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It is known that the SMP system has limited scalability. To overcome this limitation, the architecture called "cc-NUMA" (cache coherency–non-uniform memory access) is normally used. The main characteristic of a cc-NUMA system is having shared global memory that is distributed to each node, although
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Each time the global data is modified in a local memory, a hardware write-broadcasting is sent to the system bus to all other local memories to maintain the global data coherency. Thus, global data may be read by each processor accessing its own local memory without involving the system bus. System
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contains multiple, but not homogeneous, processing units – central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or any type of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). The system architecture allows any accelerator – for instance, a graphics
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A cc–NUMA system is a cluster of SMP systems – each called a "node", which can have a single processor, a multi-core processor, or a mix of the two, of one or other kinds of architecture – connected via a high-speed "connection network" that can be a "link" that can be a single or double-reverse
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A symmetric multiprocessor system (SMP) is a system with a pool of homogeneous processors running under a single OS with a centralized, shared main memory. Each processor, executing different programs and working on different sets of data, has the ability to share common resources (memory, I/O
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The difference in access times between local and remote memory can be also an order of magnitude, depending on the kind of connection network used (faster in segmented bus, crossbar, and point-to-point interconnection; slower in serial rings connection).
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This system (patented by F. Zulian ), used on the DPX/2 300 Unix based system (Bull Hn
Information Systems Italia (ex Honeywell)), is a mix of tightly and loosely coupled systems and makes use of all the advancements of these two architectures.
92:". While multiprocessing is a type of processing in which two or more processors work together to execute multiple programs simultaneously, multiprocessor refers to a hardware architecture that allows multiprocessing.
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Each processor has its own cache memory that acts as a bridge between the processor and main memory. The function of the cache is to alleviate the need for main-memory data access, thus reducing system-bus traffic.
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The common resources are accessible from all processors via the system bus, while local resources are only accessible to the local processor. Cache memories can be viewed in this perspective as local memories.
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The basic concept of this architecture is to have global data, which is modifiable information, accessible by all processors. This information is duplicated and stored in each local memory of each processor.
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the effective "access" a processor has to the memory of a remote component subsystem, or "node", is slower compared to local memory access, which is why the memory access is "non-uniform".
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is defined as "a system with more than one processor", and, more precisely, "a number of central processing units linked together to enable parallel processing to take place".
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An intermediate approach, between those of the two previous architectures, is having common resources and local resources, such as local memories (LM), in each processor.
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Loosely-coupled architectures feature high performances of each individual processor but do not enable for easy real-time balancing of the load among processors.
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Multiprocessor systems are classified according to how processor memory access is handled and whether system processors are of a single type or various ones.
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device, interrupt system, and so on) that are connected using a system bus, a crossbar, or a mix of the two, or an address bus and data crossbar.
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The key objective of a multiprocessor is to boost a system's execution speed. The other objectives are fault tolerance and application matching.
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bus access is only required when global data is modified in a local memory to update the copy of this data stored in the other local memories.
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and distribution among processors but suffer from the bottleneck consisting in the sharing of common resources through one or more buses.
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A symmetric multiprocessing system is a system with centralized shared memory called main memory (MM) operating under a single
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Bull HN F. Zulian – A. Zulian patent – Computer system with a bus having a segmented structure –
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These systems are able to perform multiple-instructions-on-multiple-data (MIMD) programming.
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Multiprocessor system with global data multiplication - global data write-broadcasting
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The local memory is divided into two sectors, global data (GD) and local data (LD).
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In loosely-coupled multiprocessor systems, each processor has its own local memory,
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Hybrid system – shared system memory for global data and local memory for local data
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476:"multiprocessor – Definition of multiprocessor in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
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Multiprocessor system with a shared memory closely connected to the processors.
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ring, or multi-ring, point-to-point connections, or a mix of these (e.g.
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processor – to operate at the same processing level as the system's CPU.
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Both architectures have trade-offs which may be summarized as follows:
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cc-NUMA is also called "distributed shared memory" (DSM) architecture.
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http://www.dba-oracle.com/real_application_clusters_rac_grid/numa.html
437:"Multiprocessor definition and meaning - Collins English Dictionary"
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Use of shared memory allows for a uniform memory-access time (UMA).
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Local data can be exchanged in a loosely coupled system via
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Multiprocessor system featuring global data multiplication
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Loosely-coupled (distributed memory) multiprocessor system
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The term "multiprocessor" can be confused with the term "
498:"What is a Multiprocessor? - Definition from Techopedia"
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Multiprocessor system with global data multiplication
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Tightly-coupled (shared memory) multiprocessor system
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Tightly-coupled versus loosely-coupled architecture
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366:Tightly-coupled architectures feature easy
179:The distributed memory is highly scalable.
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66:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Distributed memory multiprocessor system
29:This article includes a list of general
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561:"IBM POWER Systems Overview"
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