790:. At least one cow or more are sacrificed in devotion to the sacred spirit with the intention of being free from ill or any curse that has been suffered. A full night of dancing and playing ploong takes place and continues onto the next day. After full night of dancing, early in the morning, the cow is killed by a spear. Then its tongue is cut off. The villagers then move to sit on the body of the cow putting a turban on head. Rice beer or alcohol is served during the feast. After cooking the meat and most of the cow all villagers come together and enjoy the feast. There is no fixed time for the ceremony as anybody who affords it can organize it anytime. Guests are allowed to take part. According to one witness, they were told: "Long time ago, almighty summoned the Mru to take their letters. In that time all the people were so busy with work. For bringing the letters, they send a cow. Cow according to their order went, received and then set to move back. On the halfway, the cow felt so hungry and took rest under a fig tree. During then, unconsciously the letter plate was swallowed down into her stomach. On return, the Mru people learned the story of losing the letters and fired on the cow. The chief of the Mru first hit the mouth, thus all the upper teeth of the cow were broken. While the almighty spirit cross-checked, they complain about the swallowing incident and the spirit asked them to punish the cow by act anything they want to. And that was proclaimed as No Sin. Hence, the angered Mru people decided to kill the cow and then cut off the tongue as punishment. Thus the ceremony started and being regarded as one of the highest ought of all the rituals they follow. And you see, it why the cow has no upper teeth yet.
736:. The groom's parents then ask what dowry the bride's parents would like to accept. The dowry, in this case, can be as high as Rs. 100 or as low as Rs. 30. Similar procedures as the one mentioned above take place, except that the groom's family does not stay over for a night but return home with the couple. Then the marriage date is chosen. The bride visits her home occasionally but never returns to live there permanently. If either party breaks the promise of marriage, no action is taken as long as either the bride or the groom claims that one does not love the other. If the bride breaks the promise, half of the dowry has to be returned whereas if the groom breaks the promise, his family loses the dowry. If the husband dies, the heir is entitled to nothing; she has to abandon the issue of marriage, if any, with her father-in-law or a brother-in-law.
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hanging downwards, one at the front and the other at the back. The loincloth is made by themselves. Unlike Awa Khami women who wear a piece of cloth covering the breast and the back, the Mru women are topless before marriage, with the lower part of the body covered by a short cloth. This skirt is woven from yarn, obtained from Indian merchants. Some wealthy women add a string of copper pieces to the string of beads around the waist. They also wear silver earrings, which are hollow tubes about three inches long.
61:
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625:, they make an offering to the nat before they begin the feast. Meanwhile, the village is shut down for three days and the villagers fix up bamboo arches over the village path. If anyone enters the village during this time period, a compensation has to be paid to cover all the expenses incurred. This ceremony is celebrated once a year and after the ceremony, they can start their
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finger-hole drilled on its side is closed. Each sound pipe, cut from a stalk of bamboo and closed at the base, contains a free reed. The reed is whittled directly in the bark (idioglottic reed) after the bark has been thinned. A small ball of wax pressed onto the base of the reed is used to fine-tune the pipe to give the
354:. They moved to the Chittagong Hill Tracts some times between the 17th and 18th centuries. Many however believe that this happened in the 14th century. Mrus living in the district of Khagrachari are in fact a clan of the Tripura. There is a linguistic affinity between the two groups of people. In the Indian state of
430:
As of 1931, the
Saingdin area consists of 90 hamlets and each hamlet contains between two and twenty bamboo houses. The population, according to the 1931 Census is 3,390, of which 1,779 are males. Currently, about 70,000 Mru live on the border of Myanmar with India and Bangladesh. The majority of Mru
337:
The origin of the Mru (Mrucha) people cannot be fully depicted without including the Khami (Khumi) people. Due to frequent invasions by the Shandu and subsequent colonization by the
British, the Khumi left their homeland. They emigrated to the hilly regions of the Kaladan River headwaters, and to the
752:
Men wear
Burmese jackets, called "Kha-ok", and a cloth on their heads that does not cover its top. These two pieces of clothing are bought from Indian hawkers. They cover the lower part of their bodies with a loincloth, which is tied around the waist twice and passed between the thigh with both ends
726:
are given to the bride's parents as presents and the fowls for the family to eat. In return, the bride's family cooks pork for the visitors. The visitors must not eat the fowls and the hosts the pork. The bride's father then consults with her daughter and after getting her consent, asks for a dowry.
435:
in western
Myanmar. These figures are, however, just rough estimates as the last census was conducted in 1931 when the country was under the colonial rule. At that time, the total number of Mru people was estimated around 13,766. Around 200 more villages making up of between 20,000 and 25,000 people
521:
In 1984 Manlay Mro (also known as Manlay Mru/Murong) established the "krama" faith. Krama is currently the second most followed religion among the Mru. The central text of the faith, known as the Reyung Khiti ("Good Ethics"), builds on the teachings of the Hindu, Christian, and
Buddhist faiths. At
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is put in front of the hut closest to the stream and the other near the second hut. The fowls are then placed in between the two huts. After the villagers pray for good health and the abundance of crops for the coming taungya cultivation, both the goats and fowls are slaughtered one after another
404:
in the west. Both streams originate from the northern part of the region which forms the boundary between
Buthidaung Township and the Arakan Hill Tracts. The two streams meander between cliffs for 48 km (30 mi) before they finally join near Tharaungchaung village. The two streams flood
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and leaves the next day. However, in case of a marriage, contracted between the couple without the parental consent, for instance, in a case in which a man elopes with a woman to his parents' house, the parents, with the village elders, return the bride to her parents along with three fowls and
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Upon the death of a Mru individual, their body is put in a coffin made of split colored bamboos and in some cases rugs and blankets. The body is then cremated and the remaining unburnt pieces of bones are collected; after being stored in the village for 2â3 months they are stored in a small hut
593:
cultivation. They cultivate on the hillsides after cutting down the trees, which usually takes a month. This process usually occurs in
January or February. Around March, they burn the trees that are taken down for taungya paddy cultivation and they start sowing in April. When they sow the seeds
888:
is inserted. The upper part of the wind-chest is pierced with as many holes as there are sound pipes, usually from three to five. The pipes are arranged in two rows, and the left hand plays the row behind while the right hand plays the one in front. Indeed, each pipe sounds only if the small
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After the birth of a child, four short bamboos are placed on the bank of the stream. A chicken is then killed in the honor of the nats and its blood poured over the bamboos that are put close together. A prayer is then made for the well-being of the child. The chicken is then dumped.
409:
season and normally subside after the rains. Water transportation is difficult due to large rocks obstructing the streams. Canoes and bamboo rafts are the only means of transportation to the interior area of the region. On the sloping banks of the two streams, the Mru grow
341:
According to legend, the hilly region was once ruled by Nga Maung Kadon, who built the barriers which form the waterfalls in all the streams and tributaries connected to the
Kalapanzin River. He did this to prevent the escape of a crocodile that had kidnapped his wife.
358:, the counterparts of Mrus are known as Riangs. However, on many occasions, Mrus are contemptuously called Mro-Dang or Myawktong, meaning lower type of animal being. But Mrus introduce themselves as Mro-cha. The word Mru means man and cha stands for being.
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starting from the goat nearest to the stream. The blood of the animals is then sprayed over the small huts and the flowing water. The villagers then cook the goats and the fowls are reclaimed by their respective owners. With the meat and
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a homogeneous sound. The segment of the pipe which contains the reed is stuck into the wind-chest and the joint is plugged with beeswax. A finger-hole is drilled into the outer part of the pipe, and to finish off the instrument a
775:
717:
A man usually discusses with his father about the woman he intends to marry. The father along with his son and a few other villagers visits the house of the prospective bride. They bring three birds, a spear and a
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884:
The ploong mouth-organ has two main components: a wind-chest and several pipes. The wind-chest is made from a calabash gourd. An opening is pierced in the neck, through which a bamboo pipe used as a
534:
Despite the efforts of
European missionaries to convert the Mru people, only a small fraction of the Mru have converted, the rest remaining Buddhists. Christianization efforts have been hindered by
1275:
Shahjahan, Md.; Chowdhury, H. A.; Al-Hadhrami, A. Y.; Harun, G. D. (2011). "Antenatal and postnatal care practices among mothers in rural
Bangladesh: A community based cross-sectional study".
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334:, but are unsure about when their people migrated to the region. They have no division of different exogamous clans or groups of clans, nor do they have a chieftain class or a ruling class.
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After all the crops have been harvested, every household kills a pig or two and cooks some pieces of pork in a bamboo tube. The household members then take the meat along with rice and
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In 1931, it usually consisted of around Rs. 100 and the groom's father may not bargain. After the dowry is settled, the groom's party stays for three days, feasting on
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Among the Mru, the sun is associated with femininity and the moon is associated with masculinity. Mru folklore holds that the earth is carried upon the shoulders of a
774:
577:; earthquakes are brought about by the Naga's tremors testing whether humans remain on the earth. Other traditional beliefs hold that rainbows are bridges by which
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and collect several different vegetables and fruits with a few plants of paddy. The vegetables and fruits are then put into a big basket and paddy into
709:
In the case of death by contagious disease (especially small-pox and cholera) the deceased individual is buried immediately and no hut is constructed.
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Before the start of a new taungya cultivation, the villagers collectively buy two goats, and two fowls are gathered from each household. One of the
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pot and the vegetable basket. Another fowl is cooked using rice flour and mixing it with salt and ginger. Then the rice is mixed with the
513:. Several scholars also observe that many of the religious practices and rituals of the Mru often lack explicit Buddhist characteristics.
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separately in pits, they use spades, which are made with a long handle from an old taungya-cutting-dah (knife) that is no longer usable.
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1629:
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689:. They then pray to the nats for their physical well-being. After they return home, they threw a feast with the rest of the pork and
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2158:
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319:
The Mru people are divided into five distinct linguistic and cultural sub-groups: the Anok, TshĂŒngma, Dömrong, Dopteng, and RĂŒmma.
1312:"Family planning knowledge and current use of contraception among the Mru indigenous women in Bangladesh: a multivariate analysis"
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535:
338:
Pi Chaung and the Mi Chaung streams in the Arakan Hill Tracts where another group of Khami (Khumi), the Mru and Khumi, lived.
809:
1700:
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1827:
1740:
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is held on the same day by different households in a village. Villagers can harvest their produce after the ceremony.
1610:"Indigenous Peoples Development Planning Document: Indigenous Peoples Development Plan: Bangladesh: Chittagong Hill"
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Traditionally, the Mru have had no written script for their spoken language though some Mru can read and write
1620:
1186:"Neo-Buddhists in Bangladesh: A Study on the Oraon Tribal Community, its Socio-Religious and Popular Culture"
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1982:
820:
463:
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cap is put over the other end of the pipe in order to attenuate the tone and produce a more velvety sound.
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60:
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who live in the staircase of the house. Neighbors are then invited to enjoy the rest of the meat. This
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are located in the Chittaung Hills of southern Bangladesh. Another 2,000 Mrus inhabit the districts of
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Brauns, Claus-Dieter; Löffler, Lorenz G. (1986), "Die Chittagong Hill Tracts Lebensraum der Mru",
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2785:
2633:
2408:
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1965:
1748:
1379:
492:, created in the 1980s by Man Ley Mru. An estimated 80% of Mru are literate in the Mro alphabet.
378:
294:
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2403:
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Brauns, C.-D. & Löffler, L. G. (1990). "The Chittagong Hill Tracts and their Inhabitants".
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descend upon the earth and eclipses are caused by the divine imprisonment of the sun and moon.
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1632:, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 18â24 August 2006, Life & Struggles of the Mro People in Bangladesh.
1185:
2919:
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2702:
2588:
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2518:
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2473:
2413:
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2099:
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1536:. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 258.
1521:. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 208.
1506:. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 255.
1491:. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 250.
1476:. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 253.
1456:. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 252.
1441:. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 251.
1363:
1332:
1322:
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1207:
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1058:. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 204.
1032:. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 250.
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481:
432:
385:
351:
327:
The Mru of Bangladesh and Myanmar are known as the Mro, Mrucha and Taung-Mro, respectively.
246:
238:
31:
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and then together with the fowl, they made an offering in various different baskets to the
293:. In Bangladesh, they reside in the Chittagong Hills in southeast Bangladesh, primarily in
3029:
3014:
3002:
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1756:
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Mru women working in a village in Bangladesh. One of them is wearing traditional clothing.
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1932:
1890:
881:, a type of mouth- organ made of a number of bamboo pipes, each with a separate reed.
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2200:
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2018:
2008:
1995:
1950:
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1383:
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The Mru, like other ethnic groups from the hilly regions of Southeast Asia, practice
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290:
108:
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489:
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393:
234:
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175:
761:
1701:"Meet the indigenous people of the Bandarban Hilltracts, The Mru: A hidden tribe"
641:
fruits and vegetables are ready for the harvest, household members go into their
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1556:
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302:
286:
221:
99:
35:
1311:
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people, approximately 12,000, live in Myanmar within the Yoma District and the
2899:
2733:
2697:
2668:
2433:
2369:
1786:
1709:
1675:
1367:
1199:
1014:
547:
313:
278:
124:
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289:, a few of whom live in western Myanmar. They are also found in the northern
17:
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1803:
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506:
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1668:
The 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics
1296:
1159:
685:, offerings are made to various nats roaming near the streams close to the
1689:
440:, India. It is estimated that the population will grow to 85,700 by 2020.
2980:
1813:
1776:
570:
The Mru people hold a number of traditional beliefs regarding cosmology.
401:
196:
1582:
World Music: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific
1327:
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1955:
1818:
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160:
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1336:
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2038:
2023:
1880:
1212:
895:
878:
865:
474:
419:
1637:"A Politics of Nudity: Photographs of the âNaked Mruâ of Bangladesh"
1352:"A Politics of Nudity: Photographs of the 'Naked Mru' of Bangladesh"
827:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
178:(dialects: Anok, Dowpreng, Sungma/Tshungma, Domrong, Rumma, Launghu)
418:
grass. They also grow cotton, cane, and bamboo to sell in a weekly
1832:
1771:
860:
859:
768:
760:
743:
561:
551:
365:
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142:
95:
921:(in Bengali). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 2021. p. 34.
617:
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1713:
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constructed above the location at which the body was cremated.
792:
330:
The Mru claim that their ancestors lived at the source of the
273:, refer to the tribes who live in the border regions between
1643:, 36, 2 (2002), pp. 341â374. Cambridge University Press
649:
pot. A fowl is then killed and its blood sprinkled over the
470:
family. Dialects of Mru include Anok, Downpreng and Sungma.
1424:"Conversion of Jumma people to Islam in CHTâ1 â Hill Voice"
967:
965:
877:
Among the distinctive cultural aspects of the Mru is the
697:
is also celebrated on the same day by all the villagers.
509:, however many self-reported Mru Buddhists also practice
400:
that flow through Saingdin are Re Chaung in the east and
414:
in the alluvial deposits after clearing naturally grown
942:
Peoples of the Buddhist World: A Christian Prayer Diary
816:
370:
Geographic distribution of Mru People within Bangladesh
350:
The Khumi tribe defeated the Mrus and ousted them from
948:. Pasadena, CA: William Carrey Library. p. 195.
786:
One of the biggest social rites of the Mru people is
1467:
1465:
1463:
1399:"Christian Mission and Evangelization in Bangladesh"
488:. The Mru language is written in both Latin and the
473:
The language is considered "Severely endangered" by
2963:
2794:
2742:
2726:
2677:
2393:
2334:
2278:
2199:
2117:
1981:
1941:
1868:
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1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
934:
932:
930:
928:
215:
182:
169:
151:
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115:
80:
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51:
1654:"Asian People Group Profiles: Bangladesh: The Mru"
1235:
522:age twelve, Krama boys and girls participate in a
995:Brauns, Claus-Dieter; Löffler, Lorenz G. (2013).
782:Mru women performing the Chiasotpoi dance (video)
566:A traditional Mru village in Chin State, Myanmar.
546:A small number of people from this community in
1242:. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth Stevens Pub. pp.
916:"Table 1.4 Ethnic Population by Group and Sex"
2166:
1725:
1621:"Become Acquainted With The Peace-Loving Mru"
312:Map showing the expanse of the Mru people in
8:
1648:Mru: hill people on the border of Bangladesh
1534:Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I â Report
1519:Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I â Report
1504:Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I â Report
1489:Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I â Report
1474:Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I â Report
1454:Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I â Report
1439:Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I â Report
1056:Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I â Report
1030:Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I â Report
972:Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (eds.).
384:They are the second largest ethnic group in
46:
27:Group of Bangladeshi, Burmese, Indian tribes
997:Mru Hill People on the Border of Bangladesh
2173:
2159:
2151:
1732:
1718:
1710:
1646:Brauns, Claus-Dieter; Löffler, Lorenz G.,
59:
45:
1326:
1211:
843:Learn how and when to remove this message
722:(dagger) with them and the spear and the
1664:"Where does Mru fit into Tibeto-Burman?"
1579:Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham (2000).
907:
1136:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
765:Women performing the Chiasotpoi dance.
1107:"Endangered languages: the full list"
1073:. Basel: BirkhĂ€user. pp. 25â60.
65:Mru family in a traditional household
7:
1551:, BirkhĂ€user Basel, pp. 25â60,
1319:Open Access Journal of Contraception
1138:. New York: Routledge. p. 181.
1129:
1127:
1100:
1098:
974:"Ethnologue: Languages of the World"
81:Regions with significant populations
25:
1406:Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology
1160:"Mro (Mru) alphabet and language"
454:The Mru people primary speak the
285:. The Mru are a sub-group of the
1688:
797:
153:
135:
117:
1585:. Rough Guides. pp. 100â.
1310:Islam, R.; Thorvaldsen (2012).
505:The majority of the Mru follow
1630:"From the land of the sunrise"
1:
681:. Once they arrived at their
598:Traditional rites and rituals
3056:Sino-Tibetan-speaking people
1670:(ICSTLL 42), November 2009,
633:Beginning of Taungya Harvest
3051:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
1767:Stranded Pakistanis/Biharis
1741:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
1678:, Thailand. Cf. p. 14.
1557:10.1007/978-3-0348-5590-7_1
1184:Barua, Shantu (July 2015).
1134:Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005).
1079:10.1007/978-3-0348-5694-2_2
823:the claims made and adding
301:. In India, they reside in
3082:
1289:10.1016/j.midw.2017.05.011
629:cultivation for the year.
447:
76:80,000â85,000 (2004, est.)
29:
2188:
1650:, BirkhÀuser Verlag, 1990
1368:10.1017/s0026749x02002032
1350:Van Schendel, W. (2002).
1200:"Rural and Remote Health"
536:ongoing political turmoil
250:
242:
220:
187:
174:
85:
75:
58:
3066:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
2182:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
52:
30:Not to be confused with
2301:Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung)
1532:Beniison, J.J. (1933).
1517:Beniison, J.J. (1933).
1502:Beniison, J.J. (1933).
1487:Beniison, J.J. (1933).
1472:Beniison, J.J. (1933).
1452:Beniison, J.J. (1933).
1437:Beniison, J.J. (1933).
1054:Beniison, J.J. (1933).
1028:Beniison, J.J. (1933).
939:Hattaway, Paul (2004).
299:Rangamati Hill District
3061:Ethnic groups in India
1635:van Schendel, Willem,
1615:Asian Development Bank
869:
864:A Mru boy playing the
783:
766:
749:
669:End of Taungya Harvest
567:
524:coming-of-age ceremony
371:
316:
91:Chittagong Hill Tracts
2964:Unrecognised / Others
1828:Bishnupriya Manipuris
873:The Plung Mouth-Organ
863:
781:
764:
747:
565:
369:
311:
253:), also known as the
216:Related ethnic groups
1860:Urdu-speaking people
1697:at Wikimedia Commons
1662:Peterson, David A.,
1641:Modern Asian Studies
1356:Modern Asian Studies
422:near the waterfall.
396:(22%). The two main
377:are mainly found in
1705:Bangladesh EcoTours
1328:10.2147/oajc.s25185
976:. SIL International
856:Musical instruments
612:New Taungya Cutting
538:within the region.
444:Language and script
48:
2350:Mon Kayin (Sarpyu)
1234:Ellen, L. (2004).
1105:Evans, L. (2011).
870:
808:possibly contains
784:
767:
750:
568:
507:Theravada Buddhism
379:Bandarban District
372:
317:
295:Bandarban District
3038:
3037:
2649:Zahnyet (Zanniat)
2148:
2147:
1693:Media related to
1592:978-1-85828-636-5
1566:978-3-0348-5591-4
1088:978-3-0348-5696-6
853:
852:
845:
810:original research
779:
227:
226:
16:(Redirected from
3073:
2940:Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw)
2629:Tiddim (Hai-Dim)
2564:Mro-Khimi people
2459:Kaung Saing Chin
2175:
2168:
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1672:Payap University
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1206:. 28 June 2011.
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801:
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554:as their faith.
433:Arakan Mountains
390:Thanchi Upazila
386:Alikadam Upazila
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54:
44:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3079:
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2679:Bamar (Burman)
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2416:
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2372:
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2235:Maru (Lawgore)
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
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2197:
2196:
2192:Burmese people
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2186:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2155:
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2479:Kwangli (Sim)
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721:
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664:
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632:
630:
628:
624:
619:
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609:
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597:
595:
592:
584:
582:
580:
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571:
564:
557:
555:
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550:have adopted
549:
541:
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516:
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508:
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466:group of the
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464:Tibeto-Burman
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457:
451:
443:
441:
439:
434:
425:
423:
421:
417:
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408:
403:
399:
395:
392:(23.57%) and
391:
387:
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368:
361:
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357:
353:
345:
343:
339:
335:
333:
332:Kaladan River
328:
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296:
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291:Rakhine State
288:
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129:52,455 (2021)
128:
126:
114:
110:
109:Rakhine State
106:
101:
97:
92:
88:
84:
79:
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69:
62:
57:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Murang people
2830:Khmu (Khamu)
2780:
2776:Miram (Mara)
2419:Bre (Ka-Yaw)
2190:
2075:
1951:Kurukh/Oraon
1928:Pnar/Jaintia
1809:Shershabadia
1704:
1667:
1658:Asia Harvest
1657:
1647:
1640:
1624:
1613:
1581:
1574:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1527:
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1111:The Guardian
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830:
807:
787:
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728:
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719:
716:
713:Marriage law
708:
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694:
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678:
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638:
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626:
622:
615:
606:
590:
588:
572:
569:
545:
533:
530:Christianity
520:
504:
490:Mro alphabet
479:
472:
468:Sino-Tibetan
456:Mru language
453:
450:Mru language
429:
426:Demographics
415:
394:Ruma Upazila
383:
375:Mru (Murong)
374:
373:
349:
340:
336:
329:
326:
318:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
230:
228:
202:Christianity
43:Ethnic group
40:
2955:Hkun (KhĂŒn)
2825:Khamti Shan
2746:(Arakanese)
2708:Kadu (Kado)
2634:Torr (Tawr)
2429:Dai (Yindu)
2360:Ta-Hlay-Pwa
1966:Mal Paharia
1749:Indo-Aryans
1219:26 November
1169:27 November
1116:26 November
438:West Bengal
405:during the
381:(10.69%).
303:West Bengal
287:Chin people
222:Chin people
100:West Bengal
36:Meru people
3045:Categories
2306:Manu Manaw
2286:Geba Karen
2051:Tanchangya
1852:Rajbongshi
1787:Mahifarash
1337:10037/4900
1238:Bangladesh
1015:1058690344
902:References
886:mouthpiece
817:improve it
757:Chiasotpoi
637:After the
548:Bangladesh
402:Sit Chaung
388:(23.77%),
314:Bangladesh
279:Bangladesh
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125:Bangladesh
87:Bangladesh
3025:Pakistani
2855:Shan Gale
2771:Maramagyi
2594:Saing Zan
2439:Eik-swair
2385:Shu (Pwo)
2345:Pa-Le-Chi
2321:Yin Talai
2279:Kayah (9)
2125:Armenians
2100:Hrangkhol
1943:Dravidian
1804:Rohingyas
1782:Dhakaiyas
1676:Chiangmai
1384:106437794
1376:0026-749X
1283:: 42â48.
1277:Midwifery
891:orchestra
821:verifying
788:Chesotpoi
677:to their
558:Cosmology
362:Geography
277:(Burma),
263:Taung Mro
170:Languages
3030:Taungtha
3015:Rohingya
2988:Bayingyi
2950:Maingtha
2945:Maw Shan
2860:Shan Gyi
2766:Daingnet
2744:Rakhine
2609:Tangkhul
2604:Senthang
2484:Kwelshin
2380:Monnepwa
2270:Ngochang
1956:Mushahar
1856:Ranjoarh
1814:Sylhetis
1777:Bengalis
1757:Assamese
1297:28599136
1262:52644393
643:taungyas
501:Buddhism
496:Religion
197:Buddhism
183:Religion
2981:Panthay
2976:Chinese
2910:Yin Net
2905:Yin Kya
2895:Wa (Va)
2890:Taungyo
2885:Taishon
2880:Tai-Lay
2875:Tai-Lon
2870:Tai Nua
2865:Tai-Loi
2850:Palaung
2757:(Kaman)
2727:Mon (1)
2639:Yin Gog
2619:Tay-Zan
2489:Kwe Myi
2464:Kaungso
2454:Hualngo
2316:Yin Baw
2296:Karenni
2215:Dalaung
2210:Jingpaw
2135:Indians
2130:Chinese
2056:Tripuri
2046:Rakhine
1933:Santals
1844:Nepalis
1819:Mahimal
980:2 April
815:Please
701:Funeral
693:. This
687:taungya
683:taungya
679:taungya
639:taungya
627:taungya
591:taungya
585:Taungya
511:Animism
482:Burmese
462:of the
412:tobacco
407:monsoon
398:streams
356:Tripura
346:History
275:Myanmar
247:Bengali
239:Burmese
192:Animism
161:Myanmar
105:Myanmar
3008:Tamils
3003:Indian
2993:Gurkha
2920:Man Zi
2840:Kokang
2755:Kamein
2703:Yabein
2664:Zotung
2659:Zophei
2654:Sizang
2614:Tapong
2599:Saline
2589:Rongtu
2559:Lusayy
2519:Lyente
2514:Lhinbu
2509:Laymyo
2504:Lawhtu
2499:Laizao
2474:Khawno
2375:Monpwa
2326:Zayein
2260:Rawang
2230:Duleng
2225:Hkahku
2201:Kachin
2140:Jummas
2118:Others
2095:Pankho
2039:Pangal
2034:Meitei
2024:Laleng
2019:Khyang
2009:Hajong
1996:Chakma
1896:Kharia
1886:Bhumij
1589:
1563:
1382:
1374:
1295:
1260:
1250:
1142:
1085:
1013:
1003:
952:
896:bamboo
879:ploong
866:ploong
734:khaung
729:khaung
691:khaung
675:khaung
663:natpwe
655:khaung
651:khaung
647:khaung
623:khaung
486:Bangla
475:UNESCO
420:bazaar
352:Arakan
323:Origin
281:, and
271:Mrucha
269:, and
259:Murong
165:12,000
158:
147:20,000
140:
122:
53:đ©đ©đ©
3020:Malay
2815:Intha
2761:Khami
2713:Ganan
2688:Dawei
2644:Zahau
2624:Thado
2584:Panun
2579:Oo-Pu
2574:Ngawn
2554:Mi-er
2534:Marma
2529:Malin
2524:Magun
2469:Kebar
2449:Guite
2424:Cumtu
2355:S'gaw
2291:Gheko
2265:Taron
2220:Gauri
2088:Halam
2029:Marma
2014:Khumi
1961:Malto
1921:Sabar
1911:Munda
1906:Mahle
1901:Khasi
1881:Bauri
1848:Polia
1833:Bonaz
1794:Kahar
1772:Beens
1762:Barua
1412:: 79.
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1380:S2CID
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1321:: 9.
1315:(PDF)
946:(PDF)
919:(PDF)
740:Dress
618:goats
603:Birth
552:Islam
542:Islam
416:kaing
283:India
267:Mrung
243:ááá°á
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207:Krama
143:India
96:India
2998:Mizo
2925:Pyin
2845:Lahu
2820:Pa-O
2810:Danu
2798:(33)
2796:Shan
2786:Thet
2718:Hpon
2693:Beik
2569:Naga
2549:Mgan
2539:Matu
2414:Asho
2409:Anun
2397:(53)
2395:Chin
2365:Paku
2338:(11)
2311:Pale
2255:Lisu
2250:Atsi
2240:Hpon
2203:(12)
2107:Mizo
2083:Kuki
2071:Chin
2066:Bawm
2004:Garo
2000:Dalu
1991:Chak
1916:Kora
1877:Aowe
1840:Koch
1837:Keot
1587:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1372:ISSN
1293:PMID
1258:OCLC
1248:ISBN
1221:2018
1171:2018
1140:ISBN
1118:2018
1083:ISBN
1011:OCLC
1001:ISBN
982:2014
950:ISBN
659:nats
579:Nats
575:NÄga
458:, a
297:and
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229:The
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2698:Yaw
2681:(9)
2669:Zou
2434:Dim
2404:Anu
2370:Bwe
2076:Mru
1799:Kan
1553:doi
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1364:doi
1333:hdl
1323:doi
1285:doi
1208:doi
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1071:Mru
819:by
724:dah
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176:Mru
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