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inoculum, and then sealing the filled holes with hot wax. After inoculation, the logs are placed under the closed canopy of a coniferous stand and are left to incubate for 12 to 15 months. Once incubation is complete, the logs are soaked in water for 24 hours. 7 to 10 days after soaking, shiitake mushrooms will begin to fruit and can be harvested once fully ripe.
399:. In the Northeastern United States, shiitake mushrooms can be cultivated on a variety of hardwood logs including oak, American beech, sugar maple and hophornbeam. Softwood should not be used to cultivate shiitake mushrooms as the resin of softwoods will oftentimes inhibit the growth of the shiitake mushroom making it impractical as a growing substrate.
416:. Growing indoors provides the ability to control light, temperature and humidity while excluding contaminants and pests. This allows consistent production, regulated by spawning cycles. By the mid-twentieth century this was typically accomplished in windowless, purpose-built buildings, for large-scale commercial production.
1267:
Since mushroom cultivation is not a subject available at school, most urban farmers learned it by doing. The time to master mushroom cultivation is time consuming and costly in missed revenue. For this reason there are numerous companies in Europe specialized in mushroom cultivation that are offering
1212:
Oyster mushroom cultivation has taken off in Europe as of late. Many entrepreneurs nowadays find it as a quite profitable business, a start-up with a small investment and good profit. Italy with 785,000 tonnes and
Netherlands with 307,000 tonnes are between the top ten mushroom producing countries in
411:
Indoor mushroom cultivation as a commercial crop was first developed in caves in France. The caves provided a stable environment (temperature, humidity) all year round. The technology for a controlled growth medium and fungal spawn was brought to the UK in the late 1800s in caves created by quarrying
402:
In order to produce shiitake mushrooms, 1 metre (3-foot) hardwood logs with a diameter ranging between 10–15 cm (4–6 in) are inoculated with the mycelium of the shiitake fungus. Inoculation is completed by drilling holes in hardwood logs, filling the holes with cultured shiitake mycelium or
383:
Mushrooms can be grown on logs placed outdoors in stacks or piles, as has been done for hundreds of years. Sterilization is not performed in this method. Since production may be unpredictable and seasonal, less than 5% of commercially sold mushrooms are produced this way. Here, tree logs are
1263:
cultivation is a sustainable business where different natural resources can be used as a substrate. The number of people becoming interested in this field is rapidly increasing. The possibility of creating a viable business in urban environments by using coffee grounds is appealing for many
629:
while it does not require much space compared to other crops. Its per unit production and profit extracted is comparatively higher than other crops. Oyster mushrooms can also be grown indoors from kits, most commonly in the form of a box containing growing medium with spores.
1271:
Courses about mushroom cultivation can be attended in many countries around Europe. There is education available for growing mushrooms on coffee grounds, more advanced training for larger scale farming, spawn production and lab work and growing facilities.
597:
Carbon dioxide concentration becomes elevated during the vegetative growth phase, when mycelium is sealed in a gas-resistant plastic barrier or bag which traps gases produced by the growing mycelium. To induce pinning, this barrier is opened or ruptured.
366:
All mushroom growing techniques require the correct combination of humidity, temperature, substrate (growth medium) and inoculum (spawn or starter culture). Wild harvests, outdoor log inoculation and indoor trays all provide these elements.
769:
green mold can affect mushroom production, for example in the mid-1990s in
Pennsylvania leading to significant crop losses. The contaminating fungus originated from poor hygiene by workers and poorly prepared growth substrates.
730:, which is then transported through the mycelium as needed for growth and energy. While it is used as a main energy source, its concentration in the growth medium should not exceed 2%. For ideal fruiting, closer to 1% is ideal.
578:
Specific time spans and temperatures required during stages 3–6 will vary respective to species and variety. Substrate composition and the geometry of growth substrate will also affect the ideal times and temperatures.
354:) are referred to as spawn. Spores are another inoculation option, but are less developed than established mycelium. Since they are also contaminated easily, they are only manipulated in laboratory conditions with a
762:
green mold also pose a risk during the fruiting stage. Pesticides and sanitizing agents are available to use against these infestations. Biological controls for sciarid and phorid flies have also been proposed.
1275:
Events are organised with different intervals. The
Mushroom Learning Network gathers once a year in Europe. The International Society for Mushroom Science gathers once every five-years somewhere in the world.
350:, or actively growing mushroom culture, is placed on a substrate—usually sterilized grains such as rye or millet—and induced to grow into those grains. This is called inoculation. Inoculated grains (or
321:
is an irrelevant requirement, since some fungi use light as a signal for fruiting. However, all the materials for growth must already be present in the growth medium. Mushrooms grow well at relative
949:
mushrooms are cultivated worldwide; China is the major producer. Several species can be grown on carbonaceous matter such as straw or newspaper. In the wild they are usually found growing on wood.
392:
have traditionally been produced using the outdoor log technique, although controlled techniques such as indoor tray growing or artificial logs made of compressed substrate have been substituted.
575:
Complete sterilization is not required or performed during composting. In most cases, a pasteurization step is included to allow some beneficial microorganisms to remain in the growth substrate.
1792:
Salmones, D; Salmones D; Mata G; Waliszewski KN (March 2005). "Comparative culturing of
Pleurotus spp. on coffee pulp and wheat straw: biomass production and substrate biodegradation".
1646:
384:
inoculated with spawn, then allowed to grow as they would in wild conditions. Fruiting, or pinning, is triggered by seasonal changes, or by briefly soaking the logs in cool water.
419:
Indoor tray growing is the most common commercial technique, followed by containerized growing. The tray technique provides the advantages of scalability and easier harvesting.
1749:
Ergün Baysal; Hüseyin Peker; Mustafa Kemal Yalınkılıç; Ali Temiz (10 March 2003). "Cultivation of oyster mushroom on waste paper with some added supplementary materials".
1268:
training for entrepreneurs and organizing events to build community and share knowledge. They also show the potential positive impact of this business on the environment.
94:
1204:
Vancouver, British
Columbia has a significant number of producers – about 60 as of 1998 – mostly located in the lower Fraser Valley.
1187:
is a historical and present leader in mushroom production. It currently leads production of
Agaricus-type mushrooms, followed by California, Florida and Michigan.
2036:
625:
farming is rapidly expanding around many parts of the world. Oyster mushroom is grown in substrate that comprises sterilized wheat, paddy straw and even
1876:
Jess, S; Jess S; Bingham JF. (April 2004). "Biological control of sciarid and phorid pests of mushroom with predatory mites from the genus
Hypoaspis".
1727:
168:
1698:
1394:
1935:
1535:
2008:
1490:
Leatham, G.F. (1981). "Cultivation of shiitake, the japanese forest mushroom, on logs: A potential industry for the united states".
1313:
987:
208:
190:
128:
70:
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or mushroom "pins" appear, the mycelium is an amorphous mass spread throughout the growth substrate, unrecognizable as a mushroom.
1975:"Description And Life cycle Of A New Species Of Histiostoma (Acari Histiostomidae) Associated With Commercial Mushroom Production"
2356:
1073:
species, (the truffle), Truffles belong to the ascomycete grouping of fungi. The truffle fruitbodies develop underground in
313:
source for plants, mushrooms derive all of their energy and growth materials from their growth medium, through biochemical
2346:
1600:
945:
species are the second most important mushrooms in production in the world, accounting for 25% of total world production.
375:
56:
1333:
1184:
893:
in
Japanese, it is a common variety of mushroom available in most markets in Japan. Known as "Beech mushroom" in Europe.
1354:
2279:
161:
155:
110:
815:, also known as champignon and the button mushroom. This species also includes the portobello and crimini mushrooms.
929:
accounts for 10% of world production of cultivated mushrooms. Common in Japan, China, Australia and North
America.
2067:
2021:
953:
937:– (bamboo mushroom), traditionally collected from the wild, it has been cultivated in China since the late 1970s.
396:
1154:(corn smut), a fungal pathogen of the maize plant. Also called the Mexican truffle, although not a true truffle.
172:
2053:
590:) concentration, temperature, light, and humidity triggers mushrooms towards fruiting. Up until the point when
638:
Mushroom production converts the raw natural ingredients into mushroom tissue, most notably the carbohydrate
1632:
227:
1216:
According to a research carried out on
Production and Marketing of Mushrooms: Global and National Scenario
2366:
2361:
2371:
2153:
1723:
1180:
is the top-producing mushroom state in the United States, and celebrates September as "Mushroom Month".
961:
481:
Reduce number of potentially harmful microbes through further composting, or apply heat sterilization.
603:
2341:
1801:
1758:
1456:
1447:
Bruhn, J.N.; Mihail J.D. (2009). "Forest farming of shiitake mushrooms: Aspects of forced fruiting".
1194:
East: Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Maine, and Vermont
1158:
1025:
355:
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1606:. College of Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Research and Cooperative Extension. Archived from
1053:
1015:
993:
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825:
626:
326:
274:
261:
The word is also commonly used to refer to the practice of cultivation of fungi by animals such as
247:
31:
2351:
2311:"Cursos cultivo de hongos o setas. Capacitación en producción de sustratos para hongos y micelio"
1901:
1647:"Indoor Oyster Mushroom farming, a livelihood diversification option for flood affected families"
1121:
933:
861:
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for rapid mushroom growth. Common bulk substrates include several of the following ingredients:
2208:
1009:
2004:
1986:
1955:
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24 to 27 °C (75 to 80 °F); must be above 23 °C (74 °F); for rapid growth.
424:
106:
62:
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1947:
1885:
1809:
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422:
There are a series of stages in mushroom farming of the most widely used commercial species
1835:
Job D., D. (December 2004). "Use of coffee grounds for production of Pleurotus ostreatus".
1411:
1539:
1150:
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897:
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695:
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389:
270:
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1377:"Introduction to Shiitake: The "Forest" Mushroom. Kentucky Shiitake Production Workbook"
614:
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the world. The world's biggest producer of mushroom spawn is also situated in France.
2335:
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1305:
Mushrooms, Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact
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874:
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and damage developing mushrooms during all growth stages. Bacterial blotch caused by
723:
591:
341:
314:
1936:"Factors Relating to the Control of the Mushroom Mite, Histiostoma Gracilipes Banks"
1920:
1905:
1813:
1505:
1468:
1395:"Producing Shiitake Mushrooms: A Guide For Small-Scale Outdoor Cultivation on Logs"
1177:
1168:
mushrooms account for 16% of total production of cultivated mushrooms in the world.
1058:
650:
298:
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476:
7–18 days via composting method, ~2 hours for pasteurization (heat sterilization)
1974:
1303:
738:
Parasitic insects, bacteria and other fungi all pose risks to indoor production.
1221:
1164:
922:
866:
830:
775:
758:
752:
17:
1607:
428:. These are composting, fertilizing, spawning, casing, pinning, and cropping."
2139:
1417:. University of Kentucky College of Agriculture New Crop Opportunities Center.
1074:
1046:
689:
683:
1990:
1959:
1672:"Kit and caboodle — Gardening kits make for great gifts as we huddle indoors"
1337:
1260:
1229:
941:
849:
739:
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Pinning is the trickiest part for a mushroom grower, since a combination of
302:
251:
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1951:
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Must be below 27 to 29 °C (80 to 85 °F) to avoid damaging mycelia
2287:
2255:"Ekofungi School – The smart start to your sustainable mushroom business"
2229:
1139:
1090:
902:
801:
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646:
385:
347:
322:
306:
235:
344:, which will interfere with mushroom growth and prevent a healthy crop.
1889:
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1002:
881:
747:
727:
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266:
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2128:"Production and Marketing of Mushrooms: Global and National Scenario"
1334:"Shiitake Mushroom Production: Fruiting, Harvesting and Crop Storage"
1249:
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998:
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concentration then decreases from about 0.08% to 0.04%, the ambient
513:
Finished when mycelium has propagated through entire substrate layer
93:
deal primarily with North America and Europe and do not represent a
2230:"Grow Mushrooms on Coffee | Learn How To Grow Mushrooms on Coffee"
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1200:
West: California, Colorado, Montana, Oregon, Utah and Washington
716:
395:
Shiitake mushrooms grown under a forested canopy are considered
333:
239:
2102:"Sylvan Inc. – World's Largest Mushroom Spawn Producer – Spawn"
1098:
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906:
140:
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36:
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Mulched straw (usually wheat, but also rice and other straws)
2183:
2101:
1633:"Handleiding oesterzwammen kweken op koffiedik - Zaailingen"
1014:
Details of the gill structure of the edible oyster mushroom
549:
Earliest formation of recognizable mushrooms from mycelium.
507:
Allow mycelium to grow through substrate and form a colony.
2085:"Mushroom Waste Management Project Liquid Waste Management"
1045:– recent developments have led to this being cultivated in
529:
Add a top covering or dressing to the colonized substrate.
1724:"Mushroom Cultivation Using Rice Straw As a Culture Media"
1699:"Oakland's Back to the Roots bets big on indoor gardening"
746:
flies may lay eggs in the growth medium, which hatch into
2073:. Agricultural Statistics Board. NASS, USDA. August 2007.
2280:"Mycelia – Cleanroom technology training – Mycelia BVBA"
1029:– the fungal starter culture used in the production of
102:
1979:
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington
1101:
are often used to sniff them out for easy harvesting.
555:
will also affect the number of pins, and mushroom size
527:
Promote the formation of primordia, or mushroom pins.
285:
As fungi, mushrooms require different conditions than
1049:. It is cultivated on large scale in Korea and Japan.
1252:
are considered to be the major importing countries.
829:(Tree ear fungus), two closely related species of
618:A merchant selling oyster mushrooms grown indoors.
2003:Phillips, Roger (2006), Mushrooms. Pub. McMilan,
1357:. Global Village Institute. 2001 . Archived from
1197:Central: Illinois, Oklahoma, Texas, and Wisconsin
510:Depends on substrate dimensions and composition.
2209:"Mushroom Master Program – Mushroom-cultivation"
1601:"Basic Procedures for Agaricus Mushroom Growing"
1302:Chang, Shu-Ting; Chang, S.; Miles, P.G. (2004).
1400:. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service.
1232:are the major exporting mushrooms countries in
258:is involved in the business of growing fungi.
2022:"September is mushroom month in Pennsylvania"
91:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1536:"Crop Profile for Mushrooms in Pennsylvania"
532:Fertilizing with nitrogen increases yields.
1308:. CRC Press. pp. 15, 17, 69, 73, 139.
340:. Spores can be contaminated with airborne
289:for optimal growth. Plants develop through
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
473:2. Phase II composting or pasteurization
209:Learn how and when to remove this message
191:Learn how and when to remove this message
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
1919:Beyer, D.M.; Wuest, P.J; Anderson, M.G.
1863:"The Mushroom Growers' Information Site"
435:
154:This article includes a list of general
1355:"Cultivating mushrooms in natural logs"
1285:
853:, the "winter mushroom", also known as
805:developing over approximately 24 hours.
645:An ideal substrate will contain enough
2309:www.netfinitiva.com, NETFINITIVA S.L.
551:Adjusting temperature, humidity and CO
293:, a process that converts atmospheric
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845:, or blewit, is cultivated in Europe.
7:
1697:Fritsche, By Sarah (24 April 2018).
1574:Daniel J. Royse; Robert B. Beelman.
1430:The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum
1077:association with certain trees e.g.
1005:mixture placed in plastic containers
1837:Revista iberoamericana de micologia
1173:Production regions in North America
1093:. Being difficult to find, trained
783:feeds on mushrooms directly, while
779:have been found in mushroom farms.
317:processes. This does not mean that
2126:Wakchaure, G C (1 February 2011).
2054:"Mushroom Industry Report (94003)"
1730:from the original on 31 March 2019
1506:"Mushroom cultivation underground"
1428:Mudge, Kenneth. "Forest Farming".
564:Repeated over 7- to 10-day cycles
465:content through microbial action.
432:Six phases of mushroom cultivation
160:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2184:"PermaFungi | Eat – Grow – Learn"
1190:Other mushroom-producing states:
787:is suspected to spread diseases.
52:This article has multiple issues.
145:
82:
41:
1973:Hill, A.; Deahl, K. L. (1978).
1934:Compton, C. C. (1 April 1935).
1576:"Six Steps to Mushroom Farming"
1412:"Shiitake and Oyster Mushrooms"
1057:(Snow fungus), another type of
60:or discuss these issues on the
27:Commercial cultivation of fungi
1940:Journal of Economic Entomology
1814:10.1016/j.biortech.2004.06.019
1538:. January 1999. Archived from
1469:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.079
1162:(the "paddy straw mushroom.")
610:Indoor oyster mushroom farming
336:, mushrooms reproduce through
329:moisture levels of 50 to 75%.
325:levels of around 95–100%, and
238:. Cultivating fungi can yield
1:
2234:www.growmushroomsoncoffee.com
1771:10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00028-2
791:Commercially cultivated fungi
722:Mushrooms metabolize complex
663:Strawbedded horse or poultry
379:Cultivated shiitake mushrooms
1109:(Summer or St. Jean truffle)
1651:answers.practicalaction.org
1033:. In tempeh the mycelia of
105:, discuss the issue on the
2388:
1492:Forest Products Laboratory
965:(branched oyster mushroom)
833:that are commonly used in
467:Add fertilizer / additives
397:non-timber forest products
29:
2140:10.13140/RG.2.1.5012.3682
1921:"Green mold of Mushrooms"
1061:that is commonly used in
954:Pleurotus citrinopileatus
2315:www.hongosbiofactory.com
957:(golden oyster mushroom)
726:in their substrate into
493:3. Spawning and growth
30:Not to be confused with
2357:Sustainable agriculture
1703:San Francisco Chronicle
1510:Bradford on Avon Museum
1332:Bratkovich, Stephen M.
1117:(Piemont white truffle)
973:(king trumpet mushroom)
913:is largely produced in
756:bacteria or patches of
674:Waste or recycled paper
453:1. Phase I composting
175:more precise citations.
2259:www.ekofungischool.com
2035:Shepphard, Tenopra M.
1751:Bioresource Technology
1449:Bioresource Technology
1256:Education and training
1020:
1006:
806:
781:Histiostoma gracilipes
677:Coffee pulp or grounds
619:
380:
254:and other products. A
252:construction materials
242:(which include mostly
1012:
990:
962:Pleurotus cornucopiae
882:Hypsizygus tessulatus
798:
657:Wood chips or sawdust
617:
505:Add starter culture.
461:Regulate water and NH
378:
2347:Fungi in cultivation
1952:10.1093/jee/28.2.465
1613:on 21 September 2007
1361:on 25 December 2007.
1208:Production in Europe
1159:Volvariella volvacea
1026:Rhizopus oligosporus
887:Hypsizygus marmoreus
850:Flammulina velutipes
356:laminar flow cabinet
111:create a new article
103:improve this article
2290:on 21 December 2016
2164:on 20 December 2016
1806:2005BiTec..96..537S
1763:2003BiTec..89...95B
1635:. 11 November 2018.
1542:on 27 December 2007
1461:2009BiTec.100.5973B
1236:and countries like
1054:Tremella fuciformis
1016:Pleurotus ostreatus
994:Pleurotus ostreatus
978:Pleurotus ostreatus
826:Auricularia heimuer
773:Mites in the genus
627:used coffee grounds
448:Process(procedure)
412:near areas such as
32:mushroom management
2158:www.rotterzwam.com
2037:"Mushroom Summary"
1890:10.1079/ber2003286
1678:. 19 December 2020
1393:Davis, Jeanine M.
1125:(Périgord truffle)
1122:Tuber melanosporum
1021:
1007:
934:Phallus indusiatus
862:Fusarium venenatum
820:Auricularia cornea
807:
734:Pests and diseases
680:Nut and seed hulls
620:
483:Remove unwanted NH
381:
2188:www.permafungi.be
2106:www.sylvaninc.com
1794:Bioresour Technol
1455:(23): 5973–5978.
1375:Hill, Deborah B.
1340:on 20 March 2001.
1135:(Khanaqa truffle)
997:cultivated using
981:(oyster mushroom)
970:Pleurotus eryngii
869:which is used in
865:– the source for
812:Agaricus bisporus
604:atmospheric level
573:
572:
425:Agaricus bisporus
275:marsh periwinkles
219:
218:
211:
201:
200:
193:
139:
138:
131:
113:, as appropriate.
75:
16:(Redirected from
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2286:. Archived from
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2160:. Archived from
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1878:Bull Entomol Res
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1363:
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1342:
1341:
1336:. Archived from
1329:
1320:
1319:
1299:
1144:(desert truffle)
1042:Sparassis crispa
901:, also known as
799:Home cultivated
712:Ammonium nitrate
436:
390:oyster mushrooms
271:ambrosia beetles
214:
207:
196:
189:
185:
182:
176:
171:this article by
162:inline citations
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18:Mushroom farming
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2236:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2213:
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2207:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2002:
1998:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1865:. 27 June 2007.
1861:
1860:
1856:
1834:
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1829:
1791:
1790:
1786:
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1679:
1676:Arkansas Online
1670:
1669:
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1379:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1301:
1300:
1287:
1282:
1264:entrepreneurs.
1261:Oyster mushroom
1258:
1210:
1183:The borough of
1175:
1151:Ustilago maydis
1063:Chinese cuisine
1019:
927:Lentinus edodes
911:Lentinus edodes
898:Lentinus edodes
835:Chinese cuisine
793:
736:
696:Cottonseed meal
636:
623:Oyster mushroom
612:
601:
589:
554:
535:Induces pinning
486:
464:
434:
409:
373:
364:
283:
263:leafcutter ants
215:
204:
203:
202:
197:
186:
180:
177:
167:Please help to
166:
150:
146:
135:
124:
118:
115:
100:
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83:
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23:
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12:
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5:
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2383:
2375:
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2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2301:
2284:www.mycelia.be
2271:
2246:
2221:
2200:
2175:
2145:
2118:
2093:
2076:
2059:
2045:
2027:
2013:
1996:
1965:
1946:(2): 465–468.
1926:
1911:
1868:
1854:
1827:
1784:
1741:
1715:
1689:
1663:
1638:
1624:
1581:
1553:
1522:
1497:
1482:
1439:
1420:
1403:
1385:
1364:
1343:
1321:
1314:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1257:
1254:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1185:Kennett Square
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1129:T.melanosporum
1126:
1118:
1114:Tuber magnatum
1110:
1106:Tuber aestivum
1066:
1050:
1038:
1035:R. oligosporus
1013:
985:
984:
983:
982:
974:
966:
958:
938:
930:
894:
878:
858:
846:
842:Clitocybe nuda
838:
816:
792:
789:
735:
732:
720:
719:
714:
709:
707:Brewer's grain
704:
698:
693:
687:
681:
678:
675:
672:
667:
661:
658:
635:
632:
611:
608:
599:
587:
584:carbon dioxide
571:
570:
567:
565:
562:
558:
557:
552:
547:
545:
542:
538:
537:
525:
523:
520:
516:
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484:
479:
477:
474:
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469:
462:
459:
457:
454:
450:
449:
446:
443:
440:
433:
430:
414:Bath, Somerset
408:
405:
372:
369:
363:
360:
342:microorganisms
295:carbon dioxide
291:photosynthesis
282:
279:
217:
216:
199:
198:
153:
151:
144:
137:
136:
97:of the subject
95:worldwide view
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:Food industry
2365:
2363:
2362:Biotechnology
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
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2204:
2201:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2090:. March 1998.
2086:
2080:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2009:0-330-44237-6
2006:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:(2): 159–67.
1883:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1800:(5): 537–44.
1799:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
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1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:are consumed.
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1004:
1000:
996:
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980:
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884:
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875:meat analogue
872:
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847:
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822:
821:
817:
814:
813:
809:
808:
804:
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797:
790:
788:
786:
785:H. heinemanni
782:
778:
777:
771:
768:
764:
761:
760:
755:
754:
749:
745:
741:
733:
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729:
725:
724:carbohydrates
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
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699:
697:
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628:
624:
616:
609:
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605:
595:
593:
585:
580:
576:
568:
566:
563:
561:6. Cropping
560:
559:
556:
548:
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328:
324:
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316:
315:decomposition
312:
308:
304:
301:, especially
300:
299:carbohydrates
296:
292:
288:
280:
278:
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272:
268:
264:
259:
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256:mushroom farm
253:
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174:
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80:
79:
74:
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64:
59:
58:
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39:
38:
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19:
2372:Microbiology
2318:. Retrieved
2314:
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:the original
2283:
2274:
2262:. Retrieved
2258:
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2233:
2224:
2212:. Retrieved
2203:
2191:. Retrieved
2187:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:the original
2157:
2154:"RotterZwam"
2148:
2132:ResearchGate
2131:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2105:
2096:
2079:
2062:
2048:
2030:
2016:
1999:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1914:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1857:
1843:(4): 195–7.
1840:
1836:
1830:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1757:(1): 95–97.
1754:
1750:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1675:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1650:
1641:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1608:the original
1544:. Retrieved
1540:the original
1513:. Retrieved
1509:
1500:
1491:
1485:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1406:
1388:
1359:the original
1338:the original
1304:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1215:
1211:
1203:
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1182:
1178:Pennsylvania
1176:
1163:
1157:
1149:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1068:
1059:jelly fungus
1052:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1001:embedded in
992:
976:
968:
960:
952:
946:
940:
932:
926:
910:
896:
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880:
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840:
824:
818:
810:
800:
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780:
774:
772:
766:
765:
757:
751:
737:
721:
651:carbohydrate
644:
637:
621:
596:
581:
577:
574:
550:
541:5. Pinning
534:
531:
528:
512:
509:
506:
500:
482:
466:
445:Temperature
423:
421:
418:
410:
407:Indoor trays
401:
394:
382:
371:Outdoor logs
365:
346:
331:
309:provides an
284:
260:
255:
224:Fungiculture
223:
222:
220:
205:
187:
181:October 2022
178:
159:
125:
119:October 2022
116:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
2342:Agriculture
2320:15 December
2294:15 December
2264:15 December
2239:15 December
2214:15 December
2193:15 December
2168:15 December
2111:27 November
2068:"Mushrooms"
1985:: 317–329.
1617:31 December
1546:31 December
1222:Netherlands
1165:Volvariella
1075:mycorrhizal
991:Harvesting
923:South Korea
867:mycoprotein
831:jelly fungi
776:Histiostoma
767:Trichoderma
759:Trichoderma
753:Pseudomonas
592:rhizomorphs
544:18–21 days
522:13–20 days
519:4. Casing
496:14–21 days
332:Instead of
228:cultivation
173:introducing
2336:Categories
1708:20 January
1682:20 January
1280:References
1133:T.magnatum
1047:California
909:mushroom.
889:), called
690:Cocoa bean
684:Cottonseed
634:Substrates
456:6–14 days
442:Time span
362:Techniques
156:references
57:improve it
2352:Symbiosis
2011:. P. 266.
1991:0013-8797
1960:1938-291X
1230:Lithuania
947:Pleurotus
942:Pleurotus
855:enokitake
327:substrate
303:cellulose
244:mushrooms
236:mushrooms
107:talk page
63:talk page
1906:11318946
1898:15153298
1849:15709800
1822:15501659
1779:12676506
1734:31 March
1728:Archived
1656:17 April
1515:31 March
1477:19608411
1436:: 26–35.
1140:Terfezia
903:shiitake
857:in Japan
802:shiitake
670:Corncobs
647:nitrogen
569:Harvest
386:Shiitake
348:Mycelium
323:humidity
307:sunlight
305:. While
281:Overview
267:termites
248:medicine
234:such as
101:You may
1802:Bibcode
1759:Bibcode
1457:Bibcode
1242:Germany
1226:Belgium
1003:sawdust
891:shimeji
748:maggots
740:Sciarid
728:glucose
701:Soybean
226:is the
169:improve
2007:
1989:
1958:
1904:
1896:
1847:
1820:
1777:
1475:
1312:
1250:Russia
1246:France
1234:Europe
1218:Poland
1089:, and
1083:poplar
1031:tempeh
999:spawns
885:(also
744:phorid
665:manure
640:chitin
439:Phase
338:spores
311:energy
287:plants
273:, and
158:, but
2088:(PDF)
2071:(PDF)
2040:(PDF)
1902:S2CID
1611:(PDF)
1604:(PDF)
1415:(PDF)
1398:(PDF)
1380:(PDF)
1091:hazel
1087:beech
1070:Tuber
919:China
915:Japan
871:Quorn
692:hulls
686:hulls
352:plugs
334:seeds
319:light
297:into
240:foods
232:fungi
109:, or
2322:2016
2296:2016
2266:2016
2241:2016
2216:2016
2195:2016
2170:2016
2113:2016
2005:ISBN
1987:ISSN
1956:ISSN
1894:PMID
1845:PMID
1818:PMID
1775:PMID
1736:2019
1710:2021
1684:2021
1658:2019
1619:2007
1548:2007
1517:2022
1473:PMID
1310:ISBN
1099:dogs
1095:pigs
921:and
873:, a
823:and
717:Urea
703:meal
649:and
388:and
2136:doi
1948:doi
1886:doi
1810:doi
1767:doi
1465:doi
1453:100
1142:sp.
1097:or
1079:oak
907:oak
742:or
586:(CO
246:),
230:of
2338::
2313:.
2282:.
2257:.
2232:.
2186:.
2156:.
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2130:.
2104:.
1983:80
1981:.
1977:.
1954:.
1944:28
1942:.
1938:.
1900:.
1892:.
1882:94
1880:.
1841:21
1839:.
1816:.
1808:.
1798:96
1796:.
1773:.
1765:.
1755:89
1753:.
1726:.
1701:.
1674:.
1649:.
1584:^
1556:^
1525:^
1508:.
1471:.
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1434:67
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1248:,
1244:,
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1238:UK
1228:,
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598:CO
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66:.
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2138::
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2056:.
2042:.
2024:.
1993:.
1962:.
1950::
1923:.
1908:.
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206:(
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132:)
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73:)
69:(
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.