586:, and the island's musical culture is perceived as a mixture of African and British musics, with certain unique elements that may derive from indigenous sources. Tension between African and British culture has long been a major element of Barbadian history, and has included the banning of certain African-derived practices and black Barbadian parodies of British traditions. Simple entertainment is the basis for most Barbadians' participation in music and dance activities, though religious and other functional musics also occur. Barbadian folk culture declined in importance in the 20th century, but then rekindled in the 1970s, when many Barbadians became interested in their national culture and history. This change was heralded by the arrival of
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Quebec who added his own creativity by infusing
African rhythms and Latin patterns. Each track on the album carries its own unique blend. The track "Come and Buy (Isaiah 55)" has a Meringue pattern that was altered to fit the Spouge rhythm; "In the Same Boat" has a Senagalese mbalax pattern. The congas are playing a GuaguancĂł pattern in "Drop by Drop"; and in the "Christmas I Believe In" track, the Spouge and the Cuban Bomba rhythms are played alternatively on the drum set. Very interesting combination! Of note, the song "Singing Over Me" is most likely the first Spouge song to be ever composed in the 3/4 time signature.
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constantly available, providing entertainment, edification and general education to all people of
Barbados. North American love songs, parlor songs, African-American spirituals and folk hymns, and hillbilly music have also contributed to a cultural mixture in which the love of a song, the expression through movement, and demand for theater continue to be of paramount importance".
876:" dance was an important part of Barbadian culture until it was banned in the 19th century. This was a popular fertility dance performed outdoors at plantation fairs and other festivals, and was functional in that it allowed women to show off to men and, more rarely, vice versa. The dance was eventually banned because it was associated with non-Christian African traditions.
1279:", which is one of the most-played songs on the party scene in Barbados and through the world. "Walk Away From Love" remained at number one on the charts for months both in Barbados and throughout the Caribbean. The new wave of singers, largely soca, include Rupee, Lil' Rick and Jabae with lead vocalist Bruce and Barry Chandler, all recent winners at
1696:, and there are few opportunities for most people to become formally educated in music of any kind. The elders of the island, who are the most educated in oral traditions, are held in high esteem due to their knowledge of folk culture. Modern Barbados is home to several institutions of musical education. There are dedicated schools for
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1689:. Due to a lack of archaeological and historical records, the island's indigenous music is unknown. Since the 1970s, an increase in general interest in Barbadian culture has spurred greater study of music, and given an incentive to radio and television stations to create and maintain archives of cultural practices.
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accompaniment was provided by triangle, fiddle, drums and a guitar, played by slave entertainers. Crop over festivals continue to play a part of
Barbadian culture, and always feature music by performers in sugarcane-cutting costumes, even though many modern performers are not themselves sugarcane-cutters.
763:
Early
Barbadian folk music, despite legal restrictions, was a major part of life among the island's slave population. For the slaves, music was "essential for recreation and dancing and as a part of the life cycle for communication and religious meaning". African musicians also provided the music for
755:
Barbadian culture and music are mixtures of
European and African elements, with minimal influence from the indigenous peoples of the island, about whom little is known. Significant numbers of Asian, specifically Chinese and Japanese, people have moved to Barbados, but their music is unstudied and has
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to the island which featured a mixture of Latin music with
African influences which soon developed into Soca-Samba which is indigenous to Barbados. Modern Barbadian music is thus largely a combination of English and African elements, with Irish, Scottish, and modern American and Caribbean (especially
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Though inhabited prior to the 16th century, little is known about
Barbadian music before the arrival of the Portuguese in 1536 and then the English in 1627. The Portuguese left little influence, but English culture and music helped shape the island's heritage. Irish and Scottish settlers emigrated in
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tradition and many folk songs come from slaves parodying the practices of white authorities. British-Barbadians used music for cultural and intellectual enrichment and to feel a sense of kinship and connection with the
British Isles through the maintenance of British musical forms. Plantation houses
2154:
Millington, p. 820. Millington lists the
American and British influences as including Welsh, Scottish and Irish elements, "transmitted through literature and poetry (Shakespeare and Milton), rhymes, folk songs, sea shanties, classical music, hymns, and other songs of praise (all of which have) been
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flute. Tuk bands are now most common in
Landship events, but are still sometimes independent. On their own, tuk bands are generally accompanied by a range of iconic Barbadian characters, including "shaggy bears", "mother sally", "the steel donkey" and "green monkeys". The upbeat modern sound of tuk
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triangle and a snare and double-headed bass drum. The kittle and bass drum provide the rhythm, while the flute gives the melody. The drums are light-weight so they can be carried easily, and are made by both rural villagers and drummers using cured sheepskin and goatskin. Tuk bands are based on the
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The original crop over festival celebrated the end of the sugarcane harvest. These festivals were held in the great house of the plantations, and included both slaves and plantation managers. Celebrations included drinking competitions, feasting, song and dance, and climbing a greased pole. Musical
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Rock music is alive and well in Barbados, there have been several bands through the years that perform alternative, rock and even metal music. Most recently the Alt/Rock/Metal band Standing Penance formed in 2009. The band continues to operate in present-day and is the only act of this genre to be
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and other navy ranks. Each unit is named like a typical navy ship and may include actual names of British ships or places. Landship performances symbolize and reflect the passage of ships through rough seas. Parades, jigs, hornpipes, maypole dances and other music and dance types are a part of the
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In 2024 "Pure Spouge Gospel" EP album was released which features five original songs written and performed by Lana Spooner-Jack in the Barbadian-owned genre Spouge. The music for the album was composed by mixing and mastering engineer Jeffrey Y. Grosvenor at his studio "Edge Cliff", in Gatineau,
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By the 19th century, the Barbadian colonialists grew to fear slave revolts, and specifically, the use of music as a tool of communication and planning for revolution. As a result, the government passed laws to restrict musical activities among slaves. At the same time, American and other forms of
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The earliest reference to Afro-Barbadian music may come from a description of a slave rebellion, in which the rebels were inspired to fight by music played on skin drums, conch trumpets and animal horns. Slavery continued, however, and the colonial and slaveowning authorities eventually outlawed
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is a distinctive instrument, made by stretching a guitar string between two sides of a house. Traditional Barbadian wind instruments are largely metal, but in their folk origins, were made out of locally found materials. Barbadian villagers burned fingerholes, for example, on bamboo tubes, made
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style. Calypso was the first popular music in Barbados, and dates back to the 1930s. Barbadian calypso is a comedic song form, accompanied by guitar and banjo. More recent styles of calypso have also kept a local scene alive, and produced a number of famous calypsonians. Spouge is a mixture of
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harvest, and is inaugurated by the ritual delivery of the last of the harvest on a cart pulled by mules. The champion sugarcane workers are crowned King and Queen for the event. In addition to crop over, music plays an important role in many other Barbadian holidays and festivals. The Easter
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festivals, for example, are popular and an iconic part of Barbadian culture, known for dancing in the costumes of sugarcane-cutters. The Landship movement features song and dance meant to imitate the passage of a Royal Navy ship through rough seas; Landship and other occasions also feature
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featured music as entertainment at balls, dances and other gatherings. For Afro-Barbadians, drum, vocal and dance music was an integral part of everyday life, and songs and performance practices were created for normal, everyday events, as well as special celebrations including
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Academic study of Barbadian music remains limited. Some song collections and other activities have been conducted, but there remain significant holes in scholarship, such as the musics of recent immigrants from China and India, who presumably have brought with them styles of
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in 1984 helped to promote and administer calypso festivals, which attracted tourists, stimulating the calypso industry. As a result, calypso has become a very visible and iconic part of Barbadian culture, and some calypsonians have become internationally renowned, including
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British military's regimental bands, which played for many years for special occasions, such as visiting royalty and coronations. The tuk sound has evolved over the years, as has the instrumentation, with the bow-fiddle used before being most commonly replaced by the
1196:, tea meetings have recently been revived and have regained their widespread popularity. They are held at nighttime, beginning at 9:00 pm and continuing until midnight, when there is a two-hour break for food and drink before the tea meeting is resumed.
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Though Western classical and other musics play an important role in Anglican church services on Barbados, religion and folk music are closely intertwined in the everyday lives of most Barbadians. The basis for religious folk music is the Anglican
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in Bridgetown in 1961 helped to keep this scene alive. With independence in 1966 came a focus on black Barbadian culture, and music like calypso, reggae and spouge, rather than the preoccupation with British standards of musical development.
1592:, a pianist who had learned to play many styles while living in Trinidad during a time when American soldiers were stationed there, providing a ready market for bands that could play American music. Other musicians of this period included
1386:. The first calypso competitions were held in 1960, and they quickly grew larger and more prominent. The Merrymen became the island's most prominent contribution to calypso by the 1970s and into the 1980s. Their style, known as
601:
The religious music of the Barbadian Christian churches plays an important role in Barbadian musical identity, especially in urban areas. Many distinctive Barbadian musical and other cultural traditions derive from parodies of
840:), exemplify his eclectic style. More than any of his contemporaries, Kellman, through his songs, poems and novels, demonstrates what it means to be Barbadian through a hybrid mix of African and European cultural elements.
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Millington, p. 818. Millington notes that crop over festivals "continue, with newspaper articles telling of choices of venues where dances are organized by a local who is popular and credible in the eyes of the
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of the Draytons Two being among people indicating that spouge should be encouraged because it is a national form that can reach international audiences and inspire the nation's pride in their cultural heritage.
1237:, and became very popular in the 1960s, around the same time as the Barbadian jazz scene grew in stature and became home to a number of famous performers. Modern Barbadian popular music is largely based around
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were well-known forerunners of modern Barbadian calypso. Their song tradition embraced sentimentality, humour, and opinionated lyrics that continued to the 1960s, often by then accompanied by guitar or banjo.
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Millington, p. 821. Millington describes the keepers of oral knowledge as "guardians of the cultural heritage (of Barbados)", whose positions of respect have made them "especially revered" within their local
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The Barbadian folk tradition is home to a great variety of musical instruments, imported from Africa, Great Britain or other Caribbean islands. The most central instrument group in Barbadian culture is the
1716:, though it has a campus on Barbados, does not offer degree programmes in music. As a matter of fact, only recently has the university started offering students the opportunity to pursue a minor in music.
1655:. In 1983, however, the Belair Jazz Club closed, and was not replaced by any long-term clubs. Later in the 1980s, jazz declined greatly in popularity, though The National Cultural foundation organized the
590:, a popular national genre that reflects Barbadian heritage and African origins; spouge helped kindle a resurgence in national pride, and became viewed as Barbados' answer to the popular Caribbean genres
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musical instruments among slaves. By the end of the 17th century, a distinctly Barbadian folk culture developed, based around influences and instruments from Africa, Britain and other Caribbean islands.
1632:. The genre had developed by 1965, when original works such as "Jouvert Morning" and "Calypso Lament" were composed. Artists including the pianist Adrian Clarke became popular during the '60s as well.
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The Barbadian Landship movement is an informal entertainment organization which mocks, through mimicry and satire, the Royal Navy. Landship began in 1837, founded by an individual known variously as
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has become a part of Barbadian religious and musical traditions since the 1920s. Music plays a role in Pentecostal ceremonies, and is provided by emotional and improvised performances accompanied
1145:. In more recent years, calypso, reggae and other new elements have become a part of local Christmas traditions. As recently as the 1960s, Barbados was home to a distinctive practice, in which
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1712:. Music is a part of the curriculum for early childhood as well as primary and secondary education. The Barbados Community College has an associate degree programme in music. However, the
1024:, a kind of praise song mostly sung on Sundays, a day when Christian Barbadians come together with family members to sing and praise God to ask for strength for the next week's work.
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810:; this song tradition dates back to 1650. The most influential Barbadian folk songs are associated with the island's lower-class labourers, who have held on to their folk heritage.
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Some Barbadian songs and stories made their way back to England, most famously "Inckle the English Sailor" and "Yarico the Indian Maid", which became English plays and an opera by
828:, show a bold fusion of indigenous rhythms such as tuk and calypso with African, Latin, jazz, pop, and East Indian influences. Kellman's songs such as "Mountain" (from 2000 album
1472:. Of these, the cowbell and the guitar are widely seen as the most integral part of the instrumentation, and are said to reflect the African origin of much of Barbadian music.
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and other religious music, chamber music of the Western tradition remains an important part of Barbadian music through an integral role in the services of the Anglican church.
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writes thoughtful poetic lyrics delivered in a musical style deeply rooted in Barbadian indigenous folk music with strong elements of African and Latin influences. His albums
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is a syncretic mix of African and British elements, and the island's music reflects this mix through song types and styles, instrumentation, dances, and aesthetic principles.
1659:, which after a brief hiatus due to lack of sponsorship was resurrected by Gilbert Rowe of GMR international tours. Other performances were organized by a group called the
1778:. On 30 November, the Barbadian Independence Day, military bands in parades play marches, calypsos and other popular songs. This is preceded for several weeks by the
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had risen to fame advocating reform. In that year, Payne was deported and riots broke out in Bridgetown, spreading throughout the island. The following year, the
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1097:. The structure of the Landship organization mirrors the structure of the Royal Navy, with a "ship" which is connected to a "dock" (a wooden house similar to a
475:
1663:. More jazz calypso fusion musicians appeared on the scene during this period, including Arturo Tappin, Nicholas Brancker, Andre Woodvine and Raf Robertson.
1619:. Though mainstream audiences were still listening to R&B and rock, modern jazz retained a small core of followers into the 1960s. The foundation of the
798:. Many traditional songs concern events current at the time of their composition, such as the emancipation of the slaves of Barbados, and the coronations of
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De Ledesma, Charles; Georgia Popplewell (2000). "Put Water in the Brandy?". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James; Duane, Orla (eds.).
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Millington, p. 816. Millington notes that "(l)inks, fusion and tension between African and British cultural expressions are still currently manifested."
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743:. Barbados became home to many performers of these new genres, especially soca and calypso, while the island also produced an indigenous style called
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became popular on the island, and many jazz bands found themselves pushed aside. A wave of Guyanese musicians also appeared on the island, including
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421:. Barbados is, along with Guadeloupe, Martinique, Trinidad, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, one of the few centres for Caribbean jazz.
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comprises an all-star orchestra accompanied by pop and rock stars, Broadway performers, opera singers, and film composers as featured guests.
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industry, bringing still more new music to the island. The middle of the 17th century saw the decline of the tobacco industry and the rise of
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1070:, Christmas, and Easter are important, each associated with their own musical traditions, as are distinctly Barbadian festivities like the
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is a genre of music from the United States that reached Barbados by the end of the 1920s. The first major performer from the island was
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1409:, a form of stage-presented calypso pioneered in Trinidad, was widespread at crop over and other celebrations. The foundation of the
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Millington, pp. 813–814, 817, 820–821. Millington describes a 1981 collection of narrative, social, and children's songs,
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cult that spread to Barbados in the 1960s. One of the more Internationally known religious music groups from Barbados are
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2184:(Marshall, McGeary, and Thompson, 1981), (as belying the notion) that no indigenous or oral tradition exists in Barbados.
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being the most famous. It has, however, created a well-developed local scene playing imported styles such as American
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A number of holidays, festivals and other celebrations play an integral role in Barbadian folk, and popular, music.
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and Mike Wilkinson. These performers set the stage for the development of popular Barbadian calypso in the 1960s.
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are celebrations held in society lodges or school halls, and feature both solo and group performance, theatrical
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Barbadian Christmas music is mostly based on church and concert hall performances, where typical North American
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s, also emerged. In the 20th century, many new styles were imported to Barbados, most influentially including
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Contemporary Barbadian folk songs, especially through the pioneering albums of author and singer-songwriter
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the white landowners' private parties, while the slaves developed their own party music, culminating in the
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imported music were brought to Barbados, while many important elements of modern Barbadian music, such as
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to Barbados, and the Barbadian calypso style came to be viewed as lowbrow or inferior. Promoters such as
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1491:). The spouge industry grew immensely by the end of the 1970s, and produced popular stars including The
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had a major influence. In 1937, riots over poverty and disenfranchisement occurred, and people such as
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1448:, but is also influenced by a wide variety of musics from the British Isles and United States, include
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2014:
Millington, p. 817. Millington refers to the hymn as the "basis for Barbadians' religious experience".
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to both provide security for the island's population, as well as intimidate slaves. Modern Barbadian
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Okada, Yuki. JVC Smithsonian Folkways Video Anthology of Music and Dance of the Americas, 4 (1995).
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Rough Guide to World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific
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String and wind instruments play an important role in Barbadian folk culture, especially the bow-
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1647:'s 1976 performance in Trinidad also inspired Barbadian musicians, as did the radio programme
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Barbados has produced few internationally popular musicians, with worldwide pop superstar
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1643:'s performance in Bridgetown in 1972 is said to be the first Caribbean jazz festival.
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1833:. The island's music industry is home to several recording studios, the largest being
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and numerous traditional songs and dances. In modern Barbados, popular styles include
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1507:. Recent years has seen a resurgence of interest in spouge among some quarters, with
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festival, which began in 1688. The earliest crop over festivals featured dancing and
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travelled from house to house singing hymns and receiving rewards from households.
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1708:. A number of schools sponsor orchestras, steelbands and tuk bands, including the
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1749:, for example features a street party with music to celebrate the signing of the
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competitions and parades, especially leading up to the first Monday in August,
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As political awareness among the black majority on the island spread, so did
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In the early 1960s, Barbadian calypso grew in popularity and stature, led by
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is the most socially accepted form of musical expression for Barbadians in
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ensembles are a distinctly Barbadian blend of African and British musics.
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have been described as groundbreaking due to his highly original style.
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Carrington, Sean; Addington Forde; Henry Frasier; John Gilmore (2004).
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David, Hinkson (26 March 2004). "Does spouge have a future? Part two".
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have used modern popular music with instrumentation borrowed from folk
1217:
1204:
1004:
984:
866:
701:
682:
71:
857:
African-derived improvised and complexly-rhythmic dances, and British
2564:
1975:
1810:
1790:, a recently organized street party that begins in April and ends on
1697:
1551:. With little recorded music on the island, radio broadcasts such as
1431:
1392:, incorporated Barbadian folk songs and ballads, as well as American
1336:
1238:
1229:
1161:
1051:
969:
961:
920:
848:
Barbadian folk dances include a wide variety of styles, performed at
744:
732:
670:
636:
591:
587:
410:
131:
101:
2724:
2604:
1989:
1604:
1259:
bands. Two of the more popular bands of Barbadian popular music are
852:, holidays and other occasions. Dancers and other performers at the
945:. More recently imported folk percussion instruments include the
393:
movement, which is a satirical, informal organization based on the
1767:
1692:
On modern Barbados, oral transmission remains the primary mode of
1581:
1548:
1405:
1400:, and a distinctive sound created by harmonica, guitar and banjo.
1393:
1242:
980:
965:
946:
779:
709:
666:
96:
91:
81:
1759:, which commemorates the arrival of the first settlers in 1627.
1524:
1344:
1249:, and includes some elements of indigenous styles. Artists like
1221:
1021:
908:
783:
724:
674:
3920:
3641:
3229:
2728:
2275:
972:; more modern groups also use an electric and bass guitar. The
794:
Barbadian traditional folk songs are heavily influenced by the
3026:
1441:
1234:
862:
728:
121:
2684:
Barbadian Popular Music and the Politics of Caribbean Culture
1990:"Anthony Kellman | Limestone | CD Baby Music Store"
1283:. A more experimental artist such as poet and fiction writer
431:
2091:(Video). Montpelier, Vermont: Multicultural Media VTMV-228.
1639:
launched a project to keep jazz alive on the island, while
1160:
bands are Barbadian musical ensembles, consisting of a bow-
2585:
Pinckney, Warren R. Jr (Spring 1994). "Jazz in Barbados".
1953:
The Civilised Island, Barbados: A Social History 1750-1816
1615:, a saxophonist who later joined the Police Band, and the
1038:
has spread to the island in more recent years, along with
1034:. In addition to the Anglican and Pentecostal traditions,
747:, which became an important symbol of Barbadian identity.
1801:
Other major musical institutions in Barbados include the
1588:. The first Barbadian bebop musician from the island was
1543:. These bandleaders played a variety of music, including
1475:
Two different kinds of spouge were popular in the 1960s,
2716:
Marshall, Trevor; Peggy McGeary; Grace Thompson (1981).
1436:
Spouge is a style of Barbadian popular music created by
1628:
arose during this period, pioneered by groups like the
953:
from Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic and Cuba, and the
832:); "King Jaja" and "My Dog, Your Dog" (from 2005 album
1651:, which was broadcast starting in the mid-'70s on the
1275:
has gone on to produce hit songs such as the classic "
1331:
The mid-20th century brought new forms of music from
3799:
3673:
3463:
3264:
3125:
3059:
2990:
2894:
2843:
2766:
1740:. The crop over festival celebrates the end of the
1440:in the 1960s. It is primarily a fusion of Jamaican
931:are also widespread, and include the pan-Antillean
2681:
1955:(Thesis). PhD dissertation. University of Florida.
1192:, and other activities. After declining following
1133:", alongside works by English composers including
1456:. Spouge instrumentation originally consisted of
786:and bottles containing varying amounts of water.
1755:and the fishing industry of the island, and the
899:, made from a hollowed-out tree trunk, the side
1780:National Independence Festival of Creative Arts
889:. These include numerous drums, among them the
1657:International Barbados/Caribbean Jazz Festival
3932:
3653:
3241:
2740:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
1050:religion, which derives from the Trinidadian
343:
8:
3578:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2711:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Macmillan Caribbean.
1547:, a kind of pop-jazz, Barbadian calypso and
1116:Council of the Barbados Landship Association
2623:Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Vol. 2
2471:Caribbean Islands Handbook with the Bahamas
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
481:Song by long-running popular calypso group
3939:
3925:
3917:
3660:
3646:
3638:
3248:
3234:
3226:
3065:
2996:
2900:
2849:
2747:
2733:
2725:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2280:University of the West Indies at Cave Hill
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1774:and sports are a major part of the Easter
1596:, a trumpeter and pianist, and bandleader
1062:Holidays, festivals and other celebrations
350:
336:
162:
151:
145:
28:
2058:
2056:
2054:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1710:St. Lucy Secondary School Steel Orchestra
821:, and first performed in London in 1787.
598:from Jamaica and Trinidad, respectively.
1946:
1944:
1732:, which is celebrated with song, dance,
1635:In the early 1970s, jazz fan and critic
1203:
366:includes distinctive national styles of
2620:Millington, Janice (1999). "Barbados".
1850:
251:
165:
156:
38:
2650:"Barbados Cropover Road March Winners"
2104:"Barbados Cropover Road March Winners"
907:of tuk bands. Folk musicians also use
756:had little impact on Barbadian music.
657:, including a variety of vocal music,
572:
389:Barbadian folk traditions include the
2136:from the original on 3 September 2005
1233:calypso and other styles, especially
1114:Landship Society's celebrations. The
7:
1996:from the original on 4 February 2016
1672:signed to an American record label.
425:Characteristics and musical identity
2720:. Bridgetown: Macmarson Associates.
2378:"Independence Day Military Parades"
3969:Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles
2398:"Independence Day Military Parade"
2349:"Independence Day Military Parade"
2330:from the original on 13 March 2015
2286:from the original on 13 March 2007
1857:De Ledesma and Popplewell, p. 518.
573:Problems playing these files? See
529:Popular song by ragga-soca artist
25:
2093:cited in Millington, pp. 813–821.
1957:cited in Millington, pp. 813–821.
923:, bottles filled with water, and
700:the 17th century, working in the
610:. The British military performed
33:Music of the Anglophone Caribbean
4019:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3781:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3454:
3421:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1720:Music institutions and festivals
1369:Lord Radio and the Bimshire Boys
552:
519:
495:
471:
447:
1653:Caribbean Broadcast Corporation
1403:By the beginning of the 1980s,
457:Song by well-known calypsonian
2811:Barbados Independence Act 1966
2106:. Toronto-Lime. Archived from
1819:Barbados Dance Theatre Company
1307:Prior to the 1930s, Barbadian
1271:, the lead singer of the band
987:vines. Many modern groups use
911:made from tree trunks, bones,
713:Jamaican) influences as well.
219:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
1:
2833:2021 Constitutional Amendment
1714:University of the West Indies
3948:Music of the Lesser Antilles
3906:United States Virgin Islands
1784:National Cultural Foundation
1411:National Cultural Foundation
1228:, as well as the indigenous
562:Popular song by soca artist
260:Aruba and the Dutch Antilles
1809:. There are also dance and
1056:The Silvertones of Barbados
18:Music education in Barbados
4068:
2862:Cities, towns and villages
2597:Society for American Music
1803:Barbados Chamber Orchestra
1429:
1153:Tuk bands and tea meetings
692:
505:Song by well-known singer
3954:
3881:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3596:
3563:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3452:
3192:
3068:
2999:
2903:
2852:
2324:"Class acts at Apes Hill"
2130:"Barbados Music: Calypso"
1837:, a 48-track system, and
1273:The Escorts International
695:Music history of Barbados
3901:Turks and Caicos Islands
3583:Turks and Caicos Islands
2908:Administrative divisions
2353:All Info About Barbbados
1951:Watson, Karl S. (1975).
1918:Millington, pp. 813–821.
1676:Education and musicology
1125:are performed, such as "
1118:regulates the movement.
1101:), and leaders known as
1040:African-American musical
374:, including elements of
244:Other Anglophone islands
3668:Music of North America
2796:Windward Islands colony
2469:Cameron, Sarah (1996).
2450:All Info About Barbados
2446:"The Barbados Landship"
2426:All Info About Barbados
2402:All Info About Barbados
2382:Class acts at Apes Hill
2067:All Info About Barbados
2038:All Info About Barbados
2034:"The Barbados Landship"
1764:Classical/Pops Festival
1093:, in Britton's Hall in
772:singing accompanied by
651:Western classical music
3831:British Virgin Islands
3498:British Virgin Islands
2828:Parliamentary republic
2806:West Indies Federation
2718:Folk Songs of Barbados
2709:A–Z Barbadian Heritage
2536:Government of Barbados
2220:Government of Barbados
2182:Folk Songs of Barbados
1815:Dance National Afrique
1796:Barbados Jazz Festival
1531:, who was followed by
1213:
983:shells and pipes from
887:percussion instruments
436:
4009:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3771:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3411:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2943:Deputy Prime Minister
2680:Best, Curwen (1999).
2557:The Barbados Advocate
2313:Cameron, pp. 770–771.
2276:"Academic Programmes"
2250:Ministry of Education
1936:The Barbados Advocate
1747:Oistins Fish Festival
1567:Barbados Labour Party
1493:Escorts International
1207:
606:and British military
604:Anglican church hymns
435:
2660:on 11 September 2006
2496:. pp. 507–526.
2359:25 June 2006 at the
2171:Pinckney, pp. 58–88.
2073:25 June 2006 at the
2044:25 June 2006 at the
1845:References and notes
1786:(NCF); the other is
1762:The annual December
1139:Henry Walford Davies
903:and a double-headed
869:dances and Marches.
4024:Trinidad and Tobago
3964:Antigua and Barbuda
3786:Trinidad and Tobago
3681:Antigua and Barbuda
3588:U.S. Virgin Islands
3431:Trinidad and Tobago
3276:Antigua and Barbuda
2801:Confederation riots
2791:British West Indies
1966:Millington, p. 817.
1752:Charter of Barbados
1289:Wings of a Stranger
1277:Walk Away From Love
830:Wings of A Stranger
384:culture of Barbados
320:Trinidad and Tobago
224:St. Kitts and Nevis
179:Antigua and Barbuda
3721:Dominican Republic
3341:Dominican Republic
3032:Telecommunications
2688:. Rochester, Vt.:
2565:"Inkle and Yarico"
2473:. Passport Books.
2384:. 15 December 2014
2371:General references
1617:Ebe Gilkes Quartet
1489:Cassius Clay style
1481:Draytons Two style
1349:Dominican Republic
1267:. Artists such as
1214:
1042:forms, especially
943:de shot and rattle
539:The Isley Brothers
437:
275:Dominican Republic
4052:Music of Barbados
4037:
4036:
3914:
3913:
3803:other territories
3635:
3634:
3223:
3222:
3188:
3187:
3055:
3054:
3014:Barbadian dollar
2986:
2985:
2978:Political parties
2923:Foreign relations
2890:
2889:
2542:on 5 October 2006
2226:on 5 October 2006
1757:Holetown Festival
1706:Liz Mahon Dancers
1630:Schofield Pilgrim
1598:St. Clare Jackman
1571:C. A. Braithwaite
1497:Blue Rhythm Combo
1444:with Trinidadian
1103:Lord High Admiral
1074:festival and the
1048:Spiritual Baptist
1036:Rastafarian music
1028:Pentecostal music
770:call-and-response
612:exhibition drills
582:Bajan culture is
557:
524:
500:
476:
452:
415:contemporary folk
376:Western classical
364:music of Barbados
360:
359:
327:
326:
239:US Virgin Islands
234:UK Virgin Islands
199:British Caribbean
152:
146:
16:(Redirected from
4059:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3918:
3871:Saint Barthélemy
3801:Dependencies and
3674:Sovereign states
3662:
3655:
3648:
3639:
3553:Saint Barthélemy
3513:Falkland Islands
3458:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3227:
3208:
3201:
3066:
3017:
2997:
2901:
2850:
2821:Governor-General
2749:
2742:
2735:
2726:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2687:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2656:. Archived from
2645:
2616:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2570:Holders Barbados
2560:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2538:. Archived from
2527:
2525:
2523:
2507:
2484:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2452:. Archived from
2441:
2439:
2437:
2428:. Archived from
2417:
2415:
2413:
2404:. Archived from
2393:
2391:
2389:
2364:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2252:. Archived from
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2222:. Archived from
2212:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2132:. Barbados.org.
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2078:
2060:
2049:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1980:
1977:Inkle and Yarico
1973:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1939:
1932:
1919:
1916:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1813:groups known as
1621:Belair Jazz Club
1558:Voice of America
1537:Maggie Goodridge
1365:Sir Don Marshall
1123:Christmas carols
1095:Seamen's Village
979:trumpets out of
874:Jean and Johnnie
796:music of England
559:
558:
526:
525:
502:
501:
478:
477:
467:"The Big Bamboo"
454:
453:
434:
352:
345:
338:
229:Turks and Caicos
163:
29:
21:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4061:
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4058:
4057:
4056:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4033:
3950:
3945:
3915:
3910:
3804:
3802:
3795:
3669:
3666:
3636:
3631:
3606:Central America
3592:
3467:
3459:
3450:
3267:
3260:
3254:
3224:
3219:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3184:
3175:Public holidays
3121:
3051:
3015:
2982:
2886:
2839:
2762:
2753:
2715:
2706:
2700:
2690:Schenkman Books
2679:
2676:
2674:Further reading
2663:
2661:
2648:
2642:
2619:
2605:10.2307/3052491
2584:
2575:
2573:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2543:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2487:
2481:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2456:on 25 June 2006
2444:
2435:
2433:
2432:on 25 June 2006
2420:
2411:
2409:
2408:on 25 June 2006
2396:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2361:Wayback Machine
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2274:
2273:
2269:
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2257:
2256:on 28 July 2007
2244:
2243:
2239:
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2227:
2214:
2213:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2159:
2153:
2149:
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2137:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2110:on 26 June 2008
2102:
2101:
2097:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2075:Wayback Machine
2061:
2052:
2046:Wayback Machine
2032:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1983:
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1961:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1933:
1922:
1917:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1827:The Dance Place
1728:in Barbados is
1722:
1694:music education
1678:
1669:
1661:Friends of Jazz
1641:Zanda Alexander
1522:
1505:The Troubadours
1434:
1428:
1420:Red Plastic Bag
1305:
1285:Anthony Kellman
1269:Shirley Stewart
1251:Terencia Coward
1202:
1155:
1127:White Christmas
1064:
1017:
1015:Religious music
1001:tenor saxophone
882:
880:Instrumentation
846:
826:Anthony Kellman
792:
753:
697:
691:
580:
579:
571:
569:
568:
567:
566:
564:Red Plastic Bag
560:
553:
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527:
520:
517:
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487:
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432:
427:
380:religious music
356:
87:Rake-and-scrape
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4065:
4063:
4055:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4035:
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4029:Virgin Islands
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4021:
4016:
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4001:
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3898:
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3891:Sint Eustatius
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3836:Cayman Islands
3833:
3828:
3823:
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3813:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3796:
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3793:
3788:
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3613:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3568:Sint Eustatius
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:Cayman Islands
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3461:
3460:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3448:
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3057:
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3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3022:Stock exchange
3019:
3011:
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2988:
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2981:
2980:
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2938:Prime Minister
2935:
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2781:British Empire
2778:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2698:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2646:
2640:
2617:
2588:American Music
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2518:. Barbados.org
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1776:Holders Season
1726:music festival
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1645:Oscar Peterson
1603:In the 1950s,
1590:Keith Campbell
1575:Grantley Adams
1569:was formed by
1553:Willis Conover
1541:Clevie Gittens
1529:Lionel Gittens
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3896:Sint Maarten
3876:Saint Martin
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3573:Sint Maarten
3558:Saint Martin
3465:Dependencies
3290:
3169:
3145:Coat of arms
3100:Demographics
3078:Human rights
3009:Central Bank
2913:Constitution
2717:
2708:
2683:
2662:. Retrieved
2658:the original
2654:Toronto-Lime
2653:
2621:
2592:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2568:
2544:. Retrieved
2540:the original
2535:
2520:. Retrieved
2515:
2494:Rough Guides
2489:
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2454:the original
2449:
2434:. Retrieved
2430:the original
2425:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:the original
2401:
2386:. Retrieved
2381:
2352:
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2318:
2288:. Retrieved
2279:
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2254:the original
2249:
2246:"Curriculum"
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2224:the original
2219:
2194:communities.
2189:
2181:
2176:
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2108:the original
2098:
2088:
2082:
2066:
2037:
2029:
2019:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1984:
1976:
1971:
1962:
1952:
1935:
1862:
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1834:
1800:
1761:
1750:
1737:
1734:calypso tent
1723:
1691:
1679:
1670:
1648:
1634:
1626:Calypso jazz
1602:
1586:Afrocentrism
1579:
1556:
1523:
1514:
1501:Draytons Two
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1452:, hymns and
1450:sea shanties
1435:
1416:Mighty Gabby
1404:
1402:
1387:
1384:The Merrymen
1380:Mighty Gabby
1373:
1361:Mighty Romeo
1353:Lord Silvers
1330:
1317:Mighty Jerry
1312:
1306:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1254:
1215:
1182:Tea meetings
1180:
1175:pennywhistle
1166:pennywhistle
1156:
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1135:William Byrd
1131:Silver Bells
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808:Elizabeth II
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616:tea meetings
600:
581:
483:The Merrymen
459:Mighty Gabby
399:tea meetings
388:
363:
361:
188:
26:
4014:Saint Lucia
3866:Puerto Rico
3776:Saint Lucia
3726:El Salvador
3543:Puerto Rico
3470:territories
3416:Saint Lucia
3351:El Salvador
3004:Agriculture
2630:. pp.
2140:28 February
2114:28 February
1702:Dance Place
1613:Colin Dyall
1594:Ernie Small
1533:Percy Green
1438:Jackie Opel
1311:was called
1297:Blood Mates
1194:World War I
1068:Whitsuntide
1032:tambourines
838:Blood Mates
665:music, and
629:Whitsuntide
622:bands, the
419:world music
305:Puerto Rico
166:Local forms
4004:Montserrat
3999:Martinique
3994:Guadeloupe
3861:Montserrat
3856:Martinique
3851:Guadeloupe
3706:Costa Rica
3538:Montserrat
3533:Martinique
3528:Guadeloupe
3326:Costa Rica
3016:(currency)
2963:Parliament
2928:Government
2664:22 October
2546:22 October
2522:3 December
2230:22 October
2000:4 February
1637:Carl Moore
1477:raw spouge
1454:spirituals
1265:Square One
1212:performing
1210:Hypasounds
1091:Moses Wood
1087:Moses Ward
1078:movement.
1046:, and the
955:tambourine
925:xylophones
901:snare drum
751:Folk music
663:orchestral
655:Bridgetown
575:media help
507:Hypasounds
395:Royal Navy
300:Martinique
280:Guadeloupe
214:Montserrat
112:Rocksteady
3846:Greenland
3761:Nicaragua
3736:Guatemala
3611:Caribbean
3523:Greenland
3446:Venezuela
3391:Nicaragua
3361:Guatemala
3281:Argentina
3266:Sovereign
3150:Crop Over
3073:Education
3042:Transport
2948:Judiciary
2933:President
2918:Elections
2845:Geography
2786:Governors
2628:Routledge
2599:: 58–88.
2532:"Culture"
2512:"Calypso"
2216:"Culture"
2024:village".
1934:Hinkson,
1835:Blue Wave
1788:Congaline
1742:sugarcane
1730:Crop Over
1724:The main
1462:saxophone
1389:blue beat
1293:Limestone
1281:crop over
1147:scrubbers
1111:Boatswain
1072:crop over
993:accordion
989:harmonica
934:shak-shak
905:bass drum
859:hornpipes
854:crop over
834:Limestone
790:Folk song
775:shak-shak
766:crop over
706:sugarcane
679:oratorios
645:Crop Over
633:Christmas
584:syncretic
403:tuk bands
62:Dancehall
4046:Category
3984:Dominica
3974:Barbados
3959:Anguilla
3811:Anguilla
3746:Honduras
3716:Dominica
3691:Barbados
3478:Anguilla
3426:Suriname
3401:Paraguay
3376:Honduras
3336:Dominica
3321:Colombia
3291:Barbados
3258:Americas
3215:Category
3160:Landship
3117:Religion
3090:Language
2958:Military
2896:Politics
2816:Monarchy
2776:Timeline
2760:articles
2756:Barbados
2357:Archived
2328:Archived
2290:11 March
2284:Archived
2260:11 March
2134:Archived
2071:Archived
2042:Archived
1994:Archived
1805:and the
1704:and the
1649:Jazz Jam
1470:trumpets
1466:trombone
1347:and the
1333:Trinidad
1261:Krosfyah
1186:rhetoric
1076:Landship
1009:trombone
975:shukster
939:calabash
937:and the
917:triangle
913:rook jaw
893:and the
850:Landship
804:George V
800:Victoria
720:tuk band
683:cantatas
641:Landship
624:Landship
391:Landship
315:Suriname
310:St Lucia
270:Dominica
189:Barbados
174:Anguilla
137:Steelpan
77:Junkanoo
3989:Grenada
3979:Curaçao
3841:Curaçao
3826:Bonaire
3821:Bermuda
3751:Jamaica
3731:Grenada
3686:Bahamas
3508:Curaçao
3493:Bonaire
3488:Bermuda
3441:Uruguay
3381:Jamaica
3356:Grenada
3346:Ecuador
3301:Bolivia
3286:Bahamas
3199:Outline
3140:Cuisine
3127:Culture
3061:Society
3037:Tourism
2992:Economy
2968:Cabinet
2867:Climate
2857:Beaches
2768:History
2632:813–821
2613:3052491
2388:29 June
2334:29 June
1792:May Day
1772:cabaret
1605:R&B
1549:waltzes
1458:cowbell
1446:calypso
1325:Slammer
1309:calypso
1303:Calypso
1226:calypso
1218:Rihanna
1190:oratory
1168:flute,
1129:" and "
1107:Captain
1005:trumpet
985:pumpkin
929:Rattles
921:cymbals
896:tum tum
867:maypole
737:calypso
702:tobacco
689:History
659:chamber
596:calypso
548:"La La"
491:"Sweat"
443:"Boots"
407:calypso
295:Jamaica
209:Grenada
204:Caymans
194:Bermuda
184:Bahamas
117:Scratch
72:Goombay
57:Chutney
52:Calypso
3766:Panama
3756:Mexico
3701:Canada
3696:Belize
3396:Panama
3386:Mexico
3366:Guyana
3311:Canada
3306:Brazil
3296:Belize
3268:states
3180:Sports
3135:Anthem
3112:Health
3095:People
2973:Police
2882:Rivers
2758:
2696:
2638:
2611:
2576:4 June
2500:
2477:
2460:6 June
2436:6 June
2412:6 June
1811:ballet
1698:ballet
1683:Indian
1499:, the
1483:) and
1432:Spouge
1426:Spouge
1339:, the
1337:Brazil
1295:, and
1239:reggae
1230:spouge
1170:kittle
1162:fiddle
1052:Shango
1044:gospel
970:guitar
962:fiddle
806:, and
745:spouge
733:reggae
671:violin
637:Easter
608:drills
592:reggae
588:spouge
515:"Jump"
411:spouge
382:. The
285:Guyana
132:Spouge
107:Ripsaw
102:Reggae
39:Genres
3816:Aruba
3741:Haiti
3483:Aruba
3371:Haiti
3316:Chile
3206:Index
3170:Music
3165:Media
3047:Water
2877:Flora
2872:Fauna
2609:JSTOR
2595:(1).
1768:Opera
1582:bebop
1545:swing
1406:kaiso
1394:blues
1376:Viper
1313:banja
1243:ragga
981:conch
966:banjo
951:bongo
947:conga
909:gongs
872:The "
844:Dance
784:bones
780:banjo
710:Samba
675:hymns
667:piano
535:Shout
531:Rupee
290:Haiti
97:Rapso
92:Ragga
82:Mento
47:Benna
3886:Saba
3711:Cuba
3548:Saba
3468:and
3406:Peru
3331:Cuba
3155:Flag
3083:LGBT
2694:ISBN
2666:2006
2636:ISBN
2578:2006
2548:2006
2524:2005
2498:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2462:2006
2438:2006
2414:2006
2390:2015
2336:2015
2292:2007
2262:2007
2232:2006
2142:2010
2116:2010
2002:2016
1829:and
1685:and
1667:Rock
1607:and
1573:and
1539:and
1525:Jazz
1520:Jazz
1503:and
1468:and
1418:and
1382:and
1355:and
1345:Cuba
1323:and
1263:and
1247:soca
1245:and
1224:and
1222:jazz
1188:and
1141:and
1089:and
1022:hymn
1007:and
999:and
997:alto
949:and
891:pump
863:jigs
741:soca
739:and
725:jazz
669:and
661:and
643:and
594:and
417:and
378:and
370:and
368:folk
362:The
265:Cuba
127:Soca
3027:Rum
2953:Law
2601:doi
2355:.
2069:.
2040:.
1555:'s
1442:ska
1256:tuk
1235:ska
1164:or
1158:Tuk
927:.
729:ska
620:tuk
537:by
122:Ska
67:Dub
4048::
2692:.
2652:.
2634:.
2626:.
2607:.
2593:12
2591:.
2567:.
2534:.
2514:.
2492:.
2448:.
2424:.
2400:.
2380:.
2351:,
2326:.
2300:^
2282:.
2278:.
2248:.
2218:.
2199:^
2160:^
2065:,
2053:^
2036:,
1992:.
1943:^
1923:^
1871:^
1825:,
1821:,
1817:,
1798:.
1770:,
1700::
1600:.
1577:.
1535:,
1495:,
1464:,
1422:.
1396:,
1378:,
1367:,
1363:,
1343:,
1335:,
1319:,
1291:,
1241:,
1137:,
1109:,
1105:,
1058:.
1011:.
1003:,
995:,
991:,
964:,
957:.
941:,
919:,
915:,
865:,
861:,
802:,
782:,
778:,
735:,
731:,
727:,
681:,
677:,
639:,
635:,
631:,
618:,
413:,
409:,
401:,
397:,
3940:e
3933:t
3926:v
3661:e
3654:t
3647:v
3249:e
3242:t
3235:v
2748:e
2741:t
2734:v
2702:.
2668:.
2644:.
2615:.
2603::
2580:.
2559:.
2550:.
2526:.
2506:.
2483:.
2464:.
2440:.
2416:.
2392:.
2363:.
2338:.
2294:.
2264:.
2234:.
2144:.
2118:.
2077:.
2048:.
2004:.
1938:.
1487:(
1479:(
577:.
541:)
351:e
344:t
337:v
20:)
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