Music of ancient Greece - Knowledge (XXG)

1039: 950: 150: 1422:, we can say with some caution that the ancient Greeks, at least before Plato, heard music that was primarily monophonic; that is, music built on single melodies based on a system of modes / scales, themselves built on the concept that notes should be placed between consonant intervals. It is a commonplace of musicology to say that harmony, in the sense of a developed system of composition, in which many tones at once contribute to the listener's expectation of resolution, was invented in the European Middle Ages and that ancient cultures had no developed system of harmony—that is, for example, playing the third and seventh above the dominant, in order to create the expectation for the listener that the tritone will resolve to the third. 1461: 141:. The Pythagoreans focused on the mathematics and the acoustical science of sound and music. They developed tuning systems and harmonic principles that focused on simple integers and ratios, laying a foundation for acoustic science; however, this was not the only school of thought in ancient Greece. Aristoxenus, who wrote a number of musicological treatises, for example, studied music with a more empirical tendency. Aristoxenus believed that intervals should be judged by ear instead of mathematical ratios, though Aristoxenus was influenced by Pythagoras and used mathematics terminology and measurements in his research. 1302:

silently and learn; boys, teachers, and the crowd were kept in order by threat of the stick. ... But later, an unmusical anarchy was led by poets who had natural talent, but were ignorant of the laws of music ... Through foolishness they deceived themselves into thinking that there was no right or wrong way in music, that it was to be judged good or bad by the pleasure it gave. By their works and their theories they infected the masses with the presumption to think themselves adequate judges. So our theatres, once silent, grew vocal, and aristocracy of music gave way to a pernicious

667: 1363:. Modern Western scales use the placement of whole tones, such as C to D on a modern piano keyboard, and half tones, such as C to C-sharp, but not quarter-tones ("in the cracks" on a modern keyboard) at all. This limit on tone types creates relatively few kinds of scales in modern Western music compared to that of the Greeks, who used the placement of whole-tones, half-tones, and even quarter-tones (or still smaller intervals) to develop a large repertoire of scales, each with a unique 33: 548: 855: 771: 429: 6211: 1436:

many centuries before the Greeks learned to write, which they would have done before they developed their system for notating music and recorded the written evidence for simultaneous tones. All we can say from the available evidence is that, while Greek musicians clearly employed the technique of sounding more than one note at the same time, the most basic, common texture of Greek music was monophonic.

1379: 6221: 6231: 469:, represented specific aspects or elements of music. The 'inventions' or 'findings' of all ancient Greek instruments were accredited to the gods as well. The performance of music was integrated into many different modes of Greek story-telling and art related to mythology, including drama, and poetry, and there are a large number of ancient Greek myths related to music and musicians. 535:'s lament that the new music "... used high musical talent, showmanship and virtuosity ... consciously rejecting educated standards of judgement." Although instrumental virtuosity was prized, this complaint included excessive attention to instrumental music such as to interfere with accompanying the human voice, and the falling away from the traditional 1311: 1489:

Aristotle also comments on how getting children involved in music would be a way to keep them occupied and quiet. It is important to note that since music helps in forming the character, it could cause either adverse or pleasant effects. The way in which music is taught can have a large impact on development.

711:, a water nymph, who ran away from Pan after he tried to woo her. While she fled, she came upon an uncrossable river and prayed to her sisters to transform her so that she may escape Pan. Her Nymph sisters transformed Syrinx into a bundle of reeds which Pan found and fashioned an instrument out of, the 1492:

Learning music should not interfere with the younger years, nor should it damage the body in a way that a person is unable to fulfill duties in the military. Those that have learned music in education should not be at the same level as a professional, but they should have a greater knowledge than the

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Music (along with intoxication of potions, fasting, and honey) was also integral in preparing for and catalyzing divination, as music would often induce prophets into religious ecstasy and revelation, so much so that the expression for "making music" and "prophesying" were identical in ancient Greek.

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From his references to "established forms" and "laws of music" we can assume that at least some of the formality of the Pythagorean system of harmonics and consonance had taken hold of Greek music, at least as it was performed by professional musicians in public, and that Plato was complaining about

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Instruments were also present in war time, though it may not have been considered music entirely. Specific notes of the trumpet were played to dictate commands to soldiers on the battlefield. The aulos and percussion instruments also accompanied the verbal commands given to oarsmen by the boatswain.

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Music occupied an important role in the Greek sacrificial ceremonies. The sarcophagus of Hagia Triada shows that the aulos was present during sacrifices as early as 1300 BC. Music was also present during times of initiation, worship, and religious celebration, playing very integral parts of the

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are among the oldest known string instruments, and were in use by Sumerians and Egyptians long before they were present in Greece. The ancient version of the harp resembles a bow, with the strings connecting to the top and bottom of the arch. The strings are perpendicular to the soundbox, while the

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The muses judged the first round to be a draw. According to one account, Apollo then played his lyre upside down, which Marsyas could not do with the aulos. In another account Apollo sang beautifully, which Marsyas could not do. In another account, Marsyas played out of tune and accepted defeat. In

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to dithyrambs. The leaders of dithyrambs were the ones who led the song and dance moves, which would then be responded to by the group. Aristotle implies that this relationship between a single person and a group began the tragic drama, which in its earliest stages had a single actor who played all

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is a topic that Aristotle is widely known for, and he also used them to justify why music should be involved in education. Since virtues consist of loving and rejoicing in something, then music could be pursued without issue. Music forms our character, so it should also be a part of our education.

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fragment of Euripides seems to clearly call for more than one note to be sounded at once. Research in the field of music from the ancient Mediterranean—decipherings of cuneiform music script—argue for the sounding of different pitches simultaneously and for the theoretical recognition of a "scale"

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the Phrygian satyr once boasted of his skills in the aulos; a musical contest between Marsyas and Apollo was then conducted, where the victor could do "whatever they wanted" to the loser. Marsyas played his aulos so wildly that everyone burst into dance, while Apollo played his lyre so beautifully

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Concerning the origin of music and musical instruments: the history of music in ancient Greece is so closely interwoven with Greek mythology and legend that it is often difficult to surmise what is historically true and what is myth. The music and music theory of ancient Greece laid the foundation

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had a strong belief that music should be a part of one's education, alongside reading and writing, and gymnastics. Just as men must work hard in their duties, they must also be able to relax well. According to Aristotle, all men could agree that music was one of the most pleasurable things, so to

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Our music was once divided into its proper forms ... It was not permitted to exchange the melodic styles of these established forms and others. Knowledge and informed judgment penalized disobedience. There were no whistles, unmusical mob-noises, or clapping for applause. The rule was to listen

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for western music and western music theory, as it would go on to influence the ancient Romans, the early Christian church and the medieval composers. Our understanding of ancient Greek music theory, musical systems, and musical ethos comes almost entirely from the surviving teachings of the

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have this as a means of leisure was only logical. Amusing oneself was not considered a viable hobby, or else we would not want to help in society. Since music combined relaxing ourselves, along with others, Aristotle claimed that learning an instrument was essential to our development.

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There are many such references that indicate that music was an integral part of the Greek perception of how their race had even come into existence and how their destinies continued to be watched over and controlled by the Gods. It is no wonder, then, that music was omnipresent at the

1104:, is an ancient musical instrument based on the principle of the stopped pipe, consisting of a series of such pipes of gradually increasing length, tuned (by cutting) to a desired scale. Sound is produced by blowing across the top of the open pipe (like blowing across a bottle top). 452:

The ancient Greek myths were never codified or documented into one form; what exists are several different versions from several different authors, across multiple centuries, which can lead to variations and even contradictions among authors and even the same author. According to

1336:. The names for the various modes derived from the names of Greek tribes and peoples, the temperament and emotions of which were said to be characterized by the unique sound of each mode. Thus, Dorian modes were "harsh", Phrygian modes "sensual", and so forth. In his 1144:

used water to supply a constant flow of pressure to the pipes. Two detailed descriptions have survived: that of Vitruvius and Heron of Alexandria. These descriptions deal primarily with the keyboard mechanism and with the apparatus that supplied the instrument with

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enough that he was allowed to return with his wife; however, under the condition that he must not set eyes upon his wife until they finished their travel out of the underworld. Orpheus was unable to fulfill this condition and tragically, his wife vanished forever.

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in 1885. Essentially, the air to the pipes that produce the sound comes from a wind-chest connected by a pipe to a dome; air is pumped in to compress water, and the water rises in the dome, compressing the air, and causing a steady supply of air to the

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should not be taught in school, as they are too complicated. Additionally, only certain melodies have benefits in an educational setting. Ethical melodies should be taught, but melodies of passion and melodies of action should be for performances.

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in order to reproduce the lamentation of Medusa's sisters. Since the same Greek word is used for 'find' and 'invent', it is unclear; however, the writer Telestes in the 5th century states that Athena found the instrument in a thicket. In

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indicate that they produced a low, clarinet-like sound. There is some confusion about the exact nature of the instrument; alternate descriptions indicate single-reeds instead of double reeds. It was associated with the cult of

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Instrumental music served a religious and entertaining role in ancient Greece as it would often accompany religious events, rituals, and festivals. Music was also used for entertainment when it accompanied drinking-parties or

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remains, such that some things can be known—or reasonably surmised—about what the music sounded like, the general role of music in society, the economics of music, the importance of a professional caste of musicians, etc.

735:; Linus was the first to be gifted the ability to sing by the Muses, which he passed to Orpheus. Other accounts state that Apollo gave Orpheus a golden lyre and taught him to play, while the muses taught Orpheus to sing. 464:

was prominently considered the god of music and harmony, several legendary gods and demigods were purported to have created some aspect of music as well as contributed to its development. Some gods, and especially the

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which the poet composed; crowded notes where his are sparse, quick time to his slow ... and similarly all sorts of rhythmic complications against the voices—none of this should be imposed upon pupils ...

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was a folk-instrument, associated with the cult of Apollo. It was used to accompany others or even oneself for recitation and song, and was the conventional training-instrument for an aristocratic education.

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Usually double, consisting of two double-reed (like an oboe) pipes, not joined but generally played with a mouth-band to hold both pipes steadily between the player's lips. Modern reconstructions of the

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uses both the words "sing" and "speak" in connection with the Homeric epics, however there are heavy implications that they have been at least recited unaccompanied by instruments, in a sing-song chant.

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is a significant figure in the ancient Greek mythology of music. Orpheus was a legendary poet and musician, his lineage is unclear as some sources note him as the son of Apollo, the son of the Muse

1367:. The Greek concepts of scales (including the names) found its way into later Roman music and then the European Middle Ages to the extent that one can find references to, for example, a "Lydian 492:"playing on a brazen drum, and compelling man's attention to the oracles of the goddess"; or Hermes "... his newly-invented tortoise-shell lyre and such a ravishing tune on it with the 949: 2910: 1285:, which has a movable bridge along with a string stretched over a sounding board. Using the monochord, he found the association between the vibrations and the lengths of the strings. 420:

narrated most of the story through song and dance. In ancient Greece, the playwright was expected to not only write the script but also expected to compose the music and dance moves.

382:. Lyric poetry eventually branched into two paths, monodic lyric which were performed by a singular person, and choral lyric which were sung and sometimes danced by a group of people 2950: 757:, died, he played a song so mournful that it caused the gods and all the nymphs to weep. Orpheus was then able to travel to the underworld, and with music, softened the heart of 599:. Afterwards, Hermes gave his lyre to Apollo, who took interest in the instrument, in repayment for the stolen cattle. In other accounts, Hermes gave his newly invented lyre to 527:

It may be that the actual sounds of the music heard at rituals, games, dramas, etc. underwent a change after the traumatic fall of Athens in 404 BC at the end of the first

753:, was able to play music more beautiful and louder than the bewitching sirens, allowing the Argonauts to travel safely without being charmed by the sirens. When Orpheus' wife, 2166:

Waterfield, R. (1 January 1996). "A. Nehamas, P. Woodruff (tr.): Plato: Phaedrus. Translated, with Introduction and Notes. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., Inc., 1995".

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is a metric composition whose text addresses a god, either directly or indirectly. They are the earliest formal type in Greek music, and survive in relatively large numbers.

654:, he writes that Athena, after seeing her reflection while playing the aulos, threw the instrument away because it distorted her facial features when played, after which 1356:

in music except by comparing our own perceptions that a minor scale is used for melancholy and a major scale for virtually everything else, from happy to heroic music.

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de Pew, Mary (20 May 2010). "Book Review: Anatole Mori, The Politics of Apollonius Rhodius' Argonautica (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 260 pp".

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in particular believed that music was subject to the same mathematical laws of harmony as the mechanics of the cosmos, evolving into an idea known as the

4958: 2673:, illustrated with the woodcuts of John Grüninger. The Oxford Library of the World's Great Books. Franklin Center, Pa.: Franklin Library. Reissued 1982. 2805: 496:

he had also invented, at the same time singing to praise Apollo's nobility that he was forgiven at once ..."; or Apollo's musical victories over

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of modes that the Greeks had developed by the time of Plato: a complex system of relating certain emotional and spiritual characteristics to certain

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was a dance-song with a marked rhythmic movement, commonly associated with the paean, and often difficult to distinguish from it. For example, the

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Kitharôidia (Hellenic Studies: 15). Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University.

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notes that Greek musicians sometimes played more than one note at a time, although this was apparently considered an advanced technique. The

2496: 4346: 3002: 2253: 1850:. NPM Studies in Church Music and Liturgy. Translated by Ramsay, Boniface O.P. Washington, DC: National Association of Pastoral Musicians. 3351: 2697:, translated by John Dryden, with an introduction by James Morwood. Wordsworth Classics of World Literature. Ware: Wordsworth Editions. 4968: 4658: 4351: 4285: 1419: 731:, or the son of mortal parents. Orpheus was the pupil and brother of Linus. Linus by some accounts is the son of Apollo and the Muse 4356: 4331: 3053: 3031: 3016: 2998: 2946: 2924: 2906: 2898: 2883: 2843: 2819: 2791: 2783: 2740: 2732: 2717: 2702: 2685: 2554: 2107: 2031: 1960: 1927: 1894: 1855: 1749: 595:

was inspired to build an instrument out of a tortoise shell; he attached horns, and gut-string, to the shell and invented the first

2984: 6165: 4914: 4341: 4336: 1639: 793: 280:. They usually solemnly expressed the hope for deliverance from a peril, or were sung in thanksgiving after a victory or escape. 4808: 4668: 4663: 3940: 6192: 4833: 3344: 1643: 5744: 457:, music, instruments, and the aural arts are attributed to divine origin, and the art of music was gift of the gods to men. 3101:, Music from the Ancient Greeks, 24 recordings on historical instruments from the documents published by Pöhlmann and West. 2804:, 2 vols. Cambridge Readings in the Literature of Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Limited preview of vol. 1 6265: 6187: 5237: 4753: 4673: 4371: 4081: 1443:... The lyre should be used together with the voices ... the player and the pupil producing note for note in unison, 6255: 6160: 4689: 4143: 1220: 2655:, translated by John Dryden, selections, edited by Bruce Pattison. The Scholar's Library. London: Macmillan Publishers. 5215: 4823: 4699: 4361: 4315: 4270: 4046: 3735: 3150: 780: 75: 5754: 981:

A larger, bass-version of the cithara, considered to be east-Ionian, an exotic and somewhat foreign instrument. The

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at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Audio-edition of the published fragments; reconstructed instruments played.

1281:" from the Pythagoreans. After studying the sound hammers made in a blacksmith's forge, Pythagoras invented the 168:

Music played an integral role in ancient Greek society. Pericles' teacher Damon said, according to Plato in the

66:, folk music, and the ballad-like reciting of epic poetry. This played an integral role in the lives of ancient 4931: 4894: 4828: 4494: 4381: 2503:". Course syllabus, Math 5: Geometry in Art and Architecture, unit 3. Dartmouth .edu (accessed 1 October 2014). 666: 1318:. The music notation is the line of occasional symbols above the main, uninterrupted line of Greek lettering. 1007:, invented by the Pythagoreans in the 6th century BC, however, may have had Mycenaean origins. The 6214: 5338: 5138: 5123: 4926: 4889: 4858: 4758: 4694: 4310: 4295: 4265: 4226: 4103: 3955: 3457: 3311: 2693: 2648:, translated by John Dryden. The Harvard Classics, edited by C. W. Eliot. New York: P. F. Collier & Son. 587: 172:, "when fundamental modes of music change, the fundamental modes of the state change with them." Music and 6172: 5175: 4946: 4904: 4838: 4803: 4255: 4239: 3935: 3876: 3725: 3720: 3195: 3143: 3009:

Documents of Ancient Greek Music: The Extant Melodies and Fragments Edited and Transcribed with Commentary

1306:... the criterion was not music, but a reputation for promiscuous cleverness and a spirit of law-breaking. 123: 6224: 5453: 5443: 5433: 5418: 5108: 4848: 4818: 4773: 4768: 4399: 4366: 4168: 4073: 4059: 3715: 3586: 3550: 3239: 1844: 1391: 484:, the master-musician and lyre-player, played so magically that he could soothe wild beasts; the Orphic 480:

and then with a golden lyre built Thebes by moving the stones into place with the sound of his playing;

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Orpheus was said to be such a skilled musician that he could charm inanimate objects. According to the

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The Power and Value of Music. Its Effect and Ethos in Classical Authors and Contemporary Music Theory.

1371:", although name is simply a historical reference with no relationship to the original Greek sound or 32: 5696: 5690: 5676: 5160: 5118: 5090: 4975: 4788: 4018: 3814: 3249: 3180: 2339: 1186: 1047: 933: 567: 197:, or the religious the act of partaking and pouring out drink, would be made to deities, usually the 43: 547: 516:, religious ceremonies, leisure activities, and even the beginnings of drama as an outgrowth of the 193:

a piece composed to be heard while drinking. Before and after the Greek drinking parties, religious

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comprised the main divisions in one's schooling. "The word 'music' expressed the entire education".

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Caleon, I.; Ramanathan, S. (2008). "From music to physics: The undervalued legacy of Pythagoras".

1796: 1277:, how the overtones are related arithmetically to one another, etc. It was common to hear of the " 6044: 5941: 5847: 5491: 5408: 5296: 4798: 4622: 4138: 4118: 3975: 3846: 3730: 3525: 3452: 2493: 2355: 2148: 2072: 1542: 1278: 1260: 1008: 958: 162: 138: 2712:. New Oxford History of Music 1. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Reprinted 1999. 1919: 6119: 5706: 5255: 5103: 5055: 4899: 4868: 4813: 4730: 4607: 4479: 4300: 4133: 4086: 4026: 3900: 3882: 3858: 3840: 3750: 3745: 3396: 3325: 3049: 3027: 3012: 2994: 2942: 2920: 2902: 2894: 2879: 2861: 2839: 2815: 2787: 2779: 2736: 2728: 2713: 2698: 2681: 2641:, edited by William Sotheby. 2 vols. London. Reprinted, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1834. 2550: 2535: 2229: 2183: 2140: 2103: 2064: 2027: 1956: 1923: 1890: 1851: 1823: 1781: 1745: 1493:

slaves and other commoners. Aristotle was specific in what instruments should be learned. The

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Oxford: Clarendon Press. Republished as an unabridged facsimile by Elibron, limited preview

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A keyboard instrument, the forerunner of the modern pipe organ. As the name indicates, the

205:. The offering of libations were often accompanied by a special libation melody called the 6064: 5822: 5610: 5423: 5165: 5031: 4963: 4290: 3888: 3870: 3778: 3755: 3629: 3540: 3500: 3437: 2500: 2210: 1814: 1383: 898:) frame, generally with seven or more strings tuned to the notes of one of the modes. The 552: 501: 454: 770: 333:

Usually merrily sung in celebration at festivals, performed especially in dedication to

186:. A popular type of piece to be played while drinking at these drinking parties was the 5946: 5886: 5881: 5837: 5618: 5566: 5556: 5536: 5526: 5270: 5265: 5260: 4745: 4725: 4113: 3923: 3912: 3906: 3894: 3694: 3669: 3581: 3442: 3367: 3275: 3227: 3222: 3190: 3091: 2960: 2486: 1734: 1535: 1530: 1472: 1431: 412:

the parts through either song or speech. The single actor engaged in dialogue with the

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From the descriptions that have come down to us through the writings of those such as

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The Eclogues Translated by Wrangham, the Georgics by Sotheby, and the Æneid by Dryden

2627:, edited by Nils L. Wallin, Björn Merker, and Steven Brown. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. 2623:

Trehub, Sandra (2000). "Human Processing Predispositions and Musical Universals". In

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and embroidery by the lyre—the strings throwing out melodic lines different from the

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was held on the thighs of the player, and plucked with both hands with bone pickings.

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Cambridge, Mass. : London :Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1961. Print.

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The Many-Headed Muse. Tradition and Innovation in Late Classical Greek Lyric Poetry.

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The instruments were used mainly to help keep the oarsmen in time with one another.

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The following were among the instruments used in the music of ancient Greece. The

375: 2478:, translated by H. S. Macran (Oxford, Calrendon; facs. Hildesheim, G. Olms, 1974). 2047:

Robertson, Noel; Bowra, C. M. (1970). "The Odes of Pindar. With an Introduction".

931:. The strings were tunable by adjusting wooden wedges along the cross-bar. In the 2851: 2099: 1269:

with mathematical devotion laid the foundations of our knowledge of the study of

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had a box-type frame with strings stretched from the cross-bar at the top to the

6019: 5911: 5891: 5724: 5719: 5227: 5205: 5195: 5190: 5113: 5070: 4617: 4527: 4517: 4404: 4394: 4158: 3535: 3510: 2666:. New York: Heritage Press. Reissued Norwalk, Connecticut: Heritage Press, 1972. 1444: 1415: 1395: 1368: 1349: 1341: 1141: 740: 433: 133:

Some ancient Greek philosophers discussed the study of music in ancient Greece.

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Three Homeric Hymns: To Apollo, Hermes, and Aphrodite : Hymns 3, 4, and 5

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Apollo's Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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were usually sung on the road to an altar or shrine, before or after a paean.

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Music and the Muses: The Culture of 'Mousike' in the Classical Athenian City

2520:, edited by Egon Wellesz, pp. 336–403. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1885:

Apollo's Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages

1741: 1611: 1525: 1478: 1352:, etc. It is difficult for the modern listener to relate to that concept of 1282: 1274: 1270: 1242: 1201:. It was circular, shallow, and beaten with the palm of the hand or a stick. 1101: 938: 835: 750: 712: 670: 517: 404: 338: 295: 182: 3124: 2662:, translated by John Dryden with Mr. Dryden's introduction; illustrated by 1117: 5981: 5971: 5961: 5936: 5802: 5734: 5714: 5681: 5643: 5586: 5501: 5486: 5343: 5333: 5250: 5245: 4642: 4637: 4597: 4592: 4567: 4547: 4474: 4429: 4419: 4275: 4173: 4108: 4036: 3644: 2769:

Ethos and Education in Greek Music: The Evidence of Poetry and Philosophy

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the falling away from such principles into a "spirit of law-breaking".

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Rediscovering Ancient Greek Music: A performance reconstructs the past

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Sounds from Silence: Recent Discoveries in Ancient Near Eastern Music

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was the primary instrument of the highly regarded ancient lyricist

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was a professional version of the lyre used by paid musicians. The

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Whether or not long narrative poetry, or epic poetry like those of

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The New Oxford History of Music, vol.1: Ancient and Oriental Music

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and dedicated to the recreation of ancient Greek and Roman music.

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Music was also heavily prevalent in ancient Greek Drama. In his

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Universe and Inner Self in Early Indian and Early Greek Thought

2592:. Washington, D.C: National Association of Pastoral Musicians. 1661:

A well-preserved Hydraulis model made of pottery was found at

531:. Indeed, one reads of the "revolution" in Greek culture, and 294:

A type of hymn or processional that invoked or praised a god.

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and patron goddesses of creative and intellectual endeavours.

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Ancient Greek poetry performed with Ancient Greek instruments

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The Aeneid of Virgil, in the Verse Translation of John Dryden

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Music Education: Source readings from ancient Greece to today

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Jones, Peter (2007). "Glossary of technical literary terms".

1818:. Oxford Music Online. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 1776:. Oxford Music Online. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 1095: 2967:

Bibliography of Sources for the Study of Ancient Greek Music

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Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Limited preview

378:, which by definition is poetry or a song accompanied by a 1314:

Photograph of the original stone at Delphi containing the

1273:—how strings and columns of air vibrate, how they produce 858:

A later vivid Roman representation of a woman playing the

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That much seems evident from another passage from Plato:

1340:, Plato talks about the proper use of various modes, the 362:, was sung is not entirely known. As in Plato's dialogue 2527:. (CD BTNK 101 plus booklet) Berkeley: Bit Enki Records. 1398:

and appears to be an imaginary combination of a plucked

1359:

The sounds of scales vary depending on the placement of

2620:, revised edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 2523:

Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn, and Richard L. Crocker. (1976)

2814:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 2727:(1992). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 2618:

Source Readings in Music History: Greek Views of Music

1125:. Note the presence of the curved trumpet, called the 2771:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1910:

Bussanich, John (18 January 2018). "Plato and yoga".

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Playing what "sounded good" violated the established

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at the bottom; it was held upright and played with a

591:, after stealing his brother Apollo's sacred cattle, 2919:

Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

1889:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. 1394:. The instrument in the hands of the musician is an 1245:

are bell-like percussion instruments made of copper.

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Music in the Social and Religious Life of Antiquity

2989:Murray, Penelope, and Peter Wilson (eds.) (2004). 2590:Music and Worship in Pagan and Christian Antiquity 1846:Music and Worship in Pagan and Christian Antiquity 1843: 1733: 1159:A brass trumpet used for military calls, and even 2606:. Rutherford N.J: Fairleigh Dickinson University. 945:", or an artist's instrument, requiring training. 444:playing a transverse flute, presumably the Greek 432:A 17th-century representation of the Greek muses 2993:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 2678:Vergil's Aeneid and Fourth ("Messianic") Eclogue 2549:, second edition. New York: Dover Publications. 2269:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 49. 2125:International Journal of the Classical Tradition 1876: 1874: 1559:Papyrus Ashm. inv. 89B/29-32 (citharodic nomes) 1464:Girls dancing with an instructress and a youth, 662:, picked up her aulos and took it up as his own. 2778:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 272:were most commonly sung in honor or worship of 2937:Maas, Martha, and Jane McIntosh Snyder (1989) 2489:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2483:Fundamentals of Music (De institutione musica) 1976: 1974: 1972: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 565:, on a 5th century BC drinking cup ( 153:Musical scene with three women painted by the 3352: 3151: 2974:The Music of Ancient Greece: An Encyclopaedia 2838:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 345:) of men and boys who were accompanied by an 8: 3007:Pöhlmann, Egert, and Martin L. West (2001). 2853:Ancient Greek Music: A New Technical History 2812:The Science of Harmonics in Classical Greece 2599:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2205:. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2007. 2092:Reading Ovid: Stories from the Metamorphoses 1945:Making Sense of Aristotle: Essays in Poetics 70:. There are some fragments of actual Greek 6146: 5864: 5316: 5307: 5288: 5048: 4951: 4741: 4717: 4234: 4221: 3928: 3597: 3568: 3412: 3388: 3359: 3345: 3337: 3158: 3144: 3136: 2228:(Repr ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 989:, as well as often associated with satyrs. 2314: 386:. Famous lyric poets include Alkaios and 2750:. New York: Charles Scribner & Sons. 2485:, translated by Calvin Bower. edited by 1920:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474410991.003.0007 1540:Papyrus Leiden inv. P. 510 (Euripides, 1459: 1116: 1037: 948: 546: 374:Music was also present in ancient Greek 148: 54:Music was almost universally present in 3039:The Rise of Music in the Ancient World. 2939:Stringed Instruments of Ancient Greece. 2471:. New York: Hill and Wang, 1961. Print. 1824:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.25401 1782:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01248 1677: 1654: 58:society, from marriages, funerals, and 3111:A modern reconstruction of an ancient 2878:New York/Bern: Peter Lang Publishing. 2630:Ulrich, Homer, and Paul Pisk (1963). 2616:, and Thomas Mathiesen (eds.) (1997). 2014:Richardson, Nicholas (22 April 2010). 1798:Douris and the Painters of Greek Vases 1265:The enigmatic ancient Greek figure of 1046:to a bearded man and his goose. Attic 2909:(pbk reprint, 2001). Limited preview 2776:Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece 2735:. (Clarendon Paperback reprint 1994. 2634:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanoich. 2564:. Dallas, Texas: Spring Publications. 2494:Pythagoras & Music of the Spheres 7: 5760:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 2934:Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2632:A History of Music and Musical Style 27:Musical traditions of ancient Greece 3041:NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2828:Music and Image in Classical Athens 2753:Ruck, Carl A.P. and Danny Staples, 2376:700-701a. cited in Wellesz, p. 395. 2211:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u23721 1227:used in religious dances by groups. 791:According to Pseudo-Apollodorus in 2941:New Haven: Yale University Press. 2534:. London and New York: Routledge. 2516:(1957). "Ancient Greek Music". In 2510:. Mt. Kisco, New York: Moyer Bell. 2438:812d., cited in Henderson, p. 338. 209:which was often accompanied by an 36:Ancient Greek warrior playing the 25: 3059:Winnington-Ingram, R. P. (1968). 2981:The Modes of Ancient Greek Music. 2969:. New Jersey: Joseph Boonin, Inc. 2891:Music in Ancient Greece and Rome. 1985:. Mt. Kisco, NY: Moyer Bell. 1516:Eleusis inv. 907 (trumpet signal) 1316:second of the two hymns to Apollo 42:, late 6th–early 5th century BC, 6229: 6219: 6210: 6209: 2893:London and New York: Routledge. 2836:Music in Greek and Roman Culture 2545:Olson, Harry Ferdinand. (1967). 2532:Music in Ancient Greece and Rome 1736:Music in Ancient Greece and Rome 1640:Musical system of ancient Greece 1571:Papyrus Vienna G 29825 a/b verso 1568:Papyrus Vienna G 29825 a/b recto 1297:complained about the new music: 319:is titled "Paean or Hyporchema". 6230: 3120:Ancient Greek scores from IMSLP 3090:, a music group led by scholar 2757:(Carolina Academic Press) 1994. 1029:strings on a lyre are parallel. 745:Orpheus in his adventures with 2547:Music, Physics and Engineering 2467:Aristotle, and S. H. Butcher. 2018:. Cambridge University Press. 1914:. Edinburgh University Press. 1644:Ancient Greek Musical Notation 1163:. A number of sources mention 1: 3831: 3818: 3799: 3782: 3048:London: Methuen anc Co. Ltd. 2979:Monro, David Binning (1894). 2965:Mathiesen, Thomas J. (1974). 2955:Mathiesen, Thomas J. (1999). 2830:. Cambridge University Press. 2476:The Harmonics of Aristoxenus 1947:. Bloomsbury Academic. 2001. 1556:Papyrus Ashm. inv. 89B/31, 33 1465: 1051: 962: 941:describes the cithara as an " 867: 842:all found their way into the 145:Music in society and religion 4959:Funeral and burial practices 4144:Military of Mycenaean Greece 3063:Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert. 3061:Mode in Ancient Greek Music. 2976:. London: Faber & Faber. 2774:Anderson, Warren D. (1994). 2767:Anderson, Warren D. (1966). 2708:Wellesz, Egon (ed.) (1957). 2389:, cited in Strunk, pp. 4–12. 2100:10.1017/cbo9780511814198.003 1943:"Aristotle, Rapin, Brecht". 1638:For a technical discussion, 886:A strummed and occasionally 74:, many literary references, 3011:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2915:Le Ven, Pauline A. (2014). 2755:The World of Classical Myth 1580:Papyrus Vienna G 13763/1494 1386:'s 16th-century version of 953:A seated woman playing the 894:built on a tortoise-shell ( 6282: 4883:Greek Revival architecture 3044:Webster, T. B. L. (1970). 2858:Cambridge University Press 2834:Comotti, Giovanni (1989). 2826:Bundrick, Sheramy (2005). 2710:Ancient and Oriental Music 2595:Richardson, N. J. (2010). 2588:Quasten, Johannes (1983). 2459:. New York, NY: Routledge. 1953:10.5040/9781472597847.0013 1881:Mathiesen, Thomas (1999). 1842:Quasten, Johannes (1983). 1577:Papyrus Vienna G 29825 d-f 1520:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 1258: 1129:by the Greeks and, later, 1096: 890:, essentially a hand-held 810:Marsyas alive for losing. 806:all accounts, Apollo then 641:'found' or 'invented' the 6205: 6156: 6145: 5306: 5287: 5051: 4954: 4740: 4716: 4291:Attalid kings of Pergamon 4237: 4233: 4220: 4099:Antigonid Macedonian army 3931: 3596: 3567: 3411: 3387: 3374: 3320: 2889:Landels, John G. (1999). 2874:Kramarz, Andreas (2016). 2530:Landels, John G. (1999). 2352:10.1007/s11191-007-9090-x 2315:Weiss and Taruskin (2008) 2137:10.1007/s12138-010-0193-4 1732:Landels, John G. (2001). 1161:contested in the Olympics 888:plucked string instrument 814:Greek musical instruments 652:On the Restraint of Anger 555:with the tortoise-shell ( 157:. Side A of a red-figure 2930:Lord, Albert B. (1960). 2746:Williams, C. F. (1903). 2602:Sendrey, Alfred (1974). 2224:West, Martin L. (2005). 2024:10.1017/cbo9780511840296 1812:Katz, Israel J. (2001). 1801:. J. Murray. p. 78. 1586:Epidaurus, SEG 30. 390 ( 1574:Papyrus Vienna G 29825 c 3022:Power, Timothy (2010). 2972:Michaelides, S. (1978) 2810:Barker, Andrew (2007). 2506:Graves, Robert (1955). 2499:25 January 2021 at the 2344:2008Sc&Ed..17..449C 1995:Ulrich and Pisk, p. 15. 1981:Graves, Robert (1955). 1795:Edmond Pottier (1908). 1693:Ulrich and Pisk, p. 16. 1167:with a bone mouthpiece. 607:and a skilled musician. 18:Music in ancient Greece 4325:Artists & scholars 4240:List of ancient Greeks 3877:Second Athenian League 3726:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 3551:Ancient Greek colonies 2850:Hagel, Stefan (2010). 2802:Greek Musical Writings 2748:The Story of the Organ 2492:Calter, Paul (1998). " 2455:Mark, Michael (2008). 1475: 1453: 1407: 1319: 1308: 1136: 1058: 968: 873: 788: 683: 588:Homeric Hymn to Hermes 572: 520:performed in honor of 449: 165: 51: 5444:Sybaris on the Traeis 4169:Sacred Band of Thebes 3909:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 3423:Cycladic civilization 3073:Apollonius, Rhodius. 2292:Heron of Alexandria, 1772:Bélis, Annie (2001). 1595:Roman imperial period 1536:Papyrus Vienna G 2315 1463: 1441: 1381: 1313: 1299: 1165:this metal instrument 1120: 1041: 952: 857: 844:music of ancient Rome 802:that everyone cried. 773: 669: 550: 431: 407:links the origins of 217:sacrificial cults of 152: 35: 6266:Ancient music genres 4969:mythological figures 4690:Ancient Greek tribes 3815:Peloponnesian League 3037:Sachs, Curt (1943). 2932:The Singer of Tales. 2653:The Aeneid of Virgil 2625:The Origins of Music 2562:Ovid's Metamorphoses 2474:Aristoxenus (1902). 2168:The Classical Review 1293:At a certain point, 1279:music of the spheres 1250:Music and philosophy 1042:A youth playing the 472:In Greek mythology: 139:music of the spheres 60:religious ceremonies 6256:Ancient Greek music 5081:Tunnel of Eupalinos 5076:Theatre of Dionysus 4700:Ancient Macedonians 4316:Tyrants of Syracuse 3828:Amphictyonic League 3428:Minoan civilization 3201:Ancient Tamil music 3105:Ancient Greek music 2725:Ancient Greek Music 2469:Aristotle's poetics 2425:Kilmer and Crocker. 2267:Ancient Greek Music 2265:West, M.L. (1992). 2226:Ancient Greek music 2049:The Classical World 2016:Three Homeric Hymns 1634:Ancient Roman music 1583:Papyrus Berlin 6870 1084:Syrinx or Pan flute 627:Twelfth Pythian Ode 476:learned music from 390:from the Island of 337:, the god of wine. 98:, the daughters of 5755:Menestheus's Limin 5409:Pandosia (Lucania) 5297:Greek colonisation 4659:Athenian statesmen 4420:Diogenes of Sinope 4281:Kings of Macedonia 4271:Kings of Commagene 4139:Macedonian phalanx 4119:Hellenistic armies 3867:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 3731:Indo-Greek Kingdom 3453:Hellenistic Greece 3001:. Limited preview 2949:. Limited preview 2569:The Odes of Pindar 2416:West, pp. 206–207. 2180:10.1093/cr/46.1.10 2094:. pp. 17–18. 1684:Henderson, p. 327. 1565:Papyrus Zeno 59533 1551:Hellenistic Period 1543:Iphigenia in Aulis 1476: 1471:, found at Capua. 1408: 1320: 1261:Pythagorean tuning 1137: 1059: 969: 874: 789: 781:Apollo and Marsyas 689:Syrinx / Pan flute 684: 573: 450: 317:First Delphic Hymn 237:Popular song types 201:, the heroes, and 166: 163:Walters Art Museum 52: 44:Attic black-figure 6243: 6242: 6201: 6200: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6132: 5707:Iberian Peninsula 5639:Lipara/Meligounis 5605: 5604: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5256:Cypriot syllabary 5147: 5146: 5056:Athenian Treasury 5040: 5039: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4301:Ptolemaic dynasty 4261:Archons of Athens 4216: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4087:Athenian military 4068: 4067: 3901:League of Corinth 3883:Thessalian League 3859:Chalcidian League 3841:Acarnanian League 3751:Ptolemaic Kingdom 3563: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3334: 3333: 3326:Prehistoric music 3307:1st millennium BC 3302:2nd millennium BC 3046:The Greek Chorus. 2867:978-0-521-51764-5 2800:(ed.) (1984–89). 2660:Virgil, the Æneid 2540:978-0-203-27050-9 2514:Henderson, Isobel 2481:Boethius (1989). 2235:978-0-19-814975-0 2004:Henderson p. 395. 1588:Hymn to Asclepius 1562:Papyrus Hibeh 231 1400:string instrument 1100:), also known as 943:organon technikon 585:According to the 529:Peloponnesian War 341:featured choirs ( 16:(Redirected from 6273: 6261:Music by culture 6233: 6232: 6223: 6213: 6212: 6147: 5865: 5364:Heraclea Lucania 5317: 5308: 5289: 5049: 4981:Twelve Olympians 4952: 4742: 4718: 4306:Seleucid dynasty 4286:Kings of Paionia 4235: 4222: 4092:Scythian archers 3999:Graphe paranomon 3929: 3836: 3833: 3823: 3820: 3804: 3801: 3791: 3787: 3784: 3598: 3569: 3448:Classical Greece 3433:Mycenaean Greece 3413: 3389: 3361: 3354: 3347: 3338: 3286:Seikilos epitaph 3281:Oxyrhynchus hymn 3160: 3153: 3146: 3137: 3099:De Organographia 3088:Ensemble Kérylos 3075:The Argonautica. 2871: 2831: 2664:Carlotta Petrina 2461: 2460: 2452: 2439: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2399: 2396: 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4854:Wedding customs 4736: 4735: 4704: 4695:Thracian Greeks 4678: 4669:Olympic victors 4647: 4489: 4376: 4320: 4311:Kings of Sparta 4296:Kings of Pontus 4266:Kings of Athens 4242: 4229: 4208: 4104:Army of Macedon 4064: 4041: 4013: 3970: 3918: 3891:(370–c. 230 BC) 3889:Arcadian League 3873:(c. 400–188 BC) 3871:Aetolian League 3865:Boeotian League 3847:Hellenic League 3834: 3821: 3811:(c. 650–404 BC) 3802: 3796:Italiote League 3789: 3785: 3779:Doric Hexapolis 3769: 3760: 3756:Seleucid Empire 3699: 3592: 3591: 3555: 3462: 3438:Greek Dark Ages 3407: 3406: 3383: 3370: 3365: 3335: 3330: 3316: 3290: 3254: 3169: 3164: 3084: 3024:The Culture of 2868: 2849: 2825: 2764: 2762:Further reading 2691:Virgil (1997). 2676:Virgil (1989). 2669:Virgil (1975). 2658:Virgil (1944). 2651:Virgil (1938). 2644:Virgil (1909). 2637:Virgil (1830). 2567:Pindar (1969). 2508:The Greek Myths 2501:Wayback Machine 2464: 2454: 2453: 2442: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2384: 2380: 2371: 2367: 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6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6227: 6217: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5871: 5862: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5789: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5615: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5557:Megara Hyblaea 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5537:Hybla Gereatis 5534: 5529: 5527:Heraclea Minoa 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5325: 5323: 5314: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5285: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5271:Attic numerals 5268: 5266:Greek numerals 5263: 5261:Greek alphabet 5258: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4915:Musical system 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4874: 4872: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4347:Mathematicians 4344: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4256:Kings of Argos 4252: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4114:Cretan archers 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4023: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3980: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3913:Achaean League 3910: 3907:Euboean League 3904: 3898: 3895:Epirote League 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3843:(c. 500–31 BC) 3838: 3825: 3812: 3806: 3793: 3775: 3773: 3771:Confederations 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3695:Lissus (Crete) 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3472: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3443:Archaic Greece 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3419: 3417: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3368:Ancient Greece 3366: 3364: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3312:1st millennium 3309: 3304: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3276:Katolophyromai 3273: 3268: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3108: 3102: 3095: 3083: 3082:External links 3080: 3079: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3042: 3035: 3020: 3005: 2987: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2953: 2935: 2928: 2913: 2887: 2872: 2866: 2847: 2832: 2823: 2808: 2798:Barker, Andrew 2795: 2772: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2721: 2706: 2689: 2674: 2667: 2656: 2649: 2646:Virgil's Æneid 2642: 2635: 2628: 2621: 2610:Strunk, Oliver 2607: 2600: 2593: 2586: 2585:, (398d-399a). 2579: 2572: 2565: 2558: 2543: 2528: 2521: 2511: 2504: 2490: 2487:Claude Palisca 2479: 2472: 2463: 2462: 2440: 2427: 2418: 2409: 2400: 2391: 2378: 2365: 2338:(4): 449–456. 2322: 2307: 2298: 2285: 2272: 2257: 2241: 2234: 2216: 2193: 2158: 2131:(2): 292–295. 2115: 2108: 2082: 2039: 2032: 2006: 1997: 1988: 1968: 1961: 1935: 1928: 1902: 1895: 1870: 1856: 1829: 1804: 1787: 1764: 1750: 1695: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1668: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1608: 1603: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1538: 1523: 1517: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1473:British Museum 1457: 1454: 1334:modes (scales) 1290: 1287: 1259:Main article: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1219:was a kind of 1212: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1189:, also called 1183: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1135:by the Romans. 1115: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1003:A trapezoidal 1000: 999: 998: 997: 991: 990: 978: 977: 976: 975: 947: 946: 913: 912: 911: 910: 904: 903: 883: 882: 881: 880: 851: 848: 815: 812: 786:José de Ribera 767: 764: 721: 718: 717: 716: 693: 692: 691: 690: 664: 663: 618: 617: 616: 615: 609: 608: 582: 581: 580: 579: 544: 541: 486:creation myths 425: 422: 355: 352: 351: 350: 330: 329: 328: 327: 321: 320: 309: 308: 307: 306: 300: 299: 291: 290: 289: 288: 282: 281: 266: 265: 264: 263: 257: 256: 248: 247: 246: 245: 238: 235: 155:Niobid painter 146: 143: 84:archaeological 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6278: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6236: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6216: 6208: 6207: 6204: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6148: 6144: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5735:Hemeroscopion 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5312:Magna Graecia 5309: 5305: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5186:Arcadocypriot 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5139:Zeus, Olympia 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5124:Hera, Olympia 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5027:Mount Olympus 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995:Sacred places 4993: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4819:Olympic Games 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4809:Homosexuality 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4179:Seleucid army 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3853:Delian League 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3829: 3826: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3809:Ionian League 3807: 3797: 3794: 3790: 560 BC 3780: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3531:Magna Graecia 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295:By millennium 3293: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3271:Hurrian songs 3269: 3267: 3266:Delphic Hymns 3264: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3167:Ancient music 3161: 3156: 3154: 3149: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3068:The Symposium 3065: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3054:0-416-16350-5 3051: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3032:9780674021389 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3017:0-19-815223-X 3014: 3010: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2999:0-19-924239-9 2996: 2992: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2947:0-300-03686-8 2944: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2925:9781107018532 2922: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2907:0-415-24843-4 2904: 2900: 2899:0-415-16776-0 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2884:9781433133787 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2859: 2856:. Cambridge: 2855: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2844:0-8018-3364-7 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2820:9780521879514 2817: 2813: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2792:0-8014-3030-5 2789: 2785: 2784:0-8014-3083-6 2781: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2741:0-19-814975-1 2738: 2734: 2733:0-19-814897-6 2730: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2718:0-19-316301-2 2715: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2703:1-85326-777-5 2700: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2687: 2686:0-271-00651-X 2683: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2578:, (700-701a). 2577: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2560:Ovid (1989). 2559: 2556: 2555:0-486-21769-8 2552: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2458: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2311: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2268: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2197: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2109:9780521849012 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2043: 2040: 2035: 2033:9780521451581 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2010: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1984: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1962:9781472597847 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1929:9781474410991 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1903: 1898: 1896:0-8032-3079-6 1892: 1887: 1886: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1859: 1857:9780960237876 1853: 1848: 1847: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1808: 1805: 1800: 1799: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1765: 1753: 1751:9780415248433 1747: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1624:Nomos (music) 1622: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1601:Delphic Hymns 1599: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1524: 1522:, Comp. 63 f. 1521: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1469: 430 BC 1462: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1324: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1298: 1296: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1055: 560 BC 1049: 1045: 1040: 1033: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001: 995: 994: 993: 992: 988: 984: 980: 979: 973: 972: 971: 970: 966: 460 BC 960: 956: 951: 944: 940: 936: 935: 930: 926: 922: 918: 915: 914: 908: 907: 906: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 884: 878: 877: 876: 875: 865: 861: 856: 849: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 813: 811: 809: 803: 800: 796: 795: 787: 783: 782: 777: 772: 765: 763: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 742: 736: 734: 730: 726: 719: 714: 710: 706: 702: 701: 700:Metamorpheses 696:According to 695: 694: 688: 687: 686: 685: 682: 681: 676: 672: 668: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 621:According to 620: 619: 613: 612: 611: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 589: 584: 583: 577: 576: 575: 574: 570: 569: 564: 560: 559: 554: 549: 542: 540: 538: 534: 530: 525: 523: 519: 515: 514:Olympic Games 511: 510:Pythian Games 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 470: 468: 463: 458: 456: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 423: 421: 419: 415: 410: 406: 403: 401: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 369: 365: 361: 353: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 331: 325: 324: 323: 322: 318: 314: 311: 310: 304: 303: 302: 301: 297: 293: 292: 286: 285: 284: 283: 279: 275: 271: 268: 267: 261: 260: 259: 258: 254: 250: 249: 243: 242: 241: 240: 236: 234: 230: 226: 224: 220: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 190: 185: 184: 177: 175: 171: 164: 160: 156: 151: 144: 142: 140: 136: 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 103: 101: 97: 93: 88: 85: 82:and relevant 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 56:ancient Greek 49: 45: 41: 40: 34: 30: 19: 6030:Dionysopolis 6000:Abonoteichos 5952:Pantikapaion 5542:Hybla Heraea 4909: 4878:Architecture 4834:Prostitution 4523:Aristophanes 4382:Philosophers 4352:Philosophers 4184:Spartan army 3915:(280–146 BC) 3903:(338–322 BC) 3897:(370–168 BC) 3885:(374–196 BC) 3879:(378–355 BC) 3861:(430–348 BC) 3855:(478–404 BC) 3849:(499–449 BC) 3536:Peloponnesus 3458:Roman Greece 3324:Preceded by 3259:Extant music 3234: 3112: 3074: 3067: 3060: 3045: 3038: 3023: 3008: 2990: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2956: 2938: 2931: 2916: 2890: 2875: 2852: 2835: 2827: 2811: 2801: 2775: 2768: 2754: 2747: 2724: 2709: 2692: 2677: 2670: 2659: 2652: 2645: 2638: 2631: 2624: 2617: 2614:Leo Treitler 2603: 2596: 2589: 2582: 2575: 2568: 2561: 2546: 2531: 2524: 2517: 2507: 2482: 2475: 2468: 2456: 2435: 2430: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2398:Aristoxenus. 2394: 2386: 2381: 2373: 2368: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2310: 2301: 2293: 2288: 2280: 2275: 2266: 2260: 2252:, Book VIII 2249: 2244: 2225: 2219: 2202: 2196: 2174:(1): 10–11. 2171: 2167: 2161: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2091: 2085: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2015: 2009: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1944: 1938: 1911: 1905: 1884: 1861:. Retrieved 1845: 1813: 1807: 1797: 1790: 1773: 1767: 1755:. Retrieved 1735: 1689: 1680: 1657: 1541: 1529: 1491: 1484: 1477: 1448: 1442: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1418:and, later, 1409: 1382:Detail from 1372: 1364: 1358: 1353: 1337: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1304:theatrocracy 1300: 1292: 1264: 1190: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1091: 1048:black-figure 1043: 954: 942: 932: 925:sounding box 920: 895: 859: 817: 804: 792: 790: 779: 766:Marsyas myth 739: 737: 723: 720:Orpheus myth 699: 678: 673:instructing 651: 626: 586: 566: 556: 536: 526: 506: 471: 459: 451: 445: 417: 413: 409:tragic drama 398: 396: 383: 376:lyric poetry 373: 363: 357: 342: 231: 227: 215: 206: 199:Olympic gods 187: 181: 178: 169: 167: 132: 108:Pythagoreans 104: 91: 89: 53: 37: 29: 6178:Place names 6090:Salmydessus 5912:Kalos Limen 5892:Chersonesus 5882:Borysthenes 5587:Tauromenion 5399:Metapontion 5161:Proto-Greek 5114:Erechtheion 5109:Athena Nike 5071:Philippeion 4900:Mathematics 4871:and science 4754:Agriculture 4618:Stesichorus 4528:Bacchylides 4518:Archilochus 4405:Antisthenes 4395:Anaximander 4367:Seven Sages 4357:Playwrights 4337:Geographers 4332:Astronomers 4159:Pezhetairos 3786: 1100 3766:Federations 3665:Megalopolis 3602:City states 3577:City states 3181:Mesopotamia 3092:Annie Bélis 2723:West, M.L. 2279:Vitruvius, 2248:Aristotle, 1774:Aristoxenus 1445:Heterophony 1416:Aristoxenus 1396:anachronism 1369:church mode 794:Bibliotheca 778:Marsyas in 741:Argonautica 603:, a son of 276:as well as 120:Aristoxenus 6250:Categories 6080:Polemonion 5957:Phanagoria 5927:Kimmerikon 5922:Kerkinitis 5907:Hermonassa 5897:Dioscurias 5793:Aspalathos 5740:Kalathousa 5715:Akra Leuke 5644:Phoenicusa 5429:Scylletium 5414:Poseidonia 5334:Brentesion 5221:Pamphylian 5216:Macedonian 5134:Samothrace 5119:Hephaestus 5066:Long Walls 5045:Structures 4986:Underworld 4932:Technology 4895:Literature 4829:Philosophy 4794:Euergetism 4683:By culture 4628:Thucydides 4470:Pythagoras 4465:Protagoras 4455:Parmenides 4440:Heraclitus 4425:Empedocles 4415:Democritus 4400:Anaximenes 4390:Anaxagoras 4342:Historians 3835: 595 3822: 550 3803: 800 3788: – c. 3716:Cappadocia 3521:Ionian Sea 3511:Hellespont 3476:Aegean Sea 3218:Achaemenid 2294:Pneumatica 2055:(9): 303. 1863:22 January 1757:22 January 1673:References 1267:Pythagoras 1255:Pythagoras 1199:tambourine 1195:frame drum 1172:Percussion 959:red-figure 866:painting, 715:or syrinx. 539:in music. 518:dithyrambs 339:Dithyrambs 326:Dithyrambs 313:Hyporchema 305:Hyporchema 296:Prosodions 207:spondeion, 174:gymnastics 135:Pythagoras 116:Philodemus 76:depictions 6166:in Epirus 6115:Trapezous 6060:Mesambria 6045:Eupatoria 6015:Apollonia 6010:Anchialos 5972:Theodosia 5942:Nymphaion 5932:Myrmekion 5902:Gorgippia 5858:Black Sea 5843:Tragurion 5828:Nymphaion 5813:Epidauros 5808:Epidamnos 5798:Apollonia 5775:Zacynthos 5697:Ptolemais 5691:Apollonia 5664:Cyrenaica 5654:Therassía 5649:Strongyle 5629:Ereikousa 5552:Leontinoi 5492:Apollonia 5369:Hipponion 5166:Mycenaean 5129:Parthenon 5061:Lion Gate 4964:Mythology 4927:Sculpture 4890:Astronomy 4824:Pederasty 4799:Festivals 4784:Education 4664:Lawgivers 4633:Timocreon 4613:Sophocles 4608:Simonides 4583:Philocles 4578:Panyassis 4573:Mimnermus 4538:Herodotus 4533:Euripides 4503:Aeschylus 4450:Leucippus 4410:Aristotle 4189:Strategos 4055:Synedrion 4009:Ostracism 3989:Areopagus 3941:Free city 3736:Macedonia 3620:Byzantion 3526:Macedonia 3491:Cyrenaica 3468:Geography 3402:Geography 3174:By region 3113:hydraulis 3097:Ensemble 2901:(cloth); 2786:(cloth); 2407:Boethius. 2360:123254243 2305:Williams. 2203:Who's Who 2188:0009-840X 2153:154779967 2145:1073-0508 2069:0009-8418 1742:Routledge 1612:Mesomedes 1610:Hymns of 1526:Euripides 1479:Aristotle 1456:Aristotle 1392:Andromeda 1390:rescuing 1283:monochord 1275:overtones 1271:harmonics 1243:Koudounia 1234:Koudounia 1142:hydraulis 1123:hydraulis 1111:Hydraulis 1102:Pan flute 1077:Dionysus. 1050:amphora, 961:amphora, 939:Aristotle 836:hydraulis 751:Argonauts 713:Pan flute 650:'s essay 633:beheaded 460:Although 424:Mythology 405:Aristotle 287:Prosodion 195:libations 124:Aristides 90:The word 6215:Category 6193:Theatres 6120:Tripolis 6055:Kerasous 6050:Heraclea 5982:Tyritake 5937:Nikonion 5848:Thronion 5770:Salauris 5725:Emporion 5682:Berenice 5672:Balagrae 5624:Euonymos 5597:Tyndaris 5582:Syracuse 5577:Selinous 5547:Kamarina 5502:Casmenae 5487:Akrillai 5404:Neápolis 5339:Caulonia 5320:Mainland 5251:Linear B 5246:Linear A 5176:Dialects 5153:Language 4947:Religion 4905:Medicine 4839:Religion 4804:Folklore 4789:Emporium 4764:Clothing 4759:Calendar 4643:Xenophon 4638:Tyrtaeus 4623:Theognis 4598:Polybius 4593:Plutarch 4568:Menander 4548:Hipponax 4475:Socrates 4430:Epicurus 4276:Diadochi 4174:Sciritae 4134:Hetairoi 4109:Ballista 4074:Military 4037:Gerousia 4027:Ekklesia 3994:Ecclesia 3976:Athenian 3924:Politics 3837:–279 BC) 3824:–366 BC) 3805:–389 BC) 3741:Pergamon 3711:Bithynia 3704:Kingdoms 3645:Pergamon 3587:Military 3582:Politics 3379:Timeline 3228:Sasanian 3223:Parthian 3186:Hittites 2583:Republic 2497:Archived 2387:Republic 2332:Sci Educ 2296:, I, 42. 2250:Politics 1663:Carthage 1618:See also 1427:Republic 1425:Plato's 1420:Boethius 1346:Phrygian 1338:Republic 1225:castanet 1217:crotalum 1208:Crotalum 1191:tympanon 1187:Tympanum 1179:Tympanum 1009:kanonaki 1005:psaltery 996:Kanonaki 983:barbiton 974:Barbiton 955:barbiton 934:Politics 929:plectrum 832:barbiton 755:Eurydice 749:and the 729:Calliope 648:Plutarch 629:, after 522:Dionysus 494:plectrum 368:Socrates 335:Dionysus 223:Dionysus 213:player. 183:symposia 170:Republic 80:ceramics 48:lekythos 6235:Outline 6188:Temples 6125:Zaliche 6105:Thèrmae 6095:Sesamus 6065:Odessos 6040:Cytorus 6035:Cotyora 5785:Illyria 5750:Mainake 5745:Kypsela 5634:Hycesia 5592:Thermae 5572:Segesta 5562:Messana 5517:Helorus 5497:Calacte 5477:Akragas 5439:Sybaris 5424:Rhegion 5379:Krimisa 5329:Alision 5238:Writing 5211:Locrian 5201:Epirote 5171:Homeric 5104:Artemis 5091:Temples 5032:Olympia 5002:Eleusis 4937:Theatre 4922:Pottery 4849:Warfare 4844:Slavery 4779:Economy 4774:Cuisine 4769:Coinage 4746:Society 4731:Culture 4726:Society 4674:Tyrants 4513:Alcaeus 4495:Authors 4445:Hypatia 4435:Gorgias 4372:Writers 4194:Toxotai 4164:Sarissa 4154:Peltast 4149:Phalanx 4129:Hoplite 4124:Hippeis 4047:Macedon 4019:Spartan 4004:Heliaia 3951:Proxeny 3660:Larissa 3655:Kerkyra 3650:Eretria 3640:Miletus 3635:Ephesus 3630:Corinth 3625:Chalcis 3546:Taurica 3416:Periods 3397:History 3132:by Aeon 3066:Plato. 3003:online. 2985:online. 2961:online. 2951:online. 2911:online. 2806:online. 2581:Plato. 2574:Plato. 2434:Plato, 2385:Plato, 2372:Plato, 2340:Bibcode 2283:, x, 8. 2077:4347215 1531:Orestes 1486:Virtues 1449:melodia 1432:Orestes 1404:bassoon 1388:Perseus 1221:clapper 1152:Salpinx 921:kithara 917:Cithara 909:Cithara 860:kithara 840:salpinx 824:cithara 799:Marsyas 776:flaying 774:Apollo 725:Orpheus 698:Ovid's 677:on the 675:Daphnis 656:Marsyas 631:Perseus 601:Amphion 498:Marsyas 482:Orpheus 474:Amphion 446:photinx 442:Euterpe 414:choros. 400:Poetics 349:player. 189:skolion 159:amphora 112:Ptolemy 64:theatre 39:salpinx 6225:Portal 6173:People 6161:Cities 6100:Sinope 6085:Rhizos 6075:Phasis 6025:Bathus 6020:Athina 6005:Amisos 5967:Tanais 5962:Pityus 5887:Charax 5838:Pharos 5833:Orikon 5730:Helike 5720:Alonis 5687:Cyrene 5619:Didyme 5532:Himera 5507:Catana 5469:Sicily 5459:Thurii 5454:Terina 5419:Pixous 5374:Hydrus 5349:Croton 5181:Aeolic 5099:Aphaea 5022:Dodona 5007:Delphi 4976:Temple 4652:Others 4603:Sappho 4588:Pindar 4563:Lucian 4558:Ibycus 4543:Hesiod 4480:Thales 4248:Rulers 4227:People 4204:Xyston 4199:Xiphos 4060:Koinon 3966:Tyrant 3956:Stasis 3946:Koinon 3746:Pontus 3721:Epirus 3690:Sparta 3680:Rhodes 3675:Megara 3670:Thebes 3615:Athens 3541:Pontus 3506:Epirus 3496:Cyprus 3481:Aeolis 3250:Celtic 3235:Greece 3213:Persia 3052: 3030: 3015: 2997: 2945: 2923: 2905: 2897: 2882: 2864: 2842: 2818: 2794:(pbk). 2790: 2782: 2739: 2731: 2716: 2701: 2694:Aeneid 2684: 2553: 2538: 2358: 2232: 2186: 2151: 2143: 2106: 2075: 2067: 2030: 1959: 1926: 1893: 1854: 1748: 1666:pipes. 1350:Lydian 1342:Dorian 1127:bukanē 1097:σύριγξ 1092:Syrinx 987:Sappho 896:chelys 892:zither 864:fresco 850:String 838:, and 808:flayed 733:Urania 707:was a 705:Syrinx 680:syrinx 639:Athena 635:Medusa 623:Pindar 593:Hermes 558:chelys 512:, the 478:Hermes 462:Apollo 440:, and 438:Thalia 418:choros 392:Lesbos 388:Sappho 384:choros 343:choros 278:Athena 274:Apollo 270:Paeans 219:Apollo 126:, and 68:Greeks 6183:Stoae 6151:Lists 6070:Oinòe 5993:coast 5991:South 5977:Tyras 5947:Olbia 5917:Kepoi 5870:coast 5868:North 5861:basin 5803:Aulon 5765:Rhode 5677:Barca 5567:Naxos 5522:Henna 5482:Akrai 5449:Taras 5434:Siris 5394:Medma 5389:Locri 5354:Cumae 5344:Chone 5322:Italy 5228:Koine 5206:Ionic 5196:Doric 5191:Attic 5012:Delos 4910:Music 4553:Homer 4508:Aesop 4460:Plato 4362:Poets 4032:Ephor 3984:Agora 3961:Tagus 3936:Boule 3685:Samos 3610:Argos 3516:Ionia 3501:Doris 3486:Crete 3208:China 3196:India 3191:Egypt 2356:S2CID 2254:1341a 2149:S2CID 2073:JSTOR 1650:Notes 1499:flute 1412:Plato 1373:ethos 1365:ethos 1361:tones 1354:ethos 1329:ethos 1295:Plato 1289:Plato 1132:cornu 1074:aulos 1064:Aulos 1044:aulon 1026:Harps 828:aulos 759:Hades 747:Jason 709:Naiad 660:satyr 643:aulos 614:Aulos 568:kylix 537:ethos 533:Plato 488:have 467:Muses 360:Homer 347:aulos 262:Paean 211:aulos 128:Plato 96:Muses 92:music 6110:Tium 5877:Akra 5818:Issa 5512:Gela 5384:Laüs 5359:Elea 5017:Dion 4869:Arts 4859:Wine 4485:Zeno 4082:Wars 3245:Maya 3240:Rome 3050:ISBN 3028:ISBN 3013:ISBN 2995:ISBN 2943:ISBN 2921:ISBN 2903:ISBN 2895:ISBN 2880:ISBN 2862:ISBN 2840:ISBN 2816:ISBN 2788:ISBN 2780:ISBN 2737:ISBN 2729:ISBN 2714:ISBN 2699:ISBN 2682:ISBN 2576:Laws 2551:ISBN 2536:ISBN 2436:Laws 2374:Laws 2318:p. 3 2230:ISBN 2184:ISSN 2141:ISSN 2104:ISBN 2065:ISSN 2028:ISBN 1957:ISBN 1924:ISBN 1891:ISBN 1865:2023 1852:ISBN 1759:2023 1746:ISBN 1497:and 1495:harp 1402:and 1241:The 1215:The 1145:air. 1121:The 1034:Wind 1018:Harp 900:lyre 879:Lyre 820:lyre 605:Zeus 597:lyre 578:Lyre 563:lyre 551:The 500:and 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