Animal mummy - Knowledge (XXG)

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production indicates that relatively little care and expense was involved in animal preparation compared to human mummies. However, recent radiological studies by archaeologists indicate that animal mummification may more closely follow human mummification than was originally thought. The accepted view is that animals were merely wrapped in coarse linen bandages and/or dipped in resin after death. However, as with human mummification there was a range in terms of the quality of treatments. A simple visual analysis of the mummies suggests that some animal mummies were treated with the same complexity as those of humans. Egyptians treated animals with great respect, regarding them both as domestic pets and representatives of the gods. The presence of fats, oils, beeswax, sugar gum, petroleum bitumen, and coniferous cedar resins in animal mummies shows that the chemicals used to embalm animals were similar to those used on humans.

224: 245:, the belief in multiple deities. Prior to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, there were a tremendous number of these deities, each representative of a different element of the natural world. After the great unification, a more limited list of deities developed. These were usually depicted as having a human body and an animal head, further emphasizing the importance of animals in Egyptian religion. Over time, religious cults emerged for the worship of each specific deity. Two main types of worship distinguished the cults: the first choosing to worship the god through mass mummified animal offerings, and the second selecting a totem animal to represent the god, which was mummified at the time of its death. 112: 285: 30: 443:, god of fertility, and the sun god, Re. Typically, crocodiles were raised in a life of complete luxury, indulged until they died. In the early years of this cult, dead crocodiles were lavishly mummified with gold and other precious things. However, as mummification gradually became a production process, less effort was exerted in their mummification and eventually consisted simply of cloth wrappings and the application of resin, a preserving agent. When found in extremely large quantities, crocodile mummies, like many other sorts of animal offerings, contained only reeds or random body parts. At the main temple of Shedet, later called 149:

Many Egyptians loved their pets, and the customary process of mourning the loss of a loved pet included crying and shaving one's eyebrows. Ancient Egyptian pets were given names just like they are today, a fact evidenced by more than seventy names deciphered in inscriptions identifying pet dog mummies. Pets were often depicted on the tombs of Egyptians, indicating their masters’ affection toward the animals. Egyptians believed that mummification was imperative in order to gain admittance to the afterlife, and therefore the belief was that the mummification of these pets would ensure the animals’ immortality.

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be literal incarnations of the deities, and therefore, it is understandable why Egyptians would have wanted to hold such animals in the highest regard, giving them a proper burial through mummification. In order to determine a person's admittance or denial to the afterlife, the deities would ask a series of judgment questions. One of these crucial questions would be whether they had mistreated any animals during their life on earth. Because of this religious belief, the killing of an animal was considered a serious crime punishable by death.

164:). When her tomb was discovered, there was a small, mummified bundle present at her feet, which was initially believed to be her child. This puzzled archaeologists because Maatkare Mutemhat was a High Priestess who had taken a serious vow of celibacy. If this had been her child, it would have meant that she had, at some point, broken the oath she had taken as High Priestess, raising a slew of other questions regarding her life. Finally, in 1968, an X-ray was done on the small mummy and it was determined to be an adult African green monkey ( 425: 259:

progressively less meticulous. Studies have revealed many of the large-scale animal offerings to be "fakes" (the wrappings containing only a few bones, feathers, reeds, wood, or pieces of pottery). The animals were raised on temple grounds, and then sold to pilgrims or regular citizens. The necks of the animals were often broken, an indication that their sole purpose in life was to be sacrificed as offerings. When visiting the temples, Egyptians of the general public would purchase these pre-mummified animals and offer them to the gods.

564: 557:) is represented in Egyptian art from the Old Kingdom onward. Revered for its ability to kill snakes, the ichneumon was related to Horus and Atum, among others and worshipped throughout the country. The shrew, a mouse size nocturnal mammal, substituted for ichneumons in Egyptian myth. Believed to have vision in both light and darkness, the god Horus Khenty-irty of Letopolis was represented by the wide eyed type of ichneumon and the shrew respectively. Shrews appear as the focus of worship particularly in the Late Period. 350: 376:. Research from 2015 using 14C radiocarbon dating suggests that the Egyptian ibis mummies in the study were from time frame that falls between approximately 450 and 250 BC. This timing falls in Egyptian history between the Late Period to the Ptolemaic Period. Saqqara alone is estimated to contain nearly 500,000 of these mummies and is also thought to have produced 10,000 mummified offerings per year. In addition, approximately four million ibis burials have been uncovered at the catacombs of 598:, Egyptians venerated several jackal deities, with the most prominent one was of Anubis. He was represented as a canine or a canine headed human. Traditionally, the Anubis animal has been identified as a jackal, but its generally black coloring, symbolic of the afterlife and rebirth, is not typical of jackals and may instead denote a wild dog. Because dogs and jackals roamed the desert's edge, where the dead were generally buried, they were seen as protectors of cemeteries. 456: 326:. Cats who were bred to become offerings of this type usually died due to strangulation or the breaking of their necks. During mummification, the cat bodies would be dried and filled with soil, sand or some other kind of packing material. They were either positioned with their limbs folded closely to their bodies or in a sitting, lifelike position. The wrapping was usually completed through intricate, geometric patterns. 273: 1908: 391:. Usually, the head and neck of the bird were bent backwards and pressed on the body. The body was then dipped in tar and wrapped tightly with linen. The vast number of mummified ibises suggests that this was done in a mass production, as many times the mummies contained only a part of the body. After serving their ritual purposes, the mummified bodies were placed in ceramic pots, coffins or sarcophagi. 1897: 1860: 1928: 1938: 1918: 333:. More expensive mummies were typically adorned with features drawn in black paint and colored glass, obsidian or rock crystal eyes. Kittens and fetuses were mummified and buried inside the stomach of a statue that represented their mother. As time went by, like all mummies designed for this purpose, the mummification became less precise. In fact, Sir 263:

Shu, the soul of Tefnut, the soul of Geb, the soul of Osiris, the soul of Isis, the soul of Nephtys, the great gods of Egypt, the Ibis and the Hawk." Hor believes that the mummies are the souls of the gods: he describes the ibis as the soul of Toth and the hawk as the soul of many different gods. That is to say, some animals were, or contained, a

407:, which housed the organs of human mummies, is testament of the animals’ cultural significance. Baboons were reared in mass quantities at temples, though the numbers of baboon mummies that have been discovered are not as large as cats or ibises. Around 400 were uncovered at the tombs of Saqqara. Most baboons were mummified with the use of 500:

Mummification was a key part in the worshipping of these animals. While alive, the bull would be housed in a special temple, lavishly pampered for its entire life. Priests believed that the Apis bull was a medium of communication between the two creator gods, so its movements were carefully observed and sometimes consulted as an oracle.

132:, a Greek historian from the first century B.C., witnessed the lynching of a Roman who had accidentally killed a cat during a visit to Egypt. Understandably, this punishment frightened many Egyptians to the point that if one would happen upon a dead animal, they would flee from it as to avoid the accusation of being its killer. 512:, the center of the cult. They were complete with engravings and fluid drainage channels. After the funerary ceremonies, the bull would be transported to these tables where it would be strapped to the table. Its internal organs would be destroyed through intra-anal oils. The animal's body would be dried out using 691:

In general, the mummifying of animals was not given the careful attention afforded to humans. Mummies sold to pilgrims as offerings were only minimally treated, and unlike humans, even the most sacred of animals, such as the Apis bulls, did not have their internal organs preserved. The large scale of

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Instead of worshipping every animal of a particular species, a few animal cults would select one specific animal, chosen because of its special markings, to be the totem of the particular god. Each sacred animal was pampered and cared for until its death, when elaborate burial proceedings took place.

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These sacred animals were allowed to die a natural death unless they reached the age of 28, at which time they were killed. When an Apis bull died, the entire country went into mourning. It was afforded an elaborate funeral and intricate burial procedures. Because the bulls were so large, the process

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Egyptians believed that the afterlife would be a continuation of this one, allowing for the transportation of items from this life to the next. In order to bring food to the afterlife, Egyptians would surround human mummies by what are known as victual mummies, made from edible animals. These animals

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relates to animals. Egyptians believed that animals were crucial to both physical and spiritual survival—vital to physical survival because they were a major source of food and to spiritual survival based on how well a person treated animals during their life on earth. Some animals were considered to

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and buried in wooden chests. Baboon mummies that have been discovered have provided significant evidence that they were bred and mummified as offerings. This evidence includes proof that the baboons usually did not die from natural causes, and that the majority suffered from malnutrition, fractures,

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The vast majority of Egyptian animal mummies were religious offerings. If an Egyptian sought a favor from a deity, an offering would be made or purchased, and placed at the appropriate temple of the god. Before animal mummification became common, these offerings were usually bronze statues depicting

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The Egyptian god Hor, living in the second century BCE suggests the purpose underlying the practice of mummifying animals: "The benefit which is performed for the Ibis, the soul of Toth, the greatest one, is made for the Hawk also, the soul of Ptah, the soul of Apis, the soul of Pre, the soul of

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Long before animal mummies were used as religious offerings, animals in Egypt were occasionally mummified for a more personal reason—as beloved pets that were to keep the deceased company in the afterlife. The most common Egyptian pets included cats, dogs, mongooses, monkeys, gazelles, and birds.

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were placed in tombs as early as the fourth millennium BC and used as official seals and amulets for the living and the dead. The Egyptian word for scarab also means "to come into being" or "appear". A scarab pushing a spherical object evoked the image of a beetle propelling the sun disk through

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Periods. The cycle of selecting a new totem animal continued for hundreds of years. Though the animals were undoubtedly considered sacred, Egyptians did not worship the individual animals themselves, but rather the invisible deity believed to be present within the animal symbolizing the god. In

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which allow researchers to examine the skeletons of the mummies without damaging the outer wrappings, has suggested that these types of animals were bred for the sole purpose of offerings. As the process of animal mummification for the purpose of offerings grew, mummification techniques became

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Fish were mummified in mass quantities as offerings. They were wrapped in linen and held together by bands of cloth soaked in sticky resin, permanently encasing the mummies. Many times, black circles representing the eyes were painted on the hardened linen. Several species of fish have been

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bull cult is estimated to have originated as early as 800 B.C., the first cult supported by archaeological evidence. The earliest and largest of all animal cults, the Apis bull cult considered the bull to be a symbol of strength and fertility, representing the creator gods Ptah and Osiris.

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the animals. However, eventually a cheaper alternative to bronze statues (i.e., animal mummies) became the most popular form of offering. As such, millions of these mummified animals have been discovered throughout Egypt. Inspection of those mummies, usually done through

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include remedies and magical spells to cure the bitten. Snake deities were worshipped in hopes of preventing potential attacks by their earthly representatives. Commonly mummified in the Late, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods, lizards did not play much of a role in earlier

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were prepared by dehydrating the meat and wrapping it in linen bandages, to indicate that the animals were food, not pets. They were not mummified to the same meticulous extent that a pet or human would be, but the animals were nonetheless carefully preserved using

48:. Animals were an important part of Egyptian culture, not only in their role as food and pets, but also for religious reasons. Many different types of animals were mummified, typically for four main purposes: to allow people's beloved pets to go on to the 123:, animals were highly respected. In no other culture have animals been as influential in so many aspects of life, nor has any culture depicted animals so often in their artwork or writing. It is estimated that two in every four or five Egyptian 656:

The animal was then mummified as a sign of respect to the god. Next, a new symbolic animal was chosen. Only one animal at a time would be chosen as the sacred one. These animal cults reached the pinnacle of popularity during the Late and

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was also buried with a beloved animal—his pet cat was mummified and placed in a stone coffin in his tomb. Another Egyptian, named Hapymen, had his pet dog mummified, wrapped in cloth, and placed at the side of his coffin. At the tomb

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The distinguishing factor between the process of non-human animal and human mummification is when the two types were mummified. Humans had been mummified consistently since the days of the early conquerors of

269:, a part of the soul that is an active agents in this world and the spiritual world. Therefore, votive animal mummies are the animals' souls acted as messengers between people on earth and the gods. 626:, they were closely linked to water and the primeval ocean of Nun. Egyptians were well aware of both the snake's usefulness in controlling vermin and the dangers posed by its poison. Texts like the 1209: 467:

identified, but due to the deteriorating condition of the mummies, scientists are unable to conclude if the organs were typically removed during the process of mummification. According to the

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Wasef, S.; Wood, R.; Merghani, S. El; Ikram, S.; Curtis, C.; Holland, B.; Willerslev, E.; Millar, C.D.; Lambert, D.M. (2015). "Radiocarbon dating of Sacred Ibis mummies from ancient Egypt".

688:(5500–4000 BC), before the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. It is likely that animal mummies did not exist earlier on because mummification was less accessible primarily due to cost. 707:

Jackowski, Christian. "Common and Unexpected Findings in Mummies from Ancient Egypt and South America revealed by CT." CMIV Seminar. Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization,

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Birds like chickens and falcons were held in containers shaped like food or given their own proper mummification because they would be used as food or as pets in the afterlife.

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salts and packed with sand. It would then be wrapped in linens. Artificial eyes and an artistic plaster head would be added, ensuring the bull still looked like itself.

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to reach Atacama Desert in modern Chile. If bird distribution was as in present, the closest place to Pica from where all bird species could have been captured is

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was the main source of this type of religious animal mummy in ancient Egypt, as most other animals were mummified in large quantities for religious offerings.

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Among serpents and eels, snakes and lizards were also popular depictions of the god Atum. Serpents were seen as creatures of the earth that embody primeval,

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Dogs were used as domestic pets, guardians, herders, and police assistants. Several dog breeds could be found in ancient Egypt, the most popular being the

223: 341:, unwrapped a large number of cat mummies, but discovered many were simply stuffed with random body parts of cats and not mummified with detailed care. 284: 1652: 910: 111: 1881: 1709: 265: 207: 1941: 1827: 1699: 1694: 1575: 1547: 1202: 439:

The crocodile was regarded as an extremely fierce animal, often used to terrify enemies during war. The crocodile cult was devoted to

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García, Richard (2021-03-31). "Guacamayos y loros momificados revelan antiguo comercio entre la selva y los pobladores de Atacama".

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Lawrence, Susan V. "Unraveling the Mysteries of the Mummies." Science News, Society for Science and the Public 118 (1980): 362-64.

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Specific archaeological findings have confirmed that pets were mummified. The most famous example of this is the Theban priestess

1817: 1585: 1246: 1849: 998: 681:, hundreds of years before even the first animal was mummified. The earliest signs of non-human animal mummies are dated to the 140: 29: 1795: 1647: 1196: 1822: 211:, during the journey to the next world. A variety of food has been found in many tombs, mostly breads, meats, and fowl. King 794:

Pettigrew, Thomas J., and George Cruikshank. A History of Egyptian Mummies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.

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held several coffin-shaped wooden boxes containing this type of mummified animal, in his case duck and other types of meat.

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and other special salts. This food was included in tombs in order to sustain the deceased person's soul, called the

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Cats were mummified as religious offerings in enormous quantities and were believed to represent the war goddess

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certain cases, such as the Apis bull, the animal could even be a way to communicate the desires of the god. The

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Velde, H. "A Few Remarks upon the Religious Significance of Animals in Ancient Egypt." Numen 27 (1980): 76-82.

829:, Roger Lichtenberg, and Jean Yoyotte. Mummies and Death in Egypt. New York: Cornell University Press, 2007. 334: 918: 563: 56:, and because some were seen as physical manifestations of specific deities that the Egyptians worshipped. 1911: 1844: 1684: 1049: 595: 231: 68:

discovered a mass grave of felines, ancient cats that were mummified and buried in pits at great numbers.

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was one of the species mummified and offered to the gods; one of these cults is related to the goddess

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Brier, Bob. Egyptian Mummies: Unraveling the Secrets of an Ancient Art. New York: HarperCollins, 1996.

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Arnold, Dorothea. "An Egyptian Bestiary." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin new 52 (1995): 1-64.

349: 83:. These mummies were part of unknown rituals and a long-range trade from the humid tropics across the 1901: 1859: 1716: 1625: 1618: 1475: 1240: 948: 329:

Early in the development of animal mummification, cat mummies were placed in little bronze or wooden

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Aufderheide, Arthur C. The Scientific Study of Mummies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

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goddess, is an example of one such deity. In 1888, an Egyptian farmer digging in the sand near

1733: 1674: 1251: 826: 640: 553: 447:, sacred crocodiles were mummified and displayed in temple shrines or carried in processions. 169: 153: 72: 192:, a mummified dog and baboon were discovered buried together, although the owner is unknown. 99:. The mummified birds found in Atacama Desert had their organs removed as well as their tail 1790: 1704: 1511: 1395: 1300: 1152: 956: 627: 319: 129: 1485: 1443: 1294: 1229: 1131: 1113: 1095: 1077: 1063: 973: 884: 568: 354: 289: 189: 92: 875:"Animal Mummies." The Animal Mummy Project. 2000. The Cairo Museum. 10 December 2008 < 952: 479:. A deposit of several thousand mummified perch was excavated in an area to the west of 1770: 509: 444: 76: 34: 272: 172:, was discovered buried with a mummified pet—she had a mummified gazelle in her tomb. 1956: 1563: 1480: 1400: 1278: 377: 311: 120: 45: 1832: 1516: 1050:"BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: Sacred Animals of Ancient Egypt Gallery" 662: 657: 413: 369: 65: 708: 960: 403:, the god of the moon as well as the god of wisdom. The appearance of baboons on 1490: 1366: 728: 678: 529: 404: 384: 330: 80: 1871: 1521: 1463: 496: 472: 315: 242: 124: 17: 1023: 1506: 876: 665: 622:

qualities, involved in the process of creation. Because many snakes inhabit

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where there was a temple to Neith. Mummified perch have also been found at

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Among beetles, the scarab was very popular in Egyptian culture. Images of

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Additional animals mummified and the corresponding god they represented:

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Goettinger Miszellen: Beitraege zur aegyptologischen Diskussion

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Animal mummy containing dog bones, Metropolitan Museum of Art

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Differences between human and non-human animal mummification

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A large type of mongoose common in Africa, the ichneumon (

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Leca, Ange P. The Egyptian Way of Death. Doubleday, 1981.

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of mummification was lengthy and complicated. Enormous

103:. Some bird mummies were found wrapped in textiles. 1436: 1411: 1386: 1352: 1310: 1269: 1260: 1189: 1182: 79:of Chile, including some next to the oasis town of 1136:Soulful Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt 1118:Soulful Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt 1100:Soulful Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt 1082:Soulful Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt 978:Soulful Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt 898:Soulful Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt 168:), not a child. Similarly, Makare's half sister, 372:periods and was dedicated to the god of wisdom, 1548: 1160: 781: 779: 777: 775: 773: 8: 721: 719: 717: 1555: 1541: 1533: 1266: 1186: 1167: 1153: 1145: 1017: 1015: 941:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 428:Mummy mask for a crocodile, Roman period. 364:cult was established primarily during the 877:http://www.animalmummies.com/project.html 871: 869: 867: 865: 863: 861: 851: 849: 847: 845: 843: 841: 839: 837: 835: 822: 820: 818: 430:Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst 28: 749: 747: 745: 743: 741: 739: 700: 991:"Fish Mummy, Ancient Egypt collection" 763: 761: 759: 594:, all very good for hunting. From the 310:. This cult was primarily centered at 288:Sarcophagus for cat mummy, ca 305 BC; 508:embalming tables were constructed at 7: 1917: 75:bird mummies have been found in the 1937: 383:Mummification of the ibis included 33:Egyptian mummies of animals in the 1120:. Brooklyn Museum. pp. 55–56. 1102:. Brooklyn Museum. pp. 37–38. 1084:. Brooklyn Museum. pp. 46–49. 25: 1665:Ancient Egyptian race controversy 339:British Museum of Natural History 1936: 1926: 1916: 1907: 1906: 1895: 1858: 1210:Officials, nobles, and commoners 532:made mummies of the sacred ram. 228:The Obsequies of an Egyptian Cat 1927: 1138:. Brooklyn Museum. p. 59. 524:The cult of the fertility god 107:Egyptian beliefs about animals 1: 416:, and vitamin D deficiency. 961:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.09.020 917:. 2014-09-25. Archived from 915:Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 711:, Sweden. 17 September 2007. 567:Dog mummy, 305 BC – 395 CE; 459:A mummified Nile perch from 1850:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations 1670:Population history of Egypt 995:www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk 603:Birds of all types (Horus) 115:Mummy of a peregrine falcon 1999: 299: 119:Throughout the history of 1890: 1867: 1856: 1594: 1571: 1499: 487:near a temple to Neith. 337:, former Director of the 239:Ancient Egyptian religion 1973:Ancient Egyptian mummies 1968:Ancient Egyptian culture 1902:Ancient Egypt portal 980:, Brooklyn Museum: 2013. 900:, Brooklyn Museum: 2013. 883:January 7, 2009, at the 353:Ibis coffin, 305–30 BC; 335:T. C. S. 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Archived from 987: 981: 974:Bleiberg, Edward 971: 965: 964: 936: 930: 929: 927: 926: 907: 901: 894: 888: 873: 856: 853: 830: 824: 813: 810: 804: 801: 795: 792: 786: 783: 768: 765: 754: 751: 734: 733: 723: 712: 705: 628:Brooklyn Papyrus 544:Mongoose/Shrew ( 320:Ptolemaic Period 249:Votive offerings 130:Diodorus Siculus 21: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1978:Votive offering 1953: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1896: 1894: 1886: 1863: 1854: 1590: 1567: 1561: 1531: 1526: 1495: 1444:List of mummies 1428: 1407: 1378: 1348: 1306: 1256: 1230:Guanche mummies 1178: 1173: 1143: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1033: 1031: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1004: 1002: 989: 988: 984: 972: 968: 938: 937: 933: 924: 922: 909: 908: 904: 895: 891: 885:Wayback Machine 874: 859: 854: 833: 825: 816: 811: 807: 802: 798: 793: 789: 784: 771: 766: 757: 752: 737: 725: 724: 715: 706: 702: 698: 674: 653: 569:Brooklyn Museum 538: 522: 493: 453: 422: 397: 355:Brooklyn Museum 347: 304: 298: 290:Brooklyn Museum 251: 221: 198: 190:Valley of Kings 138: 109: 93:Beni Department 71:Besides Egypt, 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1996: 1994: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1955: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1934: 1924: 1914: 1904: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1562: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1545: 1537: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1419:Modern mummies 1415: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1392: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1332: 1327: 1325:Czech Republic 1322: 1316: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1275: 1273: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1241:Muisca mummies 1238: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1206: 1193: 1191: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1164: 1157: 1149: 1142: 1141: 1123: 1105: 1087: 1069: 1055: 1041: 1011: 982: 966: 931: 902: 889: 857: 831: 814: 805: 796: 787: 769: 755: 735: 713: 699: 697: 694: 673: 670: 652: 651:Sacred animals 649: 648: 647: 646: 645: 634: 633: 632: 609: 608: 607: 601: 600: 599: 575:Dogs/Jackals ( 561: 560: 559: 558: 537: 534: 521: 518: 492: 489: 452: 449: 445:Crocodilopolis 421: 418: 396: 393: 346: 343: 300:Main article: 297: 294: 250: 247: 220: 217: 197: 194: 137: 134: 108: 105: 77:Atacama Desert 44:was common in 35:British Museum 24: 18:Mummified cats 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1995: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1943: 1935: 1933: 1925: 1923: 1915: 1913: 1905: 1903: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1877:Egyptologists 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1861: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1565: 1564:Ancient Egypt 1558: 1553: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1481:Excerebration 1479: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1401:Sokushinbutsu 1399: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1367:Aztec mummies 1365: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1354:North America 1351: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1302: 1299: 1297:(Philippines) 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1279:Tarim mummies 1277: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1197:Ancient Egypt 1195: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1176:Mummification 1170: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1137: 1133: 1127: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1091: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1073: 1070: 1065: 1059: 1056: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1029: 1025: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1001:on 2017-11-15 1000: 996: 992: 986: 983: 979: 975: 970: 967: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 935: 932: 921:on 2016-08-15 920: 916: 912: 906: 903: 899: 893: 890: 886: 882: 878: 872: 870: 868: 866: 864: 862: 858: 852: 850: 848: 846: 844: 842: 840: 838: 836: 832: 828: 823: 821: 819: 815: 809: 806: 800: 797: 791: 788: 782: 780: 778: 776: 774: 770: 764: 762: 760: 756: 750: 748: 746: 744: 742: 740: 736: 732:. p. A8. 731: 730: 722: 720: 718: 714: 710: 704: 701: 695: 693: 689: 687: 684: 680: 671: 669: 667: 664: 659: 650: 642: 638: 637: 635: 629: 625: 621: 617: 616: 614: 611:Serpent/Eel ( 610: 605: 604: 602: 597: 596:First Dynasty 593: 589: 585: 581: 580: 578: 574: 573: 570: 565: 556: 555: 550: 549: 547: 543: 542: 541: 536:Miscellaneous 535: 533: 531: 527: 519: 517: 515: 511: 507: 501: 498: 490: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 462: 457: 450: 448: 446: 442: 435: 431: 426: 419: 417: 415: 410: 406: 402: 394: 392: 390: 386: 381: 379: 378:Tuna el-Gebel 375: 371: 367: 363: 356: 351: 344: 342: 340: 336: 332: 327: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 303: 295: 291: 286: 279: 274: 270: 268: 267: 260: 257: 248: 246: 244: 240: 233: 229: 225: 218: 216: 214: 210: 209: 204: 195: 193: 191: 187: 182: 178: 173: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 150: 142: 135: 133: 131: 126: 122: 121:ancient Egypt 113: 106: 104: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 73:pre-Columbian 69: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 46:ancient Egypt 43: 36: 31: 27: 19: 1604:Architecture 1517:Plastination 1424:Animal mummy 1423: 1339: 1295:Fire Mummies 1224:Inca Mummies 1208: 1201: 1135: 1126: 1117: 1108: 1099: 1090: 1081: 1072: 1058: 1044: 1032:. Retrieved 1027: 1003:. Retrieved 999:the original 994: 985: 977: 969: 944: 940: 934: 923:. Retrieved 919:the original 914: 905: 897: 892: 808: 799: 790: 727: 703: 690: 675: 658:Graeco-Roman 654: 552: 539: 523: 502: 494: 465: 438: 414:osteomylitis 405:canopic jars 398: 389:evisceration 382: 359: 328: 305: 264: 261: 252: 237: 227: 206: 199: 174: 165: 161: 151: 147: 136:Beloved pets 118: 95:in northern 70: 66:Istabl Antar 41: 40: 26: 1942:WikiProject 1756:Mathematics 1717:Hieroglyphs 1631:Portraiture 1599:Agriculture 1586:Main topics 1491:Mummy paper 1247:Philippines 1064:"Ram Mummy" 1034:25 December 947:: 355–361. 729:El Mercurio 679:Lower Egypt 530:Elephantine 385:desiccation 125:hieroglyphs 1957:Categories 1872:Egyptology 1840:Technology 1803:Philosophy 1751:Literature 1643:Chronology 1522:Prosection 1464:Qilakitsoq 1449:DNA-tested 1335:Bog bodies 1243:(Colombia) 1190:Deliberate 1005:2017-11-14 925:2017-11-14 696:References 473:Nile perch 420:Crocodiles 331:sarcophagi 316:Beni Hasan 243:polytheism 1776:Mythology 1700:Geography 1690:Dynasties 1638:Astronomy 1507:Embalming 1486:Forgeries 1454:fictional 1362:Greenland 1303:(Lebanon) 1252:Communist 709:Linköping 666:bull cult 584:greyhound 506:alabaster 366:Ptolemaic 278:mummified 177:Tuthmosis 85:Altiplano 50:afterlife 1912:Category 1833:District 1828:Capitals 1813:Religion 1796:Titulary 1786:Pharaohs 1766:Military 1761:Medicine 1744:Hieratic 1734:Language 1660:Clothing 1614:Obelisks 1503:See also 1437:Articles 1375:(Mexico) 1369:(Mexico) 1134:(2013). 1116:(2013). 1098:(2013). 1080:(2013). 881:Archived 683:Badarian 631:culture. 620:chthonic 256:CT scans 170:Esemkhet 101:feathers 87:and the 1932:Outline 1922:Commons 1882:Museums 1818:Scribes 1808:Pottery 1739:Demotic 1729:History 1680:Cuisine 1609:Revival 1469:Saltmen 1330:Denmark 1285:Siberia 1281:(China) 1262:Natural 1220:(Chile) 1183:Mummies 1030:: 17–23 949:Bibcode 644:heaven. 641:scarabs 624:marshes 588:basenji 510:Memphis 409:plaster 395:Baboons 324:Saqqara 234:(1886). 188:in the 179:of the 175:Prince 97:Bolivia 1781:People 1648:Cities 1566:topics 1312:Europe 1203:Royals 592:saluki 590:, and 577:Anubis 514:natron 471:, the 434:Munich 345:Ibises 312:Thebes 308:Bastet 203:natron 60:, the 58:Bastet 1845:Trade 1823:Sites 1771:Music 1685:Dance 1619:Pylon 1581:Index 1412:Other 1388:Self- 1320:Italy 1236:Italy 879:> 546:Horus 526:Khnum 491:Bulls 485:Gurob 477:Neith 441:Sebek 401:Thoth 374:Thoth 370:Roman 230:, by 89:Andes 1791:List 1710:List 1653:List 1341:list 1290:Iran 1271:Asia 1036:2023 663:Apis 613:Atum 520:Rams 497:Apis 495:The 481:Esna 461:Esna 451:Fish 387:and 368:and 362:ibis 360:The 314:and 296:Cats 186:KV50 81:Pica 1626:Art 957:doi 528:in 280:cat 156:’s 62:cat 54:god 1959:: 1026:. 1014:^ 993:. 976:, 955:. 943:. 913:. 860:^ 834:^ 817:^ 772:^ 758:^ 738:^ 716:^ 615:) 586:, 579:) 548:) 432:, 380:. 276:A 266:ba 208:ka 1556:e 1549:t 1542:v 1168:e 1161:t 1154:v 1066:. 1052:. 1038:. 1008:. 963:. 959:: 951:: 945:4 928:. 887:. 160:( 37:. 20:)

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