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sciences and humanities. Some ethnomusicologists primarily conduct historical studies, but the majority are involved in long-term participant observation or combine ethnographic, musicological, and historical approaches in their fieldwork. Therefore, ethnomusicological scholarship can be characterized as featuring a substantial, intensive fieldwork component, often involving long-term residence within the community studied. Closely related to ethnomusicology is the emerging branch of
618:
469:, however, retorts that McClary, "sets up, like so many of the 'new musicologists', a straw man to knock down, the dogma that music has no meaning, and no political or social significance." Today, many musicologists no longer distinguish between musicology and new musicology since it has been recognized that many of the scholarly concerns once associated with new musicology already were mainstream in musicology, so that the term "new" no longer applies.
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412:. The application of musical analysis to further these goals is often a part of music history, though pure analysis or the development of new tools of music analysis is more likely to be seen in the field of music theory. Music historians create a number of written products, ranging from journal articles describing their current research, new editions of musical works,
863:
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of composing, performing and listening to music may be explicated to a high degree of detail (this, as opposed to a conception of musical expression as fundamentally ineffable except in musical sounds). Generally, works of music theory are both descriptive and prescriptive, attempting both to define practice and to influence later practice.
1047:
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373:, different branches and schools of historical musicology emphasize different types of musical works and approaches to music. There are also national differences in various definitions of historical musicology. In theory, "music history" could refer to the study of the history of any type or genre of music, such as the
532:
Some music theorists attempt to explain the techniques composers use by establishing rules and patterns. Others model the experience of listening to or performing music. Though extremely diverse in their interests and commitments, many
Western music theorists are united in their belief that the acts
368:
or historical musicology is concerned with the composition, performance, reception and criticism of music over time. Historical studies of music are for example concerned with a composer's life and works, the developments of styles and genres (such as baroque concertos), the social function of music
662:
or
Introduction to Music History); conducting research in their area of expertise, publishing articles about their research in peer-reviewed journals, authors book chapters, books or textbooks; traveling to conferences to give talks on their research and learn about research in their field; and, if
641:
in music (or a related field such as history) and in many cases an MA in musicology. Some individuals apply directly from a bachelor's degree to a PhD, and in these cases, they may not receive an MA. In the 2010s, given the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of university graduate programs, some
653:
Most musicologists work as instructors, lecturers or professors in colleges, [universities or conservatories. The job market for tenure track professor positions is very competitive. Entry-level applicants must hold a completed PhD or the equivalent degree and applicants to more senior professor
608:
Music performance research (or music performance science) is strongly associated with music psychology. It aims to document and explain the psychological, physiological, sociological and cultural details of how music is actually performed (rather than how it should be performed). The approach to
488:
has called it the study of "people making music". Although it is most often concerned with the study of non-Western music, it also includes the study of
Western music from an anthropological or sociological perspective, cultural studies and sociology as well as other disciplines in the social
600:
Within the rubric of musicology, performance practice tends to emphasize the collection and synthesis of evidence about how music should be performed. The important other side, learning how to sing authentically or perform a historical instrument is usually part of
416:
of composers and other musicians, book-length studies or university textbook chapters or entire textbooks. Music historians may examine issues in a close focus, as in the case of scholars who examine the relationship between words and music for a given composer's
505:, emerged in the 1980s as an increasing number of musicologists, ethnomusicologists and other varieties of historians of American and European culture began to write about popular music past and present. The first journal focusing on popular music studies was
235:'s ideas on ordering "phenomena" from the simple to complex as the stages of evolution are classified from primitive to developed, and stages of history from ancient to modern. Comparative methods became more widespread in musicology beginning around 1880.
536:
Musicians study music theory to understand the structural relationships in the (nearly always notated) music. Composers study music theory to understand how to produce effects and structure their own works. Composers may study music theory to guide their
222:
The 19th-century philosophical trends that led to the re-establishment of formal musicology education in German and
Austrian universities had combined methods of systematization with evolution. These models were established not only in the field of
458:. Although New Musicology emerged from within historical musicology, the emphasis on cultural study within the Western art music tradition places New Musicology at the junction between historical, ethnological and sociological research in music.
584:
Performance practice draws on many of the tools of historical musicology to answer the specific question of how music was performed in various places at various times in the past. Although previously confined to early music, recent research in
513:. The association's founding was partly motivated by the interdisciplinary agenda of popular musicology though the group has been characterized by a polarized 'musicological' and 'sociological' approach also typical of popular musicology.
658:. The job tasks of a musicologist are the same as those of a professor in any other humanities discipline: teaching undergraduate and/or graduate classes in their area of specialization and, in many cases some general courses (such as
913:(1991), which covers musical constructions of gender and sexuality, gendered aspects of traditional music theory, gendered sexuality in musical narrative, music as a gendered discourse and issues affecting women musicians.
335:
and composition of music. The disciplinary neighbors of musicology address other forms of art, performance, ritual, and communication, including the history and theory of the visual and plastic arts and architecture;
609:
research tends to be systematic and empirical and to involve the collection and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. The findings of music performance research can often be applied in music education.
667:, supervising MA and PhD students, giving them guidance on the preparation of their theses and dissertations. Some musicology professors may take on senior administrative positions in their institution, such as
642:
applicants for musicology PhD programs may have academic training both in music and outside of music (e.g., a student may apply with a BMus and an MA in psychology). In music education, individuals may hold an
564:
applies the content and methods of psychology to understand how music is created, perceived, responded to, and incorporated into individuals' and societies' daily lives. Its primary branches include
877:
The vast majority of major musicologists and music historians from past generations have been men, as in the 19th century and early 20th century; women's involvement in teaching music was mainly in
633:
as their highest degree, but in the 2010s, the PhD is the standard minimum credential for tenure track professor positions. As part of their initial training, musicologists typically complete a
576:. While aspects of the field can be highly theoretical, much of modern music psychology seeks to optimize the practices and professions of music performance, composition, education and therapy.
369:
for a particular group of people, (such as court music), or modes of performance at a particular place and time (such as Johann
Sebastian Bach's choir in Leipzig). Like the comparable field of
4726:
510:
174:. Historical musicologists study the history of musical traditions, the origins of works, and the biographies of composers. Ethnomusicologists draw from anthropology (particularly
521:
Music theory is a field of study that describes the elements of music and includes the development and application of methods for composing and for analyzing music through both
2343:
214:
is a specialized form of applied musicology which is sometimes considered more closely affiliated with health fields, and other times regarded as part of musicology proper.
1798:
Sorce Keller, Marcello. "The
Emperor's New Clothes: Why Musicologies Do Not Always Wish to Know All They Could Know", in Victoria Lindsay Levine and Philip V. Bohlman.
1267:, has ever really believed that, although some musicians have been goaded into proclaiming it by the sillier interpretations of music with which we are often assailed.
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352:; and sport. Musical knowledge is applied within medicine, education and music therapy—which, effectively, are parent disciplines of applied musicology.
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positions must have a strong record of publishing in peer-reviewed journals. Some PhD-holding musicologists are only able to find insecure positions as
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home, community, churches, public schools, and teacher-training institutions as writers, patrons, and through their volunteer work in organizations.
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is a term applied since the late 1980s to a wide body of work emphasizing cultural study, analysis and criticism of music. Such work may be based on
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1389:'Popular musicology' should be read as the musicological investigation of popular music, rather than the accessible investigation of music!
64:
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1802:. Essays in Honor of Bruno Nettl. Lanham, MD / Boulder, CO / New York City / London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, pp. 366–377.
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480:, formerly comparative musicology, is the study of music in its cultural context. It is often considered the anthropology or
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and, on occasion, musical sound itself. Broadly, theory may include any statement, belief or conception of or about music (
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2018:
A list of open-access
European journals in the domains of music theory and/or analysis is available on the website of the
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McClary, Susan (2000). "Women and Music on the Verge of the New
Millennium (Special Issue: Feminists at a Millennium)",
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historian who established a record label producing 18 albums of the music of the early women of jazz and the blues.
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or other performance training. However, many top researchers in performance practice are also excellent musicians.
421:. On the other hand, some scholars take a broader view and assess the place of a given type of music, such as the
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465:, "fastidiously declares issues of musical signification off-limits to those engaged in legitimate scholarship."
568:, which emphasizes the use of computational models for human musical abilities and cognition, and the cognitive
68:
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572:, which studies the way that music perception and production manifests in the brain using the methodologies of
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which began publication in 1981. The same year an academic society solely devoted to the topic was formed, the
493:. For instance, Ko (2011) proposed the hypothesis of "Biliterate and Trimusical" in Hong Kong sociomusicology.
207:
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of music. When musicologists carry out research using computers, their research often falls under the field of
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2022:. A more complete list of open-access journals in theory and analysis can be found on the website of the
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Ockelford, Adam (2009). "Beyond music psychology". In Hallam, Susan; Cross, Ian; Thaut, Michael (eds.).
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and "historical musicology" is typically assumed to imply
Western Art music of the European tradition.
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in society using techniques drawn from other fields, such as economics, sociology or philosophy.
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Musicology also has two central, practically oriented sub-disciplines with no parent discipline:
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and compositional decisions. Broadly speaking, music theory in the
Western tradition focuses on
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in musicology. In the 1960s and 1970s, some musicologists obtained professor positions with an
198:, and the musical implications of physiology, psychology, sociology, philosophy and computing.
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New musicology was a reaction against traditional historical musicology, which according to
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On the growing role of observation, formalization and experimental method in musicology
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881:. Nevertheless, some women musicologists have reached the top ranks of the profession.
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Kojak – 50 Seconds of Television Music: Toward the Analysis of Affect in Popular Music
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Wieland Howe, Sandra (2015). "Women Music Educators in the United States: A History".
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has embraced questions such as how the early history of recording affected the use of
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An Analysis of Sociomusicology, Its Issues; and the Music and Society in Hong Kong
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Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth Century Popular Music
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who incorporates feminist music criticism in her work. McClary holds a PhD from
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413:
409:
370:
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Systematic musicology and the history and future of Western musical scholarship
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Philosophies of Music History: a Study of General Histories of Music, 1600–1960
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178:) to understand how and why people make music. Systematic musicology includes
132:
1820:
Tagg, Philip (1982). "Analysing Popular Music: Theory, Method and Practice",
1583:
1306:
529:, 1995). A person who studies or practices music theory is a music theorist.
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1579:.: First published in 1939; expanded and updated for republication in 1962.
862:
549:, and then uses these to explain large scale structure and the creation of
131:. Musicology research combines and intersects with many fields, including
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as "one of the world's most accomplished and admired music historians".
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The methods of historical musicology include source studies (especially
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4310:
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2210:
2170:
2150:
2023:
594:
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345:
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408:), musical analysis (analysis of music to find "inner coherence") and
381:. In practice, these research topics are more often considered within
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122:
111:
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1997:
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
1787:, pp. 452–454. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
625:
Musicologists in tenure track professor positions typically hold a
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2702:
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2338:
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2190:
2059:
2007:
2002:
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I doubt that anyone, except perhaps the nineteenth-century critic
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1987:
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1965:
870:
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643:
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2032:
1696:(1988). "Start Making Sense! Musicology Wrestles with Rock" in
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36:
4203:
117:
106:
1233:. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. p. 4.
1361:
Association for Chinese Music Research Bibliography in 2012
885:(born 1956) is an American musicologist who did her PhD at
1970:
4727:
List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field
162:
Musicology is traditionally divided into three branches:
2028:
1993:
International Association for the Study of Popular Music
1992:
1809:, pp. 38–45. The Mass Media Music Scholar's Press.
511:
International Association for the Study of Popular Music
2008:
The European Network for Theory & Analysis of Music
1921:
1916:
may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
621:
Music historian Jack Stewart lectures at a conference.
1430:
Tan, Siu-Lan; Pfordresher, Peter; Harré, Rom (2010).
1281:"Ethnomusicology as the Study of People Making Music"
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Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
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2020:
European Network for Theory & Analysis of Music
1481:"Rosetta Reitz, Champion of Jazz Women, Dies at 84"
714:
BACH: Journal of the Riemenschneider Bach Institute
1700:ed. by Frith and Goodwin (1990), pp. 277–292.
1643:McCollum, Jonathan and David Hebert, eds. (2014).
1586:" in Victor E. Taylor and Charles Winquist, eds.,
404:), style criticism, historiography (the choice of
1359:This book has been selected for inclusion in the
501:Popular music studies, known, "misleadingly", as
1765:Pruett, James W., and Thomas P. Slavens (1985).
1459:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 539.
1328:McCollum, Jonathan; Hebert, David, eds. (2014).
1645:Theory and Method in Historical Ethnomusicology
1432:Psychology of Music: From Sound to Significance
1330:Theory and Method in Historical Ethnomusicology
127:, 'domain of study') is the scholarly study of
1489:, 14 November 2008. Accessed 19 November 2008.
1231:Feminine Endings: Music, Gender, and Sexuality
901:(born 1946) is a musicologist associated with
243:The parent disciplines of musicology include:
4592:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
4219:
4106:
2044:
1590:, London: Routledge, 2003. pp. 153–159.
1529:, 20 November 2013. Accessed 10 December 2014
766:Journal of the American Musicological Society
8:
1824:, vol. 2, Theory and Method, pp. 37–67.
1575:. New ... ed. New York: Dover Publications.
1501:GEMS (Gender, Education, Music, and Society)
1976:AMS: Web sites of interest to Musicologists
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1848:(1978). "Toward a theory of pop harmony",
1760:Journal of Interdisciplinary Music Studies
1249:Critical Entertainments: Music Old and New
2688:Music technology (electronic and digital)
1966:International Musicological Society (IMS)
1952:Learn how and when to remove this message
1434:. New York: Psychology Press. p. 2.
1377:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2.
1296:
1251:. Harvard University Press. p. 264.
785:Journal of the Society for American Music
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
1170:Spring Handbook of Systematic Musicology
778:Journal of the Royal Musical Association
202:is the set of phenomena surrounding the
50:This article includes a list of general
1769:Chicago: American Library Association.
1725:. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
1588:Routledge Encyclopedia of Postmodernism
1457:The Oxford Handbook of Music Psychology
1332:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
1159:
879:elementary and secondary music teaching
916:Other notable women scholars include:
517:Music theory, analysis and composition
4679:National Endowment for the Humanities
4664:Humanities, arts, and social sciences
2226:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc
1855:
1417:
1201:Beard, David; Gloag, Kenneth (2005).
593:in classical music or instruments in
7:
4674:Moscow University for the Humanities
4645:Arts and Humanities Research Council
4602:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1521:"Abbate named University Professor"
699:International Musicological Society
3902:Classical and art music traditions
2334:History of lute-family instruments
2151:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat
1971:The American Musicological Society
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1279:Titon, Jeff Todd (January 2020).
909:. One of her best known works is
580:Performance practice and research
4074:
4073:
4060:
4046:
3618:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3093:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2693:Sound recording and reproduction
2146:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta
2024:Société Belge d'Analyse Musicale
1901:
1045:
889:. She has been described by the
194:, the science and technology of
41:
4722:Humanities in the United States
4570:American Journal of Archaeology
3922:Jazz and popular music glossary
1805:Tagg, Philip (1979, ed. 2000).
4597:Journal of Controversial Ideas
3163:Federated States of Micronesia
1988:The Society for American Music
1854:, 4, pp. 3–26., cited in
1247:(2001). "The New Musicology".
853:Category:Music theory journals
844:Yearbook for Traditional Music
771:American Musicological Society
331:and research, and the theory,
1:
2206:Philippine art songs—Kundiman
2126:Afghan classical music—Klasik
1767:Research Guide to Musicology.
1628:Everett, Walter, ed. (2000).
1571:Allen, Warren Dwight (1962).
1147:Virtual Library of Musicology
4617:Revue des Études Arméniennes
4067:Record production portal
3912:Cultural and regional genres
2171:Indonesian art music—Gamelan
1889:Resources in other libraries
1630:Expression in Pop-Rock Music
1203:Musicology: The Key Concepts
869:(1924–2008) was an American
722:Black Music Research Journal
123:
112:
2683:Music technology (electric)
2221:Thai classical music—Piphat
2176:Japanese court music—Gagaku
1998:Society for Ethnomusicology
1785:Harvard Dictionary of Music
1783:, ed. (4th edition, 2003).
1665:Empirical Musicology Review
743:Society for Ethnomusicology
32:Musicology (disambiguation)
4801:
2329:History of the harpsichord
2216:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka
1603:Interpreting Popular Music
1407:Cambridge University Press
1402:Popular Music - All Issues
1373:Moore, Allan, ed. (2003).
1347:. Hong Kong: Ko Ka Shing.
850:
118:
107:
29:
4732:Outline of the humanities
4712:Criticism of mass culture
4684:National Humanities Medal
4192:
4128:
4040:
2874:
2156:Chinese traditional music
1884:Resources in your library
1715:25/4 (Summer): 1283–1286.
1658:Honing, Henkjan (2006). "
1647:. Lanham, MD: Lexington.
1619:, "What is Musicology?",
1082:List of musicology topics
828:Perspectives of New Music
758:The Journal of Musicology
663:their program includes a
231:. This was influenced by
4717:Educational essentialism
4354:Interdisciplinary fields
3038:Central African Republic
2581:Computational musicology
2131:Andalusi classical music
2003:Society for Music Theory
1601:Brackett, David (1995).
1582:Babich, Babette (2003) "
1173:. Springer. p. 40.
1122:Psychoanalysis and music
1072:Computational musicology
813:Society for Music Theory
675:of the School of Music.
208:computational musicology
27:Scholarly study of music
4195:List of music theorists
3927:Music genres and styles
2231:Western classical music
2201:Persian classical music
1800:This Thing Called Music
1375:Analyzing Popular Music
1298:10.4312/mz.51.2.175-185
1012:Rose Rosengard Subotnik
800:Music Educators Journal
750:Journal of Music Theory
454:theory, or the work of
71:more precise citations.
4780:Humanities occupations
4505:Liberal arts education
3907:Classical music genres
2983:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2524:Doctor of Musical Arts
2349:History of the trumpet
2161:Indian classical music
1738:Rock: The Primary Text
1723:Studying Popular Music
874:
622:
574:cognitive neuroscience
4581:History of Humanities
3733:São Tomé and Príncipe
3608:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3588:Republic of the Congo
2354:History of the violin
1736:Moore, A. F. (2001).
1584:Postmodern Musicology
1092:Music and mathematics
1077:List of musicologists
865:
820:The Musical Quarterly
808:Music Theory Spectrum
620:
613:Education and careers
570:neuroscience of music
497:Popular music studies
361:Historical musicology
277:cultural anthropology
229:cultural anthropology
225:physical anthropology
168:systematic musicology
4785:Occupations in music
4737:Renaissance humanism
4669:Master of Humanities
3803:United Arab Emirates
2576:Cognitive musicology
1922:improve this article
1828:van der Merwe, Peter
1545:MacArthur Foundation
1285:Musicological Annual
1167:Bader, Rolf (2018).
972:Liudmila Kovnatskaya
932:Adrienne Fried Block
887:Princeton University
587:performance practice
566:cognitive musicology
329:performance practice
318:Information sciences
200:Cognitive musicology
30:For other uses, see
4775:Philosophy of music
4656:Geisteswissenschaft
4622:Teaching Philosophy
4401:Abductive reasoning
3953:Aesthetics of music
3768:Trinidad and Tobago
2903:Antigua and Barbuda
2387:Band (rock and pop)
2311:Musical instruments
2186:Lao classical music
1934:footnote references
1781:Randel, Don Michael
1678:. London: Fontana.
1625:7 (May 1999), 31–33
1526:The Harvard Gazette
1343:Ko, C.K.S. (2011).
1107:Musical temperament
1062:Aesthetics of music
982:Elizabeth Eva Leach
730:Early Music History
656:sessional lecturers
196:musical instruments
4743:Studia Humanitatis
4015:Musical instrument
3983:Music and politics
3113:Dominican Republic
2861:By sovereign state
2181:Korean court music
2141:Azerbaijani Mugham
1981:2020-01-27 at the
1719:Middleton, Richard
1622:BBC Music Magazine
1486:The New York Times
1132:Set theory (music)
947:Sandra Jean Graham
907:Harvard University
875:
836:The World of Music
686:19th-Century Music
660:Music Appreciation
623:
503:popular musicology
239:Parent disciplines
204:cognitive modeling
4752:
4751:
4472:General knowledge
4455:Cultural literacy
4389:
4388:
4323:Religious studies
4259:Classical studies
4201:
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4087:
3973:Music and fashion
3968:Music and emotion
3870:
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3138:Equatorial Guinea
2634:A-side and B-side
2539:Music archaeology
2514:Bachelor of Music
2362:
2361:
2296:Psychedelic music
2291:Progressive music
2211:Scottish Ceòl Mór
1962:
1961:
1954:
1870:Library resources
1752:Parncutt, Richard
1653:978-0-7391-6826-4
1596:978-0-415-30886-1
1479:Martin, Douglas.
1466:978-0-19-929845-7
1441:978-1-84169-868-7
1384:978-0-521-77120-7
1354:978-9-881-58021-4
1258:978-0-674-00684-3
1212:978-0-415-31692-7
1117:Prehistoric music
1087:Music and emotion
1032:Helen Walker-Hill
1022:Anahit Tsitsikian
967:Tammy L. Kernodle
792:Musica Disciplina
694:Acta Musicologica
456:Theodor W. Adorno
406:historical method
402:textual criticism
97:
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16:(Redirected from
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3553:Papua New Guinea
3418:Marshall Islands
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2549:Music psychology
2434:Backing vocalist
2271:Electronic music
2114:
2068:History of music
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811:(1979–present) (
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1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1027:Sherrie Tucker
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
962:Amelia Ishmael
959:
954:
952:Ursula Günther
949:
944:
942:Suzanne Cusick
939:
934:
929:
924:
918:
903:new musicology
883:Carolyn Abbate
859:
856:
849:
848:
840:
839:(1957−present)
832:
831:(1962–present)
824:
823:(1915–present)
816:
804:
796:
795:(1946–present)
788:
781:
774:
762:
754:
746:
734:
726:
718:
717:(1970–present)
710:
702:
690:
689:(1977–present)
680:
677:
614:
611:
581:
578:
558:
555:
518:
515:
498:
495:
474:
471:
444:gender studies
435:New musicology
430:
429:New musicology
427:
375:music of India
362:
359:
357:
356:Subdisciplines
354:
325:
324:
315:
306:
297:
288:
279:
270:
261:(particularly
256:
251:
240:
237:
219:
216:
176:field research
95:
94:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4797:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4770:Music history
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4650:Human science
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4366:Environmental
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4269:Language arts
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4081:
4080:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:Music therapy
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3813:United States
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:Liechtenstein
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:Guinea-Bissau
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2714:Cultural and
2710:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:Extended play
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2611:Zoomusicology
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Ecomusicology
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Biomusicology
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Music history
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Improvisation
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:Lead vocalist
2427:
2426:
2425:
2424:Military band
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:Hip hop music
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2266:Country music
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Ottoman music
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2026:(in French).
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1945:
1942:February 2016
1935:
1931:
1930:inappropriate
1927:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:0-19-816305-3
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1822:Popular Music
1819:
1816:
1815:0-9701684-0-3
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:0-674-01163-5
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:0-8389-0331-2
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:0-7546-0298-2
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1731:0-335-15275-9
1728:
1724:
1721:(1990/2002).
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1706:0-394-56475-8
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:Robert Walser
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:0-00-197170-0
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:0-8153-3160-6
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:0-520-22541-4
1608:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1548:. 1 July 1995
1547:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1205:. Routledge.
1204:
1197:
1194:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1127:Scale (music)
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:Elaine Sisman
1000:
998:
997:Rosetta Reitz
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
937:Marcia Citron
935:
933:
930:
928:
927:Margaret Bent
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:Susan McClary
896:
894:
893:
888:
884:
880:
872:
868:
867:Rosetta Reitz
864:
858:Role of women
857:
854:
846:
845:
841:
838:
837:
833:
830:
829:
825:
822:
821:
817:
814:
810:
809:
805:
802:
801:
797:
794:
793:
789:
787:
786:
782:
780:
779:
775:
772:
768:
767:
763:
760:
759:
755:
752:
751:
747:
744:
741:(1953–2003) (
740:
739:
735:
732:
731:
727:
724:
723:
719:
716:
715:
711:
708:
707:
703:
700:
697:(1928–2014) (
696:
695:
691:
688:
687:
683:
682:
678:
676:
674:
670:
666:
661:
657:
651:
649:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
619:
612:
610:
606:
604:
598:
596:
592:
588:
579:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
556:
554:
552:
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507:Popular Music
504:
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468:
467:Charles Rosen
464:
463:Susan McClary
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4741:
4705:Philistinism
4700:Antihumanism
4654:
4626:
4612:Nova Religio
4579:
4497:
4477:Hermeneutics
4432:
4425:
4305:
4249:Anthropology
4163:
4122:Music theory
4072:
4058:
4044:
3833:Vatican City
3783:Turkmenistan
3683:South Africa
3653:Sierra Leone
3633:Saudi Arabia
3008:Burkina Faso
2668:Record label
2565:
2554:Music school
2414:Concert band
2324:Angular harp
2251:Circus music
2136:Arabic music
2017:
1948:
1939:
1924:by removing
1911:
1874:
1858:, p. 9.
1849:
1831:
1821:
1806:
1799:
1784:
1766:
1759:
1737:
1722:
1712:
1697:
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1644:
1629:
1620:
1602:
1587:
1576:
1572:
1550:. Retrieved
1543:
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1524:
1516:
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1500:
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1484:
1475:
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1450:
1431:
1425:
1420:, p. 4.
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1323:
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1284:
1274:
1262:
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1239:
1230:
1221:
1202:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1169:
1162:
1053:Music portal
1007:Hedi Stadlen
992:Carol J. Oja
987:Ottalie Mark
915:
910:
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890:
876:
842:
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826:
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764:
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736:
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684:
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624:
607:
603:conservatory
599:
583:
560:
547:counterpoint
535:
531:
520:
506:
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500:
476:
460:
452:postcolonial
448:queer theory
433:
432:
400:(especially
394:palaeography
387:
364:
326:
304:neuroscience
242:
221:
180:music theory
161:
116:'music' and
99:
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77:October 2018
74:
55:
4554:Work of art
4522:Metaphysics
4483:Historicism
4328:Visual arts
4254:Archaeology
4242:Disciplines
4159:Mathematics
4148:Composition
3937:Terminology
3917:Instruments
3723:Switzerland
3693:South Sudan
3688:South Korea
3613:Saint Lucia
3568:Philippines
3513:North Korea
3493:New Zealand
3488:Netherlands
3293:Ivory Coast
3133:El Salvador
2878:Afghanistan
2845:Micronesian
2646:Compilation
2559:Composition
2454:Composition
2419:Disc jockey
2392:Backup band
2319:Arched Harp
2076:Prehistoric
1754:. (2007). "
1405:(journal),
1142:World music
1017:Judith Tick
847:(1981–2003)
803:(1934–2007)
761:(1982–2004)
753:(1957–2002)
733:(1981–2002)
725:(1980–2004)
709:(1968–2002)
706:Asian Music
482:ethnography
414:biographies
410:iconography
371:art history
338:linguistics
322:mathematics
282:Archaeology
227:, but also
69:introducing
4765:Musicology
4759:Categories
4515:Quadrivium
4440:Creativity
4406:Aesthetics
4333:Filmmaking
4318:Philosophy
4274:Literature
4235:Humanities
4179:Set theory
4174:Psychology
4169:Philosophy
4164:Musicology
4153:Definition
4133:Aesthetics
3823:Uzbekistan
3743:Tajikistan
3648:Seychelles
3628:San Marino
3463:Mozambique
3453:Montenegro
3423:Mauritania
3388:Madagascar
3383:Luxembourg
3338:Kyrgyzstan
3313:Kazakhstan
3118:East Timor
3068:Costa Rica
3033:Cape Verde
2943:Bangladesh
2928:Azerbaijan
2850:Polynesian
2840:Melanesian
2622:Production
2601:Organology
2566:Musicology
2301:Soul music
2256:Folk music
2241:Vernacular
1875:Musicology
1856:Moore 2003
1762:, 1, 1–32.
1676:Musicology
1552:18 January
1418:Moore 2003
1154:References
851:See also:
484:of music.
392:studies),
390:manuscript
379:rock music
342:literature
300:Physiology
291:Psychology
286:prehistory
263:aesthetics
259:Philosophy
218:Background
190:, musical
184:aesthetics
133:psychology
100:Musicology
52:references
4587:Humanitas
4499:Humanitas
4488:Historism
4450:Criticism
4343:Sculpture
3958:Album era
3838:Venezuela
3703:Sri Lanka
3658:Singapore
3543:Palestine
3498:Nicaragua
3428:Mauritius
3378:Lithuania
3263:Indonesia
3218:Guatemala
2918:Australia
2908:Argentina
2828:Caribbean
2782:Southeast
2507:and study
2505:Education
2495:Technique
2376:Ensembles
2286:Pop music
2118:Art music
2096:Religious
1926:excessive
1698:On Record
1315:191062139
1307:2350-4242
419:art songs
398:philology
309:Acoustics
295:sociology
273:Ethnology
267:semiotics
192:acoustics
145:neurology
141:acoustics
137:sociology
4638:Academia
4607:Leonardo
4575:Daedalus
4563:Journals
4527:Ontology
4416:The arts
4338:Painting
4284:Rhetoric
4138:Analysis
4079:Category
3892:Timeline
3863:Zimbabwe
3753:Thailand
3748:Tanzania
3713:Suriname
3668:Slovenia
3663:Slovakia
3578:Portugal
3558:Paraguay
3533:Pakistan
3448:Mongolia
3403:Maldives
3398:Malaysia
3323:Kiribati
3243:Honduras
3158:Ethiopia
3153:Eswatini
3108:Dominica
3103:Djibouti
3058:Colombia
3023:Cameroon
3018:Cambodia
3003:Bulgaria
2988:Botswana
2948:Barbados
2835:Oceanian
2789:European
2745:Southern
2678:Sampling
2475:Notation
2409:Big band
2371:Musician
2101:Biblical
1979:Archived
1830:(1989).
1674:(1985).
1265:Hanslick
1229:(1991).
1186:5 August
1137:Tonality
1039:See also
523:notation
440:feminist
423:symphony
350:theology
333:analysis
247:General
188:pedagogy
4693:Related
4628:more...
4510:Trivium
4460:Culture
4434:Bildung
4376:Medical
4361:Digital
4311:Theatre
4264:History
4143:Aspects
3988:Warfare
3887:Outline
3843:Vietnam
3828:Vanuatu
3818:Uruguay
3798:Ukraine
3773:Tunisia
3678:Somalia
3638:Senegal
3593:Romania
3508:Nigeria
3473:Namibia
3468:Myanmar
3458:Morocco
3438:Moldova
3363:Liberia
3358:Lesotho
3353:Lebanon
3298:Jamaica
3278:Ireland
3253:Iceland
3248:Hungary
3213:Grenada
3198:Germany
3193:Georgia
3173:Finland
3148:Estonia
3143:Eritrea
3123:Ecuador
3098:Denmark
3073:Croatia
3063:Comoros
3013:Burundi
2978:Bolivia
2958:Belgium
2953:Belarus
2938:Bahrain
2933:Bahamas
2923:Austria
2913:Armenia
2893:Andorra
2888:Algeria
2883:Albania
2762:Central
2730:Central
2725:African
2108:Secular
2091:Martial
2081:Ancient
1920:Please
1912:use of
1842:(1992).
646:and an
595:Klezmer
591:vibrato
543:harmony
346:theater
249:history
113:mousikē
108:μουσική
65:improve
4549:Wisdom
4481:
4421:Beauty
4394:Themes
4381:Public
4371:Health
4279:Poetry
4184:Tuning
3897:Albums
3858:Zambia
3793:Uganda
3788:Tuvalu
3778:Turkey
3738:Taiwan
3718:Sweden
3643:Serbia
3603:Rwanda
3598:Russia
3573:Poland
3548:Panama
3523:Norway
3443:Monaco
3433:Mexico
3393:Malawi
3348:Latvia
3333:Kuwait
3328:Kosovo
3308:Jordan
3283:Israel
3233:Guyana
3223:Guinea
3208:Greece
3188:Gambia
3178:France
3083:Cyprus
3028:Canada
2998:Brunei
2993:Brazil
2973:Bhutan
2963:Belize
2898:Angola
2869:
2799:Nordic
2794:Balkan
2629:Single
2534:Method
2485:Lyrics
2449:Theory
1872:about
1838:
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527:Boretz
170:, and
124:-logia
119:-λογια
102:(from
54:, but
4306:Music
4301:Dance
3932:Songs
3882:Index
3875:Lists
3853:Yemen
3763:Tonga
3728:Syria
3708:Sudan
3698:Spain
3623:Samoa
3583:Qatar
3538:Palau
3503:Niger
3483:Nepal
3478:Nauru
3413:Malta
3368:Libya
3318:Kenya
3303:Japan
3288:Italy
3258:India
3238:Haiti
3203:Ghana
3183:Gabon
3128:Egypt
3053:China
3048:Chile
2968:Benin
2777:South
2757:Asian
2740:North
2703:Remix
2698:Cover
2656:Remix
2470:Genre
2339:Nafir
2261:Blues
2243:music
2086:Dance
2060:Music
1713:Signs
1507:(4).
1311:S2CID
673:Chair
637:or a
233:Hegel
129:music
104:Greek
4465:High
4025:Folk
3758:Togo
3563:Peru
3528:Oman
3408:Mali
3343:Laos
3273:Iraq
3268:Iran
3168:Fiji
3078:Cuba
3043:Chad
2767:East
2750:West
2735:East
2651:Live
2490:Song
2465:Form
2281:Jazz
1836:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1702:ISBN
1680:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1634:ISBN
1607:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1554:2021
1461:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1349:ISBN
1303:ISSN
1253:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1188:2019
1175:ISBN
871:jazz
669:Dean
648:Ed.D
644:M.Ed
635:BMus
545:and
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320:and
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