420:
3036:
2744:
1979:
74:
504:
61:
654:
449:
Muscadine grape cultivars may have low or inconsistent yields, small berries, flavor and thick skin unsuitable to consumer acceptance, and disease susceptibility. Cultivars tend to be developed either for a limited fresh market or for winemaking. For consumer acceptance, fresh market grapes need to
485:(8–18 tons per acre) are possible. Muscadines grow best in fertile sandy loam and alluvial soils. They grow wild in well-drained bottom lands that are not subject to extended drought or waterlogging. They are also resistant to pests and diseases, including
1055:
Xu, C; Yagiz, Y; Zhao, L; Simonne, A; Lu, J; Marshall, M. R. (2017). "Fruit quality, nutraceutical and antimicrobial properties of 58 muscadine grape varieties (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) grown in United States".
453:
Fresh-market cultivars include Black Beauty, Carlos, Cowart, Flowers, Fry, Granny Val, Ison, James, Jumbo, Magnolia, Memory (first found on T.S. Memory's farm in 1868 in
Whiteville, NC), Mish, Nesbitt, Noble,
365:(Central America). Some taxonomists have suggested giving the muscadines standing as a separate genus. It has also been suggested that the muscadine varieties be upgraded to species rank and so splitting off
3463:
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subgenus, and most hybrids between the subgenera are sterile. A few are moderately fertile, and have been used in breeding. A commercially available
3210:
1254:
Lee JH, Johnson JV, Talcott ST (July 2005). "Identification of ellagic acid conjugates and other polyphenolics in muscadine grapes by HPLC-ESI-MS".
691:
The rank order of total phenolic content among muscadine components was found to be seeds, higher than skins, higher than leaves, higher than pulp.
3288:
3223:
2970:
803:
268:. It has been extensively cultivated since the 16th century. The plants are well-adapted to their native warm and humid climate; they need fewer
3366:
3236:
807:
708:
450:
be large, sweet, and with relatively thin skin, whereas those for wine, juice or jelly need high yields of high-sugar, color-stable berries.
2792:
639:
indicates that the thick skins and variable in-season quality of fresh muscadine grapes are significant deterrents to retail acceptance.
3473:
1313:
3184:
3493:
3483:
2054:
837:
73:
1143:
Brown, K; Sims, C; Odabasi, A; Bartoshuk, L; Conner, P; Gray, D (2016). "Consumer
Acceptability of Fresh-Market Muscadine Grapes".
860:
Pastrana-Bonilla E, Akoh CC, Sellappan S, Krewer G (August 2003). "Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes".
1028:
3262:
2343:
2029:
431:
grown in the
Southern states. These include bronze, black and red varieties and consist of common grapes and patented grapes.
3498:
2510:
1306:
458:, Summit, Supreme, and Thomas. Produced by the University of Florida, the cultivar, 'Southern Home', contains both subgenera
3293:
2996:
443:
1978:
930:
3001:
3119:
249:
1292:
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2901:
1090:
3006:
2785:
2727:
2656:
2548:
2149:
2132:
3384:
1966:
657:
The wild progenitor of the muscadine grape still grows freely in the southeastern United States, such as near
1662:
1219:
Talcott ST, Lee JH (May 2002). "Ellagic acid and flavonoid antioxidant content of muscadine wine and juice".
2896:
2269:
2105:
964:"Occurrence and distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes on muscadine grapes in Georgia and North Carolina"
179:
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206:
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367:
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269:
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1942:
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1201:
712:
489:, which can destroy other grape species. Muscadine is one of the grape species most resistant to
68:
31:
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2870:
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1438:
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1073:
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877:
833:
779:
636:
381:. All muscadines have 40 chromosomes, rather than 38, are generally not cross-compatible with
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1027:. University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Archived from
681:
648:
401:
279:. Wild varieties may stay green through maturity. Muscadines are typically used in making
111:
1181:"Resveratrol Concentration in Muscadine Berries, Juice, Pomace, Purees, Seeds, and Wines"
1180:
3358:
3111:
503:
331:
with the other grapevine species, the muscadine species belongs to a separate subgenus,
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2015:
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98:
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1518:
1454:
1422:
1406:
593:
100 grams of muscadine grapes contain the following nutrients according to the USDA:
313:
1295:
2004 – 80 page technical resource for growers and processors, University of
Arkansas
1205:
791:
446:, produce fruit with their own pollen, and may also pollinate pistillate cultivars.
3410:
3137:
2722:
2313:
2251:
2241:
2194:
1069:
400:
Although muscadines are hearty grapes with tough skin that protects them from many
2471:
669:, but subsequent studies have found no or little resveratrol in muscadine grapes.
60:
3301:
3249:
3094:
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2991:
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1998:
1197:
673:
581:
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291:
39:
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2608:
2598:
2558:
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2318:
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1614:
1156:
685:
665:
One report indicated that muscadine grapes contained high concentrations of
653:
575:
551:
241:
35:
3397:
1275:
1240:
1164:
1077:
881:
3332:
962:
Jagdale, Ganpati; Severns, Paul; Brannen, Phillip; Cline, William (2019).
830:
Florida's Best
Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines
3392:
3079:
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157:
147:
124:
43:
17:
1298:
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2431:
2406:
2333:
2182:
2069:
1988:
539:
527:
482:
280:
253:
1267:
1232:
998:. Julius KĂĽhn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants
873:
301:
as shelter, browse, and food for many birds and animals. It is also a
3254:
2986:
2949:
2573:
2461:
2456:
931:"'Southern Home': An InterspecificHybrid Grape with Ornamental Value"
222:
137:
3056:
761:. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida
3267:
3176:
2486:
2441:
2411:
2064:
1338:
1329:
758:
652:
502:
478:
418:
327:
302:
261:
167:
85:
929:
J.A. Mortensen; J.W. Harris; D.L. Hopkins; P.C. Andersen (1994).
2038:
1994:
434:
Unlike most cultivated grapevines, many muscadine cultivars are
283:
3163:
3060:
2774:
2011:
1992:
1302:
477:
Crops can be started in 3–5 years. Commercial yields of 20–45
2770:
757:
Peter C. Andersen; Timothy E. Crocker; Jacque Breman (2018).
275:
Muscadine berries may be bronze or dark purple or black when
780:
Biota of North
America Program 2014 county distribution map
1293:
The
Muscadine Experience: Adding Value to Enhance Profits
1108:. United States Department of Agriculture. November 1997.
30:"Muscadine" redirects here. For the place in the US, see
832:. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. p. 155.
341:). Usually the species is divided into three varieties,
272:
than better known varieties, and thrive in summer heat.
2007:
1021:"Muscadine Grape Breeding Program: General Information"
442:
to set fruit. A few, such as 'Carlos' and 'Noble', are
404:, these grapes nonetheless appear to be susceptible to
855:
853:
851:
849:
723:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
1025:
Muscadine Grape
Breeding Program: General Information
3069:
2979:
2963:
2935:
2887:
2869:
2836:
2808:
2675:
2637:
2532:
2509:
2392:
2279:
2267:
2160:
2088:
2045:
1337:
1179:
1178:Ector BJ, Magee JB, Hegwood CP, Coign MJ (1996).
996:"Muscadine: Vitis International Variety Catalog"
507:Some muscadines in a bowl; the green grapes are
335:(all other grapevine species belong to subgenus
495:, an insect that can kill roots of grapevines.
2786:
2023:
1314:
8:
624:Vitamin C (total ascorbic acid): 6.5 mg
34:. Not to be confused with the grape variety
1186:American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
3057:
2793:
2779:
2771:
2276:
2030:
2016:
2008:
1989:
1321:
1307:
1299:
1256:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1221:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
862:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
59:
50:
979:
946:
297:In a natural setting, muscadine provides
3464:Flora of the South-Central United States
3454:Flora of the North-Central United States
3439:Crops originating from the United States
924:
922:
3469:Flora of the Southeastern United States
3459:Flora of the Northeastern United States
2971:Clarification and stabilization of wine
1120:"Appellations Growing Muscadine Grapes"
1106:"America's First Grape – The Muscadine"
700:
3489:Plants used in Native American cuisine
1100:
1098:
1015:
1013:
3444:Cuisine of the Southern United States
1050:
1048:
1046:
721:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
7:
3242:CCD0BE82-85B8-439A-AC80-80DECCAB1F4C
1091:Growing Muscadine Grapes in Oklahoma
290:and jelly. They are rich sources of
3479:Fruits originating in North America
3449:Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
25:
2055:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
643:Resveratrol and other polyphenols
305:host for the Nessus Sphinx Moth (
3385:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:308496-2
3034:
2742:
1977:
311:) and the Mournful Sphinx Moth (
252:. The growth range extends from
72:
423:North Carolina muscadine grapes
1070:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.163
427:There are about 152 muscadine
1:
2997:Glossary of viticulture terms
900:Natives for your Neighborhood
524:America (Country Appellation)
3002:Glossary of winemaking terms
896:"Muscadine, Muscadine grape"
948:10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1371
325:Although in the same genus
250:south-central United States
3520:
3474:Flora of the United States
2922:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
1968:V. zhejiang-adstricta
659:Indiantown, South Carolina
646:
519:producing Muscadine wines:
29:
3030:
3012:History of the wine press
2902:Sparkling wine production
2736:
2005:
1975:
1664:V. lanceolatifoliosa
1198:10.5344/ajev.1996.47.1.57
212:
205:
69:Scientific classification
67:
58:
53:
3494:Red wine grape varieties
3484:Plants described in 1803
3007:Wine tasting descriptors
2728:Wine tasting descriptors
2657:Phenolic content in wine
2549:Alternative wine closure
2133:Great French Wine Blight
1784:V. pseudoreticulata
981:10.1094/PHP-06-19-0042-S
916:. On: glossary.wein.plus
828:Boning, Charles (2006).
2897:Malolactic fermentation
1736:V. Ă— novae-angliae
1157:10.1111/1750-3841.13522
1145:Journal of Food Science
627:Riboflavin: 1.5 mg
597:Energy: 57 kilocalories
1848:V. shuttleworthii
1464:V. bloodworthiana
912:Norbert Tischelmayer:
662:
618:Potassium: 203 mg
615:Phosphorus: 24 mg
603:Carbohydrates: 13.93 g
512:
424:
321:Taxonomy and pathology
260:, and west to eastern
244:species native to the
3499:Table grape varieties
2698:Wine and food pairing
1688:V. luochengensis
1680:V. longquanensis
1640:V. jinggangensis
1560:V. erythrophylla
968:Plant Health Progress
759:"The muscadine grape"
656:
506:
474:) in its background.
422:
2349:Muscat of Alexandria
1944:V. xunyangensis
1920:V. wenchouensis
1816:V. rotundifolia
1752:V. peninsularis
1720:V. mustangensis
1696:V. menghaiensis
1624:V. jacquemontii
1568:V. fengqinensis
1512:V. chunganensis
1488:V. bryoniifolia
1384:V. Ă— andersonii
606:Dietary Fiber: 3.9 g
198:V. rotundifolia
2927:Yeast in winemaking
2879:Carbonic maceration
1960:V. yunnanensis
1864:V. sinocinerea
1840:V. shenxiensis
1832:V. ruyuanensis
1768:V. pilosonerva
1728:V. nesbittiana
1704:V. mengziensis
1504:V. Ă— champinii
1496:V. californica
1480:V. Ă— bourquina
1440:V. betulifolia
1432:V. berlandieri
1151:(11): S2808–S2816.
1124:Appellation America
1031:on 7 September 2015
612:Calcium: 37 mg
584:(State Appellation)
578:(State Appellation)
572:(State Appellation)
566:(State Appellation)
560:(State Appellation)
554:(State Appellation)
548:(State Appellation)
542:(State Appellation)
536:(State Appellation)
530:(State Appellation)
308:Amphion floridensis
3101:Vitis rotundifolia
3071:Vitis rotundifolia
2917:Traditional method
2718:Wine personalities
2422:Cabernet Sauvignon
1936:V. wuhanensis
1880:V. tiliifolia
1872:V. Ă— slavinii
1856:V. silvestrii
1672:V. lincecumii
1632:V. jaegeriana
1552:V. Ă— doaniana
1536:V. coignetiae
1472:V. bourgaeana
1368:V. aestivalis
1360:V. adenoclada
1352:V. acerifolia
914:Vitis rotundifolia
794:Vitis rotundifolia
715:Vitis rotundifolia
663:
513:
425:
379:Vitis rotundifolia
359:Vitis rotundifolia
351:Vitis rotundifolia
343:Vitis rotundifolia
233:Vitis rotundifolia
216:Vitis rotundifolia
32:Muscadine, Alabama
3421:
3420:
3341:Open Tree of Life
3063:Taxon identifiers
3054:
3053:
3048:
3047:
2818:Late harvest wine
2768:
2767:
2505:
2504:
2402:Alicante Bouschet
2150:Judgment of Paris
1986:
1985:
1928:V. wilsoniae
1888:V. treleasei
1824:V. rupestris
1808:V. romanetii
1760:V. piasezkii
1712:V. monticola
1600:V. hancockii
1576:V. ficifolia
1416:V. bashanica
1400:V. balansana
1392:V. arizonica
1376:V. amurensis
1268:10.1021/jf050468r
1233:10.1021/jf011500u
941:(11): 1371–1372.
874:10.1021/jf030113c
637:Consumer research
632:Consumer research
621:Sodium: 1 mg
466:(more precisely,
349:(southeast USA),
229:
228:
16:(Redirected from
3511:
3414:
3413:
3401:
3400:
3388:
3387:
3375:
3374:
3362:
3361:
3349:
3348:
3336:
3335:
3323:
3322:
3310:
3309:
3297:
3296:
3284:
3283:
3271:
3270:
3258:
3257:
3245:
3244:
3232:
3231:
3219:
3218:
3206:
3205:
3193:
3192:
3180:
3179:
3167:
3166:
3154:
3153:
3141:
3140:
3128:
3127:
3115:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3058:
3039:
3038:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2772:
2747:
2746:
2662:Proteins in wine
2329:GrĂĽner Veltliner
2277:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2009:
1990:
1981:
1904:V. vinifera
1792:V. retordii
1776:V. popenoei
1656:V. labrusca
1608:V. heyneana
1592:V. girdiana
1584:V. flexuosa
1448:V. biformis
1323:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1280:
1279:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1183:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1052:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1017:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
992:
986:
985:
983:
959:
953:
952:
950:
926:
917:
910:
904:
903:
892:
886:
885:
868:(18): 5497–503.
857:
844:
843:
825:
819:
818:
816:
814:
788:
782:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
754:
733:
732:
730:
728:
705:
672:Other muscadine
487:Pierce's disease
444:perfect-flowered
368:Vitis munsoniana
299:wildlife habitat
258:New Jersey coast
218:
184:
77:
76:
63:
51:
27:Variety of grape
21:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3409:
3404:
3396:
3391:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3352:
3344:
3339:
3331:
3328:Observation.org
3326:
3318:
3313:
3305:
3300:
3292:
3287:
3279:
3274:
3266:
3261:
3253:
3248:
3240:
3235:
3227:
3222:
3214:
3209:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3183:
3175:
3170:
3162:
3157:
3149:
3144:
3136:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3065:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3041:Wine portal
3033:
3026:
3017:History of wine
2975:
2959:
2931:
2883:
2865:
2846:Deacidification
2832:
2804:
2799:
2769:
2764:
2749:Wine portal
2741:
2732:
2671:
2633:
2538:
2528:
2501:
2388:
2369:Sauvignon blanc
2304:Cayetana blanca
2272:
2270:grape varieties
2263:
2156:
2084:
2041:
2036:
2001:
1987:
1982:
1973:
1912:V. vulpina
1800:V. riparia
1744:V. palmata
1544:V. davidii
1528:V. cinerea
1520:V. chungii
1456:V. blancoi
1424:V. bellula
1408:V. barbata
1333:
1332:(grape) species
1327:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1262:(15): 6003–10.
1253:
1252:
1248:
1227:(11): 3186–92.
1218:
1217:
1213:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1054:
1053:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1001:
999:
994:
993:
989:
961:
960:
956:
928:
927:
920:
911:
907:
894:
893:
889:
859:
858:
847:
840:
827:
826:
822:
812:
810:
800:PLANTS Database
790:
789:
785:
778:
774:
764:
762:
756:
755:
736:
726:
724:
707:
706:
702:
697:
651:
649:Wine and health
645:
634:
609:Protein: 0.81 g
591:
501:
468:V. rotundifolia
417:
357:(Florida), and
323:
225:
220:
214:
201:
182:
71:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3517:
3515:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3426:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3411:wfo-0000421819
3402:
3389:
3376:
3363:
3350:
3337:
3324:
3311:
3298:
3285:
3272:
3259:
3246:
3233:
3220:
3207:
3194:
3181:
3168:
3155:
3142:
3129:
3116:
3106:
3091:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2907:Sugars in wine
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2856:Chaptalization
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2683:Classification
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2667:Sugars in wine
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2639:Wine chemistry
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2614:Wine dispenser
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2417:Cabernet Franc
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2384:Welschriesling
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:MĂĽller-Thurgau
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:Ancient Greece
2103:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1952:V. Yeshanensis
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1648:V. Kelungensis
1644:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1287:External links
1285:
1282:
1281:
1246:
1211:
1170:
1135:
1111:
1094:
1083:
1058:Food Chemistry
1042:
1009:
987:
974:(3): 194–199.
954:
918:
905:
887:
845:
838:
820:
783:
772:
734:
699:
698:
696:
693:
684:, and various
644:
641:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
590:
587:
586:
585:
579:
573:
570:South Carolina
567:
564:North Carolina
561:
555:
549:
543:
537:
531:
525:
500:
497:
438:, requiring a
416:
413:
402:plant diseases
393:hybrid is the
374:Vitis popenoei
322:
319:
270:chilling hours
227:
226:
221:
210:
209:
203:
202:
195:
193:
189:
188:
177:
173:
172:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
128:
127:
122:
115:
114:
109:
102:
101:
96:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
56:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3516:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:American wine
3432:
3431:
3429:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Acids in wine
2650:
2648:
2647:Aroma of wine
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2511:Major regions
2508:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:Montepulciano
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:V. tsoii
1893:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1010:
997:
991:
988:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
958:
955:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
923:
919:
915:
909:
906:
901:
897:
891:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
856:
854:
852:
850:
846:
841:
839:1-56164-372-6
835:
831:
824:
821:
809:
805:
801:
797:
795:
792:"Profile for
787:
784:
781:
776:
773:
760:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
735:
722:
718:
716:
710:
704:
701:
694:
692:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
660:
655:
650:
642:
640:
638:
631:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
595:
594:
588:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:
521:
520:
518:
510:
505:
498:
496:
494:
493:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
421:
414:
412:
410:
407:
403:
398:
396:
395:Southern Home
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:
334:
330:
329:
320:
318:
316:
315:
314:Enyo lugubris
310:
309:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:
224:
219:
217:
211:
208:
207:Binomial name
204:
200:
199:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:Tracheophytes
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
66:
62:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3070:
3032:
2889:Fermentation
2740:
2723:Wine tasting
2344:Muscat blanc
2314:Chenin blanc
2111:Ancient Rome
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1340:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1189:
1185:
1173:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1114:
1086:
1061:
1057:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:the original
1024:
1000:. Retrieved
990:
971:
967:
957:
938:
934:
908:
899:
890:
865:
861:
829:
823:
811:. Retrieved
799:
796:(muscadine)"
793:
786:
775:
765:27 September
763:. Retrieved
725:. Retrieved
720:
714:
703:
690:
678:anthocyanins
671:
664:
635:
600:Fats: 0.47 g
592:
517:Appellations
515:
514:
509:scuppernongs
499:Appellations
490:
476:
471:
467:
463:
459:
452:
448:
433:
426:
399:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
372:
366:
362:
361:Michx. var.
358:
354:
353:Michx. var.
350:
347:rotundifolia
346:
345:Michx. var.
342:
336:
332:
326:
324:
312:
306:
296:
274:
246:southeastern
237:
232:
231:
230:
215:
213:
197:
196:
180:
168:
131:
118:
105:
92:
48:
3359:kew-2457047
3302:NatureServe
3250:iNaturalist
3095:Wikispecies
2992:Wine bottle
2964:Other steps
2955:Wine cellar
2912:SĂĽssreserve
2604:Wine cellar
2594:Wine bottle
2535:accessories
2533:Packaging,
2492:Tempranillo
2121:Noah's wine
2101:Phoenicians
2047:Viticulture
1616:V. hui
935:HortScience
813:October 18,
674:polyphenols
667:resveratrol
558:Mississippi
472:V. vinifera
456:Scuppernong
292:polyphenols
112:Angiosperms
3428:Categories
3354:Plant List
2871:Maceration
2861:Wine press
2851:Destemming
2802:Winemaking
2708:Wine fraud
2703:Wine fault
2688:Oenophilia
2624:Wine label
2619:Wine glass
2584:Port tongs
2482:Sangiovese
2477:Pinot noir
2437:Douce noir
2364:Rkatsiteli
2309:Chardonnay
2299:Catarratto
2273:by acreage
2247:Biodynamic
2210:Aromatized
1999:winemaking
1129:2007-12-01
1064:: 149–56.
1035:11 October
1002:7 February
709:USDA, NRCS
695:References
686:flavonoids
647:See also:
492:Phylloxera
460:Muscadinia
440:pollenizer
436:pistillate
397:cultivar.
391:Muscadinia
355:munsoniana
333:Muscadinia
185:Muscadinia
176:Subgenus:
54:Muscadine
40:Muscardine
38:, or with
3203:242417486
2823:Noble rot
2713:Winemaker
2693:Sommelier
2629:Wine rack
2609:Wine cork
2599:Wine cave
2589:Screw cap
2559:Corkscrew
2524:New World
2519:Old World
2497:Zinfandel
2472:Mourvèdre
2379:Trebbiano
2319:Colombard
2220:Noble rot
2200:Fortified
2178:Sparkling
2145:New World
1343:) species
1192:: 57–62.
589:Nutrients
576:Tennessee
552:Louisiana
429:cultivars
415:Cultivars
409:nematodes
406:parasitic
286:, juice,
242:grapevine
238:muscadine
192:Species:
82:Kingdom:
36:Muscardin
18:Muscadine
3398:34000024
3393:Tropicos
3307:2.132816
3281:10766711
3268:308496-2
3086:Q2701573
3080:Wikidata
2838:Pressing
2760:Glossary
2676:Industry
2569:Jug wine
2564:Decanter
2554:Box wine
2452:Isabella
2447:Grenache
2427:Carignan
2374:SĂ©millon
2359:Riesling
2354:Palomino
2097:Ancient
2080:Vineyard
2075:Veraison
2060:Oenology
1276:16028988
1241:12009984
1206:98822789
1165:27741360
1078:27542461
882:12926904
727:6 August
711:(n.d.).
676:include
534:Arkansas
363:popenoei
288:hull pie
266:Oklahoma
158:Vitaceae
154:Family:
125:Eudicots
44:Muscadin
3216:5372394
3146:Ecocrop
3022:Terroir
2980:Related
2828:Vintage
2810:Harvest
2755:Outline
2579:Muselet
2541:storage
2432:Cinsaut
2407:Barbera
2334:Macabeo
2294:Aligoté
2252:Organic
2242:Natural
2195:Dessert
2140:Georgia
2090:History
2070:Terroir
2065:Species
1339:Grape (
682:tannins
546:Georgia
540:Florida
528:Alabama
483:hectare
464:Euvitis
387:Euvitis
383:Euvitis
338:Euvitis
281:artisan
254:Florida
240:, is a
164:Genus:
148:Vitales
144:Order:
86:Plantae
3367:PLANTS
3346:650748
3333:141745
3320:103349
3190:184494
3164:582347
3125:314368
3109:AoFP:
2987:Winery
2950:Solera
2574:Kvevri
2462:Merlot
2457:Malbec
2257:Kosher
2233:Other
2188:Orange
2161:Styles
2128:France
1274:
1239:
1204:
1163:
1076:
880:
836:
479:tonnes
303:larval
223:Michx.
181:Vitis
138:Rosids
3504:Vitis
3372:VIRO3
3294:28609
3276:IRMNG
3255:82529
3237:IFPNI
3229:41895
3185:EUNIS
3177:VITRF
3151:10900
3138:5BM2T
2937:Aging
2487:Syrah
2442:Gamay
2412:Bobal
2324:Glera
2289:Airén
2281:White
2237:Table
2225:Straw
2215:Fruit
2173:White
2116:China
1995:Wines
1341:vitis
1330:Vitis
1202:S2CID
582:Texas
377:from
328:Vitis
284:wines
262:Texas
236:, or
183:subg.
169:Vitis
132:Clade
119:Clade
106:Clade
93:Clade
3380:POWO
3315:NCBI
3289:ITIS
3263:IPNI
3224:GRIN
3211:GBIF
3172:EPPO
3120:BOLD
3112:2026
2539:and
2268:Top
2183:Rosé
2039:Wine
1997:and
1272:PMID
1237:PMID
1161:PMID
1074:PMID
1037:2015
1004:2018
878:PMID
834:ISBN
815:2011
808:NRCS
804:USDA
767:2019
729:2015
481:per
462:and
371:and
277:ripe
264:and
248:and
3406:WFO
3198:FNA
3159:EoL
3133:CoL
2945:Oak
2394:Red
2205:Ice
2168:Red
1264:doi
1229:doi
1194:doi
1153:doi
1066:doi
1062:215
976:doi
943:doi
870:doi
317:).
256:to
42:or
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