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And there is also no blame on you if you tacitly send a marriage proposal to these women or hold it in your hearts. Allah knows that you would definitely talk to them. but do not make a secret contract. Of course you can say something in accordance with the norms . And do not decide to marry until the law reaches its term. And know that Allah has knowledge of what is in your hearts; so be fearful of Him and know that Allah is Most forgiving and Most
Forbearing.
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And those of you who die and leave widows should bequeath for their widows a year's provision and that they shall not be turned out of their residences; but if they themselves leave the residence, there is no blame on you for what they do with themselves according to the norms of society. And Allah
1711:
The corpse is then fully buried by the gravediggers, who may stamp or pat down the earth to shape. Commonly, the eldest male will supervise. After the burial, those gathered pay their last respects to the dead by collectively praying for the forgiveness of the dead. This collective prayer is the last
1800:
And those of you who die and leave widows behind, they should keep themselves in waiting for four months and ten days. Then when they have fulfilled their term, there is no blame on you about what they do with themselves in accordance with the norms . And Allah is well acquainted with what you do.
1695:
pour three handfuls of soil into the grave while reciting a
Quranic verse meaning, "We created you from it, and return you into it, and from it we will raise you a second time". More prayers are then said, asking for forgiveness of the deceased, and reminding the dead of their profession of faith.
1684:
and one under the shoulder. The lowering of the corpse and positioning of the soil-balls is done by the next of kin. In the case of a deceased husband, a male brother or brother-in-law usually performs this task. In the case of a deceased wife, the husband undertakes this if physically able to. If
1817:
Islamic scholars consider this directive a balance between the mourning of a husband's death and the protection of a widow from cultural or societal censure if she became interested in remarrying after her husband's death, often an economic necessity. This provision also operates to protect the
1780:(such as challenging the power of God e.g. "If God exists and is just, he would not allow such injustice"). Grieving is allowed as part of the funerary rites to allow one to come to terms with the loss of a person passing away as long as it respects Allah.
1760:(a man she can marry). This rule is to confirm that the woman is not pregnant with the deceased's child prior to remarrying. However, in case of emergencies such as visiting a doctor because of a health emergency, the widow can interact with non-
1846:
However, this verse was abrogated and replaced by the verse cited earlier, naming the waiting period exactly 4 months and ten days, without a specific will required, and in which it is permissible for the widow to leave the house for necessity.
1775:
Sunni Islam expects expressions of grief to remain dignified, prohibiting loud wailing or mourning in a loud voice, shrieking, beating the chest and cheeks, tearing hair or clothes, breaking objects, scratching faces or speaking
1425:). This is done to respect the dignity and privacy of the deceased with the family sometimes present. The specifics of this ritual, including the material, style, and colour of the cloth, may vary between regions. However, the
1669:, women are generally discouraged from participating in the funeral procession. The reason for this is that in pre-Islamic Arabia it was customary for grieving women to wail loudly. Wealthy families often even hired
1448:
After the announcement of death of the deceased person, the
Muslims of the community gather to offer their collective prayers for the forgiveness of the dead. This prayer has been generally termed as the
1650:) lying on its right side, faces the Qibla. Grave markers should be raised, not more than about 30 centimetres (12 in) above the ground, so that the grave will neither be walked nor sat on.
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2433:
2404:
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2211:
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1212:(funeral prayer). It is important to determine the cause of death before burial. Mourning for the deceased is observed for three days except for the widow for whom it's 4 months and 10 days.
1524:(communal obligation), meaning that only a few people have to do it, but everyone is considered sinful if no one prays it. It is prayed upon the death of an adult Muslim in the community.
1740:
who have an extended period. Islamic mourning is observed by increased devotion, receiving visitors and condolences, and avoiding decorative clothing and jewelry in accordance with the
1825:
in favor of their wives for the provision of one year's residence and maintenance, except if the wives themselves leave the house or take any other similar step. As stated in Qur'an:
1677:. Women are allowed to attend or be present if they do not wail or cry or hit themselves in grief, especially in an exaggerated excessive manner as in pre-Islamic Arabia.
2144:
1362:, bathed), with the purpose to physically cleanse the deceased. The exact manner, method, style and accessories used for bathing the corpse may vary by locale and
1338:
1043:
2562:
1680:
Three fist-sized spheres of hand-packed soil prepared beforehand by the gravediggers are used to prop up the corpse, one under the head, one under the
1635:, the burial and so forth may vary by regional custom. Muslims typically try their best to follow hadith regarding proper grave burial procedures.
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have generally preferred to use white cotton cloth to serve as the shroud. Men may use only three pieces of cloth and women five pieces of cloth.
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In eastern religions such as
Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism cremation is mandated, while in Islam it is strictly forbidden.
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907:
1752:, "period of waiting" which is four months and 10 days long. During that time, the widow is not to remarry or to interact with non-
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the husband is elderly, then the eldest son (or son-in-law) is responsible for lowering, alignment and propping the deceased.
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1377:, and therefore a part of the Islamic sharia. This should occur as soon as possible after death, preferably within hours.
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are simple, because outwardly lavish displays are discouraged in Islam. Graves are frequently marked only with a simple
1517:
In extraordinary circumstances, the prayer can be postponed and prayed at a later time as was done in the Battle of Uhud.
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751:
378:
1440:
The body may be kept in this state for several hours, allowing well-wishers to pass on their respects and condolences.
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of the body as soon as possible, preceded by a simple ritual involving bathing and shrouding the body, followed by
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position, except that it is to be done with heated water. Bathing the dead body is an essential ritual of the
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property rights of the unborn, as the duration is enough to ascertain whether a widow is pregnant or not.
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to attend the funerals of their deceased relative. Wailing at funerals is not permitted according to the
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Orthodox practice is to wash the body an odd number of times (at least once) with a cloth covering its
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1196:, though they are subject to regional interpretation and variation in custom. In all cases, however,
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1029:
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1937:"Mapping Mourning Among Muslims of Kashmir: Analysis of Religious Principles and Current Practices"
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Cases where exhumation are allowed, according to Ja'fari fiqh: Exhuming the body of my dead sister
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as the deceased. In cases of violent deaths or accidents, where the deceased has suffered
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The "washers" are commonly adult members of the immediate family, who are of the same
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Collective bathing of the dead body, except in extraordinary circumstances, as in the
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Grief at the death of a loved one and weeping for the dead is normal and acceptable.
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Upon receiving news of death of someone or during calamity, the following part of
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The Social
Directives of Islam: Distinctive Aspects of Ghamidi's Interpretation
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Following washing, shrouding and prayer, the body is then taken for burial (
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2009:
1968:
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Burial rituals should normally take place as soon as possible and include:
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and ten days, after the death of their husbands. According to the Qur'an:
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2405:"CRCC: Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement: Resources: Religious Texts"
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1984:"Bioethics for clinicians: 21. Islamic bioethics: The cases, Case 1"
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Recitation of ุฅููููุง ูููููููฐูู ููุฅููููุง ุฅููููููู ุฑูุงุฌูุนูููู in 2:156
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Equipment for washing and preparing bodies at Afaq khoja Mosque,
55:
parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article.
2014:
Mutilation, and thus cremation, is strictly prohibited in Islam.
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1388:(parts of the body that should be hidden according to sharia).
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29:
1642:(i.e. Mecca) so that the body, placed in the grave without a
1419:
The corpse is typically wrapped in a simple plain cloth (the
1407:
facilities mend the body and wrap it in a shroud to minimise
2356:; compare "Dust thou art, and unto dust thou shalt return" (
1257:"Indeed, we belong to Allah, and indeed, to Him we return."
1876:, an Islamic cemetery and the largest cemetery in the world
1312:
Positioning the deceased so that the head is faced towards
1638:
The grave should be perpendicular to the direction of the
1411:
leakage prior to surrendering it to mourners for washing.
2550:
Funeral Wise: Islamic
Funeral Customs and Service Rituals
1909:"Who, What, Why: What are the burial customs in Islam?"
1761:
1753:
1745:
1626:
1501:
1493:
1487:
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1469:
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1420:
1381:
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1187:
2539:, 2nd ed., vol. 1, (Lahore: Faran Foundation, 1986)
2305:Reliance of the Traveler (edited and translated by
1712:formal one for the dead. In some cultures such as
2279:"SAHIH BUKHARI, BOOK 23: Funerals (Al-Janaa'iz)"
1827:
1798:
1631:). The exact manner, customs and style of the
1294:the dead body in a white cotton or linen cloth.
1330:, "Recite Surah Yaseen over a dying person".
1244:ุฅููููุง ูููููููฐูู ููุฅููููุง ุฅููููููู ุฑูุงุฌูุนูููู
1124:
8:
1301:
1216:of the body is strictly forbidden in Islam.
2145:"The Washing and Shrouding of the Deceased"
1982:Daar, A. S.; Khitamy, A. (9 January 2001).
1609:Muslim men finishing a grave after a burial
1935:Jahangir, Mohmad S.; Hamid, Wasia (2022).
1821:Husbands used to be recommended to make a
1562:. Please do not remove this message until
1131:
1117:
927:
792:
594:
506:
383:
127:
85:
1999:
1870:, a 12th-century Islamic marble tombstone
1582:Learn how and when to remove this message
1474:prayer incorporates an additional (four)
2310:. Amana Publications. pp. 238โ239.
1558:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1514:for the deceased and mankind is recited.
1899:
1251:สพinnฤ li-llฤhi wa-สพinnฤ สพilayhi rฤjiสฟลซn
1011:
906:
863:
802:
509:
386:
240:
231:
222:
139:
130:
97:
45:needs attention from an expert in Islam
2100:
2098:
1736:period is to be three days except for
60:may be able to help recruit an expert.
2229:"The funeral prayer is fard kifaayah"
2227:Saalih Al-Munajjid, Shaykh Muhammad.
1778:phrases that make a Muslim lose faith
1716:, relatives scatter flowers and pour
1170:Funerals and funeral prayers in Islam
7:
1309:Burial of the dead body in a grave.
1302:
1177:
2303:al-Misri, Ahmad ibn Naqib (1994).
2254:"Fiqh-us-Sunnah, Volume 4: Burial"
1941:OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying
1460:The Janazah prayer is as follows:
25:
2450:Volume 2, Book 23, Number 375โ393
2371:Volume 2, Book 23, Number 369โ371
2171:Volume 2, Book 23, Number 353-358
2125:Volume 2, Book 23, Number 344-358
1537:
1220:Upon receiving news of the death
111:
34:
1988:Abdallah S. Daar and A. Khitamy
1907:Rema Rahman (25 October 2011).
1720:upon the grave before leaving.
640:(unlawful warfare and banditry)
1792:to engage themselves for four
1147:Islamic funerary found at the
1:
2431:Volume 2, Book 23, Number 391
2332:Volume 2, Book 23, Number 368
2209:Volume 2, Book 23, Number 359
2190:Volume 2, Book 23, Number 404
1433:. It is for this reason that
1262:Common Islamic burial rituals
1160:
2106:Various types of the prayer
2051:Customs and Behavioral Laws
1762:
1754:
1746:
1627:
1564:conditions to do so are met
1502:
1494:
1488:
1476:
1470:
1451:
1421:
1382:
1356:
1318:
1250:
1188:
2613:
2151:. Dr. Hassan Ali El-Najjar
1830:is Exalted in Power, Wise.
1520:The Janazah is considered
1691:expects those present to
1192:) follow fairly specific
1953:10.1177/0030222820911544
661:("spreading corruption")
27:Islamic religious custom
2258:www.islamicstudies.info
1714:those in Southeast Asia
1882:, a ghost shrouded in
1862:Burial at sea in Islam
1844:
1815:
1744:. Widows must observe
1708:
1622:
1610:
1602:
1347:
1277:
1259:
1239:
1166:
81:
2587:Islamic jurisprudence
2467:Islahi (1986), p. 546
2080:Sahih al-Bukhari 1346
1857:Islamic view of death
1788:The Qur'an prohibits
1784:Directives for widows
1702:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1429:should be simple and
1341:
1269:
1241:
1237:
1228:is commonly recited:
1146:
99:Islamic jurisprudence
80:
2027:"Cremation Services"
1486:name for the phrase
1319:Makkah Al-Mukarramah
1226:Chapter 2, verse 156
2565:2 July 2017 at the
2560:Islam Death Rituals
1646:(merely wrapped in
1551:of this article is
1164: 11th century
2484:2007-04-03 at the
2455:2010-08-19 at the
2436:2010-08-19 at the
2376:2010-08-19 at the
2337:2010-08-19 at the
2214:2010-08-19 at the
2195:2010-08-19 at the
2176:2010-08-19 at the
2130:2010-08-19 at the
2111:2013-09-23 at the
2056:2013-09-23 at the
1709:
1623:
1611:
1603:
1492:, but there is no
1457:(funeral prayer).
1348:
1278:
1240:
1167:
752:Gender segregation
315:Islamic leadership
82:
2537:Tadabbur-i-Qur'an
2533:Amin Ahsan Islahi
2411:on 19 August 2010
2307:Nuh Ha Mim Keller
1888:Javanese folklore
1617:Muslim cemetery,
1601:Grave of a Muslim
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58:WikiProject Islam
16:(Redirected from
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2476:Shehzad Saleem.
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2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2407:. Archived from
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2199:
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2143:Nesa, Baduroon.
2140:
2134:
2121:
2115:
2102:
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2069:Sahih al-Bukhari
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1453:Salat al-Janazah
1424:
1387:
1361:
1334:Bathing the body
1321:
1305:
1304:
1271:Al Baqi Cementry
1253:
1236:
1210:Salat al-jinazah
1191:
1181:
1179:
1165:
1162:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1096:Prisoners of war
1091:
1049:
1044:Comparison with
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793:
720:
709:
698:
681:
671:
662:
652:
641:
630:
619:
595:
507:
384:
343:Wilayat al-faqih
329:Majlis-ash-Shura
128:
115:
86:
70:
67:
61:
47:. Please add a
38:
37:
30:
21:
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2592:Islam and death
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2567:Wayback Machine
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2149:Al-Jazeerah.nfo
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2049:Ghamidi (2001),
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1372:Islamic prophet
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697:(discretionary)
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2094:
2082:
2073:
2061:
2042:
2018:
1974:
1947:(3): 725โ745.
1927:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1877:
1874:Wadi-us-Salaam
1871:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1832:
1803:
1785:
1782:
1725:
1722:
1663:Middle Eastern
1590:
1589:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1508:(prostrating).
1489:'Allahu Akbar'
1445:
1444:Funeral prayer
1442:
1416:
1413:
1335:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1310:
1307:
1298:Funeral prayer
1295:
1289:
1286:battle of Uhud
1263:
1260:
1221:
1218:
1139:
1138:
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1135:
1128:
1121:
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827:
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777:
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771:
766:
759:
749:
741:
740:
735:
734:
731:
730:
725:
724:
723:
722:
719:(compensation)
711:
700:
686:
685:
684:
683:
672:
663:
654:
643:
632:
621:
610:
605:
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42:
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26:
24:
14:
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10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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2534:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:Dar al-Ishraq
2515:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2493:. March, 2004
2492:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2448:Sahih Muslim
2445:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2429:Sahih Muslim
2426:
2423:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2369:Sahih Muslim
2366:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2330:Sahih Muslim
2327:
2324:
2319:
2317:0-915957-72-8
2313:
2309:
2308:
2299:
2296:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2207:Sahih Muslim
2204:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:Sahih Muslim
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:Sahih Muslim
2166:
2163:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2123:Sahih Muslim
2120:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1868:Majmuna Stone
1865:
1863:
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1855:
1854:
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1728:According to
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1675:Sahih Bukhari
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1652:Grave markers
1649:
1645:
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1636:
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1534:
1528:
1523:
1522:fard kifaayah
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1500:(bowing) and
1498:
1497:
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1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:religious law
1199:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1171:
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1129:
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750:
748:
747:
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733:
732:
721:
716:
712:
710:
708:(retaliation)
705:
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694:
690:
689:
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682:
677:
673:
667:
664:
658:
655:
653:
648:
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637:
633:
631:
629:(illicit sex)
626:
622:
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615:
611:
609:
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603:
599:
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538:
537:
533:
531:
530:
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524:
523:
519:
518:
516:
515:
512:
508:
499:
498:Breastfeeding
496:
494:
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486:
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481:
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179:Sunnah prayer
175:
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69:
59:
54:
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43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
2511:
2501:Bibliography
2477:
2472:
2463:
2444:
2425:
2413:. Retrieved
2409:the original
2399:
2384:
2365:
2358:Genesis 3:19
2345:
2326:
2304:
2298:
2286:. Retrieved
2282:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2257:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:
2222:
2203:
2184:
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2148:
2138:
2119:
2090:Sahih Muslim
2085:
2076:
2064:
2045:
2037:
2030:. Retrieved
2021:
2013:
1994:(1): 60โ63.
1991:
1987:
1977:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1912:
1902:
1883:
1845:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1799:
1794:lunar months
1787:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1727:
1710:
1693:symbolically
1687:
1679:
1671:moirologists
1660:
1647:
1637:
1624:
1593:
1578:
1569:
1547:
1512:Supplication
1459:
1447:
1439:
1418:
1390:
1379:
1349:
1325:
1303:ุตูุงุฉ ุงูุฌูุงุฒุฉ
1279:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1223:
1204:) calls for
1169:
1168:
1149:Domvs Romana
1086:
1078:
1071:
1045:
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993:
986:
979:
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951:
944:
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874:
853:
842:
836:
829:
822:
815:
803:
761:
744:
714:
703:
692:
675:
670:("sedition")
651:("mischief")
646:
635:
624:
613:
600:
571:Masturbation
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
520:
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459:
434:
427:
420:
413:
402:
362:
355:
348:
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265:
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193:
186:
177:
166:
159:
152:
140:
131:
102:
83:
63:
52:
48:
44:
18:Muslim grave
2491:Renaissance
2415:4 September
2155:17 February
1730:Sunni Islam
1354:is washed (
1292:Enshrouding
908:Inheritance
855:Bayt al-mal
214:Nafl prayer
2576:Categories
2032:9 February
1920:16 October
1894:References
1572:April 2024
1549:neutrality
1466:Eid prayer
1401:mutilation
769:Honorifics
618:(gambling)
66:April 2024
2104:Ghamidi,
1961:0030-2228
1811:2:234โ235
1718:rosewater
1689:Orthodoxy
1560:talk page
1415:Shrouding
1214:Cremation
1200:(Islamic
1183:romanized
1087:Istijarah
737:Etiquette
680:(stoning)
608:Blasphemy
323:Caliphate
308:Political
2582:Funerals
2563:Archived
2526:52901690
2510:(2001).
2482:Archived
2453:Archived
2434:Archived
2374:Archived
2335:Archived
2288:24 April
2263:24 April
2212:Archived
2193:Archived
2174:Archived
2128:Archived
2109:Archived
2054:Archived
2010:11202669
1969:32164481
1914:BBC News
1851:See also
1833:โ
1804:โ
1734:mourning
1724:Mourning
1667:cultures
1628:al-Dafin
1553:disputed
1375:Muhammad
1364:temporal
1090:(asylum)
1065:Military
1024:Dhabihah
981:Tayammum
883:Murabaha
788:Economic
590:Criminal
529:Abortion
493:Adoption
450:Polygyny
398:Contract
388:Marriage
260:clothing
195:Tahajjud
91:a series
89:Part of
2233:IslamQA
1665:Muslim
1619:Kashgar
1482:s, the
1471:Janazah
1435:Muslims
1370:of the
1344:Kashgar
1275:Madinah
1189:Janฤzah
1185::
1046:kashrut
1030:Alcohol
1013:Dietary
1002:Istinja
946:Taharah
923:Hygiene
890:Takaful
865:Banking
841: (
838:Sadaqah
797:History
636:Hirabah
550:Hygiene
484:Kafa'ah
455:Divorce
336:Imamate
284: (
258: (
188:Tarawih
154:Raka'ah
133:Shahada
2597:Sharia
2524:
2391:
2352:
2314:
2238:4 July
2008:
1998:
1967:
1959:
1880:Pocong
1838:
1809:
1790:widows
1763:mahram
1756:mahram
1742:Qur'an
1738:widows
1732:, the
1656:wreath
1644:coffin
1529:Burial
1484:Arabic
1478:takbir
1468:, the
1431:modest
1427:shroud
1405:morgue
1397:trauma
1393:gender
1368:Sunnah
1352:corpse
1346:. 2010
1328:hadith
1206:burial
1198:sharia
1174:Arabic
988:Miswak
940:Toilet
935:Sexual
774:Toilet
763:Mahram
756:Purdah
717:
706:
695:
678:
668:
659:
649:
638:
627:
616:
614:Maisir
536:Baligh
511:Sexual
436:Mutโah
422:Halala
415:Misyar
379:Family
357:Dhimmi
350:Bay'ah
266:Mut'ah
168:Turbah
123:Ritual
49:reason
2513:Mizan
2393:2:234
2389:Quran
2354:20:55
2350:Quran
2001:80636
1886:from
1884:kafan
1840:2:240
1836:Quran
1807:Quran
1748:iddah
1705:Tatar
1648:kafan
1640:Qibla
1633:grave
1504:sujud
1496:ruku'
1464:Like
1422:kafan
1409:fluid
1384:awrah
1358:ghusl
1314:Mecca
1194:rites
1178:ุฌูุงุฒุฉ
1157:Malta
1153:Rabat
1080:Hudna
1073:Jihad
995:Najis
974:Ghusl
967:Masah
953:Ihram
897:Sukuk
831:Khums
824:Nisab
817:Jizya
805:Zakat
704:Qisas
693:Tazir
666:Fitna
647:Fasad
602:Hudud
522:Awrah
477:Iddah
468:Zihar
461:Khula
281:Umrah
274:Tawaf
255:Ihram
234:Zakat
161:Qibla
142:Salah
51:or a
2522:OCLC
2417:2010
2312:ISBN
2290:2024
2265:2024
2240:2023
2157:2012
2071:1254
2034:2019
2006:PMID
1965:PMID
1957:ISSN
1922:2017
1866:The
1823:will
1682:chin
1546:The
1350:The
1035:Pork
960:Wudu
876:Riba
844:Waqf
746:Adab
715:Diya
676:Rajm
625:Zina
564:Zina
557:Rape
543:Haya
429:Urfi
404:Mahr
364:Aman
288:Hajj
286:and
243:Hajj
225:Sawm
207:Witr
103:fiqh
53:talk
2092:943
1996:PMC
1992:164
1949:doi
1661:In
1399:or
1151:in
2578::
2535:,
2520:.
2516:.
2489:,
2281:.
2256:.
2231:.
2147:.
2097:^
2036:.
2012:.
2004:.
1990:.
1986:.
1963:.
1955:.
1945:84
1943:.
1939:.
1911:.
1766:.
1703:A
1403:,
1322:).
1306:).
1273:,
1180:,
1176::
1161:c.
1159:โ
1155:,
93:on
2528:.
2419:.
2360:)
2320:.
2292:.
2267:.
2242:.
2159:.
1971:.
1951::
1924:.
1621:.
1585:)
1579:(
1574:)
1570:(
1566:.
1556:.
1316:(
1300:(
1288:.
1172:(
1132:e
1125:t
1118:v
847:)
758:)
754:(
291:)
269:)
198:)
185:(
105:)
101:(
68:)
64:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
