2832:
2820:
2808:
1546:
2376:
1643:
2162:
Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine".
350:
1551:
2862:
2195:
52:
2384:
1541:
1220:
1391:
1015:
2867:
1150:
266:
984:
897:
2101:
Haque, Amber (2004). "Psychology from
Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists".
966:
1488:
944:
32:
2283:
1089:
381:
188:
2043:
1635:
36:
28:
2358:
1367:
575:
44:
2245:
1401:
1020:
1261:
955:
134:
1461:
1236:
1130:
875:
714:
640:
254:
1281:
1522:
1396:
1231:
998:
993:
2735:
2685:
2666:
2605:
2525:
2493:
1585:
1271:
836:
326:
751:
2725:
1276:
1183:
314:
308:
1320:
687:
413:
1059:
170:
812:
677:
338:
48:
40:
979:
1304:
2852:
2798:
1069:
494:
110:
2745:
Ahmed, Akbar (2002). "Ibn
Khaldun's Understanding of Civilizations and the Dilemmas of Islam and the West Today".
2449:
Al Deek, Mahmoud (November–December 2004). "Ibn Al-Haitham: Master of Optics, Mathematics, Physics and
Medicine".
2857:
1577:
683:
1420:
1226:
1079:
693:
356:
200:
2048:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1426:
1094:
430:
2695:
Siddique, Md. Zakaria (2009). "Reviewing the
Phenomenon of Death—A Scientific Effort from the Islamic World".
2617:"The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire"
128:
1140:
486:
473:
1516:
1291:
1266:
1156:
1084:
550:
454:
332:
206:
593:
2291:
1135:
988:
831:
786:
563:
302:
176:
1647:
1241:
2471:
Abdalla, Mohamad (Summer 2007). "Ibn
Khaldun on the Fate of Islamic Science after the 11th Century".
2038:
1456:
1355:
1251:
1246:
822:
761:
442:
395:
146:
2650:
2034:
425:
421:
2368:
2256:
Khaleefa, Omar (Summer 1999). "Who Is the
Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?".
1677:
2712:
2638:
2584:
2552:
2437:
2345:
2316:
2233:
2118:
1617:
1114:
1064:
861:
709:
528:
520:
438:
224:
92:
74:
1773:
1385:
1009:
603:
140:
2731:
2681:
2662:
2601:
2521:
2489:
2201:
2179:
1581:
1510:
658:
541:
498:
463:
446:
320:
86:
2812:
2784:
2704:
2628:
2576:
2544:
2429:
2337:
2308:
2225:
2171:
2110:
1609:
1408:
1210:
1205:
932:
870:
778:
616:
450:
2149:
Deuraseh, Nurdeen; Abu Talib, Mansor (2005). "Mental health in
Islamic medical tradition".
2213:
1682:
1109:
1032:
770:
516:
230:
194:
152:
1161:
272:
2402:
2836:
2191:
1600:
1444:
1379:
1255:
1124:
856:
782:
587:
524:
482:
260:
248:
236:
56:
2759:
27:
Islamic scientific achievements encompassed a wide range of subject areas, especially
2846:
2773:"Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of the Thirteenth Century"
2716:
2654:
2556:
2441:
2237:
1621:
1569:
1528:
1215:
841:
733:
634:
507:
490:
467:
434:
408:
404:
344:
2588:
2349:
2122:
2831:
2824:
2642:
2131:
907:
887:
865:
757:
718:
597:
477:
104:
98:
70:
1660:
2772:
2678:
The 'Arabick' Interest of the
Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England
2392:
Rozhanskaya, Mariam; Levinova, I. S. (1996). "Statics". In Rashed, Roshdi (ed.).
17:
2564:
1574:
A History of Arabic
Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam
1373:
1350:
922:
917:
766:
664:
611:
559:
116:
2788:
2535:
Boulakia, Jean David C. (1971). "Ibn
Khaldun: A Fourteenth-Century Economist".
1979:
2708:
2633:
2616:
2580:
2433:
2114:
1498:
1482:
1476:
1414:
1188:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1145:
1074:
1054:
1042:
1037:
950:
912:
799:
774:
745:
739:
705:
652:
628:
555:
417:
368:
296:
284:
278:
212:
182:
164:
158:
2205:
2175:
2363:
1504:
1465:
1438:
1432:
1335:
1325:
1286:
1119:
1104:
1048:
1027:
974:
927:
851:
846:
818:
794:
790:
699:
537:
503:
459:
387:
362:
218:
122:
2183:
1636:
Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century
1494:
1470:
1330:
1315:
1310:
1199:
1193:
1099:
1003:
902:
892:
827:
727:
722:
646:
622:
546:
533:
512:
400:
290:
242:
2320:
1547:
List of Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world
970:
883:
879:
607:
66:
62:
2246:"Additional Lifespan Development Topics: Theories on Death and Dying"
1452:
2312:
2548:
2341:
2229:
1613:
960:
581:
391:
2328:
Gandz, Solomon (1936). "The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra".
1661:"Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise"
1448:
1345:
1340:
2505:
Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture
2299:
Ahmed, Akbar S. (1984). "Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist".
2216:(1950). "Al-Asturlabi and as-Samaw'al on Scientific Progress".
1809:
2516:
Oweiss, I. M. (1988). "Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics".
1644:
International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization
2503:
Akhtar, S. W. (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge".
2724:
Meyers, Karen; Golden, Robert N.; Peterson, Fred (2009).
2420:
Thiele, Rüdiger (2005). "In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm".
2132:"The Arab Contribution to the Music of the Western World"
77:(i.e. from the 8th century to the 14th century) include:
2615:
Safavi-Abbasi, S; Brasiliense, LBC; Workman, RK (2007).
1678:"The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world"
1598:
King, David A. (1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks".
1899:
1897:
1895:
2796:
2458:
Mowlana, H. (2001). "Information in the Arab World".
2137:. Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilization
1938:
1936:
1858:
1856:
1854:
2084:
1552:List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars
1732:
65:scientists who have contributed significantly to
2269:Blair, Betty (1995). "Behind Soviet Aeronauts".
2197:The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
1376:(1489–1588), also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ
596:(d. c. 806–816) (Geber, not to be confused with
1542:List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars
821:, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of
2396:. Vol. 2. London: Routledge. p. 642.
2394:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
1810:Safavi-Abbasi, Brasiliense & Workman 2007
1501:mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
8:
2760:"At The Threshold Of A New Millennium – II"
2518:Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses
2258:American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences
1821:
1642:, edited by S. S. Al-Attas. Kuala Lumpur:
2632:
2567:(2000). "A Decade of Human Development".
2251:. McGraw-Hill Companies. 2009. p. 4.
2020:
1845:
1221:Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
945:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
2863:Scientists of the medieval Islamic world
2377:"Farouk El-Baz: With Apollo to the Moon"
2194:(1934). "The Spirit of Muslim Culture".
1966:
1785:
1464:, 11th century, pioneer of experimental
702:(731–798), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
696:(699–767), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
382:Psychology in the medieval Islamic world
2803:
2758:Khan, Zafarul-Islam (15 January 2000).
2428:. Cambridge University Press: 329–331.
2060:
2044:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1915:
1903:
1833:
1562:
2680:. Brill Publishers. pp. 224–262.
2661:. Routledge. pp. 315, 1022–1023.
2072:
1954:
1942:
1489:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi
2008:
1927:
1886:
1862:
1797:
1756:
1744:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1368:Physics in the medieval Islamic world
576:Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world
351:Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī
7:
2868:Medieval Islamic world-related lists
2730:. Infobase Publishing. p. 106.
1996:
1874:
1640:Islam and the Challenge of Modernity
462:(872–950) (Alpharabius), pioneer of
2357:Nanisetti, Serish (June 23, 2006).
1392:Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
1016:Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
536:(1094–1162) (Avenzoar), pioneer of
476:(936–1013) (Abulcasis), pioneer of
2359:"Father of algorithms and algebra"
515:(980–1037) (Ibn Sīnā), pioneer of
25:
2488:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.
2151:The International Medical Journal
2039:"Abu'l Hasan ibn Ali al Qalasadi"
485:(965–1040) (Alhazen), founder of
403:(801–873) (Alkindus), pioneer of
2830:
2818:
2806:
2598:Reflections on Human Development
2537:The Journal of Political Economy
2284:"Obituary: Lt-Gen Kerim Kerimov"
985:Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī
807:Geographers and earth scientists
742:(Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
730:(Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
672:Economists and social scientists
2727:The Truth about Death and Dying
2085:Rozhanskaya & Levinova 1996
1282:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
2422:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
2401:Al-Khalili, Jim (2009-01-04).
2103:Journal of Religion and Health
967:Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
1:
2659:History of Islamic Philosophy
2520:. New York University Press.
1733:Deuraseh & Abu Talib 2005
1507:, 13th century civil engineer
1321:Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
1258:mathematician and philosopher
956:Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
754:(Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
688:Historiography of early Islam
414:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
390:(654–728), author of work on
2569:Journal of Human Development
2486:A Dictionary of Muslim Names
2403:"The 'first true scientist'"
2282:Bond, Peter (7 April 2003).
1402:Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
1151:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī
1021:Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
999:Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
813:Arab Agricultural Revolution
708:(–990), one of the earliest
678:History of Islamic economics
267:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī
2600:. Oxford University Press.
2200:. Oxford University Press.
1411:(Armen Firman), 9th century
1305:List of Muslim philosophers
769:(1332–1406), forerunner of
81:Astronomers and astrologers
2884:
2789:10.3197/096734002129342747
2484:Ahmed, Salahuddin (1999).
1365:
1302:
1272:Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
942:
810:
681:
675:
631:(fl. 1007–1008) (950–1007)
573:
416:(9th century), pioneer of
379:
327:Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
2709:10.1080/07481180802602824
2581:10.1080/14649880050008746
2460:Cooperation South Journal
2434:10.1017/S0957423905000214
2115:10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z
1774:Martin-Araguz et al. 2002
1578:New York University Press
1497:(Averroes), 12th century
1397:Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
1388:(Ben Mousa), 9th century
994:Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
684:List of Muslim historians
339:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
2271:Azerbaijan International
2176:10.33588/rn.3409.2001382
2049:University of St Andrews
1634:Hassan, Ahmad Y. 1996. "
1491:(Nathanel), 12th century
1485:(Avempace), 12th century
1473:(Avicenna), 11th century
1447:(Alhacen), 11th century
1362:Physicists and engineers
1237:Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
987:(1412–1482), pioneer of
898:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
619:(810–887) (Armen Firman)
558:(1126–1198), pioneer of
431:Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
315:Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi
2777:Environment and History
2676:Russell, G. A. (1994).
2596:ul Haq, Mahbub (1995).
2130:Saoud, R (March 2004).
1984:Encyclopædia Britannica
1588:. pp. 245, 250, 256–57.
1090:Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
1070:Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
570:Chemists and alchemists
506:(973–1050), pioneer of
487:experimental psychology
474:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
189:Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
1822:Nasr & Leaman 1996
1523:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
1517:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1292:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
1267:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1232:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
1085:Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
980:'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
802:(1364–1442), economist
748:(1075–1158), economist
455:psychosomatic medicine
433:(850–934), pioneer of
333:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
207:Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
2634:10.3171/FOC-07/07/E13
2164:Revista de Neurología
1366:Further information:
1303:Further information:
1277:Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
1136:Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
943:Further information:
832:environmental science
811:Further information:
787:philosophy of history
736:(932–1030), economist
710:historians of science
676:Further information:
584:(–85 AH/ 704) (Calid)
574:Further information:
564:nature versus nurture
380:Further information:
309:Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
303:Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji
177:Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi
129:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
2651:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein
2035:Robertson, Edmund F.
1646:. Archived from the
1462:Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
1457:experimental physics
1423:(Kuhi), 10th century
1356:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
1252:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
1247:Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
1131:Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
1060:Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
876:Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
823:historical geography
752:Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī
715:Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
694:Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man
641:Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
625:(801–873) (Alkindus)
443:cognitive psychology
396:dream interpretation
171:Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
2747:Middle East Journal
2621:Neurosurgical Focus
2473:Islam & Science
2371:on October 1, 2007.
2033:O'Connor, John J.;
1157:Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
551:Parkinson's disease
426:clinical psychology
422:clinical psychiatry
1242:Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
1115:Kushyar ibn Labban
1065:Brethren of Purity
862:Muhammad al-Idrisi
529:self-consciousness
521:thought experiment
439:medical psychology
225:Kushyar ibn Labban
195:Abu Al-Fadl Harawi
93:Muhammad al-Fazari
75:Islamic Golden Age
2853:Islam and science
2771:Gari, L. (2002).
2764:The Milli Gazette
1638:." Pp. 351–99 in
1511:Nasir al-Din Tusi
1262:Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
1127:(Alhacen/Alhazen)
659:Nasir al-Din Tusi
542:neuropharmacology
499:visual perception
464:social psychology
447:cognitive therapy
321:Nasir al-Din Tusi
299:(d. 12th century)
197:(d. 10th century)
147:Abu Sa'id Gorgani
87:Ibrahim al-Fazari
18:Muslim scientists
16:(Redirected from
2875:
2858:Lists of Muslims
2835:
2834:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2792:
2767:
2754:
2741:
2720:
2691:
2672:
2646:
2636:
2611:
2592:
2560:
2543:(5): 1105–1118.
2531:
2512:
2499:
2480:
2467:
2454:
2445:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2397:
2388:
2383:. Archived from
2372:
2367:. Archived from
2353:
2324:
2295:
2290:. Archived from
2278:
2265:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2214:Rosenthal, Franz
2209:
2187:
2158:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2126:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1686:. February 2010.
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1650:on 2 April 2015.
1632:
1626:
1625:
1595:
1589:
1567:
1421:Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
1409:Abbas Ibn Firnas
1227:Jamshīd al-Kāshī
1206:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
1080:Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
989:symbolic algebra
961:Khalid ibn Yazid
871:Ahmad ibn Fadlan
779:cultural history
617:Abbas Ibn Firnas
594:Jābir ibn Hayyān
582:Khalid ibn Yazid
451:psychophysiology
357:Jamshīd al-Kāshī
237:Abu l-Hasan 'Ali
201:Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
155:(d. 9th century)
149:(d. 9th century)
143:(d. 9th century)
21:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2795:
2770:
2757:
2744:
2738:
2723:
2694:
2688:
2675:
2669:
2649:
2614:
2608:
2595:
2563:
2534:
2528:
2515:
2502:
2496:
2483:
2470:
2457:
2448:
2419:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2375:
2356:
2327:
2313:10.2307/3033407
2298:
2288:The Independent
2281:
2268:
2255:
2248:
2244:
2212:
2192:Iqbal, Muhammad
2190:
2161:
2148:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:TheGuardian.com
1676:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1633:
1629:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1538:
1370:
1364:
1307:
1301:
1254:, 13th century
1110:Abu Nasr Mansur
1033:Ahmed ibn Yusuf
947:
941:
815:
809:
771:social sciences
690:
680:
674:
655:(fl. 1115–1130)
578:
572:
517:neuropsychiatry
384:
378:
231:Abu Nasr Mansur
153:Ahmad Nahavandi
95:(d. 796 or 806)
83:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2827:
2815:
2794:
2793:
2783:(4): 475–488.
2768:
2755:
2742:
2736:
2721:
2703:(2): 190–195.
2692:
2686:
2673:
2667:
2655:Leaman, Oliver
2647:
2612:
2606:
2593:
2561:
2549:10.1086/259818
2532:
2526:
2513:
2500:
2494:
2481:
2468:
2455:
2446:
2417:
2398:
2389:
2387:on 2008-02-21.
2373:
2354:
2342:10.1086/368426
2325:
2296:
2294:on 2009-04-13.
2279:
2266:
2253:
2242:
2230:10.1086/368538
2210:
2188:
2170:(9): 877–892.
2159:
2146:
2127:
2109:(4): 357–377.
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2025:
2021:Nanisetti 2006
2013:
2001:
1989:
1980:"Mas'udi, al-"
1971:
1959:
1947:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1850:
1848:, p. 559.
1846:Rosenthal 1950
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1761:
1759:, p. 363.
1749:
1747:, p. 362.
1737:
1725:
1723:, p. 361.
1713:
1701:
1699:, p. 375.
1689:
1669:
1652:
1627:
1614:10.1086/353360
1590:
1570:Saliba, George
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:, 14th century
1526:
1525:, 13th century
1520:
1519:, 13th century
1514:
1513:, 13th century
1508:
1502:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1479:, 12th century
1474:
1471:Ibn Sīnā/Seena
1468:
1459:
1445:Ibn al-Haytham
1442:
1441:, 10th century
1436:
1435:, 10th century
1430:
1429:, 10th century
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1383:
1380:Jafar al-Sadiq
1377:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1125:Ibn al-Haytham
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1007:
1001:
996:
991:
982:
977:
964:
958:
953:
940:
939:Mathematicians
937:
936:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
873:
868:
859:
857:Ali ibn Ridwan
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
825:
808:
805:
804:
803:
797:
783:historiography
764:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
712:
703:
697:
673:
670:
669:
668:
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
601:
591:
588:Jafar al-Sadiq
585:
571:
568:
567:
566:
553:
544:
531:
525:self-awareness
510:
501:
483:Ibn al-Haytham
480:
471:
457:
428:
411:
398:
377:
374:
373:
372:
366:
360:
354:
348:
342:
336:
330:
324:
318:
312:
306:
300:
294:
288:
282:
276:
270:
264:
261:Ali ibn Ridwan
258:
252:
249:Ibn al-Haytham
246:
240:
234:
228:
222:
216:
210:
204:
198:
192:
186:
180:
174:
168:
162:
156:
150:
144:
138:
132:
126:
120:
114:
108:
102:
96:
90:
82:
79:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2880:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2737:9781438125817
2733:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:Death Studies
2693:
2689:
2687:90-04-09459-8
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2668:0-415-13159-6
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2607:0-19-510193-6
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2527:0-88706-698-4
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2495:1-85065-356-9
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1967:Boulakia 1971
1963:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:Khaleefa 1999
1782:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:(4): 531–55.
1607:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1586:0-8147-8023-7
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1529:Ibn al-Shatir
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:, 8th century
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:Ibn al-Shatir
1214:
1212:
1211:Ibn al-Banna'
1209:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:Al-Marrakushi
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
972:
969:(Algorismi),
968:
965:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
946:
938:
934:
933:Evliya Çelebi
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
842:Ibn Al-Jazzar
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:, pioneer of
829:
826:
824:
820:
817:
816:
814:
806:
801:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
765:
763:
760:(1213–1288),
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
734:Ibn Miskawayh
732:
729:
726:
724:
720:
716:
713:
711:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
689:
685:
679:
671:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
635:Ibn Miskawayh
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
613:
609:
605:
602:
599:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
579:
577:
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:
552:
549:, pioneer of
548:
545:
543:
539:
535:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
511:
509:
508:reaction time
505:
502:
500:
496:
495:phenomenology
492:
491:psychophysics
488:
484:
481:
479:
475:
472:
469:
468:consciousness
465:
461:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:mental health
432:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:
410:
409:music therapy
406:
405:psychotherapy
402:
399:
397:
393:
389:
386:
385:
383:
376:Physiologists
375:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
345:Ibn al-Shatir
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:Sanad ibn Ali
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
80:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2780:
2776:
2763:
2750:
2746:
2726:
2700:
2696:
2677:
2658:
2624:
2620:
2597:
2575:(1): 17–23.
2572:
2568:
2565:Sen, Amartya
2540:
2536:
2517:
2508:
2504:
2485:
2476:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2451:Al Shindagah
2450:
2425:
2421:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:
2393:
2385:the original
2380:
2369:the original
2362:
2333:
2329:
2307:(60): 9–10.
2304:
2300:
2292:the original
2287:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2257:
2221:
2217:
2196:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2150:
2139:. Retrieved
2106:
2102:
2080:
2068:
2061:Al Deek 2004
2056:
2042:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1923:
1916:Abdalla 2007
1911:
1904:Mowlana 2001
1882:
1870:
1841:
1834:Russell 1994
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1681:
1672:
1655:
1639:
1630:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1576:. New York:
1573:
1565:
1299:Philosophers
1162:Omar Khayyám
1045:(Albatenius)
1012:(Ben Mousa)
908:Ibn al-Nafis
888:Anthropology
866:cartographer
758:Ibn al-Nafis
719:Anthropology
717:(973–1048),
604:Al-Khwārizmī
598:pseudo-Geber
478:neurosurgery
273:Omar Khayyám
99:Al-Khwarizmi
71:civilization
61:
26:
2381:IslamOnline
2336:: 263–277.
2224:: 555–564.
2157:(2): 76–79.
2073:Thiele 2005
1955:Oweiss 1988
1943:Akhtar 1997
1451:scientist,
1374:Mimar Sinan
1351:Ibn Khaldun
1294:(1130–1180)
1223:(Albumasar)
923:Ibn Khaldun
918:Ibn Battuta
767:Ibn Khaldun
762:sociologist
667:(1332–1406)
665:Ibn Khaldun
661:(1201–1274)
612:mathematics
606:(780–850),
560:tabula rasa
117:Al-Farghani
53:engineering
43:as well as
41:agriculture
33:mathematics
2847:Categories
2479:(1): 61–7.
2412:2014-04-11
2141:2007-01-12
2094:References
2009:Gandz 1936
1928:Ahmed 1999
1887:Ahmed 2002
1863:Ahmed 1984
1798:Iqbal 1934
1757:Haque 2004
1745:Haque 2004
1721:Haque 2004
1709:Saoud 2004
1697:Haque 2004
1499:Andalusian
1483:Ibn Bajjah
1477:Al-Khazini
1415:Al-Saghani
1202:(Avicenna)
1196:(Averroes)
1189:Al-Samawal
1178:Al-Ghazali
1174:(Avempace)
1172:Ibn Bajjah
1167:Al-Khazini
1153:(Arzachel)
1146:Al-Jayyani
1075:Al-Saghani
1055:Al-Nayrizi
1051:(Abunaser)
1043:Al-Battani
1038:Al-Majriti
1006:(Alkindus)
975:algorithms
951:Ali Qushji
913:Ibn Jubayr
837:al-Hamdani
800:Al-Maqrizi
775:demography
746:Al-Mawardi
740:Al-Ghazali
706:Al-Saghani
682:See also:
653:Al-Khazini
649:(980–1037)
643:(973–1048)
637:(932–1030)
629:Al-Majriti
556:Ibn Tufail
418:psychiatry
369:Ali Qushji
297:Al-Khazini
285:Ibn Tufail
279:Ibn Bajjah
213:Al-Majriti
183:Al-Saghani
165:Al-Battani
159:Al-Nayrizi
111:Al-Marwazi
2813:Biography
2717:142745624
2557:144078253
2442:231738109
2364:The Hindu
2238:224796639
2206:934310562
1997:Gari 2002
1875:Khan 2000
1622:144315162
1505:Al-Jazari
1495:Ibn Rushd
1466:mechanics
1439:Al-Karaji
1433:Ibn Yunus
1386:Banū Mūsā
1336:Ibn Arabi
1326:Al-Farabi
1287:Ulugh Beg
1200:Ibn Seena
1194:Ibn Rushd
1180:(Algazel)
1141:Al-Nasawi
1120:Al-Karaji
1105:Ibn Yunus
1049:Al-Farabi
1028:Al-Mahani
1010:Banū Mūsā
928:Piri Reis
864:, also a
852:Al-Masihi
847:Al-Tamimi
819:Al-Masudi
795:economics
791:sociology
700:Abu Yusuf
590:(702–765)
538:neurology
504:Al-Biruni
460:Al-Farabi
388:Ibn Sirin
371:(d. 1474)
365:(d. 1449)
363:Ulugh Beg
359:(d. 1429)
353:(d. 1380)
347:(d. 1375)
341:(d. 1346)
335:(d. 1311)
329:(d. 1310)
323:(d. 1274)
317:(d. 1266)
311:(d. 1213)
305:(d. 1204)
293:(d. 1198)
291:Ibn Rushd
287:(d. 1185)
281:(d. 1138)
275:(d. 1131)
269:(d. 1087)
263:(d. 1061)
257:(d. 1048)
255:Al-Bīrūnī
251:(d. 1040)
245:(d. 1037)
239:(d. 1037)
233:(d. 1036)
227:(d. 1029)
221:(d. 1009)
219:Ibn Yunus
215:(d. 1007)
209:(d. 1000)
203:(d. 1000)
141:Banū Mūsā
123:Al-Mahani
49:economics
37:astronomy
2657:(1996).
2627:(1): 3.
2589:17023095
2407:BBC News
2350:60770737
2184:12134355
2123:38740431
1648:original
1572:. 1994.
1536:See also
1427:Ibn Sahl
1417:(d. 990)
1331:Avicenna
1316:Averroes
1311:Al-Kindi
1100:Al-Sijzi
1095:Ibn Sahl
1004:Al-Kindi
903:Averroes
893:Avicenna
828:Al-Kindi
773:such as
728:Ibn Sīnā
723:Indology
647:Avicenna
623:Al-Kindi
547:Averroes
534:Ibn Zuhr
513:Avicenna
401:Al-Kindi
243:Ibn Sina
191:(d. 998)
185:(d. 990)
179:(d. 986)
173:(d. 971)
167:(d. 929)
161:(d. 922)
137:(d. 896)
135:Dīnawarī
131:(d. 886)
125:(d. 880)
119:(d. 870)
113:(d. 869)
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2639:S2CID
2585:S2CID
2553:S2CID
2438:S2CID
2346:S2CID
2317:JSTOR
2249:(PDF)
2234:S2CID
2135:(PDF)
2119:S2CID
1664:(PDF)
1618:S2CID
1558:Notes
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2732:ISBN
2682:ISBN
2663:ISBN
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