1307:. Canboulays were processions during carnival that commemorated the harvesting of burnt cane fields during slavery, a process so labor-intensive that it had often involved forced marches of slaves from neighboring plantations to more efficiently harvest the cane (once the field is burned, the cane requires immediate harvesting, or it spoils). These canboulay processions were popular, and often incorporated kalenda. The government's attempt to ban the processions in 1881 resulted in open riots between Afro-Creole revelers and police, a turn of events that, not surprisingly, caused deep resentment within Trinidadian society toward the government's use of power. The open resistance of Afro-Creole revelers, of course, redoubled concerns among government officials over this potential threat to public order and led to an alternative strategy—the banning of drumming—in 1883. To make sure that the point got across, stick-fighting itself was banned in 1884. An ingenious substitute for the drums and sticks, called tamboo bamboo, was introduced in the 1890s.
1776:
initially spelled Sokah which stands for the “Soul of
Calypso” with the “Kah” part being taken from the first letter in the Sanskrit alphabet and representing the Power of movement as well as the East Indian rhythmic influence that helped to inspire the new soca beat. Shorty stated in several interviews that the idea for the new soca beat started with the rhythmic fusion of Calypso rhythms with East Indian rhythms that he used in his hit "Indrani" recorded in 1972. The soca beat was solidified as the popular new beat that most of the T&T Calypso musicians would start adopting by the time Shorty had recorded his big crossover hit “Endless Vibrations” in 1974.
1323:. Both of these spaces, however, were the preserve of the lower class and of Afro-Creoles. Calypsonians were considered potentially dangerous by elites and government officials because they commanded large followings and could sway public opinion with their songs. The streets were also carefully monitored, setting up an atmosphere within which calypso and Carnival were embraced by the lower class and kept at a distance by elites. The Afro-Creole middle class, moreover, working toward upward social mobility and thus concerned with aligning itself with the elite, also attempted to distance itself from Carnival and calypso.
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1974:. This instrument is the only acoustic instrument that was invented in the 20th century. The pan evolved from music which the island slaves created for the carnival festivities. The first steel-pans were made from oil drums. The players would beat on the end of the oil drum with bamboo to produce music and found that the areas of the drum that were hit the most frequently developed a higher pitch. From this discovery the players learned that they could change the pitch of the drum to create different notes.
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2055:. Parang is mostly performed during the Christmas season but is also used at other festivals throughout the year, including the Santa Rosa Festival, the velorio del cruz, and the Sebucan festival. Parang includes both religious and non-religious songs and melodies set against the parang instrumentation. Parang festivities typically involve dancing and there are two primary dance styles, the slower castillian waltz and a quicker gavilan style.
1408:. They were replaced by bamboo sticks called "tamboo-bamboo" (originally tambour bamboo) beaten together, which were themselves banned in turn. Tamboo-bamboo evolved out of the ban which European colonizers imposed on drumming: dry, hollow bamboo poles were cut to varying lengths to produce different pitches when thumped against the ground. In 1937 they reappeared, transformed as an orchestra of frying pans, dustbin lids and oil drums. These
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each about a foot long, and is played by striking these pieces end to end. The cutter, the highest-pitched instrument in the ensemble, is made from a thinner piece of bamboo (of varying length) and is struck with a stick. These three types of instruments combined to beat out rhythms that accompanied the chantwells and were a staple of carnival celebrations for many years. They were gradually rendered obsolete by the
1354:, here is a fascinating juxtaposition of three music and music / dance practices of non-urban dwellers derived from African roots. Bamboo-Tamboo evolved out of the ban which European colonizers imposed on drumming: dry, hollow bamboo poles were cut to varying lengths to produce different pitches when thumped theground. These bamboo instruments are used to accompany or speak about
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from a woman's genre into a leading player of the pop music scene with both men and women participating in nationwide competitions. Chutney music is a reflection on the culture of
Trinidad and Tobago, its blending of Indian, Western and African elements is a representation of the backgrounds that are mixed together to form the culture of Trinidad and Tobago.
1951:
1788:. Shorty was inspired to compose and record a Soca and Cadence-lypso fusion track called “E Pete” or “Ou Petit” which can be viewed as the first of its kind in that particular Soca style. Shorty sought and got help with the Creole lyrics he used in the chorus of his “E Pete” song by consulting with Dominica's 1969 Calypso King,
2000:
In 2013 Ancel
Bhagwandeen was awarded by the Prime minister's Awards for Scientific Ingenuity for developing and producing the World's first tenor pan stick that is sound sensitive and displays light colours in sync with playing the steel pan. It is the first modernization of the pan stick in decades.
1999:
and the man known as father of the nation, increased the acceptance of steel-pan in the mainstream music scene by encouraging corporations to sponsor steel bands, giving the bands more respectability in society. Today, steel-pan is the national instrument of
Trinidad and Tobago and is used worldwide.
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Shorty also recorded a mid-year album in 1975 called “Love In The
Caribbean” that contains several crossover soca tracks before setting off on an album distribution and promotion tour. During his 1975 “Love In The Caribbean” album promotion and distribution tour, Shorty pass thru the isle of Dominica
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migrated to the
Trinidad. This exodus was encouraged due to the French Revolution. The Spanish also gave many incentives to lure settlers to the island, including exemption from taxes for 10 years and land grants in accordance to the terms set out in the Cedula. These new immigrants established local
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and his
Network Riddum Band. Rapso has become one of the most prevalent expressions of music on Trinidad itself, but is largely absorbed into calypso during Carnival celebrations and contests. The 1990s saw a more politically and spiritually-conscious form of rapso, which has been infused with soul
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Shorty was the first to define his music as "soca" during 1975 when his hit song “Endless
Vibrations” was causing major musical waves on radio stations and at parties and clubs not just throughout his native T&T but also in far-off metropolitan cities like New York, Toronto, and London. Soca was
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both became popular in
Trinidad and other islands. Soca was by the more influential in terms of international sales, since rapso's crossover appeal to mainstream tastes has been extremely limited. Old-time calypsonians and purists, however, preferred rapso's continuation of the lyrical ambidexterity
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The 1930s saw contests between tents become a standard part of
Carnival, and in 1939, Growling Tiger was crowned the first calypso monarch of Trinidad (for his song, "The Labor Situation in Trinidad"). Carnival festivities split into two kinds of venues during the late 19th and early 20th centuries,
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was a pioneer of chutney music, famous for first blending chutney with calypso and soca and increasing the popularity of the genre. The instruments used in chutney were those that were approved for women to play, making chutney becoming viewed as a woman's music genre. Since then, chutney has grown
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There is a long tradition of western classical music, both instrumental and choral, dating back to the colonial era under the British. The Trinidad & Tobago Music Festival is a primary showcase for these art forms. Choral groups, steelband and traditional western orchestras, smaller ensembles,
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Tamboo-bamboo bands consist of three different instruments (each cut from bamboo): boom, foulé, and cutter. The boom serves as the bass instrument, is usually about five feet long, and is played by stamping it on the ground. The foulé, a higher-pitched instrument, consists of two pieces of bamboo,
1792:, and two creole lyricists, Chris Seraphine and Pat Aaron while he was in Dominica. The song “E Pete” thus contains genuine Creole lyrics in the chorus like "Ou dee moin ou petit Shorty" (meaning "you told me you are small Shorty"), and is a combination of Soca, Calypso, Cadence-lypso and Creole.
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Historically, the indentured laborers who came from India brought with them the form of authentic Indian Classical Music. A form of local Indo-Trinidad classical music was later created. However, organisations were able to keep the pure classical form alive. Bharatiya Vidya Sansthaan, under the
2022:
is about more than just Christmas carols. Parang is about general merrymaking and festivities around Christmas time and the food, dancing and music is all a part of the parang. The singers of parang visit the homes of family and friends and sing Christmas-themed songs in Spanish accompanied by
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The house slaves, in their moments of leisure, took the dance to the field slaves and mimicked the dance of their masters. The slaves who worked in or around these houses quickly copied the style and dress. They showed off by doing ceremonious bows, making grand entrances, sweeping movements,
1977:
The steel-pan is created by hammering a 55-gallon drum to produce the full chromatic range of scale notes. After the drum is hammered into the shape of a concave bowl, individual notes are grooved out into the bowl of the drum. The traditional steel-pan was hammered out by hand, but with the
2237:(St. Augustine Campus); Central Bank Auditorium; Simon Bolivar auditorium; churches and cathedrals; and at the new National Academy for the Performing Arts (NAPA), which was opened in 2009 but closed down in 2014 for renovations. Popular proponents of the Western Classical form include the
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The government has identified the music industry as one of three pioneering sectors that are pivotal to long-term economic sustainability because of dropping prices of oil and gas, Trinidad and Tobago's main export. For this reason, MusicTT was established in 2014 as a subsidiary of
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grew in stature (the 1930s Golden Age of Calypso) and became more closely aligned with the independence movement. Some songs were banned or censored by the British colonial government, and calypso became a method of underground communication and spreading anti-British information.
1302:
Official and elite unease over carnival revelry (which was considered violent and unruly) grew during the next few decades, and in 1883 drumming was banned in an attempt to clean up Carnival. This injunction came after a serious disturbance during the 1881 Carnival, known as the
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The first instruments developed in the evolution of steelpan were tamboo-bamboos, tunable sticks made of bamboo wood. Tamboo-bamboo bands also included percussion of a (gin) bottle and spoon. By the mid-1930s, bits of metal percussion were being used in the tamboo bamboo bands.
1606:) as the dominant language, calypso migrated into English, and in so doing it attracted more attention from the radio stations and government. Calypso continued to play an important role in political expression, and also served to document the history of Trinidad and Tobago.
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soon came to refer to a specific group of calypsonians that used fictional narratives and humor with new, more dance-able rhythms. Kitchener was by far the most popular of the Young Brigade calypsonians, and he helped popularize calypso in the
2249:), Eastern Performing Arts Fraternity and Eastern Youth Chorale, Lydian Singers, UWI Festival Arts Chorale; the National Philharmonic and the National Steel Symphony Orchestra, and the Classical Music Development Foundation, among others.
1764:" with his 1964 hit "Cloak and Dagger" and took on the name "Ras Shorty I" in the early 1980s. He started out writing songs and performing in the calypso genre. A prolific musician, composer, and innovator, Shorty experimented with fusing
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drumming and the music masquerade processions. The French brought Masquerade Balls to Trinidad which were mimicked by ex-slaves after Abolition of Slavery, and calypso competitions at Carnival grew in popularity, especially after the
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As chutney music's popularity grows, people are becoming more aware of the mixture of cultures present in Trinidad and Tobago. Many of the chutney artists that are known within West Indian culture are from Trinidad.
1469:) which were brought over by the slaves who (in the early history of the art form) used them to sing about their masters and ways to gain their freedom. The people would also gather in "kaiso" tents where a
1384:, they brought with them a life style of "joie de vivre" to their plantations. At that time, the French held many balls at the Great Houses where they enjoyed doing many of the courtly dances of Europe.
1806:
Soca developed in the early 1970s and grew in popularity in the late 1970s. Soca's development as a musical genre included its early fusion of calypso with Indian musical instruments, particularly the
1978:
instrument gaining popularity and worldwide demand, manufacturers have experimented with more efficient methods including Spinforming, Flowforming, Aquaforming and Marforming. A typical pan contains 2
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drums added spicy and yet subtle sensuality to the movements. There are more than 14 types of bélé dances including the Grand bélé and Congo bélé, with each performed to its own rhythms and chants.
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the focus; Trinidad's geographical location made it the center of that focus. Following the Cedula, French planters (accompanied by their slaves, free coloreds and mulattos) from the
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1702:, celebrating the departure of American military forces from Trinidad; the song launched a new generation of politically active calypso music, which soon became associated with the
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is a mixture of Indian tunes influenced by calypso and soca rhythms, and it has been blended with many of the other varieties of music on the island. Artists like Apache Waria and
1285:. Trinidad's population jumped from less than 1,400 in 1777, to over 15,000 by the end of 1789. In 1797, Trinidad became a British crown colony, with a French-speaking population.
1214:, and other derivative and fusion styles. There are also local communities which practice and experiment with international classical and pop music, often fusing them with local
2261:
Prof. Rajesh Kelkar (from historic Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda), went to remote villages of Trinidad and taught classical and devotional music with missionary zeal.
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band in Carnival competitions. Brass bands had long been a part of Trinidad's cultural heritage, but Rudder helped inspire the founding of the Caribbean Brass Festival in 1991.
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that helped make calypso the world-famous, innovative art form it has become; many criticized soca's perceived watering-down of calypso, including veteran calypsonians such as
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Steel-pan originates from low-income communities and was at first associated with violence and lawlessness. The upper class looked on steel-pan players with disdain until Dr.
2280:. MusicTT’s mandate is "to stimulate and facilitate the business development and export activity of the music industry in Trinidad and Tobago to generate national wealth."
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and Boadicea made names for themselves by criticizing the colonial government. In 1912, calypso was recorded for the first time and the following decade saw the arrival of
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De Ledesma, Charles, and Georgia Popplewell. "Put Water in the Brandy?" 2000. In Broughton, Simon, and Mark Ellingham, with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (eds),
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and other parts of the world dramatically changed the ethnic composition of the islands. These indentured servants brought their own folk music, primarily from
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Ho, Christine G. T. "Popular Culture and the Aestheticization of Politics: Hegemonic Struggle and Postcolonial Nationalism in the Trinidad Carnival". 2000.
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1900:, an early introduction to Carnival which consists of percussionists using makeshift materials to hammer out a beat. The trio band 3 Canal, and the artist
1202:. Along with folk songs and African- and Indian-based classical forms, cross-cultural interactions have produced other indigenous forms of music including
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TIDCO. 1996. Arts & Entertainment Directory 1996. Port of Spain, Trinidad: Tourism & Industrial Development Company of Trinidad and Tobago Ltd.
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Calypso drew upon African and French influences, and became the voice of the people. It allowed the masses to challenge the actions of the unelected
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Ramnarine, Tina K. "The Caribbean's Hot Hindi Sound". 2000. In Broughton, Simon, and Mark Ellingham, with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (eds),
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was also a major part of this vanguard in calypso music, and he became known for a traditionalist style that he maintained throughout his career.
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plantations, to fill the labor void left by the abolition of slavery. The island's growing Indian population developed the musical style of
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album, Belafonte was the first artist to sell a million copies), but his music was also criticized for watering down the sound of calypso.
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Waithe, Desmond and Worrell Frank C. 2002. "The Development of the Steel Band in Trinidad and Tobago". Malloy Endowment Supported Lecture.
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Extempo, or extempo calypso, or calypso war, is a lyrically improvised (freestyled) form of calypso. An annual competition is held at the
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had arrived with the French. Indentured laborers and slaves, who could not take part in Carnival, formed their own, parallel celebration,
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brought Soca to be regional and international attention and fame and helped to solidify the rapidly growing Soca Movement led by Shorty.
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2241:/Trinidad and Tobago Youth Philharmonic (the largest symphony orchestra and largest youth orchestra in the English-speaking Caribbean),
1342:. In addition to Indians, Syrians, Portuguese, Chinese and Africans came to the islands in waves between 1845 and 1917, and even after.
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During the 1970s, calypso's popularity waned throughout the world, including the Caribbean. Derivatives include an uptempo version of
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and other dance music genres, and continues to blend in contemporary music styles and trends. Soca has also been experimented with in
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in Trinidad and some other islands, often by traditionalists, and is also used as a cry of encouragement for a performer, similar to
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East Indian Music in the West Indies: Tan-singing, Chutney, and the Making of Indo-Caribbean Culture. Temple University Press, 2000
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scene with many small shows being held throughout the year. The largest of such shows are the annual Pop Music Awards held at the
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guidance of Prof. Hari Shankara Adesh, was the first institution to provide courses in the authentic classical artform of India.
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Lewis, W and Ameerali, A. 2010. "Experimental Investigations into Manufacturing Processes Used to Produce Musical Steel Drums".
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music schools and programmes, and others stage shows at venues around the country, particularly at the Queen's Hall in
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1492:, lionizing and cheering on champion stickfighters. This form of music gradually evolved into the modern day calypso.
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Hansen, U., Rossing, T. D., Mannettc, E., and George, K. (1995), "The Caribbean Steel Pan; Tuning and Mode Studies",
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graceful and gentle gliding steps which imitated the perceived elegance of the French. The rhythmic quality of the
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pioneered ragga chutney. Chutney has also developed into chutney-bhangra, chutney-hip-hop, soca-bhangra and
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was established in 2014 to facilitate the business development and export activity of the music industry in
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for nearly a decade from 1965 before unleashing "the soul of calypso", soca music by the early 1970s.
1481:". Kaiso songs are generally narrative in form and often have a cleverly concealed political subtext.
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Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae (2nd edition). Temple University Press, 2006
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Modern calypso, however, began in the 19th century, a fusion of disparate elements ranging from the
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and French/European influences, and arose as a means of communication among the enslaved Africans.
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2099:. This musical form based on Indian rhythms was named chutney because it is hot music, its use of
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octaves, with each note being a hammered out groove in the pan that produces a distinct note.
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These early popular performers led the way for calypso's mainstreaming with artists including
1526:. Highly rhythmic and harmonic vocals characterized the music, which was most often sung in a
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and fast and repetitive rhythms make its listeners want to dance. Chutney uses a mixture of
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The "father" of soca was a Trinidadian man named Garfield Blackman who rose to fame as "
1186:. Calypso's internationally noted performances in the 1950s from native artists such as
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Lewis, W. (1993), "Mechanising the manufacture of the steel pan musical instrument".
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World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific
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World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific
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Calypso music grew together with Carnival. The music drew upon the West African
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1244:. The island's Spanish possessors contributed little towards advancements, with
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2634:. Port of Spain, Trinidad: National Cultural Council of Trinidad and Tobago.
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1822:'s classic compositions "ĂŹndrani", "Kalo Gee Bull Bull" and "Shanti Om".
1670:, was by far the most popular internationally during this wave (with his
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is said to have invented the genre with his 1971 hit "Blow Away", while
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Scher, P. W. "Preservation, Carnival and the State in Trinidad". 2002.
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are religious songs), Western and African instruments, and usually the
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or lead singer would lead them in song. Many early kaisos were sung in
1466:
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1257:
392:
372:
255:
67:
47:
2676:
Manuel, Peter, with Kenneth Bilby and Michael Largey (28 March 2006).
2649:
Tassa, Chutney & Soca: The East Indian Contribution to the Calypso
2136:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2044:
2024:
2019:
2009:
1807:
1635:
1553:
1400:
Stick fighting and African percussion music were banned in 1881 from
1376:
In the late 18th century when the French plantation owners and their
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57:
2552:
Rouse, Ewart (1968). "Song and Choir in some enchanted evening".
2092:
1826:
1326:
Beginning in 1845, major influxes of indentured immigrants from
947:
867:
3579:
3456:
3177:
2765:
2386:"The Politics of Labelling Popular Music in English Caribbean"
1825:
Soca has grown since its inception to incorporate elements of
1622:. During Carnival, calypsonians competed for awards like the
1362:) is a dance of older women accompanied by drums and shakers
2611:
The Journal of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago
1926:. The art form was first recorded in the 1940s in Trinidad.
1742:
during the same time period. In the mid-1970s, artists like
1240:
of 1783 laid the foundation and growth of the population of
2018:
the Latin American-derived seasonal Christmas music called
1780:
on his way back to Trinidad and saw Dominica's top band
1679:
1947 saw Lord Kitchener and Killer forming the renegade
1484:
After Emancipation of slavery, the chantwell would sing
1319:
occupying both the street and more performance-oriented
2366:
RAS SHORTY I : "Watch Out My Children" 1941 – 2000
1412:
or pans are now a major part of the Trinidadian music.
1465:
call and response songs (particularly in present-day
2739:, pp. 527–30. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books.
2665:, pp. 507–26. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books.
1614:
Early chantwells such as Hannibal, Norman Le Blanc,
1198:. The art form was most popularised at that time by
3935:
3878:
3839:
3738:
3677:
3614:
3335:
3209:
2999:
2800:
2714:
2677:
2171:was one of the first who pioneered in this music.
1454:n call and response songs, and later evolved into
2245:(the first choir to blend choral voices with the
1883:brought rapso to calypso tents in 1976. The term
1904:, are among the most popular modern proponents.
488:Trinidad and Tobago Entertainment Network (TTEN)
2757:List of calypsos with sociopolitical influences
2220:and the Samaan Tree Rock Festival in Aranguez.
1970:to the world of music was the invention of the
2504:
2502:
3591:
3468:
3189:
2777:
2656:The Cocoa Panyols of Trinidad: An Oral Record
1966:One of the most significant contributions of
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701:
8:
3114:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2704:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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206:
17:
2298:French creole influence on calypso music
1949:
2556:. Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago.
2288:
2200:Trinidad and Tobago has an underground
1080:
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756:
749:
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523:
507:
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2651:. Trinidad: Jordan's Printing Service.
2618:The West Indian Journal of Engineering
2035:(known as chac-chacs on the islands),
1514:is still used today as a synonym for
1295:, which became the precursor for the
7:
1896:and reggae music, as well as native
1630:, Calypso Queen, Junior Monarch and
1430:Kaiso is a type of music popular in
3654:British invasion of Trinidad (1797)
2654:Moodie-Kublalsingh, Sylvia. 1994.
1594:, and the elected town councils of
3505:Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles
2658:. London: British Academic Press.
2603:. Vol. 9, Number 1, pp. 3–18.
2596:, Vol. 75, No 3. pp. 453–484.
1338:, to the creole mix, resulting in
14:
2613:, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 35–41.
2271:Trinidad and Tobago Music Company
499:Nationalistic and patriotic songs
3649:French invasion of Tobago (1781)
3555:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3317:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2990:
2957:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2330:"Zouk:EXCURSIONS IN WORLD MUSIC"
1121:
741:
2196:Pop, rock and alternative music
1461:Kaiso music has its origins in
514:Forged from the Love of Liberty
2540:Discover Trinidad & Tobago
2239:St Augustine Chamber Orchestra
1602:. As English replaced patois (
1297:Trinidad & Tobago Carnival
1128:Trinidad and Tobago portal
734:Culture of Trinidad and Tobago
1:
2536:"Trinidad Arts & Culture"
2363:Norris Wilkins (2016-01-10),
2235:University of the West Indies
903:Baigan Choka (roast eggplant)
4024:Music of Trinidad and Tobago
3484:Music of the Lesser Antilles
3442:United States Virgin Islands
2630:Taylor, Daphne Pawan. 1977.
2159:to accompany its fast-paced
1920:Trinidad and Tobago Carnival
1875:thought spread in Trinidad.
1853:music in the United States.
1168:music of Trinidad and Tobago
542:Aruba and the Dutch Antilles
22:Music of Trinidad and Tobago
3817:Trinidad and Tobago cabinet
2647:Constance, Zeno Obi. 1991.
2105:East Indian classical music
1746:made the music mainstream.
908:Tomato Choka (roast tomato)
4040:
2268:
2129:Indian musical instruments
2068:
2062:
2007:
1997:People's National Movement
1911:
1887:first appeared in 1980 on
1860:
1753:
1704:People's National Movement
1499:
1423:
1369:
1358:(stick fighting). Belair (
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3887:
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3827:Chief Secretary of Tobago
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3417:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
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3099:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
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2601:Transforming Anthropology
2023:instruments, usually the
1946:Steel-pan and steel bands
1725:-influenced style called
1350:Recorded in the hills of
662:St Vincent and Grenadines
3822:Leader of the Opposition
3752:Administrative divisions
3437:Turks and Caicos Islands
3119:Turks and Caicos Islands
2637:Ingram, Amanda K. 2002.
2627:, March, pp. 44–46.
1750:The father of soca music
1683:Young Brigade. The term
1628:National Calypso Monarch
3204:Music of North America
2301:. YouTube. 2010-12-17.
3367:British Virgin Islands
3034:British Virgin Islands
2713:Manuel, Peter (2000).
2594:Anthropology Quarterly
2109:East Indian folk music
1963:
1170:is best known for its
791:Trinidadian Hindustani
324:Indian classical music
115:Indian classical music
3644:Curonian colonization
3545:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3307:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2947:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2554:The Trinidad Guardian
2069:Further information:
1953:
1818:, as demonstrated in
1666:-American singing in
1450:. It originated from
1404:, in response to the
457:Media and performance
2641:Wesleyan University.
2384:Jocelyne Guilbault.
2253:Hindustani classical
2155:, and sometimes the
1770:Indo-Caribbean music
1581:abolition of slavery
1238:Cedula of Population
3634:Spanish West Indies
3607:Trinidad and Tobago
3560:Trinidad and Tobago
3500:Antigua and Barbuda
3322:Trinidad and Tobago
3217:Antigua and Barbuda
3124:U.S. Virgin Islands
2967:Trinidad and Tobago
2812:Antigua and Barbuda
2335:. 1993. p. 111
2243:Marionettes Chorale
2081:indentured laborers
2079:on May 30, 1845 as
2077:Trinidad and Tobago
2075:Indians arrived in
2016:Trinidad and Tobago
1968:Trinidad and Tobago
1738:began popularising
1634:in contests called
1624:Carnival Road March
1592:Legislative Council
1432:Trinidad and Tobago
1382:Trinidad and Tobago
1226:Trinidad and Tobago
786:Trinidadian English
537:Antigua and Barbuda
3861:Telecommunications
3639:Dutch colonization
3257:Dominican Republic
2877:Dominican Republic
2632:Parang of Trinidad
2572:CreativeTT/MusicTT
2568:"Discover MusicTT"
2051:and sometimes the
1964:
1934:Starting in 1986,
1893:Brother Resistance
1797:Endless Vibrations
1574:slaves, including
1538:, and eventually,
1010:Rastafari movement
953:Indian Arrival Day
781:Trinidadian Creole
652:St Kitts and Nevis
597:Dominican Republic
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4010:
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3772:Foreign relations
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3629:History of Tobago
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3449:
3339:other territories
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3170:
2517:Ramnarine, p. 530
2496:Ramnarine, p. 528
2487:Ramnarine, p. 529
2442:Lewis, 2010, p. 4
2433:Lewis, 2010, p. 6
2224:Western classical
2214:Tsunami nightclub
2029:Venezuelan cuatro
1922:for the title of
1736:Indo-Trinidadians
1696:'s first hit was
1486:call-and-response
1402:Trinidad Carnival
1273:, Champs Fleurs,
1164:
1163:
1005:Spiritual Baptist
776:Tobagonian Creole
718:
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329:Indian folk music
120:Indian folk music
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3757:Attorney General
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3691:Cities and towns
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3659:Independence Act
3624:Spanish missions
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3337:Dependencies and
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2101:double entendres
1987:
1986:
1982:
1938:popularized the
1786:Fort Young Hotel
1768:and elements of
1668:American English
1610:Early performers
1557:, French Creole
1156:
1149:
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1126:
1125:
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963:Independence Day
958:Emancipation Day
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1801:Soul of Calypso
1784:perform at the
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1692:and elsewhere.
1662:. Belafonte, a
1656:Harry Belafonte
1632:Extempo Monarch
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1406:Canboulay Riots
1398:
1380:slaves came to
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1346:Folk traditions
1305:Canboulay Riots
1269:communities of
1250:French Antilles
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1200:Harry Belafonte
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1108:National anthem
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2388:Trans 3, 1997
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2063:Main article:
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2008:Main article:
2005:
2002:
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1944:
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1912:Main article:
1909:
1906:
1891:, an album by
1877:Lancelot Layne
1873:Pan-Africanist
1861:Main article:
1858:
1855:
1795:Shorty's 1974
1754:Main article:
1751:
1748:
1699:Jean and Dinah
1694:Mighty Sparrow
1690:United Kingdom
1660:Mighty Sparrow
1652:Lord Kitchener
1616:Mighty Panther
1611:
1608:
1565:stick fighting
1500:Main article:
1497:
1494:
1488:chants called
1424:Main article:
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1370:Main article:
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1192:Lord Kitchener
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491:
490:
489:
486:
484:Tempo Networks
481:
468:
467:
459:
458:
454:
453:
450:
449:
448:
447:
446:
445:
440:
438:Steelband soca
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
349:
348:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
311:
306:
304:Chutney parang
301:
296:
291:
278:
277:
273:
272:
271:
270:
269:
268:
263:
258:
247:
246:
245:
244:
239:
228:
227:
226:
225:
212:
211:
203:
202:
201:Specific forms
198:
197:
196:
195:
190:
188:Steelband soca
185:
180:
175:
174:Rhythm Section
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
135:Chutney parang
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
71:
70:
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
30:
29:
28:General topics
25:
24:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4036:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3968:
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3934:
3928:
3925:
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3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
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3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Head of State
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:Chief Justice
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Moist forests
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3669:Social unrest
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
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3627:
3625:
3622:
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3619:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3601:
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3566:
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3541:
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3528:
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3518:
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3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
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3489:
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3478:
3473:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3334:
3328:
3327:United States
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3164:
3163:
3162:South America
3159:
3157:
3155:
3154:Latin America
3152:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:North America
3135:
3134:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:French Guiana
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:United States
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2792:Music of the
2787:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:1-85828-636-0
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2728:1-56639-763-4
2724:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2693:
2691:1-59213-463-7
2687:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2671:1-85828-636-0
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2469:Taylor, p. 15
2466:
2463:
2460:Waithe, p. 45
2457:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2415:Waithe, p. 43
2412:
2409:
2406:Waithe, p. 42
2403:
2400:
2397:Waithe, p. 41
2394:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2310:
2308:9780313357978
2304:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:Port of Spain
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2173:Chutney music
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:bulbul tarang
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2065:Chutney music
2059:Chutney music
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1993:Eric Williams
1989:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:chutney music
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:Calypso music
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1685:Young Brigade
1682:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1604:French Creole
1601:
1597:
1596:Port of Spain
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1530:and led by a
1529:
1528:French Creole
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1502:Calypso music
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:French Creole
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1456:calypso music
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:Tamboo-bamboo
1395:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1340:chutney music
1337:
1333:
1332:Uttar Pradesh
1329:
1324:
1322:
1321:calypso tents
1316:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:Blanchisseuse
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:instruments.
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:chutney music
1177:
1173:
1172:calypso music
1169:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1106:
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1101:
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1079:
1072:
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983:
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926:
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917:
916:
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904:
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896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
841:
835:
834:
827:
826:French Creole
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
769:
763:
762:
759:
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748:
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739:
735:
730:
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722:
721:
711:
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689:
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683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
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665:
663:
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658:
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648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
528:
527:
522:
515:
512:
511:
506:
503:
502:
497:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
470:
469:
464:
461:
460:
455:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
354:
351:
350:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
319:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
285:
282:
281:
280:
279:
274:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
252:
249:
248:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
221:
220:
219:
216:
215:
214:
213:
208:
205:
204:
199:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
69:
66:
65:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
44:
43:
38:
35:
32:
31:
26:
23:
20:
19:
16:
3964:
3902:Demographics
3782:Human rights
3559:
3432:Sint Maarten
3412:Saint Martin
3321:
3160:
3109:Sint Maarten
3094:Saint Martin
3001:Dependencies
2966:
2736:
2716:
2679:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2638:
2631:
2625:MRS Bulletin
2624:
2617:
2610:
2600:
2593:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2492:
2483:
2478:Ingram, p. 2
2474:
2465:
2456:
2451:Hansen, p. 1
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2380:
2370:, retrieved
2365:
2355:Ghostarchive
2353:Archived at
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2297:
2291:
2274:
2260:
2256:
2227:
2213:
2199:
2185:
2181:bhangra-wine
2177:Terry Gajraj
2074:
2013:
1995:, leader of
1990:
1976:
1965:
1956:BP Renegades
1936:David Rudder
1933:
1917:
1888:
1884:
1881:Cheryl Byron
1866:
1849:pop, and in
1824:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1778:
1774:
1759:
1712:
1708:Roaring Lion
1697:
1684:
1681:calypso tent
1678:
1671:
1649:
1644:Roaring Lion
1640:Lord Invader
1620:calypso tent
1613:
1600:San Fernando
1585:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1535:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1489:
1483:
1463:West African
1460:
1429:
1414:
1399:
1386:
1375:
1349:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1287:
1235:
1220:
1167:
1165:
1103:Coat of arms
1049:
990:Christianity
968:Republic Day
898:Cheese Paste
888:Coconut Bake
472:
471:
309:Chutney Soca
289:Baithak Gana
276:Ethnic music
105:Baithak Gana
95:Chutney Soca
21:
15:
3696:Dry forests
3550:Saint Lucia
3402:Puerto Rico
3312:Saint Lucia
3262:El Salvador
3079:Puerto Rico
3006:territories
2952:Saint Lucia
2887:El Salvador
2508:TIDCO, 1996
2424:Lewis, 1993
2218:Chaguaramas
2210:heavy metal
2189:Sundar Popo
2169:Sundar Popo
2071:Sundar Popo
1930:Brass bands
1889:Busting Out
1869:Black Power
1820:Lord Shorty
1762:Lord Shorty
1744:Sundar Popo
1572:Trinidadian
1541:calypsonian
1452:West Africa
1277:, Cascade,
1188:Lord Melody
893:Fried Accra
647:Puerto Rico
466:Music media
408:Parang soca
398:Groovy soca
368:Bouyon soca
160:Groovy soca
150:Bouyon soca
130:Parang soca
3955:Literature
3892:Camouflage
3855:(currency)
3792:Parliament
3540:Montserrat
3535:Martinique
3530:Guadeloupe
3397:Montserrat
3392:Martinique
3387:Guadeloupe
3242:Costa Rica
3074:Montserrat
3069:Martinique
3064:Guadeloupe
2862:Costa Rica
2620:. Vol. 32.
2588:1138053562
2372:2018-11-23
2339:20 January
2284:References
2278:CreativeTT
1790:Lord Tokyo
1756:Soca music
1549:masquerade
1536:chantuelle
1313:steel band
1283:Laventille
1262:Guadeloupe
1254:Martinique
1176:soca music
1071:Television
1031:Literature
816:Portuguese
637:Montserrat
632:Martinique
607:Guadeloupe
577:Costa Rica
479:Synergy TV
418:Ragga soca
413:Power soca
339:Pichakaree
193:Brass band
165:Power soca
145:Ragga soca
80:Pichakaree
3907:Education
3807:President
3767:Elections
3706:Mangroves
3679:Geography
3382:Greenland
3297:Nicaragua
3272:Guatemala
3147:Caribbean
3059:Greenland
2982:Venezuela
2927:Nicaragua
2897:Guatemala
2817:Argentina
2802:Sovereign
2700:cite book
2133:harmonium
2085:sugarcane
1962:orchestra
1845:, in new
1839:Bollywood
1833:, disco,
1782:Exile One
1732:Chalkdust
1583:in 1834.
1576:canboulay
1568:chantwell
1479:chantwell
1444:St. Lucia
1410:steelpans
1293:canboulay
1246:El Dorado
1206:, rapso,
933:Canboulay
921:Festivals
878:Sada Roti
873:Wrap roti
768:Languages
677:Venezuela
627:Louisiana
383:Canboulay
318:Bollywood
218:Christian
4018:Category
3998:Category
3922:Religion
3797:Politics
3787:Military
3740:Politics
3726:Wildlife
3664:Monarchy
3520:Dominica
3510:Barbados
3495:Anguilla
3347:Anguilla
3282:Honduras
3252:Dominica
3227:Barbados
3014:Anguilla
2962:Suriname
2937:Paraguay
2912:Honduras
2872:Dominica
2857:Colombia
2827:Barbados
2794:Americas
2751:See also
2357:and the
2247:steelpan
2041:bandolin
2037:mandolin
1972:steelpan
1960:steelpan
1898:J'ouvert
1721:, and a
1664:Jamaican
1588:Governor
1563:and the
1448:Dominica
1440:Barbados
1352:Trinidad
1289:Carnival
1279:Carenage
1266:Dominica
1242:Trinidad
1216:steelpan
1184:steelpan
995:Hinduism
982:Religion
928:Carnival
863:Puncheon
853:Aloe pie
848:Peardrax
725:a series
723:Part of
667:Suriname
657:St Lucia
592:Dominica
552:Barbados
532:Anguilla
443:Steelpan
358:Afrosoca
183:Steelpan
155:Afrosoca
3989:Outline
3945:Cuisine
3937:Culture
3880:Society
3853:Dollar
3841:Economy
3711:Islands
3616:History
3525:Grenada
3515:Curaçao
3377:Curaçao
3362:Bonaire
3357:Bermuda
3287:Jamaica
3267:Grenada
3222:Bahamas
3044:Curaçao
3029:Bonaire
3024:Bermuda
2977:Uruguay
2917:Jamaica
2892:Grenada
2882:Ecuador
2837:Bolivia
2822:Bahamas
2314:6 March
2265:MusicTT
2167:beats.
2165:calypso
2149:manjira
2145:dhantal
2125:ghazals
2121:bhajans
2117:ghazals
2113:bhajans
2097:chutney
2083:on the
2049:bandola
2033:maracas
1983:⁄
1914:extempo
1908:Extempo
1902:Ataklan
1847:Punjabi
1843:Bhangra
1841:films,
1816:dhantal
1766:calypso
1723:hip-hop
1717:called
1673:Calypso
1516:calypso
1496:Calypso
1490:lavways
1467:Nigeria
1436:Grenada
1356:calinda
1275:Paramin
1258:Grenada
1232:History
1222:MusicTT
1212:chutney
1091:Symbols
1039:Writers
948:Phagwah
858:Doubles
840:Cuisine
821:Spanish
796:Chinese
751:History
622:Jamaica
602:Grenada
587:Curaçao
567:Bonaire
562:Bermuda
547:Bahamas
393:Extempo
378:Calypso
373:Calinda
353:African
299:Chutney
256:Nasheed
251:Islamic
90:Chutney
68:Extempo
63:Calypso
48:Calinda
4003:Portal
3912:Health
3721:Rivers
3302:Panama
3292:Mexico
3237:Canada
3232:Belize
2932:Panama
2922:Mexico
2902:Guyana
2847:Canada
2842:Brazil
2832:Belize
2804:states
2743:
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2688:
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2305:
2233:; the
2137:dholak
2091:, and
2045:violin
2025:guitar
2020:Parang
2010:Parang
2004:Parang
1814:, and
1808:dholak
1636:picong
1560:belair
1554:lavway
1477:by a "
1378:Creole
1208:parang
1182:, and
943:Diwali
811:Yoruba
801:Arabic
758:People
727:on the
642:Panama
612:Guyana
557:Belize
428:Reggae
388:Cariso
334:Kirtan
294:Bhajan
284:Indian
261:Qasida
242:Kirtan
237:Bhajan
223:Gospel
170:Reggae
125:Parang
110:Bhajan
53:Cariso
40:Genres
3965:Music
3960:Media
3927:Women
3897:Crime
3352:Aruba
3277:Haiti
3019:Aruba
2907:Haiti
2852:Chile
2333:(PDF)
2153:tassa
2141:tabla
2089:cocoa
2053:cello
1940:brass
1885:rapso
1863:Rapso
1857:Rapso
1851:disco
1812:tabla
1727:rapso
1551:song
1532:griot
1520:bravo
1512:Kaiso
1508:Kaiso
1471:griot
1426:Kaiso
1420:Kaiso
1336:Bihar
1328:India
1082:Sport
1066:Radio
1059:Media
1050:Music
1000:Islam
938:Hosay
883:Curry
806:Carib
617:Haiti
423:Rapso
403:Kaiso
344:Tassa
314:Filmi
232:Hindu
178:Tassa
140:Rapso
100:Filmi
58:Kaiso
3950:Flag
3917:LGBT
3422:Saba
3247:Cuba
3084:Saba
3004:and
2942:Peru
2867:Cuba
2741:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2706:link
2686:ISBN
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2341:2014
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2303:ISBN
2208:and
2206:rock
2161:soca
2123:and
2115:and
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1958:, a
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1831:soul
1827:funk
1799:and
1719:soca
1658:and
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1372:bélé
1366:Bélé
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1194:and
1166:The
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582:Cuba
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363:Bélé
266:Sufi
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