Musical notation - Knowledge (XXG)

1681:. Written in the Pallava-grantha script of the 7th century, it contains 38 horizontal lines of notations inscribed on a rectangular rock face (dimension of around 13 by 14 feet). Each line of the notation contains 64 characters (characters representing musical notes), written in groups of four notes. The basic characters for the seven notes, 'sa ri ga ma pa dha ni', are seen to be suffixed with the vowels a, i, u, e. For example, in the place of 'sa', any one of 'sa', 'si', 'su' or 'se' is used. Similarly, in place of ri, any one of 'ra', 'ri', 'ru' or 're' is used. Horizontal lines divide the notation into 7 sections. Each section contains 4 to 7 lines of notation, with a title indicating its musical 'mode'. These modes may have been popular at least from the 6th century CE and were incorporated into the Indian 'raga' system that developed later. But some of the unusual features seen in this notation have been given several non-conclusive interpretations by scholars. 1602: 402: 2122: 2110: 2146: 1754: 2201: 2179: 2379:

physical and technical requirements of play (the lines and symbols on them and in relation to each other representing the actual performance actions) with the unfolding of the music itself (the lines of tablature taken horizontally represent the actual temporal unfolding of the music). In later periods, lute and guitar music was written with standard notation. Tablature caught interest again in the late 20th century for popular

1424: 7822: 5741: 5263: 1851:("hooks"), as some shapes of these signs resemble hooks. Each sign may include the following components: a large black hook or a black stroke, several smaller black 'points' and 'commas' and lines near the hook or crossing the hook. Some signs may mean only one note, some 2 to 4 notes, and some a whole melody of more than 10 notes with a complicated rhythmic structure. The stolp notation was developed in 5751: 775: 5731: 5253: 930: 621: 729: 1184: 1945: 1646: 2438:. These notation systems do not require the use of standard key signatures, accidentals, or clef signs. They also represent interval relationships more consistently and accurately than traditional notation, e.g. major 3rds appear wider than minor 3rds. Many of these systems are described and illustrated in Gardner Read's "Source Book of Proposed Music Notation Reforms". 5761: 2049:), although transcriptions of the elaborating instrument variations are sometimes used for analysis and teaching. Drum parts are notated with a system of symbols largely based on letters representing the vocables used to learn and remember drumming patterns; these symbols are typically laid out in a grid underneath the skeletal melody for a specific or generic piece. 1432: 1900: 327: 7809: 2019:, several systems were devised beginning at the end of the 19th century, initially for archival purposes. Today the most widespread are cipher notations ("not angka" in the broadest sense) in which the pitches are represented with some subset of the numbers 1 to 7, with 1 corresponding to either highest note of a particular octave, as in 47: 2899:, musicology and to a degree European-influenced musical practice suffer from a 'notational centricity', a methodology slanted by the characteristics of notation. A variety of 20th- and 21st-century composers have dealt with this problem, either by adapting standard Western musical notation or by using graphic notation. These include 7795: 1766: 1820:, 'banners'). Often the names of the signs are used to refer to the stolp notation. Znamenny melodies are part of a system, consisting of Eight Modes (intonation structures; called glasy); the melodies are characterized by fluency and well-balancedness. There exist several types of Znamenny Chant: the so-called 2187:

written above and around the accompanying Hebrew texts, Trope marks represent a short musical motif. Throughout the Jewish diaspora there are variations in the accompanying melodies. There are three main systems of Hebrew cantillation: The Babylonian System, The Palestinian System, and the Tiberian System.

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Yi of Zeng (d. 433 B.C.). Sets of 41 chimestones and 65 bells bore lengthy inscriptions concerning pitches, scales, and transposition. The bells still sound the pitches that their inscriptions refer to. Although no notated musical compositions were found, the inscriptions indicate that the system was

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is used. As in Western solfege, there are names for the seven basic pitches of a major scale (Shadja, Rishabha, Gandhara, Madhyama, Panchama, Dhaivata and Nishada, usually shortened to Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni). The tonic of any scale is named Sa, and the dominant Pa. Sa is fixed in any scale, and Pa is

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Ancient Jewish texts include a series of marks assigning musical cantillation notes. Known in Hebrew as Ta'amim and Yiddish as Trope, there are records of these marks from the 6th and 7th centuries, having been passed down as a tradition for Jewish prayers and texts. Traditionally a series of marks

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Each of the other five notes, Re, Ga, Ma, Dha and Ni, can take a 'regular' (shuddha) pitch, which is equivalent to its pitch in a standard major scale (thus, shuddha Re, the second degree of the scale, is a whole-step higher than Sa), or an altered pitch, either a half-step above or half-step below

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Over the past three centuries, hundreds of music notation systems have been proposed as alternatives to traditional western music notation. Many of these systems seek to improve upon traditional notation by using a "chromatic staff" in which each of the 12 pitch classes has its own unique place on

1726:('movable notes'). In the written system of Indian notation devised by Ravi Shankar, the pitches are represented by Western letters. Capital letters are used for the achala swar, and for the higher variety of all the vikrut swar. Lowercase letters are used for the lower variety of the vikrut swar. 951:

Modern music notation is used by musicians of many different genres throughout the world. The staff (or stave, in British English) consists of 5 parallel horizontal lines which acts as a framework upon which pitches are indicated by placing oval note-heads on (ie crossing) the staff lines, between

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Christian monks developed the first forms of modern European musical notation in order to standardize liturgy throughout the worldwide Church, and an enormous body of religious music has been composed for it through the ages. This led directly to the emergence and development of European classical

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and Kyle Adams in his work on rap's flow. As rap usually revolves around a strong 4/4 beat, with certain syllables aligned to the beat, all the notational systems have a similar structure: they all have four beat numbers at the top of the diagram, so that syllables can be written in-line with the

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to finger are written on each line, indicated by letters or numbers. Rhythm is written separately with one or another variation of standard note values indicating the duration of the fastest moving part. Few seem to have remarked on the fact that tablature combines in one notation system both the

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Braille music is a complete, well developed, and internationally accepted musical notation system that has symbols and notational conventions quite independent of print music notation. It is linear in nature, similar to a printed language and different from the two-dimensional nature of standard

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cipher notation has become common for notating western-related genres (church hymns, popular songs, and so forth). Unlike the cipher notation for gamelan music, which uses a "fixed Do" (that is, 1 always corresponds to the same pitch, within the natural variability of gamelan tuning), Indonesian

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or other large ensemble. Individual performers in an ensemble play from "parts" which contain only the music played by an individual musician. A score can be constructed from a complete set of parts and vice versa. The process was laborious and time consuming when parts were hand-copied from the

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used. Byzantine notation is still used in many Orthodox Churches. Sometimes cantors also use transcriptions into Western or Kievan staff notation while adding non-notatable embellishment material from memory and "sliding" into the natural scales from experience, but even concerning modern neume

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Today the main difference between Western and Eastern neumes is that Eastern notation symbols are "differential" rather than absolute, i.e., they indicate pitch steps (rising, falling or at the same step), and the musicians know to deduce correctly, from the score and the note they are singing

1470:). The notation of non-pitched percussion instruments is less standardized. Pitched instruments use standard Western classical notation for the pitches and rhythms. In general, notation for unpitched percussion uses the five line staff, with different lines and spaces representing different 609:

Notes as pitch classes or modal keys (usually memorised by modal signatures) are represented in written form only between these neumes (in manuscripts usually written in red ink). In modern notation they simply serve as an optional reminder and modal and tempo directions have been added, if

1881:. Gradually the system became more and more complicated. This system was also ambiguous, so that almost no one, except the most trained and educated singers, could sing an unknown melody at sight. The signs only helped to reproduce the melody, not coding it in an unambiguous way. (See 1491:

notation. The bass notes of the music are conventionally notated, along with numbers and other signs that determine which chords the harpsichordist, organist or lutenist should improvise. It does not, however, specify the exact pitches of the harmony, leaving that for the performer to

805:). He suggested that individual notes could have their own rhythms represented by the shape of the note. Not until the 14th century did something like the present system of fixed note lengths arise. The use of regular measures (bars) became commonplace by the end of the 17th century. 1873:. The signs also represent a mood and a gradation of how this part of melody is to be sung (tempo, strength, devotion, meekness, etc.) Every sign has its own name and also features as a spiritual symbol. For example, there is a specific sign, called "little dove" (Russian: голубчик 1657:

text (1200 BCE – 1000 BCE) contains notated melodies, and these are probably the world's oldest surviving ones. The musical notation is written usually immediately above, sometimes within, the line of Samaveda text, either in syllabic or a numerical form depending on the Samavedic

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Printed chant books with a modern simplified version of round notation were published since the 1820s and also used in Greece and Constantinople and in Old Church Slavonic translation within the slavophone Balkans and later on the territory of the autocephalous foundation of

887:; they were not note names, and each could, depending on context, be applied to any note. In the 17th century, Ut was changed in most countries except France to the easily singable, open syllable Do, believed to have been taken either from the name of the Italian theorist 743:, while writing in the early 7th century, considered that "unless sounds are held by the memory of man, they perish, because they cannot be written down." By the middle of the 9th century, however, a form of neumatic notation began to develop in monasteries in Europe as a 3143:

Only one Greek asmatikon written during the 14th century (Kastoria, Metropolitan Library, Ms. 8) preserved this gestic notation based on the practice of cheironomia, and transcribed the gestic signs into sticherarion notation in a second row. For more about kondakar, see

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Schneider, Albrecht (1987). "Musik, Sound, Sprache, Schrift: Transkription und Notation in der Vergleichenden Musikwissenschaft und Musikethnologie" [Music, sound, language, writing: Transcription and notation in comparative musicology and music ethnology].

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style, which encompassed music, art, and architecture, was particularly encouraged by the post-Reformation Catholic Church as such forms offered a means of religious expression that was stirring and emotional, intended to stimulate religious fervor.

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representation. Many subsequent scholars of rhythm have sought to develop graphical geometrical notations. For example, a similar geometric system was published in 1987 by Kjell Gustafson, whose method represents a rhythm as a two-dimensional graph.

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that were in use at the time, although it is not clear how they were formed. These rhythmic modes were all in triple time and rather limited rhythm in chant to six different repeating patterns. This was a flaw seen by German music theorist

2155: 364:) and a number of fragments using this notation survive. The notation for sung music consists of letter symbols for the pitches, placed above text syllables. Rhythm is indicated in a rudimentary way only, with long and short symbols. The 567:(choir book) and kontakarion (book of the soloist or monophonaris) of the Constantinopolitan cathedral rite. The earliest books which have survived, are "kondakars" in Slavonic translation which already show a notation system known as 3870: 1378:

or "feel" to a song or piece are indicated at the beginning of the piece and at any points where the mood changes (e.g., "Gelassen") For vocal music, lyrics are written near the pitches of the melody. For short pauses (breaths),

771:, but its few surviving fragments have not yet been deciphered. The problem with this notation was that it only showed melodic contours and consequently the music could not be read by someone who did not know the music already. 2052:

The symbols used for drum notation (as well as the vocables represented) are highly variable from place to place and performer to performer. In addition to these current systems, two older notations used a kind of staff: the

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Jeong-gan-bo specifies the pitch by writing the pitch's name down in a box called 'jeong-gan'. One jeong-gan is one beat each, and it can be split into two, three or more to hold half beats and quarter beats, and more.

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of the cathedral rite. They existed once as part of an oral tradition, developed Kondakarian notation and became, during the 13th century, integrated into Byzantine round notation as a kind of universal notation system.

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extensively use the diagrams to explain rap's triplets, flams, rests, rhyme schemes, runs of rhyme, and breaking rhyme patterns, among other techniques. Similar systems are used by musicologists Adam Krims in his book

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Simpler chord charts for songs may contain only the chord changes, placed above the lyrics where they occur. Such charts depend on prior knowledge of the melody, and are used as reminders in performance or informal

311:. A tablet from about 1250 BCE shows a more developed form of notation. Although the interpretation of the notation system is still controversial, it is clear that the notation indicates the names of strings on a 2040:

Notes in the ranges outside the central octave are represented with one or more dots above or below the each number. For the most part, these cipher notations are mainly used to notate the skeletal melody (the

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or F clef identifies the second line down as the note F below middle C. While the treble and bass clef are the most widely used, other clefs, which identify middle C, are used for some instruments, such as the

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The standard form of rap notation is the "flow diagram", where rappers line up their lyrics underneath "beat numbers". Hip-hop scholars also make use of the same flow diagrams that rappers use: the books

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The so-called "great signs" were once related to cheironomic signs; according to modern interpretations they are understood as embellishments and microtonal attractions (pitch changes smaller than a

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Graphite '06: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and South East Asia, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), 29 November–2 December 2006

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placed before a note renders that note in its "natural" form, which means that any sharp or flat applied to that note from the key signature or an accidental, is cancelled. Sometimes a

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computer software in the 1980s, a score stored electronically can have parts automatically prepared by the program and quickly and inexpensively printed out using a computer printer.

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The term 'graphic notation' refers to the contemporary use of non-traditional symbols and text to convey information about the performance of a piece of music. Composers such as

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that was the first East Asian system to represent rhythm, pitch, and time. Among various kinds of Korean traditional music, Jeong-gan-bo targets a particular genre, Jeong-ak (

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KR Norman (1979), Sāmavedic Chant by Wayne Howard (Book Review), Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 13, No. 3, page 524; Wayne Howard (1977), Samavedic Chant, Yale University Press,

383:, dated to the 2nd century BCE also use this notation, but they are not completely preserved. Ancient Greek notation appears to have fallen out of use around the time of the 2690:

It is being used for six-hole woodwind instruments, basically for Irish folk songs. Tin whistle tabs are particularly useful for those unfamiliar with sheet music notation.

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Some chromatic systems have been created taking advantage of the layout of black and white keys of the standard piano keyboard. The "staff" is most widely referred to as "

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Studie über die 'großen Zeichen' der byzantinischen musikalischen Notation unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Periode vom Ende des 12. bis Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts

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sufficiently advanced to allow for musical notation. Two systems of pitch nomenclature existed, one for relative pitch and one for absolute pitch. For relative pitch, a

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used since the 10th century were always related to modal steps (same modal degree, one degree lower, two degrees higher, etc.) in relation to such a clef or modal key (

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Karakayali, Nedim (2010). "Two Assemblages of Cultural Transmission: Musicians, Political Actors and Educational Techniques in the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe".

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that are considered important for its performance in the context of a given musical tradition. The process of interpreting musical notation is often referred to as

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Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn (1965). "The Strings of Musical Instruments: Their Names, Numbers, and Significance". In Güterbock, Hans G.; Jacobsen, Thorkild (eds.).

3732:(Speech). Elsley Zeitlyn Lecture on Chinese Archaeology and Culture. British Academy's Autumn 2004 Lecture Programme. London: British Academy. Archived from 2065:

a ladder-like vertical staff allowed notation of the balungan by dots and also included important drum strokes. In Bali, there are a few books published of

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conventions are varied because of the wide range of percussion instruments. Percussion instruments are generally grouped into two categories: pitched (e.g.

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and Constantinople, Coislin notation within the patriarchates of Jerusalem and Alexandria), while there was another gestic notation originally used for the

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Study of the 'great signs' of Byzantine musical notation with special reference to the period from the end of the 12th to the beginning of the 19th century

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notation is fragmentary. Even in the same time frames, different styles of music and different cultures use different music notation methods; for example,

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the shuddha pitch. Re, Ga, Dha and Ni all have altered partners that are a half-step lower (Komal-"flat") (thus, komal Re is a half-step higher than Sa).

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Myers, Gregory (1998). "The medieval Russian Kondakar and the choirbook from Kastoria: a palaeographic study in Byzantine and Slavic musical relations".

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presently, which correct interval is meant. These step symbols themselves, or better "phonic neumes", resemble brush strokes and are colloquially called

548:) were written under a certain syllable of the text, whenever a longer melisma was expected. This primitive form was called "theta" or "diple notation". 2425:. It differs from conventional music notation in a number of ways and is intended to be easily readable. Many klavar readers are from the Netherlands. 7364: 6434: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5299: 3721:. Publications of the Mediaeval Academy of America, no. 38 (5th revised and with commentary ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America. 693:

editions since the reform of Chrysanthos a lot of details are only known from an oral tradition related to traditional masters and their experience.

5717: 1248:(twelve beats per bar, with each beat being an eighth note; in practice, the eighth notes are typically put into four groups of three eighth notes. 5764: 1123:

are less common, but they are used. A double sharp is placed before a note to make it two semitones higher, a double flat - two semitones lower. A

664:, while the older practice still used the four enechemata or intonation formulas of the four echoi given by the modal signatures, the authentic or 5847: 2374:

music. In most lute tablatures, a staff is used, but instead of pitch values, the lines of the staff represent the strings of the instrument. The

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is a compact format using plain text characters, readable by computers and by humans. More than 100,000 tunes are now transcribed in this format.

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to indicate formulas used during scriptural lessons, melodic notation developed not earlier than between the 9th and the 10th century, when a

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music once included music for court ceremonies, but has only survived as vocal church music within various Orthodox traditions of monodic (

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diatonic cipher notation is "moveable-Do" notation, so scores must indicate which pitch corresponds to the number 1 (for example, "1=C").

196:, none of them were particularly comprehensive, which has limited today's understanding of their music. The direct ancestor of the modern 2098:

In the second half of the twentieth century, Indonesian musicians and scholars extended cipher notation to other oral traditions, and a

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musical notation was in use from at least the 6th century BCE until approximately the 4th century CE; only one complete composition (

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Notation had developed far enough to notate melody, but there was still no system for notating rhythm. A mid-13th-century treatise,

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order, each section began with the evening psalm 140 (here section of echos protos with Romanian transliterated in Cyrillic script)

2598:(MSN) is an alternative way of notating music for people who cannot easily read ordinary musical notation even if it is enlarged. 1007:

or G clef was originally a letter G and it identifies the second line up on the five line staff as the note G above middle C. The

7024: 6476: 6439: 5162: 4339: 4205:. Skrifter från Musikvetenskapliga Institutionen, Göteborg 2. Göteborg: Musikvetenskapliga Institutionen, Göteborgs Universitet. 3818: 2896: 2632: 1677:, Tamil Nadu contains an early example of a musical notation. It was first identified and published by archaeologist/epigraphist 972:) is indicated by the form of the note-head or with the addition of a note-stem plus beams or flags. A stemless hollow oval is a 352: 4654:

Synopsis of Musical Notation Encyclopedias (An index from topics of CWN into the books of Gould, Vinci, Wanske, Stone and Read.)

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or "chart" contains little or no melodic or voice-leading information at all, but provides basic harmonic information about the

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degrees have been used at least since the Iberian organ tablatures of the 16th-century and include such exotic adaptations as

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of the piece or song by specifying that certain notes are sharp or flat throughout the piece, unless otherwise indicated with

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The earliest known examples of text referring to music in China are inscriptions on musical instruments found in the Tomb of

1394:" shows music for all players together, with the staves for the different instruments and/or voices stacked vertically. The 2285:, where each verse started a scale note higher. "Ut" later became "Do". The equivalent syllables used in Indian music are: 401: 7683: 7164: 6481: 5530: 5327: 5292: 4278:

Hispania Vetus: Musical-Liturgical Manuscripts from Visigothic Origins to the Franco-Roman Transition (9th–12th Centuries)

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Bruno Nettl, Ruth M. Stone, James Porter and Timothy Rice (1999), The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Routledge,

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for full beats and rhythmic notation for rhythms. This is the most common kind of written music used by professional

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Information on Stanford University Course on music representation. Links page shows examples of different notations.

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fragments of Greek tropologia. These fragments just present the hymn text following a modal signature or key (like "

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of which is described in other tablets. Although they are fragmentary, these tablets represent the earliest notated

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Also, there are many markings indicating things such as ornaments. Most of these were later created by Ki-su Kim.

7847: 7739: 7299: 6581: 5947: 5902: 5515: 5266: 5157: 5132: 4923: 4682: 2530: 2525: 2232: 2212: 1157:). The bottom "4" indicates that each of those beats are quarter notes. Measures divide the piece into groups of 464: 4476: 7813: 7419: 7314: 7264: 7234: 6535: 6327: 5877: 5744: 5490: 5401: 5285: 5167: 5117: 5006: 4913: 2447: 1894: 1290: 883:

Guido used the first syllable of each line, Ut, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, and Si, to read notated music in terms of

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Distinct methods of notation have been invented throughout history by various cultures. Much information about

2887:). Music may also be stored in various digital file formats for purposes other than graphic notation output. 7628: 7594: 6528: 5520: 5510: 5256: 5127: 2932: 2595: 2590: 1778: 924: 760: 357: 117: 1869:

The most notable feature of this notation system is that it records transitions of the melody, rather than

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Znamenny Chants are not written with notes (the so-called linear notation), but with special signs, called

1753: 1103:) sign is placed before a note, the pitch of the note is lowered by one semitone. Similarly, a sharp sign ( 976:

or semibreve, a hollow rectangle or stemless hollow oval with one or two vertical lines on both sides is a

583:(the interpretation of so-called great signs which derived from different chant books). These great signs ( 7119: 6974: 6552: 6270: 6095: 5907: 5754: 5495: 5393: 5374: 4806: 4631: 4230:. Technical Report SOCS-TR-2004.6. Montréal: School of Computer Science, McGill University. Archived from 3780: 2943: 2538: 2099: 1578: 960:

of a note is indicated by the vertical position of the note-head within the staff, and can be modified by

956:. Notation is read from left to right, which makes setting music for right-to-left scripts difficult. The 888: 817: 653: 136: 69:

is any system used to visually represent music. Systems of notation generally represent the elements of a

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Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn; Civil, Miguel (1986). "Old Babylonian Musical Instructions Relating to Hymnody".

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is used in music where it is not technically required, to remind the musician of what pitch is required.

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After the decline of the Constantinopolitan cathedral rite during the fourth crusade (1201), its books

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Japanese music is highly diversified, and therefore requires various systems of notation. In Japanese

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necessary. In Papadic notation medial signatures usually meant a temporary change into another echos.

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represents fragmentary instructions for performing music, that the music was composed in harmonies of

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West, Martin Litchfield (May 1994). "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts".

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music, for example, glissandos and timbres are often more significant than distinct pitches, whereas

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Today, one can study the evolution of this notation in Greek monastic chant books like those of the

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Widdess, D. R (1979). "The Kudumiyamalai inscription: a source of early Indian music in notation".

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The notes of the 12-tone scale can be written by their letter names A–G, possibly with a trailing

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notational signs are ordered left to right (though the direction could be adapted like in certain

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of the 20th and 21st centuries, music notation has continued to develop, with the introduction of

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Solfège is a way of assigning syllables to names of the musical scale. In order, they are today:

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programs for notating music. Music notation has been adapted to many kinds of music, including

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the lines (ie in the spaces) or above and below the staff using small additional lines called

812:, an Italian Benedictine monk who lived from about 991 until after 1033. He taught the use of 802: 794: 764: 673: 249: 209: 121: 4041: 2627:

printed music notation. To a degree Braille music resembles musical markup languages such as

2383:

music and other fretted instruments, being easy to transcribe and share over the internet in

7751: 7633: 7589: 7574: 7564: 7544: 7519: 7424: 7384: 7339: 7254: 7219: 7214: 7204: 7184: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7044: 6999: 6994: 6959: 6944: 6919: 6894: 6889: 6869: 6844: 6819: 6809: 6759: 6724: 6704: 6699: 6684: 6669: 6659: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6424: 6295: 6180: 6122: 6017: 5987: 5814: 5682: 5616: 5500: 5418: 5177: 4981: 4956: 4908: 4781: 4565: 4461: 4390: 4382: 4251: 4124: 4053: 3984: 3749: 3072:", associate editor and webmaster Federico A. Buccellati Urkesh website (n.p.: IIMAS, 2003). 2656: 2644: 2501: 2497: 2298: 2084: 2020: 2002: 1923: 1678: 1615: 1523: 1387: 1371: 1329:; songs or pieces change from one meter to another, for example alternating between bars of 1314: 988:(crotchets) or, with added beams or flags, smaller subdivisions. Additional symbols such as 455:) played a key role to understand and transmit Byzantine music, especially the tradition of 421: 365: 361: 304: 284: 201: 167: 152: 5972: 1183: 30:

This article is about a notation for music. For the "musical" notation in mathematics, see

7771: 7709: 7643: 7604: 7539: 7534: 7524: 7484: 7464: 7389: 7349: 7344: 7319: 7294: 7269: 7189: 7179: 7139: 7094: 7079: 7074: 7054: 7029: 6979: 6969: 6954: 6924: 6829: 6774: 6744: 6739: 6719: 6709: 6644: 6471: 6419: 6352: 6337: 6265: 6251: 6143: 5977: 5912: 5842: 5478: 5308: 5071: 5066: 4951: 4918: 4834: 3549: 3170: 2979: 2953: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2316: 2278: 2274: 2223: 1860: 1367: 1286: 1138:. The time signature typically consists of two numbers, with one of the most common being 829: 821: 809: 748: 576: 568: 503: 502:). Originally this key or the incipit of a common melody was enough to indicate a certain 396: 241: 197: 178: 85: 4094: 3521: 1107:) raises the pitch by one semitone. For example, a sharp on the note D would raise it to 4602: 1670:, used marks indicating long and short syllables to indicate meters in Sanskrit poetry. 7825: 7778: 7746: 7724: 7678: 7599: 7509: 7474: 7454: 7444: 7369: 7329: 7284: 7249: 7229: 7224: 7159: 7114: 7064: 7049: 7034: 7004: 6984: 6949: 6929: 6874: 6799: 6794: 6714: 6409: 6375: 6342: 6280: 6148: 5892: 5413: 5352: 5228: 5202: 4941: 4796: 4541: 4408:. In Y Tina Lee; Siti Mariyam Shamsuddin; Diego Gutierrez; Norhaida Mohd Suaib (eds.). 3830: 3049: 2513: 2505: 2481: 2363: 2273:. The first Western system of functional names for the musical notes was introduced by 2080: 1979: 1904: 1852: 1748: 1674: 1563: 1535: 1519: 1500: 1302: 1135: 884: 789: 572: 434:

with the Greek text translated into Romanian and transliterated into Cyrillic script).

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had been written in monastic scriptoria using Byzantine round notation. For more, see

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Perspectives on the Electroacoustic Work / Perspectives sur l'œuvre électroacoustique

4136: 4004: 3940: 3784: 3716: 3457: 3022: 3017: 2974: 2904: 2621: 2566: 2558: 2542: 2534: 2453: 2204: 1840:

Chant (Znamenny Chant proper) being the second branch of the same musical continuum.

1559: 1504: 1481: 1459: 1318: 1298: 1264: 1104: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1021: 380: 331: 270: 245: 213: 113: 101: 93: 81: 4203:

Kojak—50 Seconds of Television Music: Toward the Analysis of Affect in Popular Music

1961: 1423: 7799: 6540: 6414: 6300: 6211: 6195: 6160: 6070: 5997: 5882: 5689: 5387: 5147: 5137: 5112: 5023: 4986: 4888: 4876: 4866: 4829: 4816: 4766: 4427: 3968:

Studies in Honor of Benno Landsberger on His Seventy-fifth Birthday, April 21, 1965

2900: 2607: 2562: 2554: 2546: 2408: 2345: 2304: 2088: 1870: 1836:) is sometimes considered a sub-division of the Znamenny Chant tradition, with the 1833: 1484: 1477: 1455: 1403: 1158: 1124: 1116: 1100: 1088: 1084: 985: 603: 4668: 3331: 2879:

Various computer programs have been developed for creating music notation (called

774: 112:. But even so, there are far more systems just that, for instance in professional 3710:] (in German). Copenhagen: Københavns Universitet, Det Humanistiske Fakultet. 1503:

placed above and lyrics below. It is used to capture the essential elements of a

1044:

music). Some instruments use mainly one clef, such as violin and flute which use

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for a historical discussion of the great signs and their modern interpretations.

3027: 3012: 3001: 2912: 2874: 2652: 2465: 2418: 2218: 2083:

systems of gamelan onto the western staff, with and without various symbols for

1917: 1582: 1574: 1547: 1511: 1412: 1391: 1326: 1177: 1154: 1120: 1092: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1004: 993: 989: 953: 813: 560: 300: 275: 237: 182: 140: 89: 17: 4653: 2235:. Numerals can also be assigned to different scale systems, as in the Javanese 1993:

with each character corresponding to a finger position on a particular string.

1757:

An example of Znamenny notation with so-called "red marks", Russia, 1884. "Thy

1474:

instruments. Standard Western rhythmic notation is used to indicate the rhythm.

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melodies so that chants could be standardized across different areas. Notation

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Byzantine music notation in the first edition (1823) of Macarie Ieromonahul's

330:

A photograph of the original stone at Delphi containing the second of the two

4145: 4065: 3069: 7704: 6032: 5864: 5621: 5322: 5192: 5182: 5142: 5107: 4991: 4751: 4570: 4466: 3542: 3210:

made a difference between his monosyllabic and the traditional polysyllabic

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has been variously dated between the 2nd century BCE to the 2nd century CE.

292: 205: 148: 129: 4057: 2988:, the application of optical character recognition to interpret sheet music 1153:. The top "4" indicates that there are four beats per measure (also called 5277: 4255: 6155: 6117: 5952: 5043: 5028: 4871: 4846: 4659: 2628: 2469: 2042: 1912: 1877:), which represents two rising sounds, but which is also a symbol of the 1863: 1654: 1471: 1322: 1037: 825: 744: 710: 636:(ascending: column 3 and 4; descending: column 5 and 6) according to the 614: 499: 456: 447: 236:

by some modern composers and the use, since the 1980s, of computer-based

105: 2612:

Parsons code is used to encode music so that it can be easily searched.

2072:

Composers and scholars both Indonesian and foreign have also mapped the

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with a comparison between Ancient Greek tetraphonia (column 1), Western

326: 5957: 5917: 5897: 5599: 5018: 5001: 4976: 4961: 4946: 4903: 4746: 4638: 4395: 3996: 3044: 3006: 2891:

Perspectives of musical notation in composition and musical performance

2648: 2073: 2058: 2034: 2023: 1982: 1789: 1786: 1720:

Ma is an augmented fourth above Sa). Re, Ga, Ma, Dha and Ni are called

1685: 1663: 1518:. Some chord charts also contain rhythmic information, indicated using 1301:

are in one time signature for much or all of the piece. Music from the

1033: 911: 468: 144: 4522:

Bilinear Music Notation: A New Notation System for the Modern Musician

3852:

The Origins of Russian Music: Introduction to the Kondakarian Notation

6231: 5967: 5922: 5887: 5872: 5033: 4971: 4898: 4726: 4721: 2659:

between pitch classes are designated using the numbers 0 through 11.

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The same notated using the Yogyakarta method or 'chequered notation'.

2046: 1782: 1543: 1380: 733: 706: 335: 320: 288: 200:

system of notation emerged in medieval Europe, in the context of the

193: 189: 125: 54:(1685–1750). This is the beginning of the Prelude from the Suite for 3988: 2821:

block has three emoji that may include depictions of musical notes:

2069:

pieces, employing alphabetical notation in the old Balinese script.

1614:

is a traditional musical notation system created during the time of

1499:

specifies only the melody, lyrics and harmony, using one staff with

1374:(e.g., forte) appear above or below the staff. Terms indicating the 409:, a hymnal with daily chant (including resurrection troparia called 46: 4674: 2982:, drawing music notation for the purpose of mechanical reproduction 1267:

type of time signature). Many other time signatures exist, such as

808:

The founder of what is now considered the standard music staff was

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fifth). These two notes are known as achala swar ('fixed notes').

1689: 1644: 1600: 1539: 1430: 1422: 1407: 1363: 1061: 1029: 1017: 933:

An example of modern musical notation: Prelude, Op. 28, No. 7, by

928: 773: 768: 752: 727: 723: 619: 507: 495: 400: 376: 325: 274: 45: 2007:

Notation plays a relatively minor role in the oral traditions of

755:; the earliest surviving musical notation of this type is in the 6236: 6027: 4741: 2417:) is a music notation system that was introduced in 1931 by the 2375: 2371: 2031: 2016: 2012: 1957: 1551: 1527: 1507:

without specifying how the song should be arranged or performed.

1053: 1000: 589:) indicated well-known melodic phrases given by gestures of the 428:) chant written down in Byzantine round notation (see Macarie's 312: 296: 55: 6614: 5779: 5281: 4678: 3493: 1188:

rather than numbers. Other frequently used time signatures are

680:

they do roughly correspond to Western solmization syllables as

4543:

Music Notation in the Twentieth Century: A Practical Guidebook

4626:

CCARH—Center for Computer Assisted Research in the Humanities

2115:

A short melody in slendro notated using the Surakarta method.

1233:(six beats per bar, with each beat being an eighth note) and 2533:

is an alternative form of musical notation designed to make

2307:

is a type of notation using the initial letters of solfège.

1796:

notation. The symbols used in the stolp notation are called

1203:(three beats per bar, with each beat being a quarter note); 644:

according to the New Method (syllables in the fore-last and

139:

made upon any media such as symbols cut into stone, made in

37:"Music markup" redirects here. For the XML application, see 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 1781:

which uses a "hook and banner" notation. Znamenny Chant is

579:

manuscripts). The question of rhythm was entirely based on

2508:

are among the early generation of practitioners. The book

1218:(two beats per bar, with each beat being a quarter note); 3845:. foreword by Gift of Gab. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. 3836:. foreword by Kool G. Rap. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. 2217:

Cipher notation systems assigning Arabic numerals to the

1761:

we honour, oh Lord, and Thy holy Resurrection we praise."

984:

or minim. Solid ovals always use stems, and can indicate

763:, from about 850. There are scattered survivals from the 188:

Although many ancient cultures used symbols to represent

5775: 4622:. Contains a Guide to Byzantine Music Notation (neumes). 4280:. Foreword by Anscario M Mundó. Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. 3607: 3605: 2707:

encodes an extensive system of formal musical notation.

2399:", created by extending the black and white piano keys. 1587:

is one of the most popular tune books using shape notes.

656:

there are seven standard note names used for "solfège" (

283:

The earliest form of musical notation can be found in a

4625: 4554:"From Neumes to Notes: The Evolution of Music Notation" 1792:

singing that has its own specific notation, called the

338:. The music notation is the line of occasional symbols 3897:

Hall, John; Neitz, Mary Jo; Battani, Marshall (2003).

2095:. However, these systems do not enjoy widespread use. 1708:

Ma has an altered partner that is a half-step higher (

4649:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 96–87. 4450:"Guido of Arezzo and His Influence on Music Learning" 4217:

English translation of "Kojak—50 sekunders tv-musik".

4016:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 3951:] (2nd ed.). Moscow; Saint Petersburg: Lan. 3775:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 2091:

also invented a three line staff for his composition

1810: 1798: 437:

Since the 6th century, Greek theoretical categories (

4331:

Behind Bars – The Definitive Guide to Music Notation

1926:

used Chinese characters for the names of the scale.

1673:

A rock inscription from circa 7th–8th century CE at

1003:, which indicates the pitch-range of the staff. The 7692: 7621: 6607: 6458: 6368: 6250: 6191: 6113: 6091:

Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries

6056: 5986: 5863: 5813: 5630: 5592: 5546: 5466: 5429: 5373: 5343: 5336: 5315: 5211: 5085: 5052: 4932: 4815: 4712: 3843:

How to Rap 2: Advanced Flow and Delivery Techniques

3832:

How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC

2421:Cornelis Pot. The name means "keyboard writing" in 1362:Directions to the player regarding matters such as 1161:, and the time signatures specify those groupings. 4669:Glossary of U.S. and British English musical terms 4540: 4093: 3829: 3234: 2227:. The one most widely in use today is the Chinese 1777:Znamenny Chant is a singing tradition used in the 1662:(school). The Indian scholar and musical theorist 732:Music notation from an early 14th-century English 224:(1820–1900), notation continued to develop as the 4671:." Posted 17 June 1998; updated 7 September 2000. 3872:The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet 3679:"On the Metrical Techniques of Flow in Rap Music" 2434:the staff. An example is Jacques-Daniel Rochat's 2057:script could capture the flexible rhythms of the 1383:(retakes are indicated with a ' mark) are added. 999:A staff of written music generally begins with a 767:before this time, of a type of notation known as 4025:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 3294: 2061:with a squiggle on a horizontal staff, while in 1566:accompanists contain only the chord progression. 342:the main, uninterrupted line of Greek lettering. 3389: 2516:, is another example of this kind of notation. 4441:Source Book of Proposed Music Notation Reforms 4042:"The History and Uses of the Sol-fa Syllables" 2151:The same approximated using Western notation. 1951: 204:'s attempts to standardize the performance of 5791: 5293: 4690: 3773:The Cambridge History of Western Music Theory 2569:they are actually played at, but preceded by 135:The symbols used include ancient symbols and 8: 4306:"Transcrire les musiques électroacoustiques" 4224:A Comparison of Rhythmic Similarity Measures 3318: 2714:block has a few of the more common symbols: 2266:(for the octave). The classic variation is: 1619: 1091:) signs placed on the staff to indicate the 1068:, regularly use both treble and bass clefs. 705:developed a form of musical notation, where 3850:Floros, Constantin; Moran, Neil K. (2009). 3258: 3207: 3195: 3145: 3081: 1721: 1715: 1709: 584: 543: 533: 523: 482: 472: 6611: 5860: 5798: 5784: 5776: 5340: 5300: 5286: 5278: 5252: 4697: 4683: 4675: 3811:Sonic Design The Nature of Sound and Music 3718:The Notation of Polyphonic Music, 900–1600 3035:, a notation system useful for polyrhythms 2139:The same notated using Kepatihan notation. 1733:and non-Western music, such as the Indian 668:in ascending direction, and the plagal or 279:A tablet with the Hymn to Nikkal inscribed 6435:Music technology (electronic and digital) 4569: 4465: 4394: 3635: 3222: 3183: 1832:(Great) Znamenny Chant. Ruthenian Chant ( 1176:is used so often that it is also called " 1099:added before certain notes. When a flat ( 4634:. XML-based language for music notation. 3754:"28. Kudimiyamalai inscription on music" 3413: 3282: 1729:Other systems exist for non-twelve-tone 1573:system is found in some church hymnals, 210:developed further during the Renaissance 4601:Williams, Charles Francis Abdy (1903). 4077:. Philadelphia: Open University Press. 3611: 3572: 3560: 3444: 3401: 3061: 2105: 797:and summarised as part of his treatise 459:had a strong impact on the pre-Islamic 4478:Byzantine Music in Theory and Practice 4046:Proceedings of the Musical Association 3854:. Frankfurt am Main etc.: Peter Lang. 3729:The Prehistory of Chinese Music Theory 3647: 3504: 3425: 3306: 3093: 1976:notation focuses on discrete strokes. 1487:parts. It is also used extensively in 996:can lengthen the duration of a note. 617:), both essential in Byzantine chant. 559:(Chartres notation was rather used on 58:in G minor, BWV 995 (transcription of 5973:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc 4169:. New York: Walton Music Corporation. 4014:Rap Music and the Poetics of Identity 3919:The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville 3659: 3596: 3584: 3270: 3246: 3149: 3041:, a subset of standard music notation 2956:, inventor of modern musical notation 2819:Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs 2679:Rap Music and the Poetics of Identity 2413:Klavarskribo (sometimes shortened to 1956:(circa 738 AD), musical notation for 1882: 980:or breve. A stemmed hollow oval is a 910:music, and its many derivatives. The 463:comparable to the impact coming from 7: 4607:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 3623: 3481: 3117: 3105: 1847:(Russian for "marks", "banners") or 1773:featuring 'hook and banner notation' 1577:, and song books, especially in the 1411:score, but since the development of 5760: 4271:. Oxford University Press: 115–150. 4152:. New York: Robert Appleton Company 1134:Following the key signature is the 494:Unlike Western notation, Byzantine 385:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 7649:Classical and art music traditions 6081:History of lute-family instruments 5898:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat 4322:Canadian Electroacoustic Community 3726:Bagley, Robert (26 October 2004). 1606:Jeongganbo musical notation system 1534:and is intended primarily for the 307:, and that it was written using a 226:technology for musical instruments 25: 3766:. Vol. 12. pp. 226–237. 3494:Dodeka Alternative Music Notation 2366:for organ music and later in the 1649:Indian music, early 20th century. 1562:. Some chord charts intended for 50:Hand-written musical notation by 7821: 7820: 7807: 7793: 7365:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6840:Democratic Republic of the Congo 6440:Sound recording and reproduction 5893:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta 5759: 5749: 5740: 5739: 5729: 5262: 5261: 5251: 4406:"Game Enhanced Music Manuscript" 4387:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2010.01377.x 4167:New Choral Notation (A Handbook) 4040:McNaught, W. G. (January 1893). 3869:Gnanadesikan, Amalia E. (2011). 3295:Hall, Neitz & Battani (2003) 2362:Tablature was first used in the 2182:Example of biblical Hebrew Trope 2144: 2132: 2120: 2108: 1398:uses the score while leading an 1182: 1180:", and it may be indicated with 353:Musical system of ancient Greece 7669:Jazz and popular music glossary 5730: 4374:Journal of Historical Sociology 4178:(in French). Chexbres: Crea 7. 4174:Rochat, Jacques-Daniel (2018). 1688:, a solfege-like system called 1111:while a flat would lower it to 801:(the art of measured chant, or 739:The scholar and music theorist 6910:Federated States of Micronesia 4661:Music Notation and Terminology 4304:Gayou, Évelyne (August 2010). 4176:Dodeka: la révolution musicale 2242: 27:Visual representation of music 1: 5953:Philippine art songs—Kundiman 5873:Afghan classical music—Klasik 3949:Harmony: A Theoretical Course 3813:. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 3796:]. Tergeste: Michele Weis 3786:Theoritikón méga tís Mousikís 2949:Eye movement in music reading 2895:According to Philip Tagg and 2705:Musical Symbols Unicode block 1693:fixed at a fifth above it (a 816:syllables based on a hymn to 323:found anywhere in the world. 171: 160: 7814:Record production portal 7659:Cultural and regional genres 5918:Indonesian art music—Gamelan 4221:Toussaint, Godfried (2004). 4117:Plainsong and Medieval Music 3977:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 3945:Гармония. Теоретический курс 3789:Θεωρητικὸν μέγα τῆς Μουσικῆς 3771:Christensen, Thomas (2002). 3677:Adams, Kyle (October 2009). 2686:Tin Whistle Fingering Charts 2281:. The original sequence was 1419:Variations on staff notation 1307:contemporary classical music 1305:era and later, particularly 1060:. Some instruments, such as 467:. The earliest evidence are 230:contemporary classical music 120:is the main method, and for 108:for writing and deciphering 6430:Music technology (electric) 5968:Thai classical music—Piphat 5923:Japanese court music—Gagaku 5062:History of music publishing 4448:Reisenweaver, Anna (2012). 4341:Math for Poets and Drummers 4276:Zapke, Susana, ed. (2007). 4100:. New York: Facts on File. 4073:Middleton, Richard (1990). 3916:Isidore of Seville (2006). 2960:History of music publishing 2694:Music notation on computers 2191:Other systems and practices 1936:Shakuhachi musical notation 1811: 1799: 1722: 1716: 1710: 682:re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do 287:tablet that was created at 7869: 6076:History of the harpsichord 5963:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka 4520:Sotorrio, José A. (1997). 4021:Lindsay, Jennifer (1992). 2872: 2619: 2605: 2588: 2523: 2445: 2406: 2391:Piano-roll-based notations 2355: 2314: 2252: 2210: 2171: 2000: 1933: 1892: 1746: 1684:In the notation of Indian 1638: 922: 721: 662:pá, vú, gá, di, ké, zō, nē 394: 350: 299:), in about 1400 BCE. The 264: 88:performers most often use 36: 29: 7787: 6621: 5903:Chinese traditional music 5703: 5267:Category:Musical notation 5247: 5133:Numbered musical notation 4924:Scientific pitch notation 4552:Strayer, Hope R. (2013). 4404:Lieberman, David (2006). 4349:Saint Joseph's University 4150:The Catholic Encyclopedia 4129:10.1017/S0961137100001406 3875:. John Wiley & Sons. 3702:Alexandru, Maria (2000). 3235:Isidore of Seville (2006) 3146:Floros & Moran (2009) 3082:Kilmer & Civil (1986) 2577:that show they have been 2531:Simplified Music Notation 2526:Simplified music notation 2520:Simplified music notation 2429:Chromatic staff notations 2213:Numbered musical notation 1952: 1817: 1805: 1620: 895:, or from the Latin word 751:, using symbols known as 672:in descending direction ( 585: 544: 534: 524: 483: 473: 379:exist in manuscript. The 183:modern copying technology 128:, it is quite common for 6785:Central African Republic 6328:Computational musicology 5878:Andalusi classical music 5605:Unruly audience response 4914:Helmholtz pitch notation 4640:"Musical Notation" 4620:Byzantine Music Notation 4509:Zeitschrift für Semiotik 4475:Savas, Savas I. (1965). 4432:Modern Rhythmic Notation 3788: 2539:classical staff notation 2448:Graphic notation (music) 2268:Do Re Mi Fa Sol La Si Do 2261:Do Re Mi Fa Sol La Ti Do 1895:Chinese musical notation 1462:) and non-pitched (e.g. 1071:Following the clef, the 788:, explains a set of six 7674:Music genres and styles 5978:Western classical music 5948:Persian classical music 5309:Western classical music 5257:List of musical symbols 5128:Nashville Number System 4646:Encyclopædia Britannica 4571:10.15385/jmo.2013.4.1.1 4467:10.15385/jmo.2012.3.1.4 3462:www.music-notation.info 2933:List of musical symbols 2885:music notation software 2596:Modified Stave Notation 2591:Modified Stave Notation 2585:Modified Stave Notation 2537:easier. It is based on 2026:, or lowest, as in the 1989:, a notation system of 1779:Russian Orthodox Church 1480:notation originated in 925:List of musical symbols 832:. The first stanza is: 824:and was written by the 799:Ars Cantus Mensurabilis 132:to be used by players. 118:Nashville Number System 7654:Classical music genres 6730:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6271:Doctor of Musical Arts 6096:History of the trumpet 5908:Indian classical music 5407:Transition to Romantic 5337:Major periods and eras 4807:Transposing instrument 4658:Gehrkens, Karl Wilson 4584:The Music of the Arabs 4439:Read, Gardner (1987). 4338:Hall, Rachael (2005). 4333:. London: Faber Music. 4329:Gould, Elaine (2011). 4165:Pierce, Brent (1973). 4096:Dictionary of the Arts 4092:Murray, Chris (1994). 4075:Studying Popular Music 3841:Edwards, Paul (2013). 3828:Edwards, Paul (2009). 3809:Cogan, Robert (1976). 3781:Chrysanthos of Madytos 3390:Bhandarkar (1913–1914) 2944:Colored music notation 2863:MULTIPLE MUSICAL NOTES 2770:BEAMED SIXTEENTH NOTES 2549:into the shape of the 2208: 2183: 1965: 1908: 1774: 1762: 1650: 1608: 1579:Southern United States 1447: 1428: 948: 818:Saint John the Baptist 779: 736: 697:13th-century Near East 654:Chrysanthos of Madytos 649: 640:, and his heptaphonic 418: 343: 280: 143:, made using a pen on 63: 7853:Mathematical notation 7480:São Tomé and Príncipe 7355:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7335:Republic of the Congo 6101:History of the violin 5363:Transition to Baroque 4632:Music Markup Language 4604:The Story of Notation 4201:Tagg, Philip (1979). 3901:. London: Routledge. 3794:Great Theory of Music 3484:, pp. xxiii, 22. 3068:Giorgio Buccellati, " 3039:Tongan music notation 2712:Miscellaneous Symbols 2436:Dodeka music notation 2287:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni 2207:in numbered notation. 2203: 2181: 2087:. The Dutch composer 2067:Gamelan gender wayang 1947: 1934:Further information: 1902: 1768: 1756: 1747:Further information: 1697:fifth rather than an 1666:(c. 200 BCE), in his 1648: 1604: 1434: 1426: 1075:is a group of 0 to 7 932: 919:Modern staff notation 785:De Mensurabili Musica 777: 731: 703:Safi al-Din al-Urmawi 676:). With exception of 623: 411:apolytikia anastasima 404: 395:Further information: 351:Further information: 329: 278: 265:Further information: 49: 39:Music Markup Language 7550:United Arab Emirates 6323:Cognitive musicology 5695:Worldwide traditions 5648:Classical music blog 4664:. Project Gutenberg. 4539:Stone, Kurt (1980). 4484:. Boston: Hercules. 4058:10.1093/jrma/19.1.35 4012:Krims, Adam (2001). 3899:Sociology on Culture 3715:Apel, Willi (1961). 3033:Time unit box system 2965:List of scorewriters 2651:model of pitch, all 2494:Krzysztof Penderecki 1592:In various countries 1538:(usually containing 778:Early music notation 709:were represented by 648:in the last column)) 569:Kondakarian notation 479:echos plagios protos 267:Music of Mesopotamia 220:(1750–1820) and the 7700:Aesthetics of music 7515:Trinidad and Tobago 6650:Antigua and Barbuda 6134:Band (rock and pop) 6058:Musical instruments 5933:Lao classical music 5547:Students by teacher 5153:Percussion notation 4580:Touma, Habib Hassan 4256:10.1093/ml/75.2.161 4244:Music & Letters 3683:Music Theory Online 3638:, pp. 104–106. 3548:1 July 2015 at the 3319:Gnanadesikan (2011) 3108:, pp. 161–163. 2939:Hebrew cantillation 2935:of modern notation. 2909:Krzystof Penderecki 2756:BEAMED EIGHTH NOTES 2565:are written at the 2541:, but incorporates 2512:, by John Cage and 2231:, discussed in the 2174:Hebrew cantillation 2045:) and vocal parts ( 1452:Percussion notation 1129:courtesy accidental 512:ekphonetic notation 32:Musical isomorphism 7762:Musical instrument 7730:Music and politics 6860:Dominican Republic 6608:By sovereign state 5928:Korean court music 5888:Azerbaijani Mugham 4524:. Spectral Music. 4443:. Greenwood Press. 4434:. Victor Gollance. 4144:Otten, J. (1910). 3518:"musicmarkup.info" 3259:Christensen (2002) 3208:Chrysanthos (1832) 3196:Chrysanthos (1832) 2921:Witold Lutoslawski 2798:MUSIC NATURAL SIGN 2283:Ut Re Mi Fa Sol La 2209: 2184: 2028:kepatihan notation 1966: 1909: 1866:musical notation. 1859:refinement of the 1775: 1763: 1651: 1609: 1530:or other forms of 1448: 1429: 1376:musical expression 949: 889:Giovanni Battista 780: 741:Isidore of Seville 737: 650: 419: 344: 281: 234:graphical notation 228:developed. In the 222:Romantic music era 155:; printed using a 122:string instruments 64: 7835: 7834: 7720:Music and fashion 7715:Music and emotion 7617: 7616: 6885:Equatorial Guinea 6381:A-side and B-side 6286:Music archaeology 6261:Bachelor of Music 6109: 6108: 6043:Psychedelic music 6038:Progressive music 5958:Scottish Ceòl Mór 5773: 5772: 5668:Progressive music 5462: 5461: 5275: 5274: 5219:Mensural notation 4558:Musical Offerings 4531:978-0-9548498-2-5 4454:Musical Offerings 4287:978-84-96515-50-5 4146:"Guido of Arezzo" 4107:978-0-8160-3205-1 3932:978-0-521-83749-1 3908:978-0-415-28484-4 3763:Epigraphia Indica 3750:Bhandarkar, D. R. 3626:, pp. 28–32. 3587:, pp. 59–60. 3447:, pp. 43–45. 2970:Mensural notation 2897:Richard Middleton 2490:Graciela Castillo 2299:Kodály hand signs 1964:, at Nara, Japan) 1920:system was used. 1731:equal temperament 1714:-"sharp") (thus, 1524:session musicians 1516:chord progression 1295:traditional music 978:double whole note 803:mensural notation 795:Franco of Cologne 769:Visigothic neumes 765:Iberian Peninsula 761:Aurelian of Réôme 757:Musica Disciplina 674:Papadic Octoechos 634:Papadic Parallage 506:given within the 261:Ancient Near East 250:traditional music 62:No. 5, BWV 1011). 16:(Redirected from 7860: 7848:Musical notation 7824: 7823: 7812: 7811: 7810: 7800:Music portal 7798: 7797: 7796: 7752:Music technology 7740:Environmentalism 7693:Related articles 7300:Papua New Guinea 7165:Marshall Islands 6612: 6558:Central American 6296:Music psychology 6181:Backing vocalist 6018:Electronic music 5861: 5815:History of music 5800: 5793: 5786: 5777: 5763: 5762: 5753: 5743: 5742: 5733: 5732: 5718:Composers by era 5683:Video game music 5617:Musical ensemble 5419:Post-romanticism 5341: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5279: 5265: 5264: 5255: 5254: 5118:Graphic notation 4782:Rehearsal letter 4706:Musical notation 4699: 4692: 4685: 4676: 4667:Gilbert, Nina. " 4650: 4642: 4608: 4597: 4575: 4573: 4548: 4546: 4535: 4516: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4483: 4471: 4469: 4444: 4435: 4423: 4400: 4398: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4357: 4351:. Archived from 4346: 4334: 4325: 4291: 4272: 4259: 4238: 4236: 4229: 4216: 4197: 4170: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4140: 4111: 4099: 4088: 4069: 4036: 4023:Javanese Gamelan 4017: 4008: 3971: 3962: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3865: 3846: 3837: 3835: 3824: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3776: 3767: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3722: 3711: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3636:Middleton (1990) 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3520:. Archived from 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3371: 3365: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3223:Toussaint (2004) 3220: 3214: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3184:Alexandru (2000) 3180: 3174: 3159: 3153: 3141: 3135: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3066: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2813: 2812:MUSIC SHARP SIGN 2810: 2807: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2645:integer notation 2639:Integer notation 2502:Pauline Oliveros 2498:Cornelius Cardew 2442:Graphic notation 2336: 2335: 2330: 2329: 2271: 2264: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2148: 2136: 2124: 2112: 2003:Gamelan notation 1955: 1954: 1924:Gongche notation 1883:Byzantine Empire 1819: 1814: 1807: 1802: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1679:D. R. Bhandarkar 1623: 1622: 1616:Sejong the Great 1446: 1445: 1444: 1442: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1315:progressive rock 1289:pieces from the 1281: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1187: 1186: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1149: 968:(note length or 947: 946: 945: 943: 588: 587: 547: 546: 537: 536: 527: 526: 500:modal signatures 486: 485: 476: 475: 431:anastasimatarion 407:anastasimatarion 391:Byzantine Empire 366:Seikilos epitaph 362:Seikilos epitaph 218:classical period 202:Christian Church 176: 173: 168:computer printer 165: 162: 153:manuscript paper 67:Musical notation 21: 18:Musical Notation 7868: 7867: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7808: 7806: 7794: 7792: 7783: 7710:Fictional music 7688: 7613: 7420:Solomon Islands 7265:North Macedonia 6617: 6603: 6465: 6463:regional genres 6462: 6454: 6420:Record producer 6364: 6353:Sociomusicology 6338:Ethnomusicology 6266:Master of Music 6246: 6205: 6187: 6144:All-female band 6127: 6105: 6052: 5989: 5982: 5938:Mandé art music 5913:Byzantine music 5859: 5809: 5804: 5774: 5769: 5699: 5626: 5588: 5542: 5458: 5425: 5375:Common practice 5369: 5332: 5311: 5306: 5276: 5271: 5243: 5207: 5081: 5072:Music publisher 5067:Music engraving 5048: 4928: 4919:Letter notation 4811: 4708: 4703: 4637: 4616: 4611: 4600: 4594: 4578: 4551: 4547:. W. W. Norton. 4538: 4532: 4519: 4505: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4481: 4474: 4447: 4438: 4426: 4420: 4403: 4370: 4361: 4359: 4358:on 16 June 2012 4355: 4344: 4337: 4328: 4303: 4299: 4297:Further reading 4294: 4288: 4275: 4265:Musica Asiatica 4262: 4241: 4237:on 7 July 2012. 4234: 4227: 4220: 4213: 4200: 4186: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4153: 4143: 4114: 4108: 4091: 4085: 4072: 4039: 4033: 4020: 4011: 3989:10.2307/1359953 3974: 3965: 3959: 3939: 3933: 3922: 3915: 3909: 3896: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3868: 3862: 3849: 3840: 3827: 3821: 3808: 3799: 3797: 3790: 3779: 3770: 3748: 3739: 3737: 3725: 3714: 3701: 3692: 3690: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3550:Wayback Machine 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3524:on 24 June 2004 3516: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3372: 3368: 3364:, pages 242–245 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3336:The DONG-A ILBO 3330: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3283:McNaught (1893) 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3181: 3177: 3171:Byzantine music 3160: 3156: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3067: 3063: 3058: 2980:Music engraving 2954:Guido of Arezzo 2929: 2893: 2877: 2871: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2845: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2825: 2811: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2794: 2789: 2788: 2784:MUSIC FLAT SIGN 2783: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2718: 2701: 2696: 2688: 2665: 2641: 2624: 2618: 2610: 2604: 2593: 2587: 2528: 2522: 2486:Cathy Berberian 2474:Anthony Braxton 2462:Carmen Barradas 2458:Christian Wolff 2450: 2444: 2431: 2411: 2405: 2403:Klavar notation 2393: 2360: 2354: 2343: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2317:Letter notation 2313: 2311:Letter notation 2279:Ut queant laxis 2275:Guido of Arezzo 2269: 2262: 2257: 2251: 2243:described above 2224:Siffernotskrift 2215: 2198: 2196:Cipher notation 2193: 2176: 2170: 2163: 2156: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2140: 2137: 2128: 2125: 2116: 2113: 2005: 1999: 1942: 1932: 1897: 1891: 1751: 1745: 1643: 1637: 1599: 1594: 1584:The Sacred Harp 1440: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1435:A chord chart. 1421: 1354: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1313:genres such as 1293:and songs from 1287:classical music 1277: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1258: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1243: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1228: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1181: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1028:(used for some 941: 939: 938: 937: 935:Frédéric Chopin 927: 921: 830:Paul the Deacon 822:Ut Queant Laxis 820:, which begins 749:Gregorian chant 726: 720: 699: 514:, only used in 399: 397:Byzantine music 393: 371:Three hymns by 355: 349: 273: 263: 258: 242:classical music 174: 163: 98:time signatures 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7866: 7864: 7856: 7855: 7850: 7840: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7817: 7803: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7781: 7779:Women in music 7776: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7767:Classification 7759: 7754: 7749: 7747:Music festival 7744: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7727: 7725:Music industry 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7595:Western Sahara 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7555:United Kingdom 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6835:Czech Republic 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6609: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6570:North American 6567: 6566: 6565: 6563:South American 6560: 6553:Latin American 6550: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6519:Middle Eastern 6516: 6511: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6468: 6466: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6410:Audio engineer 6407: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6343:New musicology 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6257: 6255: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6149:Rhythm section 6146: 6141: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5819: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5780: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5757: 5747: 5737: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5526:United Kingdom 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5476: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5394:Empfindsamkeit 5390: 5379: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5259: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4938: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4821: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4797:Time signature 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4694: 4687: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4665: 4656: 4651: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4615: 4614:External links 4612: 4610: 4609: 4598: 4592: 4576: 4549: 4536: 4530: 4517: 4515:(3–4): 317–43. 4503: 4490: 4472: 4445: 4436: 4424: 4418: 4401: 4368: 4335: 4326: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4286: 4273: 4260: 4250:(2): 161–179. 4239: 4218: 4211: 4198: 4184: 4171: 4162: 4141: 4112: 4106: 4089: 4083: 4070: 4037: 4031: 4018: 4009: 3972: 3963: 3957: 3941:Kholopov, Yuri 3937: 3931: 3913: 3907: 3894: 3881: 3866: 3860: 3847: 3838: 3825: 3819: 3806: 3777: 3768: 3746: 3736:on 9 June 2008 3723: 3712: 3699: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3612:Edwards (2009) 3601: 3589: 3577: 3573:Edwards (2013) 3565: 3561:Edwards (2009) 3553: 3535: 3509: 3497: 3486: 3474: 3449: 3445:Lindsay (1992) 3430: 3418: 3406: 3402:Widdess (1979) 3394: 3382: 3379:978-0300019568 3366: 3362:978-0824049461 3349: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3297:, p. 100. 3287: 3275: 3263: 3261:, p. 628. 3251: 3239: 3227: 3215: 3200: 3188: 3175: 3154: 3136: 3122: 3120:, p. 161. 3110: 3098: 3086: 3074: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3050:Znamenny chant 3047: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3004: 2999: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2975:Modal notation 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2928: 2925: 2923:, and others. 2892: 2889: 2873:Main article: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2851: 2837: 2815: 2814: 2800: 2786: 2772: 2758: 2744: 2730: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2664: 2661: 2640: 2637: 2620:Main article: 2617: 2614: 2606:Main article: 2603: 2600: 2589:Main article: 2586: 2583: 2524:Main article: 2521: 2518: 2514:Alison Knowles 2506:Roger Reynolds 2482:Morton Feldman 2446:Main article: 2443: 2440: 2430: 2427: 2407:Main article: 2404: 2401: 2392: 2389: 2356:Main article: 2353: 2350: 2342: 2339: 2315:Main article: 2312: 2309: 2253:Main article: 2250: 2247: 2211:Main article: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2172:Main article: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2150: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2107: 2100:diatonic scale 2011:. However, in 2001:Main article: 1998: 1995: 1949:Tempyō Biwa Fu 1931: 1928: 1905:Guqin notation 1893:Main article: 1890: 1887: 1808:, 'hooks') or 1749:Znamenny chant 1744: 1741: 1699:equal-tempered 1675:Kudumiyanmalai 1639:Main article: 1636: 1633: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1567: 1564:rhythm section 1555: 1536:rhythm section 1520:slash notation 1508: 1493: 1485:basso continuo 1475: 1420: 1417: 1350: 1335: 1303:Romantic music 1273: 1254: 1239: 1224: 1209: 1194: 1167: 1144: 1136:time signature 1038:tenor trombone 923:Main article: 920: 917: 881: 880: 870: 864: 858: 852: 846: 845:sonare fibris, 840: 810:Guido d'Arezzo 790:rhythmic modes 722:Main article: 719: 716: 698: 695: 638:trochos system 624:Chrysanthos's 586:μεγάλα σῃμάδια 573:Greek alphabet 489:echos devteros 392: 389: 348: 347:Ancient Greece 345: 309:diatonic scale 262: 259: 257: 254: 157:printing press 137:modern symbols 102:key signatures 71:piece of music 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7865: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7828: 7827: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7757:Music therapy 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7620: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7560:United States 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7120:Liechtenstein 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6975:Guinea-Bissau 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6461:Cultural and 6457: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6388:Extended play 6386: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6359: 6358:Zoomusicology 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6333:Ecomusicology 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6318:Biomusicology 6316: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6291:Music history 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6227:Improvisation 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6176:Lead vocalist 6174: 6173: 6172: 6171:Military band 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6023:Hip hop music 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6013:Country music 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5943:Ottoman music 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5796: 5794: 5789: 5787: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5766: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5746: 5738: 5736: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5663:New-age music 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5538:United States 5536: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5328:Dates of eras 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5296: 5291: 5289: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5268: 5260: 5258: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5240: 5239:Transcription 5237: 5235: 5234:Sight-reading 5232: 5230: 5229:Perfect pitch 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5163:Ancient Greek 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5103:Chord diagram 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5093:Braille music 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086:Other systems 5084: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4817:Musical notes 4814: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4802:Transposition 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4757:Key signature 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4695: 4693: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4641: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4605: 4599: 4595: 4593:0-931340-88-8 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4544: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4511:(in German). 4510: 4504: 4493: 4491:0-916586-24-3 4487: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4428:Read, Gardner 4425: 4421: 4419:1-59593-564-9 4415: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4381:(3): 343–71. 4380: 4376: 4375: 4369: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4320:). Montréal: 4319: 4315: 4312:(in French). 4311: 4307: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4289: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4225: 4219: 4214: 4212:91-7222-235-2 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4185:9782970127505 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4098: 4097: 4090: 4086: 4084:0-335-15275-9 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4032:0-19-588582-1 4028: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3958:5-8114-0516-2 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3921: 3920: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3884: 3882:9781444359855 3878: 3874: 3873: 3867: 3863: 3861:9783631595534 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3833: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3752:(1913–1914). 3751: 3747: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3661: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3648:Pierce (1973) 3644: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3617: 3614:, p. 69. 3613: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3578: 3575:, p. 53. 3574: 3569: 3566: 3563:, p. 67. 3562: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3543:emusician.com 3539: 3536: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3505:Rochat (2018) 3501: 3498: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426:Bagley (2004) 3422: 3419: 3415: 3414:Kholopov 2003 3410: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3312: 3309:, p. 45. 3308: 3307:Murray (1994) 3303: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3288: 3285:, p. 43. 3284: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3237:, p. 95. 3236: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3198:, p. 33. 3197: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3094:Kilmer (1965) 3090: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3070:Hurrian Music 3065: 3062: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3023:Sight-reading 3021: 3019: 3018:Semasiography 3016: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2905:Luciano Berio 2902: 2898: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2868: 2852: 2838: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2801: 2787: 2773: 2759: 2745: 2731: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2653:pitch classes 2650: 2646: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2622:Braille music 2616:Braille music 2615: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2592: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2575:history signs 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2559:double sharps 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 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1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1828:(Little) and 1827: 1823: 1815: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1767: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1647: 1642: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1603: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1560:group singing 1556: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532:popular music 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1501:chord symbols 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460:tubular bells 1457: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1443: 1433: 1425: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1386:In music for 1384: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1353: 1338: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319:hardcore punk 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1299:popular music 1296: 1292: 1291:classical era 1288: 1283: 1276: 1266: 1265:compound time 1257: 1242: 1227: 1212: 1197: 1185: 1179: 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In the 215: 214:Baroque music 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 186: 184: 180: 169: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 133: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 114:country music 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 82:ancient music 78: 76: 75:reading music 72: 68: 61: 57: 53: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 7819: 7805: 7791: 7580:Vatican City 7530:Turkmenistan 7430:South Africa 7400:Sierra Leone 7380:Saudi Arabia 6755:Burkina Faso 6415:Record label 6301:Music school 6221: 6161:Concert band 6071:Angular harp 5998:Circus music 5883:Arabic music 5690:Third stream 5653:Experimental 5484:Porto Alegre 5454:21st-century 5449:20th-century 5444:Contemporary 5392: 5138:Klavarskribo 5113:Figured bass 4987:Appoggiatura 4934:Articulation 4732:Abbreviation 4705: 4660: 4644: 4603: 4583: 4561: 4557: 4542: 4521: 4512: 4508: 4495:. Retrieved 4477: 4460:(1): 37–59. 4457: 4453: 4440: 4431: 4409: 4378: 4372: 4360:. 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See also: 2286: 2282: 2267: 2260: 2258: 2236: 2233:main article 2228: 2222: 2216: 2185: 2097: 2092: 2089:Ton de Leeuw 2071: 2051: 2039: 2006: 1978: 1967: 1948: 1922: 1910: 1874: 1868: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1834:Prostopinije 1829: 1825: 1821: 1809: 1797: 1793: 1776: 1734: 1728: 1707: 1703: 1683: 1672: 1668:Chanda Sutra 1667: 1659: 1652: 1630: 1626: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1583: 1505:popular song 1478:Figured bass 1456:glockenspiel 1427:A lead sheet 1404:concert band 1385: 1361: 1351: 1336: 1284: 1274: 1255: 1240: 1225: 1210: 1195: 1168: 1145: 1133: 1125:natural sign 1121:double flats 1070: 998: 965: 957: 954:ledger lines 950: 908: 903: 897: 896: 890: 882: 876: 872: 866: 860: 857:muli tuorum, 854: 848: 842: 839:queant laxis 836: 807: 798: 783: 781: 756: 738: 718:Early Europe 700: 689: 685: 681: 677: 669: 665: 661: 657: 651: 645: 641: 637: 633: 625: 612: 608: 604:modern Greek 599: 596: 591:choirleaders 580: 564: 557:heirmologion 553:sticherarion 550: 539: 529: 519: 516:lectionaries 493: 488: 478: 452: 446: 442: 438: 436: 429: 420: 410: 406: 370: 356: 339: 282: 187: 141:clay tablets 134: 79: 74: 66: 65: 43: 7684:Terminology 7664:Instruments 7470:Switzerland 7440:South Sudan 7435:South Korea 7360:Saint Lucia 7315:Philippines 7260:North Korea 7240:New Zealand 7235:Netherlands 7040:Ivory Coast 6880:El Salvador 6625:Afghanistan 6592:Micronesian 6393:Compilation 6306:Composition 6201:Composition 6166:Disc jockey 6139:Backup band 6066:Arched Harp 5823:Prehistoric 5765:WikiProject 5658:Light music 5643:Baroque pop 5638:Avant-garde 5593:Performance 5358:Renaissance 5345:Early music 5224:Music stand 5098:Chord chart 5077:Scorewriter 5054:Sheet music 4852:Dotted note 4787:Repeat sign 4762:Ledger line 4564:(1): 1–14. 4396:11693/22234 3758:Konow, Sten 3662:, p. . 3650:, p. . 3624:Tagg (1979) 3482:Apel (1961) 3338:. dongA.com 3321:, p. . 3249:, p. . 3163:kontakarion 3118:West (1994) 3106:West (1994) 3096:, p. . 3084:, p. . 3028:Sheet music 3013:Scorewriter 3002:Pitch class 2875:Scorewriter 2742:EIGHTH NOTE 2466:Earle Brown 2368:Renaissance 2364:Middle Ages 2325:, such as A 2219:major scale 1985:music uses 1918:solmization 1875:(golubchik) 1857:East Slavic 1853:Kievan Rus' 1769:Hand-drawn 1723:vikrut swar 1695:Pythagorean 1575:sheet music 1512:chord chart 1413:scorewriter 1327:mixed meter 1285:Many short 1178:common time 1097:accidentals 1050:double bass 1046:treble clef 1042:double bass 1005:treble clef 962:accidentals 869:bii reatum, 851:ra gestorum 814:solmization 747:device for 581:cheironomia 571:. Like the 561:Mount Athos 238:scorewriter 177:) or other 175: 1980 164: 1400 90:sheet music 60:Cello Suite 7842:Categories 7570:Uzbekistan 7490:Tajikistan 7395:Seychelles 7375:San Marino 7210:Mozambique 7200:Montenegro 7170:Mauritania 7135:Madagascar 7130:Luxembourg 7085:Kyrgyzstan 7060:Kazakhstan 6865:East Timor 6815:Costa Rica 6780:Cape Verde 6690:Bangladesh 6675:Azerbaijan 6597:Polynesian 6587:Melanesian 6369:Production 6348:Organology 6313:Musicology 6048:Soul music 6003:Folk music 5988:Vernacular 5678:Film score 5673:Soundtrack 5612:Conducting 5531:Birmingham 5467:By country 5316:Definition 5198:Shakuhachi 5173:Ekphonetic 5158:Simplified 5123:Lead sheet 4997:Grace note 4862:Note value 4857:Grace note 4825:Accidental 4497:27 January 4194:1078658738 3212:parallage. 2996:plainchant 2913:Earl Brown 2670:How to Rap 2579:transposed 2551:note heads 2397:piano roll 2323:accidental 2085:microtones 2063:Yogyakarta 1970:shakuhachi 1879:Holy Ghost 1816:(Russian: 1804:(Russian: 1790:liturgical 1787:melismatic 1612:Jeongganbo 1571:shape note 1497:lead sheet 1492:improvise. 1468:snare drum 1325:, may use 1311:rock music 1066:pipe organ 1056:which use 1026:tenor clef 1024:) and the 974:whole note 970:note value 902:, meaning 885:hexachords 863:ve polluti 828:historian 510:. Next to 426:monophonic 52:J. S. Bach 7705:Album era 7585:Venezuela 7450:Sri Lanka 7405:Singapore 7290:Palestine 7245:Nicaragua 7175:Mauritius 7125:Lithuania 7010:Indonesia 6965:Guatemala 6665:Australia 6655:Argentina 6575:Caribbean 6529:Southeast 6254:and study 6252:Education 6242:Technique 6123:Ensembles 6033:Pop music 5865:Art music 5843:Religious 5723:Festivals 5622:Orchestra 5474:Australia 5439:Modernism 5431:New music 5402:Classical 5323:Art music 5193:Swaralipi 5183:Kunkunshi 5143:Tablature 5108:Eye music 4992:Glissando 4967:Fingering 4752:Dal segno 4310:EContact! 4137:163125078 4066:0958-8442 4052:: 35–51. 4005:163942248 3167:asmatikon 2998:notation) 2986:Music OCR 2917:John Cage 2860:🎶 2846:🎵 2835:HEADPHONE 2832:🎧 2657:intervals 2647:, or the 2510:Notations 2478:John Cage 2423:Esperanto 2358:Tablature 2352:Tablature 2241:notation 2238:kepatihan 2021:Sundanese 2009:Indonesia 1997:Indonesia 1987:kunkunshi 1940:Kunkunshi 1861:Byzantine 1838:Muscovite 1822:Stolpovoy 1736:Swaralipi 1641:Swaralipi 1489:accordion 1464:bass drum 1400:orchestra 1396:conductor 1388:ensembles 1321:subgenre 1058:bass clef 1014:alto clef 1009:bass clef 982:half note 711:geometric 701:In 1252, 678:vú and zō 658:parallagē 646:martyriai 642:parallage 630:Solfeggio 565:asmatikon 461:Near East 422:Byzantine 415:oktoechos 373:Mesomedes 295:(today's 293:Babylonia 285:cuneiform 206:plainsong 149:parchment 130:tablature 106:noteheads 86:classical 7826:Category 7639:Timeline 7610:Zimbabwe 7500:Thailand 7495:Tanzania 7460:Suriname 7415:Slovenia 7410:Slovakia 7325:Portugal 7305:Paraguay 7280:Pakistan 7195:Mongolia 7150:Maldives 7145:Malaysia 7070:Kiribati 6990:Honduras 6905:Ethiopia 6900:Eswatini 6855:Dominica 6850:Djibouti 6805:Colombia 6770:Cameroon 6765:Cambodia 6750:Bulgaria 6735:Botswana 6695:Barbados 6582:Oceanian 6536:European 6492:Southern 6425:Sampling 6222:Notation 6156:Big band 6118:Musician 5848:Biblical 5745:Category 5414:Romantic 5353:Medieval 5203:Znamenny 5044:Tonguing 5029:Staccato 4982:Ornament 4957:Dynamics 4909:Interval 4872:Notehead 4847:Cue note 4582:(1996). 4430:(1978). 4362:21 March 3943:(2003). 3800:11 April 3783:(1832). 3546:Archived 3132:Bulgaria 2927:See also 2869:Software 2809:♯ 2795:♮ 2781:♭ 2767:♬ 2753:♫ 2739:♪ 2725:♩ 2629:MusicXML 2557:such as 2470:Yoko Ono 2419:Dutchman 2334:♭ 2328:♯ 2059:pesinden 2055:Solonese 2047:gerongan 2043:balungan 2032:Javanese 1980:Ryukyuan 1903:Chinese 1864:neumatic 1812:znamyona 1655:Samaveda 1526:playing 1472:drum kit 1372:dynamics 1323:mathcore 1317:and the 966:duration 879:ohannes. 745:mnemonic 626:Kanonion 615:semitone 555:and the 457:Damascus 448:harmonia 321:melodies 190:melodies 179:printing 124:such as 7735:Warfare 7634:Outline 7590:Vietnam 7575:Vanuatu 7565:Uruguay 7545:Ukraine 7520:Tunisia 7425:Somalia 7385:Senegal 7340:Romania 7255:Nigeria 7220:Namibia 7215:Myanmar 7205:Morocco 7185:Moldova 7110:Liberia 7105:Lesotho 7100:Lebanon 7045:Jamaica 7025:Ireland 7000:Iceland 6995:Hungary 6960:Grenada 6945:Germany 6940:Georgia 6920:Finland 6895:Estonia 6890:Eritrea 6870:Ecuador 6845:Denmark 6820:Croatia 6810:Comoros 6760:Burundi 6725:Bolivia 6705:Belgium 6700:Belarus 6685:Bahrain 6680:Bahamas 6670:Austria 6660:Armenia 6640:Andorra 6635:Algeria 6630:Albania 6509:Central 6477:Central 6472:African 5855:Secular 5838:Martial 5828:Ancient 5735:Outline 5631:Related 5600:Concert 5506:Ireland 5501:Germany 5383:Baroque 5212:Related 5178:Gamelan 5168:Chinese 5148:Parsons 5019:Portato 5002:Mordent 4977:Marcato 4962:Fermata 4952:Damping 4947:Caesura 4904:Tremolo 4835:natural 4747:Da capo 3997:1359953 3760:(ed.). 3693:4 April 3670:Sources 3332:"Gukak" 3045:Tonnetz 3007:Rastrum 2855:U+1F3B6 2841:U+1F3B5 2827:U+1F3A7 2699:Unicode 2649:integer 2573:called 2571:symbols 2291:solfège 2255:Solfège 2249:Solfège 2093:Gending 2074:slendro 2035:gamelan 2024:gamelan 1983:sanshin 1962:Shōsōin 1913:Marquis 1845:Znamëna 1830:Bolshoy 1818:знамёна 1664:Pingala 1482:Baroque 1381:retakes 1368:Andante 1366:(e.g., 1034:bassoon 912:Baroque 826:Lombard 707:rhythms 670:plagioi 600:gántzoi 469:papyrus 453:systema 256:History 198:Western 194:rhythms 145:papyrus 7644:Albums 7605:Zambia 7540:Uganda 7535:Tuvalu 7525:Turkey 7485:Taiwan 7465:Sweden 7390:Serbia 7350:Rwanda 7345:Russia 7320:Poland 7295:Panama 7270:Norway 7190:Monaco 7180:Mexico 7140:Malawi 7095:Latvia 7080:Kuwait 7075:Kosovo 7055:Jordan 7030:Israel 6980:Guyana 6970:Guinea 6955:Greece 6935:Gambia 6925:France 6830:Cyprus 6775:Canada 6745:Brunei 6740:Brazil 6720:Bhutan 6710:Belize 6645:Angola 6616: 6546:Nordic 6541:Balkan 6376:Single 6281:Method 6232:Lyrics 6196:Theory 5755:Portal 5713:Genres 5584:T to Z 5579:R to S 5574:N to G 5569:K to M 5564:G to J 5559:C to F 5554:A to B 5521:Russia 5516:Kosovo 5496:France 5491:Canada 5479:Brazil 5388:Galant 5034:Tenuto 4972:Legato 4942:Accent 4899:Tuplet 4590: 4528: 4488: 4416: 4284: 4209: 4192: 4182: 4156:30 May 4135: 4104: 4081: 4064: 4029: 4003: 3995: 3955: 3929: 3905: 3879: 3858: 3817: 3740:30 May 3528:1 June 3467:10 May 3416:, 192. 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