agriculture
7277:Therapeutic
7257:Shakespeare
7068:Renaissance
6860:Xeriscaping
6855:Sustainable
6850:Square foot
6840:Proplifting
6805:Garden tool
6773:Foodscaping
6653:New Zealand
6558:Degradation
6553:Formulation
6543:Application
6458:Rodenticide
6438:Insecticide
6401:Bactericide
6204:tebuthiuron
6199:monolinuron
5957:butafenacil
5939:oxyfluorfen
5919:fluorodifen
5909:acifluorfen
5826:chlorazifop
5774:dichlorprop
5727:glufosinate
5689:sulcotrione
5598:pyrithiobac
5552:trifluralin
5522:metolachlor
5517:metazachlor
5487:benfluralin
5306:13 December
4015:: 213–222.
2648:allelopathy
2499:Continuous
2433:agriculture
2279:monoculture
2259:neotropical
2057:Vietnam War
2055:during the
2048:aircraft.
1826:Area source
1668:Groundwater
1421:Green waste
1401:Brown waste
1385:Solid waste
1143:Information
1038:Exhaust gas
936:chemigation
833:tralkoxydim
817:chlorazifop
801:sulcotrione
793:carotenoids
773:acifluorfen
737:ferredoxins
699:chlorophyll
595:amino acids
515:Persistence
494:trifluralin
416:glufosinate
385:Surfactants
368:Selectivity
359:Terminology
7828:Toxicology
7813:Pesticides
7808:Herbicides
7802:Categories
7448:Indigenous
7345:stock-free
7317:Zoological
7197:Pollinator
7090:Greenhouse
7033:Sharawadgi
7021:Vietnamese
6982:East Asian
6890:Australian
6845:Raised bed
6810:Green wall
6636:By country
6593:Resurgence
6588:Resistance
6498:Fumigation
6448:Nematicide
6379:Pesticides
6322:metribuzin
6302:indaziflam
6282:bromoxynil
6242:tribenuron
6148:metamitron
6108:hexazinone
6035:Quaternary
6010:fluroxypyr
5874:sethoxydim
5856:quizalofop
5841:fenoxaprop
5737:piperophos
5732:glyphosate
5684:sethoxydim
5679:nitisinone
5674:mesotrione
5618:Arsenicals
5603:quinclorac
5583:clopyralid
5578:chloramben
5542:propachlor
5472:acetochlor
5452:herbicides
4308:(1): 1–8.
3964:2021-12-20
3932:2021-12-20
3744:(3): 662.
3608:10388/9421
3230:2015-11-06
3148:(98): 923.
3146:Ctry. Life
2768:References
2660:Australian
2642:), or the
2477:High risk
2421:See also:
2346:location.
2287:glyphosate
2265:Resistance
2209:Tordon 101
2148:toxicity.
2080:See also:
2038:defoliants
1913:By country
1905:Categories
1796:Pollutants
1773:Wastewater
1743:Stagnation
1688:Monitoring
1663:Freshwater
1529:Air travel
1416:Food waste
1358:Defecation
1168:Ecological
1101:Biological
1033:Combustion
973:Part of a
932:irrigation
884:clopyralid
849:mesotrione
845:profoxydim
841:sethoxydim
837:butroxydim
825:cycloxydim
805:nitisinone
797:Mesotrione
695:D1 protein
683:inhibitors
653:Glyphosate
641:tryptophan
591:isoleucine
508:cell walls
486:photolysis
436:volatility
408:defoliants
345:Glyphosate
188:including
150:fungicides
54:Herbicides
7823:Lawn care
7719:Perennial
7682:Floristry
7629:Pesticide
7609:Herbicide
7604:Fungicide
7498:hardiness
7262:Shrubbery
7242:Sculpture
7063:landscape
6992:Cantonese
6967:Container
6962:Community
6930:Byzantine
6925:Butterfly
6915:Botanical
6815:Guerrilla
6763:Community
6753:Butterfly
6748:Arboretum
6743:Allotment
6735:Gardening
6727:gardening
6573:Poisoning
6463:Slimicide
6453:Piscicide
6431:Defoliant
6426:Herbicide
6421:Fungicide
6396:Acaricide
6387:Pesticide
6312:methazole
6287:clomazone
6267:aclonifen
6143:terbutryn
6123:propazine
6118:prometryn
6103:cyanazine
6076:Triazines
6052:cyperquat
6025:triclopyr
6020:thiazopyr
6005:dithiopyr
5997:Pyridines
5924:fomesafen
5851:haloxyfop
5846:fluazifop
5831:cyhalofop
5712:bialaphos
5707:bensulide
5608:quinmerac
5497:diethatyl
5492:butachlor
5413:of Canada
5359:Herbicide
5145:221101653
4747:265513316
3922:0190-8286
3845:Earthscan
3708:251572710
3080:0043-1745
2928:228071686
2761:Defoliant
2624:The term
2532:Excellent
2341:In 2015,
2320:waterhemp
2315:waterhemp
2307:Marestail
2145:adjuvants
1841:Garbology
1758:Turbidity
1708:Oil spill
1658:Firewater
1643:Biosolids
1549:Vandalism
1308:Poisoning
1303:Plutonium
1278:Actinides
1271:Radiation
1013:Acid rain
984:Pollution
944:grassland
888:triclopyr
829:clethodim
821:fluazifop
715:cyanazine
703:oxidation
565:meristems
542:cofactors
506:, waxes,
454:Dithiopyr
353:gardening
275:perfusion
154:fumigants
7833:Biocides
7762:Category
7672:Features
7578:Grafting
7538:forestry
7520:Tropical
7505:Pomology
7478:cuttings
7473:breeding
7307:Wildlife
7287:Tropical
7237:Scottish
7187:Pleasure
7175:Paradise
7170:Charbagh
7140:Monastic
7135:Medieval
7045:Floating
6999:Japanese
6950:Communal
6940:Colonial
6905:Biblical
6870:Types of
6835:Parterre
6578:Research
6277:Bentazon
6133:simetryn
6128:simazine
6113:prometon
6098:atrazine
6062:paraquat
6015:imazapyr
5934:nitrofen
5929:lactofen
5836:diclofop
5794:mecoprop
5779:fenoprop
5722:fosamine
5717:ethephon
5593:picloram
5562:Aromatic
5547:propanil
5527:oryzalin
5512:flamprop
5477:alachlor
5464:anilines
5460:Anilides
5283:23950526
5137:32776423
5102:27318518
5062:20192743
4829:89070499
4785:24052282
4739:38036222
4697:53132597
4624:73439248
4616:30710343
4461:85648794
4453:18941967
4132:29136183
3958:Archived
3926:Archived
3863:BBC News
3778:17 April
3758:89106416
3433:15581571
3336:83922917
3131:17778584
3088:85637273
3014:86114859
2979:25104723
2784:Archived
2698:See also
2664:ryegrass
2614:mecoprop
2474:Low risk
2343:Monsanto
2299:atrazine
2221:picloram
2182:Triazine
2176:such as
2154:leaching
2125:toxicity
1897:Treaties
1877:Diseases
1733:Shipping
1698:Nutrient
1648:Diseases
1213:Wildfire
959:forestry
927:sprayers
876:picloram
814:diclofop
789:tyrosine
783:inhibit
765:nitrofen
757:paraquat
727:bromacil
719:atrazine
711:simazine
707:triazine
649:tyrosine
617:(IMIs),
504:cuticles
481:colloids
428:Preplant
412:Paraquat
396:humidity
374:mecoprop
331:atrazine
311:monocots
297:(corn),
198:kerosene
162:conifers
158:hardwood
7774:Commons
7687:Ikebana
7639:Pruning
7565:Organic
7515:Roguing
7401:Cutting
7292:Victory
7267:Spanish
7247:Sensory
7192:Prairie
7160:Persian
7150:Orchard
7115:Kitchen
7110:Keyhole
7105:Italian
7100:Islamic
7095:Hanging
7054:French
7040:Fernery
7028:English
6987:Chinese
6972:Cottage
6900:Baroque
6872:gardens
6825:History
6583:Residue
6406:Biocide
6307:juglone
6297:dinoseb
6194:monuron
6189:linuron
6093:ametryn
5914:bifenox
5799:2,4,5-T
5747:Phenoxy
5588:dicamba
5349:Scholia
5263:Bibcode
5255:Science
5218:4 April
5212:epa.gov
5082:Bibcode
4765:Science
4647:Bibcode
4417:7014921
4397:Bibcode
4338:8028945
4330:1673618
4310:Bibcode
4272:9370519
4263:1470339
4223:9199536
4123:6279255
4082:1460670
4039:1820267
4030:1568222
3826:2404181
3806:Bibcode
3671:4 April
3536:6717818
3528:9728330
3111:Bibcode
3103:Science
2970:4226364
2640:walnuts
2635:Juglans
2557:Common
2554:Unknown
2427:Due to
2301:and to
2174:dioxins
2141:chronic
2066:Vietnam
2014:Vietnam
1791:History
1673:Hypoxia
1502:Thermal
1456:Plastic
1318:Uranium
1192:Natural
1137:Digital
1113:Genetic
880:dicamba
872:2,4,5-T
670:2,4,5-T
621:(TPs),
587:leucine
444:dazomet
434:and/or
378:dicamba
190:tillage
182:soil pH
172:History
7524:Urban
7421:Taiwan
7416:Canada
7379:Botany
7372:Saikei
7367:Bonsai
7312:Winter
7297:Walled
7232:School
7227:Sacred
7182:Physic
7145:Mughal
7125:Market
7080:German
7058:formal
7050:Flower
7016:Korean
6935:Cactus
6920:Bottle
6880:Alpine
6830:Native
6783:Garden
6768:Forest
6643:Canada
6563:Misuse
6255:Others
6057:diquat
5769:2,4-DB
5756:Auxins
5482:asulam
5393:US EPA
5351:has a
5281:
5173:
5143:
5135:
5100:
5060:
5023:
4827:
4783:
4745:
4737:
4695:
4622:
4614:
4538:
4459:
4451:
4415:
4336:
4328:
4270:
4260:
4221:
4157:
4130:
4120:
4080:
4037:
4027:
3986:
3920:
3824:
3756:
3706:
3630:
3534:
3526:
3461:
3431:
3387:
3334:
3264:
3202:
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