336:
114:
468:
don't want anybody to misunderstand Cairns or
Australia. I fear lots of people might misunderstand and give up going to such a wonderful place. It's full of warm-hearted people. But the media, they never give up. We felt much calmer and quieter in Cairns and I felt keenly the warmth and respect of the people of Cairns. The family also complained of Okuyama being portrayed by the Japanese media as a flirtatious woman who courted danger.
319:
it was my son who actually killed the young woman I would feel obliged to apologise to her family. Such an act is just not in his make-up. Even prior to him being sentenced, my son again told me he did not do it... I cannot apologise for something I don't know to be factual and has been based to a large degree on circumstantial evidence... Until I am convinced that my son committed the murder, I will continue to stand by him."
391:
167:
367:
a police media spokesman was up here for a week, interpreters were hired, journalists came from Japan by the planeful and even the
Federal Minister for Tourism came up. The case made headlines everywhere. It is because she was Japanese. Cairns is billed as paradise but it can be hell if you are not careful, especially at night."
267:, during which the court heard evidence from the prosecution that the boy had lured Okuyama into the disused Elphinstone Ltd building in Grafton Street and trapped her in a soundproof vault where he held her captive and viciously attacked her, bashing her head against a wall, and then leaving her to die.
296:
The boy's appeal against the severity of his sentence in 1999 were unsuccessful. His lawyer argued that the killing was not particularly ruthless and a reduction to approximately 15 years in prison would be more appropriate given the boy's young age. The three appeal court judges upheld the original
189:
When
Okuyama did not arrive back at the apartment, her roommate grew concerned but assumed Okuyama had made other plans. However, after more time had elapsed, Okuyama's roommate contacted Okuyama's parents who were also concerned. They reported her missing to the police in Cairns on the evening of 22
366:
whenever attempts were made to raise the issue. He also observed that there had been a different approach surrounding
Okuyama's murder, stating: "Local crimes, particularly assaults on Japanese tourists, have been played down for a long time. Yet for this murder, 15 detectives flew up from Brisbane,
318:
The father, who also cannot be named, said he would feel obligated to apologise to the
Okuyama family if he was certain his son had committed the murder. However, he felt he was unable to because he sincerely believed his son wasn't capable of murdering someone. He stated: "If I knew for a fact that
441:
newspaper claimed that there is an ongoing issue with "yobbos" in Cairns who are frequently harassing young
Japanese women. The newspaper quoted a Japanese resident who local men in Cairns had boasted about Japanese women being easy targets because they were compliant and easily led. The newspaper
322:
According to the boy's father, his son and 20-year-old daughter had come to Cairns to live with him approximately four years prior to the murder. Their mother was based on the
Sunshine Coast. The father admitted that his two children were from an "unhappy and broken marriage" in which he struggled
467:
in Tokyo after returning from identifying his sister's body. He also became frustrated with the way
Australia was being portrayed by the Japanese media which prompted him to create a website in an attempt to provide an accurate depiction of what had occurred. Writing on his webpage, Hideo said "I
377:
Voluntary caretakers John and Luiza Grave have maintained the memorial since it was erected. They have had ongoing issues relating to keeping the area free from litter, having continuously removed dirty nappies, condoms, syringes, cigarette butts and human excrement from the garden. In 2021, the
222:
revealed
Okuyama had been severely beaten and had sustained multiple facial fractures. The official cause of death was determined to be blood inhalation and her death was ruled as a murder. Due to the advanced state of decomposition, it was unable to be determined whether Okuyama had been raped.
292:
handed down his sentence on 8 November 1998, the killer became the first minor in
Queensland to ever be sentenced to life imprisonment. Jones said the murder was violent and particularly "heinous and macabre", meeting the two preconditions for a life sentence to be imposed on a minor.
281:
When police raided the warehouse, they found Okuyama's blood inside the vault and the groceries she had purchased at the supermarket in an upstairs room. They also found trophies in the boy's caravan, including Okuyama's blood stained clothing and her bum bag.
197:
on the case and their efforts in locating their daughter. This had included extensively searching throughout the city, releasing her image and details in the local media, putting up posters and dressing a mannequin to look like Okuyama in a shopping centre.
361:
Cairns-based journalist and author Robert Reid said the time had come to openly address the issues relating to crime in Cairns including assaults against tourists. Reid expressed frustration about being labelled "anti-Cairns" or part of the detested
350:
by locals and airport staff who apologised for their daughter's murder. Through an interpreter, Okuyama's mother Toshie told the gathering that the family did not blame the city for their daughter's murder, and thanked them for their help.
153:
city of Cairns on 14 September 1997, the location consciously chosen by Okuyama due to its marketing as a thriving tourism centre as well as its close proximity to the reef. She moved into an apartment her parents had rented for her in the
158:, where she began sharing with a roommate. Okuyama spoke to her parents on the phone on 19 September 1997 to update them on how she was settling in. She said she was happy with her clean apartment and described her roommate as friendly.
238:
It was reported in the media that the boy had left school at the age of 14 and was estranged from his family. He had been living in a caravan and had recently failed to obtain work as a television camera operator's assistant at the
1152:
259:
Under Queensland law, the boy's identification was suppressed due to the age he was when he murdered Okuyama - which continues to be the case. In official court documents, the boy has only ever been referred to as "D".
234:
The boy appeared in the Cairns Children's Court on 8 October 1997 on a single count of murder, where he was not required to enter a plea. He was remanded in custody until a committal hearing on 19 December 1997.
300:
On turning 17, he had been transferred from juvenile detention to an adult prison. He was subject to the maximum 15-year non-parole period under the Juvenile Justice Act. He applied for parole in 2013 from the
793:
1095:
416:
Despite this, the media in Japan portrayed Australia as an increasingly violent and racist country. Some magazines linked Okuyama's murder with the views of federal politician
343:
Okuyama's body was privately cremated in Cairns with her family scattering some of her ashes on the Great Barrier Reef before they took the remaining ashes back to Japan.
214:
by a resident returning from a holiday. He had discovered Okuyama's remains after going to investigate an unpleasant odour. Her badly decomposed body had been covered in
665:
354:
Despite support shown by the Cairns community, Okuyama's murder prompted scrutiny into how Asian tourists were being treated in Cairns. According to criminologist
193:
Okuyama's parents, Mikio and Toshie Okuyama arrived in Cairns on 25 September 1997. Communicating through an interpreter, the Okuyama family were updated by the
502:
174:
At around 11:30am on 20 September 1997, Okuyama left her apartment informing her roommate that she planned to do some shopping. Casually dressed and wearing a
105:
Due to his age at the time of the murder, a child having been born on 7 January 1981, the killer's name can never be publicly disclosed under Queensland law.
409:
visited Cairns on 7 October where a large Japanese media contingent had assembled. Thomson gave interviews to the Japanese journalists while speaking in
308:
After enquiries made by the media in 2018, it's now asserted that the killer finished his sentence in October 2017 and is again living in the community.
252:
in an unrelated article after having approached the newspaper about having found seven used syringes in the street. That photograph was republished by
1319:
378:
Graves expressed concerns about who would maintain the memorial when they were no longer able to, particularly after John Grave was diagnosed with
1284:
1126:
406:
1289:
98:
the following day charged with Okuyama's murder. He was convicted by a jury of murder on 23 September 1998 and was subsequently sentenced to
141:. Her inability to speak much English was not a deterrent to her aspiration of moving to Australia and working on the Great Barrier Reef.
1304:
1294:
967:
857:
335:
925:
95:
358:
there was evidence of harassment against Asians in Cairns which was also a city which had an issue with violence at local pubs.
471:
In response to the negative publicity, Australia launched a tourism campaign costing more than $ 1 million to promote safety.
1309:
1314:
405:
Concerned about the damage the coverage was doing to Australia's image as a tourist destination, Federal Tourism minister
275:
1299:
1252:
1225:
1181:
830:
601:
535:
464:
302:
1012:
894:
627:
575:
355:
194:
90:, Australia on 20 September 1997. On 7 October 1997, a 16-year-old boy was detained by police during a raid on a
270:
After leaving her body in the vault for several days, the boy returned to the building and placed her body in a
243:. It was reported that he had contacted the television station to pitch a local news story about street safety.
429:
264:
370:
In 1998, on the first anniversary of Okuyama's murder, a memorial garden was erected by the Cairns community,
1153:"Cairns couple vows to tend murdered woman's memorial thwarted by human excrement, dirty nappies and rubbish"
1066:
86:(born 1974 or 1975) was a Japanese woman whose body was discovered on 4 October 1997 after disappearing from
363:
285:
A jury took just 50 minutes to deliberate on 23 September 1998, finding the boy guilty of Okuyama's murder.
219:
710:
In all the circumstances we consider that the sentencing judge did not err in imposing the maximum penalty.
274:, and then dragged her remains through the streets in broad daylight until dumping them in the swamp near
183:
760:
425:
289:
1082:
The garden commemorates Japanese backpacker Michiko Okuyama, who was bashed to death in Cairns in 1997.
150:
134:
399:
371:
211:
130:
126:
87:
57:
339:
A 2016 photo of the Great Barrier Reef near Cairns, where Michiko Okuyama's ashes were scattered
113:
454:
published an article critiquing the way Okuyama was dressed at the time of her disappearance.
410:
99:
698:
450:
442:
also claimed the murder had created a "deep unease" within Australia's Japanese community.
231:
During a raid on a Cairns City property on 7 October 1997, a 16-year-old boy was arrested.
456:
681:
His sentence was the first time a minor had been ordered to serve a life term in prison.
182:
to post some letters to friends and family in Japan. She then purchased some items at a
437:
417:
379:
347:
179:
1038:
1278:
421:
390:
129:. She worked as a swimming instructor after finishing school and also obtained her
463:
Okuyama's brother Hideo Okuyama complained about swarmed by Japanese media at the
346:
Upon leaving Cairns, Okuyama's family were comforted for more than an hour at the
271:
248:
155:
91:
1127:"Cairns couple keep vow to family of murdered Japanese student Michiko Okuyama"
324:
297:
life sentence that had been imposed, due to the brutal nature of the killing.
246:
On the day of Okuyama's disappearance, he had his photograph published in the
218:
and soil. Dental records were used to confirm the body belonged to Okuyama. A
215:
138:
448:
published an article suggesting Cairns was not a safe place for women while
137:
enabling her to travel to Australia to work on becoming a fully qualified
122:
35:
374:
and the local Japanese community. It was dedicated in Okuyama's honour.
327:. The boy's father said he had been separated from his wife since 1991.
166:
175:
1054:
Robert Reid is an award-winning investigative journalist and author...
240:
102:, becoming the first minor in Queensland to receive such a sentence.
794:"Body of Michiko Okuyama dumped in Cairns swamp after brutal murder"
311:
Following his conviction, the boy's father gave an interview to the
432:
and said Australia was in danger of becoming "swamped" by Asians.
389:
334:
207:
165:
112:
256:
on 12 October 1997 after his appearance in the children's court.
125:, Okuyama developed an interest in the ocean hoping to visit the
1096:"Cairns couple keeps their promise to Michiko Okuyama's parents"
133:
certification. In 1997, she successfully applied for a 12-month
858:"Body hauled through the streets in a wheelie bin - police"
926:"Teen loses appeal against life term for Okuyama murder"
117:
A 2019 photo of Yokohama, where Michiko Okuyama was from
206:
On 5 October 1997, Okuyama's naked body was found in a
178:, Okuyama caught a bus and then disembarked near the
576:"Youth, 16, charged with murder of Japanese tourist"
460:
reported on Australia's worsening crime statistics.
73:
65:
43:
28:
21:
574:Roberts, Greg; Skelton, Russell (8 October 1997).
666:"Michiko Okuyama's murderer could be a free man"
398:Okuyama's murder was covered extensively in the
1011:Abbott, Greg; O'Rourke, Jim (12 October 1997).
602:"Youth guilty of murdering Japanese backpacker"
536:"Japanese woman abducted and killed in Cairns"
278:in Manunda where they were eventually found.
8:
1226:"Japan turns on Australia and Cairns victim"
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
895:"The accused: Bright, eager for attention"
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
420:who had risen to prominence following her
18:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
920:
918:
916:
888:
886:
884:
882:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
787:
785:
783:
781:
529:
527:
525:
523:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
693:
691:
689:
480:
210:at the rear of a home in the suburb of
1175:
1173:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1094:Martinelli, Pete (14 September 2018).
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
664:Martinelli, Pete (19 September 2018).
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
186:to prepare that night's evening meal.
1251:Woodford, James (11 September 1996).
1013:"Exposed: Violent capital in the sun"
7:
1224:Skelton, Russell (25 October 1997).
1180:Skelton, Russell (11 October 1997).
856:O'Malley, Brendan (9 October 1997).
263:An eight-day trial commenced in the
534:Cornford, Philip (7 October 1997).
792:Ekert, Janessa (25 January 2019).
402:became hostile towards Australia.
14:
1253:"MP debuts with attack on Asians"
1125:Brandel, Phil (8 December 2021).
966:Martin, Alec (14 November 1998).
829:Roberts, Greg (11 October 1997).
893:Abbott, Greg (12 October 1997).
759:Scaglione, Joy (8 August 2022).
706:Supreme Court Library Queensland
501:Michael, Peter (28 March 2015).
94:property and he appeared in the
1320:Japanese emigrants to Australia
413:urging them not to over-react.
761:"Episode 049: Michiko Okuyama"
608:. 24 September 1998. p. 4
428:in which she criticised Asian
386:International tourism concerns
1:
1285:People murdered in Queensland
634:. 10 November 1998. p. 5
276:Trinity Bay State High School
1290:People murdered in Australia
1151:Dor, Lauren (24 July 2014).
465:Narita International Airport
303:Woodford Correctional Centre
227:Arrest, trial and conviction
54:20 September 1997 (aged 22)
1336:
1305:Australian murder victims
1295:1997 murders in Australia
1257:The Sydney Morning Herald
1230:The Sydney Morning Herald
1186:The Sydney Morning Herald
835:The Sydney Morning Herald
831:"Death in a strange land"
632:The Sydney Morning Herald
606:The Sydney Morning Herald
580:The Sydney Morning Herald
540:The Sydney Morning Herald
195:Queensland Police Service
265:Queensland Supreme Court
241:local Network 10 station
220:post-mortem examination
149:Okuyama arrived in the
96:Cairns Children's Court
395:
340:
184:Woolworths supermarket
171:
118:
16:Australian murder case
1310:Female murder victims
503:"Lonely place to die"
426:Australian parliament
393:
338:
290:Justice Stanley Jones
169:
116:
1315:People from Yokohama
151:Far North Queensland
145:Arrival in Australia
121:While growing up in
32:1974 or 1975
1300:1990s in Queensland
1182:"How Japan reacted"
372:Cairns City Council
66:Cause of death
1071:Monument Australia
699:"The Queen Vs "D""
628:"'Heinous' murder"
396:
341:
180:Cairns Post Office
172:
131:Master Scuba Diver
127:Great Barrier Reef
119:
88:Cairns, Queensland
58:Cairns, Queensland
1043:Jabiru Publishing
170:Cairns City, 2005
100:life imprisonment
81:
80:
1327:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1221:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1122:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1019:. pp. 22–23
1008:
987:
986:
984:
982:
972:
963:
942:
941:
939:
937:
922:
911:
910:
908:
906:
890:
877:
876:
874:
872:
865:The Courier-Mail
862:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
826:
809:
808:
806:
804:
789:
776:
775:
773:
771:
765:Bite Sized Crime
756:
713:
712:
708:. 22 June 1999.
703:
695:
684:
683:
678:
676:
661:
644:
643:
641:
639:
624:
618:
617:
615:
613:
598:
592:
591:
589:
587:
571:
552:
551:
549:
547:
531:
518:
517:
515:
513:
507:The Courier-Mail
498:
190:September 1997.
53:
51:
19:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1223:
1222:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1010:
1009:
990:
980:
978:
970:
965:
964:
945:
935:
933:
924:
923:
914:
904:
902:
892:
891:
880:
870:
868:
860:
855:
854:
850:
840:
838:
828:
827:
812:
802:
800:
791:
790:
779:
769:
767:
758:
757:
716:
701:
697:
696:
687:
674:
672:
663:
662:
647:
637:
635:
626:
625:
621:
611:
609:
600:
599:
595:
585:
583:
573:
572:
555:
545:
543:
533:
532:
521:
511:
509:
500:
499:
482:
477:
457:Yomiuri Shimbun
388:
333:
229:
204:
164:
147:
111:
84:Michiko Okuyama
61:
55:
49:
47:
39:
33:
24:
23:Michiko Okuyama
17:
12:
11:
5:
1333:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1243:
1199:
1169:
1143:
1112:
1086:
1058:
1030:
1017:The Sun-Herald
988:
943:
932:. 22 June 1999
912:
899:The Sun-Herald
878:
848:
810:
777:
714:
685:
645:
619:
593:
553:
519:
479:
478:
476:
473:
418:Pauline Hanson
411:their language
407:Andrew Thomson
400:Japanese media
387:
384:
380:osteoarthritis
364:southern media
348:Cairns Airport
332:
329:
254:The Sun-Herald
228:
225:
203:
200:
163:
160:
146:
143:
110:
107:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
56:
45:
41:
40:
34:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1332:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1044:
1040:
1039:"Robert Reid"
1034:
1031:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
989:
976:
969:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
944:
931:
927:
921:
919:
917:
913:
900:
896:
889:
887:
885:
883:
879:
866:
859:
852:
849:
836:
832:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
811:
799:
795:
788:
786:
784:
782:
778:
766:
762:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
700:
694:
692:
690:
686:
682:
671:
667:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
646:
633:
629:
623:
620:
607:
603:
597:
594:
581:
577:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
554:
541:
537:
530:
528:
526:
524:
520:
508:
504:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
481:
474:
472:
469:
466:
461:
459:
458:
453:
452:
451:Shūkan Gendai
447:
443:
440:
439:
433:
431:
427:
423:
422:maiden speech
419:
414:
412:
408:
403:
401:
392:
385:
383:
381:
375:
373:
368:
365:
359:
357:
352:
349:
344:
337:
330:
328:
326:
320:
316:
314:
309:
306:
304:
298:
294:
291:
286:
283:
279:
277:
273:
268:
266:
261:
257:
255:
251:
250:
244:
242:
236:
232:
226:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
201:
199:
196:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
168:
162:Disappearance
161:
159:
157:
152:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
115:
108:
106:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
46:
42:
37:
31:
27:
20:
1261:. Retrieved
1256:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1232:. p. 25
1229:
1190:. Retrieved
1188:. p. 37
1185:
1160:. Retrieved
1156:
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1130:
1103:. Retrieved
1099:
1089:
1081:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
1061:
1053:
1046:. Retrieved
1042:
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1016:
979:. Retrieved
974:
934:. Retrieved
929:
903:. Retrieved
901:. p. 22
898:
869:. Retrieved
864:
851:
839:. Retrieved
837:. p. 37
834:
801:. Retrieved
797:
768:. Retrieved
764:
709:
705:
680:
673:. Retrieved
669:
636:. Retrieved
631:
622:
610:. Retrieved
605:
596:
584:. Retrieved
579:
544:. Retrieved
539:
510:. Retrieved
506:
470:
462:
455:
449:
446:Shūkan Josei
445:
444:
436:
434:
415:
404:
397:
394:Cairns, 2015
376:
369:
360:
353:
345:
342:
321:
317:
312:
310:
307:
299:
295:
287:
284:
280:
269:
262:
258:
253:
247:
245:
237:
233:
230:
205:
192:
188:
173:
148:
120:
104:
83:
82:
1259:. p. 3
1157:Cairns Post
1100:Cairns Post
977:. p. 1
975:Cairns Post
968:"Dad tells"
867:. p. 1
798:Cairns Post
670:Cairns Post
582:. p. 7
542:. p. 3
430:immigration
356:Paul Wilson
313:Cairns Post
272:wheelie bin
249:Cairns Post
216:palm fronds
156:city centre
92:Cairns City
74:Nationality
60:, Australia
1279:Categories
930:Kyodo News
475:References
325:alcoholism
139:divemaster
109:Background
50:1997-09-20
1067:"Michiko"
202:Discovery
135:work visa
1263:18 April
1236:18 April
1192:18 April
1162:18 April
1136:18 April
1131:ABC News
1105:18 April
1076:18 April
1048:18 April
1023:18 April
981:16 April
936:18 April
905:18 April
871:18 April
841:18 April
803:18 April
770:18 April
675:18 April
638:18 April
612:18 April
586:18 April
546:18 April
512:18 April
123:Yokohama
77:Japanese
69:Homicide
36:Yokohama
424:in the
212:Manunda
176:bum bag
38:, Japan
438:Sankei
331:Legacy
971:(PDF)
861:(PDF)
702:(PDF)
323:with
288:When
208:swamp
1265:2023
1238:2023
1194:2023
1164:2023
1138:2023
1107:2023
1078:2023
1050:2023
1025:2023
983:2023
938:2023
907:2023
873:2023
843:2023
805:2023
772:2023
677:2023
640:2023
614:2023
588:2023
548:2023
514:2023
435:The
44:Died
29:Born
1281::
1255:.
1228:.
1202:^
1184:.
1172:^
1155:.
1129:.
1115:^
1098:.
1080:.
1069:.
1052:.
1041:.
1015:.
991:^
973:.
946:^
928:.
915:^
897:.
881:^
863:.
833:.
813:^
796:.
780:^
763:.
717:^
704:.
688:^
679:.
668:.
648:^
630:.
604:.
578:.
556:^
538:.
522:^
505:.
483:^
382:.
315:.
305:.
1267:.
1240:.
1196:.
1166:.
1140:.
1109:.
1027:.
985:.
940:.
909:.
875:.
845:.
807:.
774:.
642:.
616:.
590:.
550:.
516:.
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
