1795:. The Emperor Heraclius, having received intelligence of the movements of the Muslim armies from his Arab clients, began to plan countermeasures. Upon Heraclius' orders, Byzantine forces from different garrisons in the north started moving to gather at Ayjnadyn. From here they could engage Amr's corps and maneuver against the flank or rear of the rest of the Muslim corps that were in Jordan and Southern Syria. The strength of the Byzantine forces, according to rough estimates, was about 100,000. Abu Ubaidah informed the Caliph about the preparations made by the Byzantines in the third week of May 634. Because Abu Ubaida did not have experience as a commander of military forces in such major operations, especially against the powerful Roman Army, Abu Bakr decided to send Khalid ibn Walid to assume command. According to early Muslim chronicles, Abu Bakr said, "By Allah, I shall destroy the Romans and the friends of Satan with Khalid Ibn Al Walid."
1742:
for whoever turns his back, except to manoeuvre for battle or to regroup, earns the wrath of Allah. His abode shall be hell, and what a terrible place it is! And when you have won a victory over your enemies, don't kill women or children or the aged and do not slaughter beasts except for eating. And break not the pacts which you make. You will come upon a people who live like hermits in monasteries, believing that they have given up all for God. Let them be and destroy not their monasteries. And you will meet other people who are partisans of Satan and worshippers of the Cross, who shave the centre of their heads so that you can see the scalp. Assail them with your swords until they submit to Islam or pay the Jizya. I entrust you to the care of Allah.
2183:
1737:, Abu Bakr ordered that all corps should remain in touch with each other so that they could render assistance if the Byzantines were able to concentrate their army in any operational sector. In case the corps had to concentrate for one major battle, Abu Ubaidah was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the entire army. In the first week of April 634, the Muslim forces began to move from their camps outside Medina. The first to leave was Yazid's corps, followed by Shurahbil, Abu Ubaidah and Amr, each a day's march from the other. Abu Bakr walked for a short distance by the side of each corps commander. His parting words which he repeated to each of the corps commanders, were as follows:
3035:
1885:
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1877:. Meanwhile, Abu Ubaida ibn al-Jarrah, the supreme commander of the Muslim armies in Syria, had ordered Shurhabil ibn Hasana to attack Bosra. The latter laid siege to Bosra with his small army of 4000. The Roman and Ghassanid Arab garrison, realizing that this might be the advance guard of the larger Muslim army to come, sallied out of the fortified city and attacked Shurhabil, surrounding him from all sides; however, Khalid reached the arena with his cavalry and saved Shurhabil. The combined forces of Khalid, Shurhabil, and Abu Ubaidah then resumed the
2848:
2115:
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1818:. The Muslim armies in Syria were in need of urgent reinforcement, so Khalid avoided the conventional route to Syria via Daumat ul Jandal, as it was the longer route, and would take weeks to reach Syria. Khalid avoided the Mesopotamian route because of the presence of Roman garrisons there and in Northern Syria. To engage them at a time when Muslim armies were being outflanked in Syria was not a wise idea. Khalid selected a shorter route to Syria, an unconventional route passing through the
2135:, which is about 150 metres (500 ft) below sea level, where a strong Byzantine garrison and survivors of the Battle of Ajnadayn were present. The region was crucial because from here the Byzantine army could strike eastwards and cut Muslim communications with Arabia. Moreover, with this large garrison at their rear Palestine could not be invaded. Khalid, commanding the advance guard, reached Fahl first and found that the Byzantines had flooded the plains by blocking the
2776:. This maneuver delivered a decisive blow to Heraclius' plan, since the latter did not wish to engage his troops in open battle with the Muslim light cavalry. From Jabiya, again on Khalid's suggestion, Abu Ubaidah ordered the Muslim troops to withdraw to the Plain of the Yarmouk River, where the cavalry could be used effectively. While the Muslim armies were gathering at Yarmouk, Khalid intercepted and routed the Byzantine advance guard, ensuring a safe path of retreat.
2131:
the Muslim army. Abu
Ubaidah, having received new intelligence, had sent Khalid. Khalid reached the battlefield and defeated the garrison on 15 October and returned with tons of looted booty from the fair and hundreds of Roman prisoners. By capturing central Syria, the Muslims had given a decisive blow to the Byzantines. The communication between Northern Syria and Palestine was now cut off. Abu Ubaidah decided to march to
2895:. The Byzantine army, composed of the survivors of Yarmouk and other Syrian campaigns, was defeated, retreating to Antioch, whereupon the Muslims besieged the city. Having little hope of help from the Emperor, Antioch surrendered on 30 October, on the condition that all Byzantine troops would be given safe passage to Constantinople. Abu Ubaidah sent Khalid towards the north and he himself marched to the south and captured
1752:
2964:
1787:. The two forward detachments sent by the Byzantine army to prevent the entry of Yazid's and Amr's corps, respectively, into Palestine, were easily defeated by them, though they did prevent the Rashidun forces from reaching their assigned objective. Abu Ubaidah and Shurhabil, on the other hand, continued their march, and by early May 634 they reached the region between
2988:, Abu Ubaidah's headquarters. Abu Ubaidah withdrew all his forces from northern Syria to Emesa, and the Christians laid in a siege. Khalid was in favor of an open battle outside the fort, but Abu Ubaidah referred the matter to Umar, who sent a detachment from Iraq to invade Jazirah from three different routes. Another detachment was sent to Emesa from Iraq under
2871:. Abu Ubaidah sent Khalid with his mobile guard towards Chalcis. The virtually impregnable fort was guarded by Greek troops under Menas, reportedly second in prestige only to the Emperor himself. Menas, diverting from conventional Byzantine tactics, decided to face Khalid and destroy the leading elements of Muslim army before the main body could join them at
2102:. Abu Ubaidah got the letter memorializing this during the siege, but he delayed the announcement until the city had been conquered. Later on, Khalid pledged his loyalty to the new Caliph and continued to serve as an ordinary commander under Abu Ubaidah. He is reported to have said, "If Abu Bakr is dead and Umar is Caliph, then we listen and obey."
2709:. Having mustered sizeable armies at Antioch, Heraclius sent them to reinforce strategically important areas of Northern Syria, like Emesa and Chalcis. The Byzantine reinforcement of Emesa violated the treaty, and Abu Ubaidah and Khalid accordingly marched there. A Byzantine army that halted Khalid's advance guard was defeated. The Muslims
2658:
Heraclius, sensing an opportunity, quickly sent an army under
General Theodras to recapture Damascus, where a small Muslim garrison was left. Shortly thereafter, the Muslims, having just won the Battle of Fahl, were on their way to Emesa. In the meantime, the Byzantine army split in two, one deployed at Maraj al Rome (
2887:, which was captured after fierce resistance from desperate Byzantine troops in October. Before marching towards Antioch, Khalid and Abu Ubaidah decided to isolate the city from Anatolia. They accordingly sent detachments north to eliminate all possible Byzantine forces and captured the garrison town of
2779:
The Muslim armies reached the plain in July. A week or two later, around mid-July, the
Byzantine army arrived. The Byzantine commander-in-chief, Vahan, sent Ghassanid forces, under their king, Jabala, to gauge the Muslim strength. Khalid's mobile guard defeated and routed them, the last action before
1900:
This defeat left Syria vulnerable to the Muslim invaders. Khalid decided to capture
Damascus, the Byzantine stronghold. At Damascus, Thomas, son-in-law of Emperor Heraclius, was in charge. Having received intelligence of Khalid's march towards Damascus, he prepared for its defence, writing to Emperor
1892:
Here Khalid took over the command of the Muslim armies in Syria from Abu
Ubaidah, according to the instructions of the Caliph. Massive Byzantine armies were concentrating at Ajnadayn to push the invading armies back to the desert. Early Muslim sources claim the Byzantine strength to have been 90,000,
1741:
In your march be not hard on yourself or your army. Be not harsh with your men or your officers, whom you should consult in all matters. Be just and abjure evil and tyranny, for no nation which is unjust prospers or achieves victory over its enemies. When you meet the enemy turn not your back on him;
2771:
Five massive armies were launched in June to recapture Syria. Khalid, having grasped
Heraclius' plan, feared that the Muslim armies would become isolated and then destroyed piecemeal. He thus suggested to Abu Ubaidah in a council of war that he consolidate all the Muslim armies at one place to force
2130:
50 kilometres (31 miles) east of Beirut. There was a
Byzantine and Christian Arab garrison nearby, but the size of the garrison was miscalculated by the Muslim informants. The garrison quickly encircled the small Muslim detachment, but before it was completely destroyed, Khalid came to the rescue of
2657:
After the battle, which proved to be the key to
Palestine and Jordan, the Muslim armies split up. Shurhabil and Amr's corps moved south to capture Palestine, while Abu Ubaidah and Khalid, with a relatively larger corps, moved north to conquer Northern Syria. While the Muslims were occupied at Fahl,
2735:
After capturing Emesa, Khalid moved north to capture
Northern Syria, using his cavalry as an advance guard and raiding force. At Shaizar, Khalid intercepted a convoy taking provisions for Chalcis. The prisoners were interrogated and informed him about Emperor Heraclius' ambitious plan to take back
1913:
on 19 August. These engagements had the desired effect, delaying Khalid long enough to prepare for a siege. However, by the time
Heraclius' reinforcements had reached the city Khalid had begun his siege, having reached Damascus on 20 August. To isolate the city from the rest of the region Khalid
2971:
After the devastating defeat at Yarmouk, the remainder of the Byzantine empire was left vulnerable. With few military resources left, it was no longer in a position to attempt a military comeback in Syria. To gain time to prepare a defense of the rest of his empire, Heraclius needed the Muslims
3195:, paid by non-Muslims in return for state protection and exemption from military service. The Byzantine civil service was retained until a new system could be instituted; therefore, Greek remained the administrative language in the new Muslim territories for over 50 years after the conquests.
1392:
as modern Western historians conventionally refer to Romans of this period) were still in the process of rebuilding their authority in these territories, which in some areas had been lost to them for almost twenty years. Politically, the Syrian region consisted of two provinces: Syria proper
1464:
to the south end of the Dead Sea. These lines were only designed to protect communications from bandits, and the bulk of the Byzantine defenses were concentrated in Northern Syria facing the traditional foes, the Sassanid Persians. The drawback of this defense line was that it enabled the
3007:. When the Christians received the news of the Muslim invasion of their homeland, they abandoned the siege and hastily withdrew there. At this point Khalid and his mobile guard came out of the fort and devastated their army by attacking them from the rear. In late 638, Ibn Walid also
3066:
Umar then called a halt to the expedition and ordered Abu Ubaidah, now governor of Syria, to consolidate his rule there. This decision can be explained by the dismissal of Khalid from the army, which ended his military career, and a drought followed by a plague the year after.
3521:
2755:
had sought an alliance with Heraclius, marrying the latter's daughter (or granddaughter, according to tradition) Manyanh. While Heraclius prepared for a major offense in the Levant, Yazdegerd was supposed to mount a well-coordinated counterattack on his front in
2739:
After his past experiences, Heraclius now avoided pitched battle with the Muslim army. His plans were to send massive reinforcements to all the major cities, isolate the Muslim corps from each other, and then separately encircle and destroy the Muslim armies.
2105:
Abu Ubaidah moved more slowly and steadily, which had a concomitant effect on military operations in Syria. Abu Ubaidah, being an admirer of Khalid, made him commander of the cavalry and relied heavily on his advice during the whole campaign.
1621:(Arabic for the Wars of Apostasy). The Campaign of the Apostasy was fought and completed during the eleventh year of the Hijri. The year 12 Hijri dawned, on 18 March 633, with Arabia united under the central authority of the Caliph at Medina.
1676:. The tradition of raising armies from tribal contingents remained in use until 636, when Caliph Umar organised the army as a state department. Abu Bakr organised the army into four corps, each with its own commander and objective.
2882:
Abu Ubaidah soon joined Khalid at Chalcis, which surrendered some time in June. With this strategic victory, the territory north of Chalcis lay open to the Muslims. Khalid and Abu Ubaidah continued their march northward and laid
1914:
placed detachments south on the road to Palestine and in the north at the Damascus-Emesa route, and several other smaller detachments on routes towards Damascus. Heraclius' reinforcements were intercepted and routed at the
1901:
Heraclius in Emesa for reinforcements. Moreover, Thomas, in order to get more time for preparation of a siege, sent armies to delay or, if possible, halt Khalid's march to Damascus. One of these armies was defeated at the
1436:
and thereafter ruled a semi-autonomous state with their own king under Roman vassalage. The Ghassanid Dynasty became one of the honoured princely dynasties of the Empire, with the Ghassanid king ruling over the Arabs in
1893:
although most modern historians doubt the figures, yet consider this battle to be the key to breaking Byzantine power in Syria. On Khalid's instructions, all Muslim corps concentrated at Ajnadayn, where they won a
3042:
The conquest of Jazirah was completed by 640 CE, after which Abu Ubaidah sent Khalid and Iyad ibn Ghanm (conqueror of Jazirah) to invade Byzantine territory north of there. They marched independently and captured
2669:
During the night, Theodras advanced to Damascus to launch a surprise attack. Khalid's spy informed him about the move and Khalid, having received permission from Abu Ubaidah, galloped towards Damascus with his
2818:
With the Byzantine army routed, the Muslims quickly recaptured the territory they had conquered prior to Yarmouk. Abu Ubaida held a meeting with his high commanders, including Khalid, and decided to conquer
3794:
2943:, is reported to have said, "Farewell, a long farewell to Syria, my fair province. Thou art an infidel's (enemy's) now. Peace be with you, O, Syria – what a beautiful land you will be for the enemy hands."
1814:, in early June, taking with him half his army, about 8000 strong. There were two routes towards Syria from Iraq: one was via Daumat-ul-Jandal, and the other was through Mesopotamia, passing through
526:
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in February. Umar, after having learned of the position and strength of the Byzantine army in Palestine, wrote detailed instructions to his corps commanders there and ordered Yazid to capture the
2780:
the battle started. For one month negotiations continued between the two armies and Khalid went to meet Vahan in person at the Byzantine camp. Meanwhile, Muslim reinforcements arrived from Umar.
2570:
coast. Amr and Shurhabil accordingly marched against the strongest Byzantine garrison and defeated them in the Second Battle of Ajnadyn. The two corps then separated, with Amr moving to capture
1826:. Khalid thus entered Northern Syria and caught the Byzantines on their right flank. According to modern historians, this ingenious strategic maneuver unhinged the Byzantine defences in Syria.
1922:
on 18 September after 30 days, although, according to some sources, the siege had in fact lasted for four or six months. Heraclius, having received the news of the fall of Damascus, left for
1624:
Whether Abu Bakr intended a full-out imperial conquest or not is hard to say; he did, however, set in motion a historical trajectory that in just a few short decades would lead to one of the
3557:
2879:
even reportedly forced Umar to praise Khalid's military genius, saying, "Khalid is truly the commander. May Allah have mercy upon Abu Bakr. He was a better judge of men than I have been."
2768:. When Heraclius launched his offensive in May 636, Yazdegerd, probably owing to the exhaustion of his government, could not coordinate with the Heraclian offensive, frustrating the plan.
1967:
2831:, due to his very strong resemblance. However, Khalid was recognized and Umar had to come himself to accept the surrender of Jerusalem in April 637. Umar appointed his close advisor
1869:, the capital of the Ghassanids. He ordered other Muslim commanders to concentrate their armies, still near the Syrian-Arabian border, at Bosra. At Maraj-al-Rahab, Khalid defeated a
2701:
offered a peace treaty for a year. Abu Ubaidah accepted the offer and, rather than invading districts of Emesa and Chalcis, he consolidated his rule in conquered land and captured
2787:
was fought, lasting six days and ending in a major defeat for the Byzantines. This battle and subsequent clean-up engagements forever ended Byzantine domination of the Levant.
3125:. Annual raids into western Anatolia dissuaded the Byzantines from further attempts to recapture Syria. In 654–655, Uthman ordered the preparation of an expedition to capture
2645:(died before 1026 CE), the Muslim conquest of Palestine brought relief to the country's Jewish citizens, who had previously been barred by the Byzantines from praying on the
2839:. Amr and Shurhabil's corps left to conquer the rest of Palestine, while Abu Ubaidah and Khalid, at the head of a 17,000-strong army, moved north to conquer Northern Syria.
1934:
was given three days to go as far as they could. After three days, Khalid took a cavalry force, caught up to the Romans using an unknown shortcut, and attacked them at the
519:
293:
1783:
As the main Byzantine defence line started from the coastal regions near Ghazahh, Yazid arrived at the Valley of Araba at about the same time as Amr bin Al Aas reached
1472:
The 7th century was a time of rapid military change in the Byzantine Empire. The empire was certainly not in a state of collapse when it faced the new challenge from
3026:
fell into Muslim hands, followed by most of Jazirah, the last base of the Eastern Roman Empire in the region, which surrendered peacefully and agreed to pay Jizya.
2827:
lasted four months, after which the city agreed to surrender, but only to Umar personally. Amr-bin al-Aas suggested that Khalid should be sent to impersonate the
2545:
1865:
through a mountain pass which is now known as Sanita-al-Uqab (Uqab Pass) after the name of Khalid's army standard. From here he moved away from Damascus, towards
1593:, had been killed. Usama's expedition in May/June 632 was successful and his army was the first Muslim force to successfully invade and raid Byzantine territory.
3183:
were kept apart in camps, and life went on much as before for the local population. The Muslims tolerated the Jews and Christians. The taxes instituted were the
2760:, while Heraclius attacked in the Levant. However, it was not meant to be. Umar probably had intelligence of this alliance, and started peace negotiations with
1960:
512:
286:
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1918:, 30 kilometres (20 mi) from Damascus. Khalid's forces withstood three Roman sallies that tried to break the siege. Khalid finally attacked and
1664:. Only those who had rebelled during the Ridda wars were excluded from the summons and remained excluded from Rashidun armies until 636, when Caliph
1953:
1656:, Khalid established his stronghold in Iraq. While engaged with Sassanid forces, he also confronted the Ghassanids, Arab clients of the Byzantines.
488:
4144:
2094:
On 22 August, Abu Bakr, the first caliph, died, having made Umar his successor. Umar's first move was to relieve Khalid from command and appoint
4239:
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2122:
Soon after the appointment of Abu-Ubaidah as commander in chief, he sent a small detachment to the annual fair held at Abu-al-Quds, modern day
3134:
2693:
In May 636, Heliopolis surrendered to the Muslims after little resistance and agreed to pay tribute. Abu Ubaidah sent Khalid straight towards
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Persians on a number of occasions during the 3rd, 6th and 7th centuries; it had also been subject to raids by the Sassanids' Arab allies, the
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to hold the lieutenancy of Medina. After Jerusalem, the Muslim armies broke up once again. Yazid's corps went to Damascus and then captured
3095:, which had been lost to the Muslims during Umar's reign. A full-scale invasion was planned and a large force was sent to reconquer Syria.
2182:
1822:. It is recorded that his soldiers marched for two days without a single drop of water, before reaching a predetermined water source at an
825:
810:
3003:, which they found to be well fortified; thus, they left a fraction of the army to impose a siege on the city, while the rest went after
3088:
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1977:
4015:
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1142:
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415:
391:
4123:
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89:
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329:
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2634:, were in Muslim hands. On the orders of Umar, Yazid next besieged Caesarea, which, barring a suspension around the time of the
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in 629 CE. However, the actual conquest did not begin until 634, two years after Muhammad's death. It was led by the first two
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Abu Ubaidah, in another council of war, transferred field command of the Muslim army to Khalid. Finally, on 15 August, the
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1016:
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Uthman gave permission to Muawiyah to build a navy. From their base in Syria, the Muslims used this fleet to capture
2859:, which was strategically the most significant Byzantine fort. Through Chalcis the Byzantines would be able to guard
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force that was retreating after a skirmish with the Muslim advance guard, after which Yazid made for the Valley of
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Next, the Muslim armies consolidated their conquest of the Levant as Shurhabil and Amr went deeper into Palestine.
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1550:. During the battle the Muslim army was routed. After three Muslim leaders were killed, the command was given to
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1469:, advancing from the desert in the south, to reach as far north as Gaza before meeting regular Byzantine troops.
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to send a contingent, which, together with the local garrison, defeated the Byzantine army in Northern Syria.
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and raided northern and central Anatolia. Heraclius had already abandoned all the forts between Antioch and
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with his cavalry and attacked and defeated Theodras there. A week later, Abu Ubaida himself moved towards
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in order to complete the conquest of all Palestine, while Shurahbil moved against the coastal towns of
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Syria with an army possibly two hundred thousand (200,000) strong. Khalid immediately ended the raid.
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On the orders of Umar, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, commander of the Muslim army in Iraq, sent an army under
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The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns: page no:576 by Lieutenant-General
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Gil, Moshe; Ethel Broido (1997). A History of Palestine. Cambridge University Press, pp. 634–1099.
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Meanwhile, Umar occupied Yazdegerd III in a grand deception. Yazdegerd III lost his army at the
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3189:, which landowners and peasants paid according to the productivity of their fields, and the
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1881:, which surrendered some time in mid-July 634 CE, effectively ending the Ghassanid Dynasty.
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and he succeeded in saving the rest of the forces. The surviving Muslim forces retreated to
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Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500
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The Different Aspects of Islam Culture: Volume 3, The Spread of Islam throughout the World
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3394:"Ghassan." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 October 2006
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speakers with a partly Arab population, especially in its eastern and southern parts. The
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1327:, subdivided into Diocese I and II. The Romans also renamed an area of land including the
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3363:"Syria." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 October 2006
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occupied in Syria. He thus sought help from the Christians (some of whom were Arabs) of
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3409:"Iran." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 October 2006
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dynasty, with Syria as its core and Damascus its capital for the next century to come.
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2856:
2710:
2698:
2662:) led by Schinos; the other, commanded by Theodras, stationed to the west of Damascus (
2395:
2140:
2123:
1931:
1769:
1768:
Moving to their assigned target beyond Tabouk, Yazid's corps made contact with a small
1734:
1574:
1570:
1532:
1417:
1069:
919:
778:
761:
637:
627:
200:
3421:
Nicolle, David (1994). Yarmuk CE 636: The Muslim Conquest of Syria. Osprey Publishing.
3099:, the governor of Syria, called for reinforcements and Uthman ordered the governor of
2963:
1388:
to conclude the peace of 628. Thus, on the eve of the Muslim conquests the Romans (or
4233:
4164:
4148:
3172:
3150:
3038:
Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid and Iyad ibn Ghanm's raids into Anatolia.
2940:
2761:
2599:
2567:
2559:
2391:
2099:
1906:
1861:
and the Battle of Hawarin. After dealing with all these cities, Khalid moved towards
1819:
1445:. The last of the Ghassanid kings, who ruled at the time of the Muslim invasion, was
1269:
1237:
1077:
893:
185:
180:
2772:
a decisive battle with the Byzantines. Abu Ubaidah agreed, and concentrated them at
1751:
1240:. Clashes between the Arabs and Byzantines on the southern Levantine borders of the
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4001:
3773:
Multimedia History Tutorials by the Applied History Group, University of Calgary.
3346:
3160:
3056:
2752:
2744:
2659:
2646:
2136:
1850:
1505:
1433:
1302:
4080:
The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
3657:
The Hebrew-Arabic Dictionary of the Bible, Known as 'Kitāb Jāmiʿ al-Alfāẓ' (Agron)
1293:
for seven centuries prior to the Arab Muslim conquest and had been invaded by the
4099:
4075:
4005:
3974:
The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text
3972:
3902:
3395:
3204:
2663:
2595:
2277:
2028:
1838:
1834:
1281:
1233:
716:
1538:
vassals. In Islamic historical sources, the battle is usually described as the
3410:
3364:
3243:
3106:
In 645–646, Sufyan bin Mujib Al-Azdi, appointed by Muawiyah, managed to seize
3096:
2619:
2515:
2216:
1870:
1617:
1543:
1373:
205:
137:
4187:
1652:
After successful campaigns against the Sassanids and the ensuing conquest of
1573:
as the commander of an expeditionary force which was to invade the region of
4109:
3164:
3110:
to eventually capture the last Byzantine stronghold on the Levantine coast.
3004:
2977:
2820:
2623:
2587:
2511:
2272:
2246:
1888:
Geographical map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid's invasion of Syria
1546:
after a Ghassanid official executed Muhammad's emissary who was en route to
1535:
1461:
1453:
1425:
1385:
1350:
222:
141:
3833:
2919:
before the Muslims arrived. He then arranged for the necessary defenses in
1930:. The citizens were granted peace on the promise of annual tribute and the
1501:
1424:
of Syria were people of no consequence until the migration of the powerful
3063:
to create a buffer zone between the Muslim controlled areas and Anatolia.
2939:. Heraclius hastily took the mountainous path and, on passing through the
3180:
2860:
2794:
in November, three months after Yarmouk, ending Sassanid control west of
2679:
2631:
2563:
2211:
2127:
1909:, 145 kilometres (90 mi) from Damascus. Another was defeated in the
1862:
1807:
1777:
1702:
1612:
1600:
1596:
1520:
1509:
1493:
1402:
1369:
1298:
1294:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1150:
757:
278:
157:
3311:
3138:
3052:
2924:
2868:
2864:
2683:
2221:
1923:
1854:
1413:
1394:
1318:
1314:
469:
1945:
504:
3323:
3307:
3303:
3208:
3185:
3122:
3114:
3092:
3079:
Rashidun Empire at its peak under third Rashidun Caliph, Uthman (654)
3060:
2992:, a veteran of Yarmouk, who had originally been sent to Iraq for the
2936:
2900:
2896:
2836:
2828:
2795:
2773:
2615:
2611:
2575:
2571:
2482:
2241:
1842:
1792:
1773:
1716:
1692:
1657:
1608:
1604:
1555:
1539:
1473:
1466:
1438:
1398:
1229:
81:
3000:
2981:
2562:
surrendered after a little resistance followed by the surrender of
3396:
Ghassan (ancient kingdom, Arabia) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
3319:
3191:
3118:
3074:
3033:
3023:
2985:
2962:
2915:
River in Anatolia. Emperor Heraclius had already left Antioch for
2846:
2765:
2726:
2702:
2694:
2603:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2457:
2113:
1927:
1883:
1866:
1823:
1815:
1797:
1788:
1756:
1750:
1726:
1643:
1547:
1442:
1429:
1421:
1381:
1328:
1310:
3018:
to conquer the region between the Tigris and the Euphrates up to
2855:
With Emesa already in hand, Abu Ubaidah and Khalid moved towards
2731:
Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk
3100:
3019:
2888:
2757:
2607:
2132:
1811:
1802:
Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid's invasion of Syria.
1784:
1688:
1665:
1653:
1261:
4077:
Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.
3863:
The Sword of Allah Khalid Bin Al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns
2931:. On the way, he had a narrow escape when Khalid, who had just
1949:
1615:'s succession, several Arab tribes revolted against him in the
508:
282:
3349:(2007). "The decisive battles in the Arab Conquest of Syria".
2832:
2713:
which was finally conquered in March 636 CE after two months.
2674:. While Abu Ubaidah fought and defeated the Roman army in the
2622:, Palestine, Jordan and Southern Syria, with the exception of
2851:
Map detailing the route of Muslim invasion of northern Syria.
2743:
Part of his plan was to coordinate his attacks with those of
1589:, in which Usama's father and Muhammad's former adopted son,
1349:. Part of the area was ruled by the Arab vassal state of the
3207:
broke out in the Muslim empire as a result of the murder of
2118:
Map detailing the route of Muslim invasion of central Syria.
1405:. To the west and south of the Dead Sea lay the province of
4201:
Multimedia History Tutorials by the Applied History Group,
3687:
3685:
3133:
in 655, the expedition was delayed for decades, only to be
3129:, but, due to unrest in the caliphate that resulted in his
1759:, one of the first cities to fall to invading Muslim armies
2911:. Khalid moved north and raided territory up to as far as
1648:
Map detailing Rashidun Caliphate's invasion of the Levant.
1585:
and its stated aim was to avenge the Muslim losses at the
1480:, but utterly failed to tackle the challenge effectively.
1384:
for over a decade before being forced by the victories of
3441:
3439:
3672:
3670:
2875:
5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Chalcis. The resulting
4118:(Yohanan Friedmann ed.). SUNY Press. p. 174.
3215:
as caliph, the Rashidun Caliphate was succeeded by the
2602:. Yazid advanced from Damascus to capture the ports of
2008:
3820:. London: Alexander P. Watt for the Committee of the
2139:. The Byzantine army was eventually defeated at the
1660:
soon recruited tribal contingents from all over the
1207:
4214:
History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
3472:
A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims
3430:
2996:. Umar himself marched from Medina with 1,000 men.
3992:El Hareir, Idris; M'Baye, El Hadji Ravane (2011).
3155:The new rulers divided Syria into four districts (
110:Annexation of the Levant by the Rashidun Caliphate
3405:
3403:
1335:, and the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula as
1236:rule and developed into the provincial region of
2984:, who mustered a large army and marched against
1938:, 305 kilometres (190 miles) north of Damascus.
1500:was fought in September 629 near the village of
3907:(2nd rev. ed.). Athens: Lycabettus Press.
3881:Conquerors of Palestine Through Forty Centuries
2653:Battles for Emesa and Second Battle of Damascus
1739:
36:
3904:Christians in the Arab East: A Political Study
2053:Conquest of Isfahan & Tabaristan (642–643)
27:7th-century conquest by the Rashidun Caliphate
3485:
3483:
3481:
2539:
1961:
520:
294:
8:
3799:(in Arabic). مكتبة الكيان. pp. 309–311.
3559:Islamic Historical General Khalid Bin Waleed
3523:Islamic Historical General Khalid Bin Waleed
3493:, Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970)
3259:7th century in Lebanon § Administration
4207:The Islamic World to 1600: Tutorial Outline
3977:. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing.
3765:
3763:
3151:Bilad al-Sham § Administrative history
3145:Administration under the Rashidun Caliphate
4174:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
4048:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3945:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3381:
3379:
2546:
2532:
2156:
2003:
1968:
1954:
1946:
1806:Khalid immediately set out for Syria from
1542:' attempt to take retribution against the
527:
513:
505:
301:
287:
279:
33:
4182:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 381–386.
4056:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 410–414.
4010:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4007:Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests
2063:Conquest of Kerman & Makran (643–644)
1628:, starting with a confrontation with the
3754:
3715:
3556:Akram, Agha Ibrahim (13 February 2016).
3520:Akram, Agha Ibrahim (13 February 2016).
1733:Not knowing the precise position of the
3703:
3612:"50 Great Military Leaders of All Time"
3338:
3295:
2170:
2159:
1776:where it meets the southern end of the
1441:and Southern Syria from his capital at
4223:The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu
3676:
3365:Syria – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
1729:. Move on Tabuk route after Shurahbil.
3691:
3659:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1. New Haven:
3457:
3411:Iran – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
2638:, lasted until the port fell in 640.
2098:as the new commander-in-chief of the
1268:was the most important leader of the
7:
3953:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 756.
3796:فرسان النهار من الصحابة الأخيار – ج5
3445:
1456:, after re-capturing Syria from the
1244:had occurred during the lifetime of
2041:Conquest of Sassanid Persian Empire
2014:Conquest of Armenia (638 & 644)
2009:Campaigns in Eastern Anatolia (638)
1897:against the Byzantines on 30 July.
1873:army in a quick battle, called the
1581:. This expedition was known as the
1197:
3663:. p. xxxix–xl (Introduction).
3353:. Vol. 101. pp. 297–358.
2907:and the coastal areas west of the
2764:, apparently inviting him to join
1719:. Move on Tabuk route after Yazid.
1376:had succeeded in occupying Syria,
25:
3030:Campaigns in Armenia and Anatolia
2024:Conquest of Lower Egypt (641–642)
2019:Conquest of Upper Egypt (640–641)
1488:Military confrontations with the
90:Praetorian prefecture of the East
4115:The history of at-Tabari Vol. 12
3655:(1936). Solomon L. Skoss (ed.).
3254:Umayyad conquest of North Africa
3179:, was later added) and the Arab
2181:
2090:Dismissal of Khalid from command
1992:Conquest of Eastern Roman Empire
1476:after being exhausted by recent
1460:, set up new defense lines from
1307:fall of Jerusalem in the year 70
1212:; lit. "Conquest of Syria"), or
50:
3055:and the whole of Armenia up to
2147:Conquest of Palestine (634-641)
2004:Conquest of Palestine (635–636)
1668:fell short of manpower for the
1401:in the north to the top of the
1291:Syria had been under Roman rule
1216:, was a 634–638 CE invasion of
4101:History of the Byzantine State
2110:Conquest of the Central Levant
2078:Conquest of Khurasan (643–644)
2034:Conquest of North Africa (643)
1845:were first to fall to Khalid.
1:
4240:Muslim conquest of the Levant
3866:. Mr. Books. pp. 359–417
3351:Studia Orientalia Electronica
1841:, and the historical city of
1492:began during the lifetime of
1190:Muslim conquest of the Levant
37:Muslim conquest of the Levant
4255:630s in the Byzantine Empire
3793:سيد بن حسين العفاني (2005).
2935:, was heading south towards
2867:, and the regional capital,
2808:Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)
2493:Israeli Civil Administration
2073:Conquest of Azerbaijan (643)
2068:Conquest of Sistan (643–644)
1583:Expedition of Usama bin Zayd
1516:, between the forces of the
1412:Syria was mostly made up of
18:Muslim conquest of Palestine
3431:El Hareir & M'Baye 2011
3071:Under Caliph Uthman's reign
2967:Temple of Jupiter, Lebanon.
2641:According to lexicographer
1999:Conquest of Syria (634–637)
1607:and political successor at
1432:to Syria, who converted to
1208:
924:Nikephoros Phokas the Elder
4301:
4205:, University of Calgary.
4110:Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir
4104:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
3879:Allenby, Viscount (2003),
3822:Palestine Exploration Fund
3745:Tabari: Vol. 4, pp. 37–38.
3148:
2956:
2950:
2843:Conquest of northern Syria
2811:
2805:
2720:
2150:
2048:Conquest of Iraq (636–637)
1942:Conquest under Caliph Umar
1626:largest empires in history
1279:
4203:The Islamic World to 1600
3901:Betts, Robert B. (1978).
3775:Last accessed 20 Oct 2006
3771:The Islamic World to 1600
3470:Razwy, Sayed Ali Asgher.
3173:Jund Filastin (Palestine)
3091:decided to recapture the
2999:In 638, Muslims attacked
2863:, Heraclius' homeland of
2814:Islamization of Jerusalem
2643:David ben Abraham al-Fasi
2096:Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
2029:Conquest of Bahnasa (639)
1987:
1911:Battle of Maraj as Saffer
1723:Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
970:George Maniakes in Sicily
546:
320:
176:Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
147:
118:
64:
49:
41:
3814:le Strange, Guy (1890).
3135:attempted unsuccessfully
2258:Ancient Israel and Judah
1936:Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj
1916:Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab
1857:were captured after the
1368:, beginning in 603, the
1256:who succeeded Muhammad:
58:Roman Theatre at Palmyra
3614:. Vij Books India Pvt.
3169:Jund al-Urdunn (Jordan)
3161:Jund Dimashq (Damascus)
2994:Battle of al-Qādisiyyah
2947:Byzantine counterattack
1875:Battle of Marj-al-Rahit
1674:Battle of al-Qādisiyyah
4141:Vaglieri, Laura Veccia
3727:Tabari: Vol. 3, p. 98.
3610:Jann Tibbetts (2016).
3582:Tabari: Vol. 2, p. 609
3546:Tabari: Vol. 2, p. 601
3211:and the nomination of
3080:
3039:
2968:
2909:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
2852:
2732:
2119:
2058:Conquest of Fars (642)
1889:
1859:Battle of al-Qaryatayn
1803:
1760:
1744:
1649:
1599:died in June 632, and
1452:The Byzantine Emperor
1305:, beginning after the
1224:. A part of the wider
1214:Arab conquest of Syria
312:Early Muslim conquests
148:Commanders and leaders
4250:History of the Levant
4025:Meinecke, M. (1995).
3780:10 April 2007 at the
3661:Yale University Press
3284:History of the Levant
3149:Further information:
3078:
3070:
3037:
2966:
2957:Further information:
2893:Battle of Iron bridge
2850:
2812:Further information:
2730:
2676:Battle of Marj ar-Rum
2508:Palestinian Authority
2313:Hellenistic Palestine
2288:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2117:
1887:
1801:
1754:
1647:
1484:Rise of the Caliphate
1309:, the entire region (
196:Shurahbil ibn Hassana
3996:. UNESCO publishing.
3885:Kessinger Publishing
3279:History of Palestine
3199:Rise of the Umayyads
3083:During the reign of
2953:Siege of Emesa (638)
2792:Battle of Qadisiyyah
2503:Palestinian enclaves
2488:Military Governorate
1713:Shurahbil ibn Hasana
1699:Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan
1447:Jabalah ibn al-Aiham
1338:Palaestina Salutaris
1264:. During this time,
1063:Byzantine reconquest
230:Jabalah ibn al-Aiham
191:Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan
4245:Arab–Byzantine wars
4220:Bishop John Nikiou
4145:"ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib"
4096:Ostrogorsky, George
3858:Akram, Agha Ibrahim
3562:. Lulu Press, Inc.
3526:. Lulu Press, Inc.
3448:, pp. 756–757.
3385:Kaegi, 1995, p. 41.
3370:14 May 2006 at the
3239:Byzantine-Arab Wars
3175:(to which a fifth,
3009:captured Germanicia
2802:Capturing Jerusalem
2473:Egyptian Gaza Strip
2468:Jordanian West Bank
2453:Mandatory Palestine
2347:Diocese of the East
2283:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2143:on 23 January 635.
1979:Wars of Caliph Umar
1905:in mid-August near
1691:route, then across
1640:Expedition to Syria
1634:Khalid ibn al-Walid
1563:Farewell Pilgrimage
1552:Khalid ibn al-Walid
1341:, sometimes called
1286:Diocese of the East
1266:Khalid ibn al-Walid
1262:Umar ibn al-Khattab
1226:Arab-Byzantine Wars
538:Arab–Byzantine wars
489:Visigothic Hispania
236:Theodore Trithyrius
211:Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl
171:Khalid ibn al-Walid
165:Umar ibn al-Khattab
86:Diocese of the East
44:Arab–Byzantine wars
4226:Chapters CXVI-CXXI
4157:Lévi-Provençal, E.
3969:Charles, Robert H.
3769:"Umar (634–644)",
3736:Regan 2003, p. 167
3694:, p. 359-417.
3600:Akram, chapter 31.
3491:Agha Ibrahim Akram
3264:History of Lebanon
3081:
3053:Melitene (Malatya)
3040:
2969:
2853:
2825:Siege of Jerusalem
2733:
2686:, where the great
2678:, Khalid moved to
2499:State of Palestine
2339:Province of Judaea
2153:Islam in Palestine
2120:
1920:conquered Damascus
1890:
1804:
1761:
1650:
1632:under the general
1478:Roman–Persian Wars
1366:Roman-Persian Wars
1232:was brought under
1222:Rashidun Caliphate
965:Straits of Messina
784:2nd Constantinople
769:1st Constantinople
126:Rashidun Caliphate
4087:978-0-88141-056-3
4063:978-90-04-09834-3
3984:978-1-889758-87-9
3960:978-90-04-09419-2
3922:Buhl, F. (1993).
3914:978-0-8042-0796-6
3640:978-0-521-59984-9
3621:978-93-85505-66-9
3569:978-1-312-23371-3
3533:978-1-312-23371-3
3499:978-0-7101-0104-4
3274:History of Jordan
2785:Battle of Yarmouk
2723:Battle of Yarmouk
2717:Battle of Yarmouk
2707:Maarrat al-Nu'man
2688:Temple of Jupiter
2636:Battle of Yarmouk
2556:
2555:
2325:Hasmonean kingdom
2293:Achaemenid Empire
2086:
2085:
1837:, Quraqir, Suwa,
1755:Ruins of ancient
1747:Conquest of Syria
1670:Battle of Yarmouk
1662:Arabian peninsula
1591:Zayd ibn Harithah
1514:Karak Governorate
1347:Palaestina Tertia
1206:
1183:
1182:
502:
501:
448:Caucasian Albania
277:
276:
114:
113:
16:(Redirected from
4292:
4191:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4105:
4091:
4072:Meyendorff, John
4067:
4039:Heinrichs, W. P.
4021:
4002:Kaegi, Walter E.
3997:
3988:
3964:
3936:Heinrichs, W. P.
3918:
3897:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3790:
3784:
3767:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3680:
3674:
3665:
3664:
3649:
3643:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3502:
3487:
3476:
3475:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3374:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3343:
3327:
3300:
3269:History of Syria
3234:Muslim conquests
2749:Sassanid emperor
2548:
2541:
2534:
2351:Palaestina Prima
2343:Syria Palaestina
2335:Herodian kingdom
2306:Classical period
2202:Natufian culture
2185:
2175:
2157:
1982:
1980:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1903:Battle of Yaqusa
1693:Valley of Arabah
1587:Battle of Mu'tah
1579:Byzantine Empire
1529:Byzantine Empire
1498:Battle of Mu'tah
1490:Byzantine Empire
1254:Rashidun caliphs
1250:Battle of Muʿtah
1242:Byzantine Empire
1211:
1201:
1199:
950:Marianos Argyros
826:Asia Minor (806)
811:Asia Minor (782)
800:Border conflicts
697:Babylon Fortress
541:
539:
529:
522:
515:
506:
458:Khazar Khaganate
453:Caucasian Iberia
342:Byzantine Empire
315:
313:
303:
296:
289:
280:
257:
244:
133:Byzantine Empire
66:
65:
54:
34:
21:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4230:
4229:
4211:Edward Gibbon,
4198:
4139:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4108:
4094:
4088:
4070:
4064:
4031:Bosworth, C. E.
4024:
4018:
4000:
3991:
3985:
3967:
3961:
3928:Bosworth, C. E.
3921:
3915:
3900:
3895:
3878:
3869:
3867:
3856:
3853:
3848:
3838:
3836:
3813:
3810:Yaqut al-Hamawi
3808:
3804:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3782:Wayback Machine
3768:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3702:
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3690:
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3505:
3488:
3479:
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3464:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3377:
3372:Wayback Machine
3362:
3358:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3249:Iudaea Province
3229:Spread of Islam
3225:
3203:When the first
3201:
3153:
3147:
3089:Constantine III
3073:
3032:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2933:captured Marash
2885:siege to Aleppo
2877:Battle of Hazir
2845:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2725:
2719:
2655:
2552:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2506:
2483:State of Israel
2448:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2399:
2382:Muslim conquest
2377:
2376:
2365:
2364:
2331:Roman Palestine
2308:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2269:
2252:Egyptian Empire
2237:
2236:
2235:Ancient history
2227:
2226:
2197:
2196:
2173:
2166:
2155:
2149:
2112:
2092:
2087:
2082:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1944:
1895:decisive battle
1832:
1766:
1749:
1681:Amr ibn al-A'as
1642:
1518:Islamic prophet
1486:
1393:stretched from
1288:
1280:Main articles:
1278:
1218:Byzantine Syria
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1027:Gulf of Corinth
549:Early conflicts
542:
537:
535:
533:
503:
498:
416:Northern Persia
399:Sassanid Persia
316:
311:
309:
307:
273:
253:
240:
215:
140:
136:
106:
92:
84:: at that time
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4298:
4296:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4260:630s conflicts
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4218:
4209:
4197:
4196:External links
4194:
4193:
4192:
4153:Kramers, J. H.
4149:Gibb, H. A. R.
4137:
4124:
4106:
4092:
4086:
4068:
4062:
4035:van Donzel, E.
4022:
4017:978-0521411721
4016:
3998:
3989:
3983:
3965:
3959:
3932:van Donzel, E.
3919:
3913:
3898:
3893:
3876:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3802:
3785:
3759:
3757:, p. 410.
3747:
3738:
3729:
3720:
3718:, p. 382.
3708:
3696:
3681:
3679:, p. 174.
3666:
3644:
3627:
3620:
3602:
3593:
3591:Waqidi: p. 62.
3584:
3575:
3568:
3548:
3539:
3532:
3512:
3503:
3477:
3474:. p. 283.
3462:
3450:
3435:
3433:, p. 142.
3423:
3414:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3356:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3322:, and eastern
3294:
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3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3200:
3197:
3177:Jund Qinnasrin
3146:
3143:
3127:Constantinople
3072:
3069:
3031:
3028:
3022:. In 639–640,
3016:Iyad ibn Ghanm
2976:, mainly from
2959:Iyad ibn Ghanm
2951:Main article:
2948:
2945:
2941:Cilician gates
2929:Constantinople
2903:, and finally
2844:
2841:
2806:Main article:
2803:
2800:
2721:Main article:
2718:
2715:
2711:besieged Emesa
2654:
2651:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
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2455:
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2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2396:Jund al-Urdunn
2386:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2328:
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2198:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2148:
2145:
2141:Battle of Fahl
2111:
2108:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1932:Byzantine army
1879:siege of Bosra
1831:
1830:Southern Syria
1828:
1770:Christian Arab
1765:
1762:
1748:
1745:
1735:Byzantine army
1731:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1696:
1641:
1638:
1630:Persian Empire
1603:was appointed
1571:Usama ibn Zayd
1533:Arab Christian
1504:, east of the
1485:
1482:
1343:Palaestina III
1321:) was renamed
1277:
1274:
1198:فَتْحُ الشَّام
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1147:
1146:
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1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1073:
1072:
1070:John Kourkouas
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
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978:
977:
972:
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962:
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946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
920:Leo Apostyppes
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
867:Southern Italy
859:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
762:Constantinople
754:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
720:
719:
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681:
680:
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623:Maraj-al-Debaj
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613:Sanita-al-Uqab
610:
608:Marj al-Saffar
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531:
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486:
481:
470:Makurian Nubia
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
395:
394:
392:Southern Italy
385:
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378:Constantinople
375:
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321:
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201:Iyad ibn Ghanm
198:
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153:
150:
149:
145:
144:
129:
121:
120:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
102:
101:
100:Muslim victory
98:
94:
93:
80:
78:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
47:
46:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4297:
4286:
4283:
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4235:
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4210:
4208:
4204:
4200:
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4177:
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4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4127:
4125:9780791407332
4121:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3894:0-7661-3984-0
3890:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3755:Meinecke 1995
3751:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3716:Vaglieri 1960
3712:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3667:
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3641:
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3603:
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3594:
3588:
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3579:
3576:
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3565:
3561:
3560:
3552:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3516:
3513:
3510:Waqidi: p. 4.
3507:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3466:
3463:
3460:, p. 67.
3459:
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3447:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3415:
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3406:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
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3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3131:assassination
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3085:Caliph Uthman
3077:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:Qa’qa ibn Amr
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2927:and left for
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2878:
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2858:
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2826:
2822:
2815:
2809:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:Yazdegerd III
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2650:
2648:
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2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:Mediterranean
2565:
2561:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:All-Palestine
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:Jund Filastin
2389:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
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2301:
2294:
2291:
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2279:
2276:
2274:
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2255:
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2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2154:
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2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2079:
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2074:
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2069:
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2064:
2061:
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2056:
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2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1907:Lake Tiberias
1904:
1898:
1896:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:Syrian Desert
1817:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:Initial phase
1763:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1611:. Soon after
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:. During the
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1270:Rashidun army
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:Bilad al-Sham
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1149:Campaigns of
1148:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:Campaigns of
1130:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1103:Nikephoros II
1101:Campaigns of
1100:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:Sayf al-Dawla
1076:Campaigns of
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:Campaigns of
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
983:
982:
981:Naval warfare
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:Campaigns of
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
921:
918:Campaigns of
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
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871:
870:
869:
868:
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857:
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849:
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839:
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834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
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809:
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802:
801:
795:
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790:
787:
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780:
777:
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772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
764:
763:
759:
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749:
747:
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742:
739:
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734:
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729:
728:
727:
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718:
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710:
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703:
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676:
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669:
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664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
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594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
579:
578:
577:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
550:
545:
540:
530:
525:
523:
518:
516:
511:
510:
507:
495:
494:Frankish Gaul
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
479:
475:
471:
468:
467:
466:
465:
464:Other regions
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
439:
438:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
402:
401:
400:
393:
389:
386:
384:
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366:
364:
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355:
352:
350:
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336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
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325:
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314:
304:
299:
297:
292:
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285:
284:
281:
269:
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260:
258:
256:
250:
247:
245:
243:
237:
234:
232:
231:
227:
225:
224:
220:
219:
217:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
186:Uqba ibn Nafi
184:
182:
181:Amr ibn al-As
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
166:
162:
160:
159:
155:
154:
152:
151:
146:
143:
139:
135:
134:
130:
128:
127:
123:
122:
117:
109:
104:
103:
99:
96:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
59:
56:Scene of the
53:
48:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
4222:
4213:
4202:
4179:
4172:
4129:. Retrieved
4114:
4100:
4076:
4053:
4052:Volume VIII:
4046:
4006:
3993:
3973:
3950:
3943:
3903:
3880:
3868:. Retrieved
3862:
3839:16 September
3837:. Retrieved
3816:
3812:as cited in
3805:
3795:
3788:
3770:
3750:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3711:
3704:Allenby 2003
3699:
3656:
3647:
3630:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3578:
3558:
3551:
3542:
3522:
3515:
3506:
3471:
3465:
3453:
3426:
3417:
3390:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3298:
3202:
3190:
3184:
3156:
3154:
3112:
3105:
3082:
3065:
3041:
3013:
2998:
2970:
2881:
2854:
2817:
2789:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2753:Yazdgerd III
2745:Yazdgerd III
2742:
2738:
2734:
2697:. Emesa and
2692:
2672:mobile guard
2668:
2660:Beqaa Valley
2656:
2647:Temple Mount
2640:
2557:
2381:
2374:Islamic rule
2137:River Jordan
2121:
2104:
2100:Islamic army
2093:
1998:
1899:
1891:
1851:al-Qaryatayn
1833:
1805:
1782:
1767:
1740:
1732:
1725:: Objective
1715:: Objective
1701:: Objective
1683:: Objective
1651:
1623:
1616:
1595:
1565:in 632, the
1560:
1506:Jordan River
1487:
1471:
1451:
1434:Christianity
1411:
1359:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1322:
1303:Roman period
1289:
1213:
1189:
1187:
1138:Alexandretta
1062:
1061:
1042:Thessalonica
980:
979:
955:2nd Taormina
939:1st Taormina
909:3rd Syracuse
899:2nd Syracuse
874:1st Syracuse
861:
860:
841:Mauropotamos
799:
798:
774:Sebastopolis
756:
755:
724:North Africa
722:
721:
683:
682:
588:al-Qaryatayn
575:
574:
573:
548:
463:
462:
436:
435:
397:
396:
368:North Africa
348:
340:
339:
322:
254:
241:
228:
221:
163:
156:
131:
124:
119:Belligerents
42:Part of the
29:
4169:Pellat, Ch.
4161:Schacht, J.
4043:Lecomte, G.
3949:Volume VII:
3940:Pellat, Ch.
3677:Tabari 1992
3653:Al-Fasi, D.
3302:Modern-day
2664:Al-Sabboura
2278:Philistines
2207:Pre-Pottery
2172:History of
1428:tribe from
1360:During the
1282:Roman Syria
1276:Roman Syria
1248:, with the
1234:Arab Muslim
1209:Fatḥ al-šām
934:2nd Milazzo
929:1st Milazzo
914:Caltavuturo
856:Bathys Ryax
668:Iron Bridge
633:Marj ar-Rum
484:Transoxiana
431:Afghanistan
105:Territorial
4234:Categories
4217:Chapter 51
4131:18 October
4027:"Al-Rakka"
3870:16 October
3851:References
3824:. p.
3692:Akram 2006
3458:Kaegi 1992
3347:Sharon, M.
3244:Ghassanids
3137:under the
3097:Muawiyah I
2913:Kızılırmak
2684:Heliopolis
2666:region).
2560:Bet She'an
2516:Gaza Strip
2446:Modern era
2217:Ghassulian
2194:Prehistory
2151:See also:
1705:. Move on
1687:. Move on
1618:Ridda wars
1569:appointed
1561:After the
1544:Ghassanids
1531:and their
1525:the forces
1458:Sassanians
1390:Byzantines
1374:Khosrau II
1351:Ghassanids
1324:Palaestina
1317:, and the
1161:2nd Aleppo
1032:Cephalonia
944:Garigliano
846:Faruriyyah
816:Kopidnadon
702:Alexandria
692:Heliopolis
678:Germanicia
663:1st Aleppo
583:Marj Rahit
576:The Levant
267:Buccinator
206:Muawiyah I
138:Ghassanids
88:under the
72:634–638 CE
4285:Heraclius
4188:495469456
4178:Volume I:
4165:Lewis, B.
3971:(2007) .
3446:Buhl 1993
3334:Footnotes
3316:Palestine
3205:civil war
3181:garrisons
3165:Jund Hims
3005:Circesium
2978:Circesium
2821:Jerusalem
2751:. In 635
2624:Jerusalem
2618:. By 635
2512:West Bank
2359:Salutaris
2321:Antigonus
2273:Philistia
2247:Phoenicia
2174:Palestine
1871:Ghassanid
1835:Ain Tamer
1685:Palestine
1536:Ghassanid
1454:Heraclius
1426:Ghassanid
1407:Palestine
1386:Heraclius
1378:Palestine
1355:symmachos
1203:romanized
1108:5th Crete
1093:Andrassos
1052:4th Crete
1047:3rd Crete
1002:2nd Crete
997:1st Crete
975:2nd Malta
904:1st Malta
712:Darishkur
673:2nd Emesa
653:Jerusalem
223:Heraclius
142:Tanukhids
4171:(eds.).
4143:(1960).
4112:(1992).
4098:(1956).
4074:(1989).
4045:(eds.).
4004:(1992).
3942:(eds.).
3860:(2006).
3778:Archived
3368:Archived
3223:See also
3139:Umayyads
3117:in 649,
2861:Anatolia
2690:stood.
2680:Damascus
2632:Ashkelon
2628:Caesarea
2564:Tiberias
2418:Crusader
2388:Rashidun
2317:Seleucus
2212:Tahunian
2163:a series
2161:Part of
1863:Damascus
1808:Al-Hirah
1778:Dead Sea
1703:Damascus
1672:and the
1613:Abu Bakr
1601:Abu Bakr
1597:Muhammad
1567:Muhammad
1521:Muhammad
1494:Muhammad
1403:Dead Sea
1370:Persians
1299:Lakhmids
1295:Sassanid
1258:Abu Bakr
1246:Muhammad
1151:Basil II
1012:Damietta
992:Keramaia
851:Lalakaon
794:Akroinon
758:Anatolia
746:Carthage
731:Sufetula
648:Laodicea
618:Damascus
598:Ajnadayn
437:Caucasus
426:Khorasan
158:Abu Bakr
77:Location
4054:Ned–Sam
3951:Mif–Naz
3924:"Muʾta"
3834:1004386
3312:Lebanon
3217:Umayyad
3108:Tripoli
2974:Jazirah
2925:Armenia
2921:Jazirah
2905:Latakia
2869:Antioch
2865:Armenia
2857:Chalcis
2699:Chalcis
2433:Ottoman
2423:Ayyubid
2413:Fatimid
2408:Abbasid
2403:Umayyad
2355:Secunda
2222:Jericho
2126:, near
1924:Antioch
1855:Hawarin
1847:Sukhnah
1577:in the
1540:Muslims
1527:of the
1467:Muslims
1414:Aramaic
1395:Antioch
1364:of the
1319:Galilee
1315:Samaria
1220:by the
1205::
1156:Orontes
1123:Antioch
1118:Cilicia
1037:Euripos
987:Phoenix
960:Rometta
889:Lentini
879:Messina
836:Amorium
806:Kamacha
751:Tabarka
736:Vescera
717:Bahnasa
643:Yarmouk
443:Armenia
363:Georgia
359:Armenia
335:Quraysh
270:Gregory
255:†
242:†
107:changes
4186:
4167:&
4122:
4084:
4060:
4041:&
4014:
3981:
3957:
3938:&
3911:
3891:
3832:
3638:
3618:
3566:
3530:
3497:
3324:Turkey
3308:Jordan
3304:Israel
3209:Uthman
3186:kharaj
3171:, and
3123:Rhodes
3121:, and
3115:Cyprus
3093:Levant
3061:Tartus
3057:Ararat
3045:Edessa
2937:Manbij
2917:Edessa
2901:Jablah
2897:Tartus
2837:Beirut
2829:caliph
2823:. The
2796:Persia
2774:Jabiya
2747:, the
2705:, and
2616:Beirut
2612:Byblos
2576:Amawas
2572:Nablus
2478:Israel
2428:Mamluk
2262:Israel
2242:Canaan
2165:on the
1843:Tadmur
1793:Jabiya
1774:Arabah
1717:Jordan
1709:route.
1658:Medina
1609:Medina
1605:Caliph
1556:Medina
1502:Mu'tah
1496:. The
1474:Arabia
1443:Bostra
1439:Jordan
1399:Aleppo
1372:under
1230:Levant
1228:, the
1194:Arabic
1166:Apamea
1133:John I
1113:Aleppo
1083:Marash
1022:Kardia
1017:Ragusa
1007:Thasos
922:&
884:Butera
863:Sicily
821:Krasos
789:Nicaea
760:&
707:Nikiou
603:Yaqusa
569:Dathin
554:Mu'tah
421:Sistan
411:Kerman
388:Sicily
373:Cyprus
324:Arabia
264:Thomas
261:Vardan
251:
238:
97:Result
82:Levant
60:, 2005
4147:. In
4029:. In
3926:. In
3320:Syria
3290:Notes
3192:jizya
3157:junds
3119:Crete
3049:Amida
3024:Raqqa
2986:Emesa
2873:Hazir
2766:Islam
2703:Hamah
2695:Emesa
2604:Sidon
2592:Yubna
2584:Haifa
2580:Jaffa
2458:Nakba
2266:Judah
2128:Zahlé
2124:Ablah
1928:Emesa
1926:from
1867:Bosra
1824:oasis
1816:Raqqa
1810:, in
1789:Bosra
1757:Petra
1727:Emesa
1707:Tabuk
1575:Balqa
1548:Bosra
1510:Karak
1430:Yemen
1422:Arabs
1418:Greek
1382:Egypt
1333:Sinai
1329:Negev
1311:Judea
1143:Syria
1088:Raban
831:Anzen
779:Tyana
741:Mamma
685:Egypt
658:Hazir
638:Emesa
593:Bosra
564:Firaz
559:Balqa
383:Crete
354:Egypt
349:Syria
330:Mecca
249:Vahan
4184:OCLC
4133:2021
4120:ISBN
4082:ISBN
4058:ISBN
4012:ISBN
3979:ISBN
3955:ISBN
3909:ISBN
3889:ISBN
3872:2021
3841:2010
3830:OCLC
3636:ISBN
3616:ISBN
3564:ISBN
3528:ISBN
3495:ISBN
3101:Kufa
3020:Urfa
2980:and
2923:and
2889:Azaz
2758:Iraq
2630:and
2614:and
2608:Arqa
2600:Tyre
2598:and
2596:Acre
2590:and
2588:Gaza
2133:Fahl
1853:and
1839:Arak
1812:Iraq
1791:and
1785:Elat
1689:Elat
1666:Umar
1654:Iraq
1523:and
1508:and
1462:Gaza
1416:and
1397:and
1380:and
1362:last
1284:and
1260:and
1188:The
1175:Azaz
1057:Tyre
894:Enna
865:and
628:Fahl
476:and
406:Fars
390:and
361:and
69:Date
4280:637
4275:636
4270:635
4265:634
4180:A–B
3213:Ali
3159:):
3001:Hīt
2982:Hīt
2833:Ali
1512:in
1409:.
1357:.
1345:or
478:2nd
474:1st
4236::
4176:.
4163:;
4159:;
4155:;
4151:;
4037:;
4033:;
3947:.
3934:;
3930:;
3887:,
3883:,
3828:.
3826:25
3762:^
3684:^
3669:^
3480:^
3438:^
3402:^
3378:^
3318:,
3314:,
3310:,
3306:,
3167:,
3163:,
3141:.
3087:,
3051:,
3047:,
3011:.
2899:,
2798:.
2649:.
2626:,
2620:CE
2610:,
2606:,
2586:,
2582:,
2578:,
2574:,
2514:;
2510:;
2505:;
2398:)
2394:,
2361:))
2357:,
2353:,
2345:,
2341:,
2337:,
2323:,
2319:,
2264:,
1849:,
1780:.
1636:.
1558:.
1449:.
1353:'
1331:,
1313:,
1272:.
1200:,
1196::
4190:.
4135:.
4090:.
4066:.
4050:.
4020:.
3987:.
3963:.
3917:.
3874:.
3843:.
3706:.
3642:.
3624:.
3572:.
3536:.
3501:.
3326:.
2547:e
2540:t
2533:v
2518:)
2501:(
2390:(
2349:(
2333:(
2327:)
2315:(
2268:)
2260:(
1969:e
1962:t
1955:v
1695:.
1192:(
528:e
521:t
514:v
480:)
472:(
302:e
295:t
288:v
20:)
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