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of observations by recreational and commercial fishermen suggest such spring spawning movements are common across the Murray cod's geographical range. Spawning is initiated by pairing up and courtship rituals. During the courtship ritual a spawning site is selected and cleaned — hard surfaces such as rocks in upland rivers and impoundments, and logs and occasionally clay banks in lowland rivers, at a depth of 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft), are selected. The female lays the large adhesive eggs as a mat on the spawning surface, which the male fertilises. The female then leaves the spawning site. The male remains to guard the eggs during incubation, which takes six to 10 days (depending on water temperature), and to guard the hatched larvae for a further week or so until they disperse. Larvae disperse from the nest site by drifting in river currents at night, and continue this behaviour around four to seven days. During this dispersal process, larvae simultaneously absorb the remainder of their yolk sac and begin to feed on small, early life-stage
878:. Yet fishing effort continued to increase in the region, so in the late 1880s and early 1890s, between 40,000 and 150,000 kg of mostly Murray cod (between 7,500 and 27,000 fish, at an average weight of 5.5 kg) were caught near Echuca. Similarly, in 1883, more than 147,000 kg of Murray cod were sent to Melbourne from just one river town (Moama). By the 1920s Murray cod had been overfished to the point where large-scale commercial fishing operations were no longer feasible. Recreational fishermen took similarly excessive hauls during this era, using rods and reels, handlines, setlines, drum nets, gill nets, and even explosives, with hauls often either wasted or illegally sold. Perhaps this extreme overfishing and its impacts of wild Murray cod stocks is best summarised by a short article in the
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reduced almost to the point of non-existence in many waters. Some emphasis has been made of the results of two small surveys which suggested a majority of Murray cod are released by anglers. However, there are valid questions as to the representativeness of these surveys: these surveys do not explain the dramatic disappearance of large numbers of young Murray cod at exactly the minimum size limit, and most importantly, any emphasis on these surveys miss the fundamental point — as a large, long-lived species with relatively low fecundity and delayed sexual maturity wild Murray cod populations are extremely vulnerable to overfishing, even with only modest angler-kill. A tightening of fishing regulations for wild Murray cod, as referred to above, and a switch by fishermen to a largely
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fishermen, recreational fishermen, local fisheries inspectors, fish retailers, and others agitated in newspapers and other fora about the declining Murray cod stocks, to be met in turn either with government denials, or conversely, with various ineffective inquiries into Murray cod stocks and fisheries, and various ineffective control measures. Debate about excessive fishing pressure, number of fishermen, number of nets, net mesh size, bag limits, minimum size limits and take of small cod, closed seasons and the taking of spawning cod full of eggs during spring, and other sundry issues, continued without resolution. Fishing regulations were either not amended, or amended and largely unenforced and completely ignored. Heavy commercial, recreational and
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cod. This and catch data and computer modelling exercises on wild Murray cod stocks indicate measures such as raising the size limit to 70 centimetres and reducing the bag and possession limits from 2 and 4 fish respectively to 1 fish are urgently needed to maintain the long-term viability of wild Murray cod populations. As of
November 2014, the NSW Department of Fisheries has introduced a maximum size limit of 75 cm for Murray Cod to provide protection for large breeding fish, as well as a new minimum size limit of 55 cm.
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603:, part of the Murray-Darling basin in eastern Australia, Australia's largest and most important river system, draining around 14% of the continent. The Murray cod's natural range encompasses virtually the whole Murray-Darling basin, particularly the lowland areas, and extending well into upland areas — to about 700 m (2,300 ft) elevation in the southern half of the basin and to about 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in the northern half of the basin.
425:
115:
49:
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reducing them to levels harmful or fatal to fish. (Fish essentially asphyxiate.) Water temperature is a critical regulator of blackwater events as warmer water temperatures increase bacterial activity and markedly reduce the intrinsic oxygen carrying capacity of water; events that may be tolerable for fish in winter or early spring may be catastrophic in late spring or summer due to the increase in water temperature.
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90:
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1082:, have been removed from lowland reaches of the Murray-Darling basin over the past 150 years. The removal of such a vast number of snags has had devastating impacts on Murray cod and river ecosystems. Snags are critical habitats and spawning sites for Murray cod. Snags are also critical for the functioning of lowland river ecosystems — as one of the few hard
812:(daylight length). Initially, fish biologists working with Murray cod considered spring floods and temperatures of 20–21 °C (68–70 °F) to be necessary and that spring flooding is critical for successful recruitment (i.e. survival to juvenile stages) of young cod by providing an influx of pelagic zooplankton and early life-stage
789:, with their faster growth rates, do not reach sexual maturity until they are well over 60 cm (2.0 ft) in length. These data strongly indicate the 50-cm (20-in) size limit for Murray cod is inadequate and should be increased substantially to allow for a greater chance of reproduction before capture.
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of these tribes describe the creation of the Murray River by a gigantic Murray cod fleeing down a small creek to escape from a renowned hunter. In these myths, the fleeing Murray cod enlarges the river and the beating of its tail create the bends in it. The cod is eventually speared near the terminus
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In 29 years 26,214,502 lbs (nearly 11,703 tons) of Murray cod has been eaten by the people of
Melbourne. The Superintendent of Markets (Mr G. B. Minns) included these figures in a statement he made today pointing out that the supply was declining. In 1918, the peak year, 2,229,024 lb was
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of Murray cod is moderate to low in height and is partially separated by a notch from the high, rounded soft dorsal fin. Soft dorsal, anal, and caudal (tail) fins are all large and rounded, and are dusky grey or black with distinct white edges. The large, rounded pectoral fins are usually similar in
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State government fisheries departments support Murray cod populations by stocking with hatchery-bred fish, especially in man-made lakes. Important issues affecting restoration of cod populations, such as the need for spring floods and excessive angler take, are slowly being acknowledged but are yet
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over a number of years and are then finally inundated in a flood event. The leaf litter releases large quantities of dissolved organic carbon, turning the water a characteristic black colour and inducing a temporary explosion in bacterial numbers and activity, which in turn consume dissolved oxygen,
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pressure continued. The end result was a Murray cod population, initially abundant, continually fished down until in the early to mid 20th century a number of other factors such as river regulation (listed below) emerged to drive the species even further into decline. All of these drivers of decline
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The relationship between river flows and Murray cod recruitment are more complex than first thought, and in less regulated rivers, Murray cod may be able to recruit under a range of conditions including stable low flows. (Significant recruitment of Murray cod in low-flow conditions in less regulated
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Latest research has also shown that Murray cod in fact live their entire lifecycle within the main channel of the stream. Earlier ideas that Murray cod spawn on floodplains, or the larvae feed on floodplains, are incorrect. Murray cod breed in the main river channel or, in times of spring flood, the
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and for other reasons; large females in most fish species are also important because they produce larger larvae with larger yolk sacs, and are also more experienced breeders that display optimal breeding behaviours. Such large females may also have valuable, successful genes to pass on. All of these
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Murray cod reach sexual maturity between four and six years of age, generally five years. Sexual maturity in Murray cod is dependent on age. Therefore, roughly 70% of wild river Murray cod, with their slower growth rate, have reached sexual maturity by 50 cm (20 in) in length. Wild Murray
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colour to the flanks. The pelvic fins are large, angular, and set forward of the pectoral fins. The leading white-coloured rays on the pelvic fins split into two trailing white filaments, while the pelvic fins themselves are usually a translucent white or cream, tending toward opacity in large fish.
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Another issue is that Murray cod caught and released in winter, while developing their eggs, or in spring prior to spawning, resorb their eggs and do not spawn. This may be a minor issue compared to some of the other threats facing Murray cod, nevertheless, concerned fishermen try to avoid catching
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approach for wild Murray cod would alleviate this problem. Recognising these issues, in late 2014 the New South Wales and
Victorian fishery departments amended their regulations so that a slot limit of 55 to 75 cm now applies in these states. (i.e. only Murray cod between 55 and 75 cm may
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by recreational fishermen, aided by inadequate fishing regulations, continues today and remains an extremely serious threat to Murray cod. The current size limit of 60 centimetres in most states is inadequate now that scientific studies have documented average size at sexual maturity in Murray
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Murray cod were originally the most common large native fish in the Murray-Darling basin. Contrary to some fishery department literature, the first serious declines in Murray cod were caused by overfishing. In the latter half of the 1800s and the early 1900s, Murray cod were caught in large numbers
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Spawning is sometimes preceded by upstream or downstream movements. Radio-tracked Murray cod in the Murray River have moved up to 120 km (75 mi) upstream to spawn, before returning to exactly the same snag from where they departed, an unusual homing behaviour in a freshwater fish. Decades
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Female Murray cod, upon first reaching sexual maturity, have egg counts of no more than 10,000. Very large female Murray cod can have egg counts as high as 80,000–90,000, although a recent, very large 33-kg specimen yielded an egg count of 110,000 viable eggs. Egg counts in female Murray cod of all
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Murray cod are white to cream on their ventral (belly) surfaces. Their backs and flanks are usually yellowish-green to green, overlain with heavy darker green, but occasionally brown or black, mottling. The effect is a marbled appearance sometimes reminiscent of a leopard's markings. Colouration is
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put down on any hard, dry, rough or hot surfaces, e.g. boat gunwales, boat floors, dry grass, dry rocks, gravel banks, dry towels or mats, etc. Hands should also be wetted before touching them. They must not be hung vertically by the mouth or gill covers.) Wild Murray cod populations across their
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Blackwater events are often described as “natural” events—while there are some historical records of relatively severe events in smaller, more ephemeral systems (e.g. lower
Lachlan, upper Darling), there is no record of severe events in the Murray River and its largest southern tributaries before
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years and may only occur every one or two decades. Murray cod are the most long-lived freshwater native fish in
Australia. The oldest Murray cod aged yet was 48 years of age, and the even larger specimens of years past leave little doubt that the species can reach considerably greater ages, of 70
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In
Mitchell's original description, he classified the fish as "Family, Percidae; Genus, Acerina; Subgenus, Gristes, Cuv. or Growler; Species, Gristes peelii mihi, or Cod-perch", observing "This fish may be identical with the fish described by MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes Volume 3 page 45 under the
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is the artificial reduction in water temperatures, especially in summer and autumn, caused when frigid water is released from the bottom of reservoirs for irrigation demands. Such temperature suppression typically extends several hundred kilometres downstream. Thermal pollution inhibits both the
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In the 1800s and early 1900s, commercial fishermen, recreational fishermen, riverside residents, and some fisheries scientists (e.g. Anderson, Stead, Langtry) distinctly recognised two species of cod in the southern Murray-Darling basin, Murray cod and trout cod or "blue nose cod". Taxonomically
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The Murray River and southern tributaries originally displayed a pattern of high flows in winter, high flows and floods in spring, and low flows in summer and autumn. The breeding of Murray cod and other Murray-Darling native fish was adapted to these natural flow patterns. River regulation for
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These findings do not mean that river regulation and water extraction have not had adverse effects on fish stocks. Rather, river regulation has been a major factor in the decline of Murray cod and other native fish. Thermal pollution is also a major problem, evidence indicates strong Murray cod
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Although angler effects are sometimes disregarded in the overall picture today, recent population studies have shown that while all year classes are well represented up to the minimum legal angling size (now 60 centimetres in most states), above that size, numbers of fish are dramatically
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Murray cod are large fish, with adult fish regularly reaching 80–100 cm (31–39 in) in length. Murray cod are capable of growing well over 1 m (3.3 ft) in length and the largest on record was over 1.8 m (5.9 ft) and about 113 kg (249 lb) in weight. Large
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Flood events in 2010 and 2012 following the prolonged
Millennium Drought (1997–2009) induced very severe blackwater events; while formal studies of these events were limited due to the relatively rapid response times required and logistical difficulties, angler photographs and observations of
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A thorough reading of historical newspaper articles and historical government reports reveals that the history of wild Murray cod between the mid–1800s and the mid–1900s was one of citizen agitation, government inaction, and ongoing stock decline. For decades, riverside residents, commercial
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off the flood plain into the main river channel for first feeding, but more recent research has shown Murray cod breed annually, with or without spring floods, and at temperatures as low as 15 °C (59 °F). Additionally, recent research has shown abundant epibenthic/epiphytic (bottom
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factors mean the spawnings of large female fish have far higher larval survival rates and make far greater reproductive contributions than the spawnings of small female fish. Not surprisingly, there is no truth to claim made by some recreational fishers that "large Murray cod don't breed".
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inundated upper portion of the main channel and tributary channels, but not on floodplains. Murray cod larvae feed within the main river channel or, in times of spring flood, on the inundated upper portion of the main channel and the channel/floodplain boundary, but not on the floodplain.
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and other instream barriers block the migration of adult and juvenile Murray cod and prevent recolonisation of habitats and maintenance of isolated populations. Additionally, recent study has proven approximately 50% of Murray cod larvae are killed when they pass through undershot weirs.
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larvae are negatively affecting the survival and recruitment of Murray cod larvae to a much greater degree than first thought; and that decades of overfishing is playing a far larger role in the current state of Murray cod stocks, through depletion of spawning adults, than first thought.
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in 1855, targeting Murray cod over hundreds of kilometres of river, and yet within eight years, grave concerns over the sustainability of this operation, and complaints about the near-absence of Murray cod in their heavily fished grounds, were being raised in the main state newspaper,
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water extraction and river regulation. In the Murray and large southern tributaries, very severe large-scale blackwater events are a relatively new but recurring phenomenon and appear to be an effect of river regulation curtailing the winter/spring flood events that formerly swept
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lowland rivers has now been proven.) This information also suggests that nonriver-regulation-related causes of degradation are playing a larger role in the survival and recruitment of Murray cod larvae than first thought; competition from extremely large numbers of invasive
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The rare floods that do break free of the dams and weirs of the Murray-Darling system have their magnitude and duration deliberately curtailed by river regulators. Increasing research indicates this management practice is very harmful and drastically reduces the general
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Murray cod have soft skin and very fine scales that leave them particularly vulnerable to infection from exotic diseases and parasites. The following exotic diseases and parasites all seriously affect wild Murray cod; all have been introduced by imports of exotic fish.
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in upland areas to large, slow flowing, meandering rivers in the extensive alluvial lowland reaches of the Murray-Darling basin. Murray cod have died out in many of their upland habitats, particularly in the southern Murray-Darling basin, due to a combination of
729:. Fish are eaten when abundant by mature Murray cod in lowland river and impoundment habitats but crustaceans tend to dominate the diet under natural conditions, and freshwater mussels were commonly eaten in the past. Murray cod have also been known to eat
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however, confusion abounded. Ignoring glaring differences in size at sexual maturity, and via some rather unscientific reasoning, some prominent fisheries scientists (e.g. Whitley) insisted on recognising only one species of cod—the Murray cod (then named
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of the Murray River, chopped into pieces, and the pieces thrown back into the river. The pieces become all the other fish species of the river. The cod's head is kept intact, told to "keep being Murray cod", and also thrown back into the river.
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dwelling/edge clinging) prey in unflooded lowland rivers, traits in Murray cod larvae that should allow survival in a variety of challenging conditions, and a significant proportion of Murray cod larvae feeding successfully in unflooded rivers.
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looked at all species listed as threatened under the act in 2000 and 2022. The Murray cod was the only fish on the list, and the reason for their assessment was given as "Actual recovery over the period 2000–2022, from long period of decline".
436:-like fish with a deep, elongated body that is round in cross section. It has a broad, scooped head, and a large mouth lined with pads of very small, needle-like teeth. The jaws of the Murray cod are equal, or the lower jaw protrudes slightly.
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It is estimated that flows at the river mouth by 1995 had declined to only 27% of natural outflows. The probability of the bottom end of the Murray experiencing drought-like flows had increased from 5% under natural conditions to 60% by 1995.
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was captured). Then, as trout cod declined into near extinction over the 1900s, the distinction between the two species was further eroded and finally questioned. In the 1970s, early genetic techniques confirmed that trout cod were a separate
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Murray cod are very long-lived, which is characteristic of many freshwater native fish in
Australia. Longevity is a survival strategy in variable Australian environment to ensure that most adults participate in at least one exceptional
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be taken; those above and below this size range or "slot" must be released.) This measure should have positive effects for the Murray cod population by protecting and increasing the proportion of large breeding Murray cod.
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are the specialist upland species. The pattern is slightly blurred in the cod species because, being adaptable and successful fish, Murray cod push significant distances into upland habitats, while the now endangered
1312:. It commands a premium price compared to those species. It is increasingly farmed, in large dams holding water used for irrigation of farmland, where the presence of effluent produced by the fish is not a problem
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Diseases of
Australian native freshwater fishes with particular emphasis on the ectoparasitic and fungal diseases of Murray cod (Maccullochella peeli), golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) and silver perch (Bidyanus
1293:. At some time the billabong overflowed and introduced Murray cod into the slightly brackish lake itself. They bred rapidly, and, from the 1850s to the 1890s, Lake George abounded with them. Due to the lengthy
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Whitworth, K. L.; Baldwin, D. S.; Kerr, J. L. (2012). "Drought, floods and water quality: Drivers of a severe hypoxic blackwater event in a major river system (the southern Murray–Darling Basin, Australia)".
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wild Murray cod at these times. At this point in time a closed season is in place for the spring spawning period, during which anglers are not allowed to target Murray cod, even on a catch and release basis.
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extraordinary numbers of dead Murray cod during these events and plunging catch rates after these events show they induced extremely heavy Murray cod mortalities along extensive tracts of the Murray River.
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purposes, only exceptional spring floods manage to "break free". The long-term viability of wild Murray cod, other native fish species and river ecosystems, in the face of this fact, are of great concern.
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Blackwater events are emerging as a very serious threat to wild Murray cod stocks in lowland river reaches. Blackwater events occur when floodplains and ephemeral channels accumulate large quantities of
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of
Australia due to a number of causes, including severe overfishing, river regulation, and habitat degradation and are now a listed threatened species. However, they once inhabited almost the entire
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and epibenthic/epiphytic (bottom dwelling/edge clinging) microinvertebrates. It may be that Murray cod are the first freshwater fish identified as having long-term pair-bonding in its repertoire of
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1297:, by 1902, the lake dried out completely. In their search for water to survive in, the Murray cod flocked into the mouths of the few small creeks feeding the lake and died there by the thousands.
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MacNally, R.; Parkinson, A.; Horrocks, G.; Young, M. (2002). "Current Loads of Coarse Woody Debris on Southeastern Australian Floodplains: Evaluation of Change and Implications for Restoration".
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in March 2023 listed 23 species which the authors considered to no longer meet the criteria as threatened species under the EPBC Act, including the Murray cod. The team, led by John Woinarski of
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The Murray cod is the apex aquatic predator in the rivers of the Murray-Darling basin, and will eat almost anything smaller than itself, including finned fishes such as smaller Murray cod,
583:, for the Peel River where the new holotype was captured, was coined for the Murray cod. Subsequently, two further cod were identified as separate species, the eastern freshwater cod (
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irrigation has reversed these natural flow patterns, with negative effects on the breeding and recruitment of Murray cod. The Murray and most southern tributaries now experience high
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King, A. J.; Tonkin, A.; Lieschke, J. (2012). "Short-term effects of a prolonged blackwater event on aquatic fauna in the Murray River, Australia: considerations for future events".
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Goodwin, AE (1999). "Massive Lernaea cyprinacea infestations damaging the gills of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus polycultured with bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis".
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carp now take up, and the large numbers of larvae carp produce, causes serious negative effects on river ecosystems and native fish. Carp are the main vector of the introduced
452:. Small to medium-sized Murray cod from clear-water habitats often have striking and very distinct colouration. Very large fish tend towards a speckled grey-green colouration.
2186:, but crustaceans (shrimp, yabbies, crayfish) are likely the preferred diet under 'natural' river conditions, and mussels were an important food source, at least in the past.
1889:
Nicol, S.; Todd, C.; Koehn, J. D.; Lieschke, J. (2005). "How can recreational angling regulations meet the multiple objectives for the management of Murray cod populations?".
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stray (or did stray, before their decline) well down the upland/lowland transition zone, which can be extensive in Murray-Darling Rivers. Nevertheless, the basic pattern of
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Twenty years later, the aquatic ecologist J. O. Langtry criticised the heavy fishing pressure, in the form of both uncontrolled small-scale commercial fishing and rampant
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recruitment events (which may be important for sustaining Murray cod populations over the long term) can result from spring flooding, and the health of Australian lowland
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flows in summer and autumn and low flows in winter and spring. Small and medium floods including the once annual spring flood-pulse have been completely eliminated.
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An example of extreme overfishing of Murray cod in the late 1800s, which caused the first strong declines in the species. Such catches were typical for the period.
1796:"Management of Murray cod in the MDB. Statements, recommendations and supporting papers: Overview of the history, fishery, biology and aquaculture of Murray cod (
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King, A. J. (2004). "Density and distribution of potential prey for larval fish in the main channel of a floodplain river: Pelagic versus epibenthic meiofauna".
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infestations probably causes the death of many more adult Murray cod than commonly recognised. Ebner reports a young adult Murray cod seemingly killed by severe
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Tonkin, D. Z.; Humphries, P.; Pridmore, A. P. (2006). "Ontogeny of feeding in two native and one alien fish species from the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia".
2407:"Essential relationships incorporating the influence of age, size and condition on variables required for estimation of reproductive potential in Atlantic cod
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Murray cod continue to play important roles in the culture of First Nations Peoples along the Murray and Darling rivers and the Murray-Darling Basin overall.
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received at the market, but since 1921, when 1,101,520 lb was sent to Melbourne, supply has decreased. Last year it was only 551,040 lb .
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There is serious competition for food between larval/early juvenile introduced carp and larval/early juvenile native fish. Introduced carp dominate the fish
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The Murray cod is renowned as a good-tasting fish for eating. In recent years, despite the decline in the wild population, farmed fish are being harvested.
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2008:
757:. The observations of the recreational fishermen fishing for Murray cod with surface lures at night reveal that the popular description of Murray cod as a
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Nock, C. J.; Elphinstone M. S.; Rowland S. J. & Baverstock, P. R. (2010). "Phylogenetics and revised taxonomy of the Australian freshwater cod genus,
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is a fungus-like oomycete or "water mould" that frequently infects Murray cod eggs and the skin of Murray cod that have been roughly handled through poor
319:. The Murray cod is the largest exclusively freshwater fish in Australia, and one of the largest in the world. Other common names for Murray cod include
614:
Consequently, Murray cod inhabit a remarkably wide variety of habitats, from cool, clear, fast-flowing streams with riffle-and-pool structure and rocky
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benefits and breeding and recruitment opportunities for Murray cod and other Murray-Darling native fish species these now rare floods can provide.
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tribes in the Murray-Darling basin, and for some tribes, particularly those living along the Murray River, Murray cod were the icon species. The
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Hladyz, S.; Watkins, S. C.; Whitworth, K. L.; Baldwin, D. S. (2011). "Flows and hypoxic blackwater events in managed ephemeral river channels".
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King, A. J.; Tonkin, Z.; Mahoney, J. (2008). "Environmental flow enhances native fish spawning and recruitment in the Murray River, Australia".
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While extremely severe commercial and recreational overfishing in the 1800s and the early 1900s caused the first strong declines of Murray cod,
4163:
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generally rely on periodic spring flooding. Also, due to the regulation of most of the rivers in the Murray-Darling River system, mainly for
1101:, which fill in pools, degrade river ecosystems and make rivers and streams uninhabitable for Murray cod. This is exacerbated by removal of
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left this iconic Australian fish in a perilous situation. There are now concerns for the long-term survival of wild Murray cod populations.
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3641:"An outline of the threatened species listing process under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act)"
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and eat crustaceans (shrimp, yabbies, crays), fish and freshwater mussels. The species exhibits a high degree of parental care for their
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1709:"Some Recollections of Native Fish in the Murray-Darling System with Special Reference to the Trout Cod Maccullochella macquariensis"
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breeding of Murray cod and the survival of Murray cod larvae, and in extreme cases inhibits even the survival of adult Murray cod.
2081:"Alien fish ascendancy and native fish extinction: ecological history and observations on the Lower Goodradigbee River, Australia"
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by both commercial and recreational fishermen. For example, one commercial fishing operation commenced on the Murray River near
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Large female Murray cod in the 15– to 35-kg (35– to 80-lb) range are the most important breeders because they produce the most
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and fish oil as food, but the species has a better ‘wild fish in to farmed fish out’ ratio than other farmed species such as
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2038:
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in the spring and are generally laid in hollow logs or on other hard surfaces. Murray cod are a popular angling target and
3461:"Alien pathogens and parasites impacting native freshwater fish of southern Australia: a scientific and historical review"
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1891:
Management of Murray cod in the MDB. Statements, recommendations and supporting papers. Workshop, 3–4 June 2004, Canberra
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2698:
Lake, J. S. (1967). "Rearing experiments with five species of Australian freshwater fishes. I. Inducement to spawning".
1975:
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3084:"Lights at the end of the tunnel: The incidence and characteristics of recovery for Australian threatened animals"
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2016:
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1746:"Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales: Aspects of the history and fishery of the Murray cod,
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Koehn, J. D.; Harrington, D. J. (2005). "Collection and distribution of early life stages of the Murray cod (
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3536:
Khalifa, KA; Post, G (1976). "Histopathological effect of Lernaea cyprinacea (a copepod parasite) on fish".
2157:(Perciformes: Percichthyidae), in the lower Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, from thin-sectioned otoliths".
1942:
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species. Often available through the aquarium trade, they are also a popular aquarium species in Australia.
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is only partially correct. While this behaviour is typical during the day, at night, Murray cod are active
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and further showed that the original "Murray cod" specimen was in fact a trout cod. Following the rules of
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It has long been known that Murray cod could be translocated to impounded water. In the 1850s, landholder
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514:
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Marteinsdottir, G.; Steinarsson, A. (1998). "Maternal influence on the size and viability of Iceland cod
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209:
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Koehn, J. D.; McKenzie, J. A.; O’Mahony, D. J.; Nicol, S. J.; O’Connor, J. P.; O’Connor, W. G. (2009).
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Murray cod, like a number of other Murray-Darling native fish species, have also managed to cross the
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away annually, exacerbated by long-term declines in rainfall and recurring prolonged drought events.
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3565:"Effect of Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea: Copepoda) on stocked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)"
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1987:
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558:, after an early Australian fish researcher with the surname McCulloch and the Macquarie River in
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2929:
2894:
2621:
2547:
2504:
2342:
2102:
1806:
1167:
that infects the skin of Murray cod and has caused a number of serious kills of wild Murray cod.
1129:
947:
923:
690:
235:
109:
72:
3249:
4037:
3157:
Rowland, S. J. (1988). "Hormone-induced spawning of the Australian freshwater fish Murray cod,
424:
4084:
3967:
3726:
3701:
3647:
3586:
3239:
3203:
3113:
2951:
2846:
2677:
2658:"Movements of Murray cod ( Maccullochella peelii peelii ) in a large Australian lowland river"
2570:
King, A. J. (2005). "Ontogenetic dietary shifts of fishes in an Australian floodplain river".
2458:
1684:
1634:
1594:
1447:
1174:
1118:
1091:
1015:
987:
682:
481:
Murray cod continue a pattern present in Murray-Darling native fish genera of speciation into
3923:
3868:
3369:
Baumgartner, L. J.; Reynoldson, N.; Gilligan, D. M. (2006). "Mortality of larval Murray cod (
3038:
1215:
to be definitely addressed. Other concerns such as the stocking of Murray cod in areas where
1177:. (It is essential that Murray cod intended for release only touch cool wet surfaces and are
4089:
3691:
3681:
3621:
3576:
3545:
3472:
3424:
3386:
3351:
3324:
3289:
3178:
3103:
2963:
2921:
2886:
2836:
2826:
2795:
2764:
2707:
2669:
2613:
2579:
2539:
2496:
2430:
2384:
2334:
2205:
2166:
2128:
2092:
1483:
1386:
698:
606:
378:
of Murray cod. However, as of 2010, Mary River cod have been raised to full species status (
48:
4063:
3674:"Who's your mama? Riverine hybridisation of threatened freshwater Trout Cod and Murray Cod"
3854:
1971:
1309:
1239:
1105:(riverbank) vegetation which causes siltation and degrades river ecosystems in many ways.
939:
902:
894:
847:
805:
761:
726:
661:
559:
522:
409:
176:
3842:
1506:
Can native Australian percichthyid fishes control invasive common carp (Cyprinus carpio)?
3420:
3320:
3285:
3174:
3099:
2882:
2760:
2535:
2426:
2380:
2201:
1935:"Profiles for species, populations & ecological communities: Eastern freshwater cod"
3696:
3673:
2952:"Historical Impacts on River Fauna, Shifting Baselines, and Challenges for Restoration"
2841:
2814:
2768:
2728:
Cadwallader, P. L., ed. (1977). "J. O. Langtry's 1949–50 Murray River Investigations".
2388:
1286:
809:
710:
648:
538:
534:
371:
359:
312:
286:
281:
186:
156:
1368:
1367:
Gilligan, D.; Zampatti, B.; Lintermans, M.; Koehn, J.; Butler, G.; Brooks, S. (2019).
768:
predators, venturing into shallow waters and frequently taking prey from the surface.
533:, both of which are endangered, but survive today. Coastal cod were also found in the
4132:
4058:
3874:
3718:
3486:
3428:
3182:
2991:"Less Murray Cod Sent to Melbourne — Supply Decreased To Half-Million Pounds In Year"
2673:
2604:) (Mitchell) larvae in an Australian lowland river in low flow and high flow years".
2209:
2106:
1377:
1305:
1079:
758:
513:
events, leading to several species and subspecies of coastal cod. The best known are
510:
99:
94:
3598:
3436:
2933:
2625:
2551:
2508:
579:
remained with the original specimen, now known to be the trout cod, and a new name,
3972:
2975:
2153:
Anderson, J. R.; Morison, A. K.; Ray, D. J. (1992). "Age and growth of Murray cod,
826:
813:
786:
765:
718:
678:
600:
469:
354:
The scientific name of Murray cod derives from an early Australian fish researcher
3780:. Vol. IV, no. 133. New South Wales, Australia. 26 March 1863. p. 2
3328:
3293:
2898:
3108:
3083:
4019:
3672:
Couch, Alan; Peter J. Unmack; Fiona J. Dyer; Mark Lintermans (27 October 2016).
2188:
Ebner, B. (2006). "Murray cod an apex predator in the Murray River, Australia".
2042:
1169:
1046:
1037:
978:
620:
413:
401:
166:
3830:
3581:
3564:
3132:"Researchers find 26 Australian species recovered from the brink of extinction"
1230:
897:, which he found in all reaches of the Murray River he investigated 1949–1950.
776:
643:
stockings, which causes competition between juvenile Murray cod and introduced
3746:
2890:
2743:
Rowland, S. J. (1983). "Spawning of the Australian freshwater fish Murray cod
2617:
2500:
1990:
1005:
851:
714:
686:
665:
530:
499:
440:
375:
304:
294:
30:
This article is about the Australian freshwater fish. Not to be confused with
3799:
3771:
3117:
2681:
2325:
Trippel, E. A. (1995). "Age at Maturity as a Stress Indicator in Fisheries".
1968:
1086:
in lowland river channels composed of fine silts snags are crucial sites for
502:
into a primarily lowland species and a specialist upland species is present.
27:
The largest Australian predatory freshwater fish in the family Percichthyidae
3808:. No. 21, 794. New South Wales, Australia. 23 November 1907. p. 14
2967:
1301:
1278:
1255:
1216:
1098:
1024:
734:
624:
495:
490:
126:
3909:
3705:
2850:
2483:
Humphries, P. (2005). "Spawning time and early life history of Murray cod,
3946:
3590:
2080:
1441:
461:
breeding fish are rare in most wild populations today due to overfishing.
448:
related to water clarity; colouration is intense in fish from clear water
17:
3993:
3903:
3846:
1235:
1164:
1102:
927:
793:
738:
706:
563:
489:
species: Murray cod are the primarily lowland species and the endangered
405:
146:
3998:
3477:
3460:
2831:
1558:
550:
name of Gristes macquariensis: but it differs from their description…".
4011:
3686:
2435:
2406:
2346:
1187:
1123:
1087:
922:
Since 3 July 2003 and as of August 2023, the Murray cod is listed as a
722:
632:
568:
449:
433:
4024:
2711:
2170:
1074:
Hundreds of thousands, perhaps more than a million, submerged timber "
3931:
2925:
2296:
2260:
1745:
870:
636:
136:
3880:
3390:
3355:
2799:
2583:
2543:
2338:
2097:
1487:
1198:
puncture wounds are often secondarily infected by bacteria. Severe
1097:
Vegetation clearing and cattle trampling river banks create severe
1229:
1141:
1114:
1075:
913:
775:
746:
644:
640:
605:
468:
428:
A Murray cod, displaying characteristic mottled green colouration.
423:
299:
3853:
3377:) associated with passage through two types of low-head weirs".
2455:
Biological Information for Management of Native Fish in Victoria
2358:
2356:
1191:
1062:
838:
754:
750:
730:
702:
628:
276:
3985:
3884:
3082:
Woinarski, John C.Z.; Garnett, Stephen T.; et al. (2023).
1250:
Murray cod play a very important role in the mythology of many
664:
and recruitment event, which are often linked to unusually wet
3646:. Department of Environment and Heritage (DEH). Archived from
3062:
Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment, 2004,
2297:"Age and growth of the Australian freshwater fish Murray cod,
303:) species. The Murray cod is an important part of Australia's
290:
31:
3747:"Murray Cod - GoodFish Australia's Sustainable Seafood Guide"
1133:) and serious vectors of the introduced Asian fish tapeworm (
932:
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
2945:
2943:
808:
in spring, cued by rising water temperatures and increasing
3626:
10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0406:mlcidt>2.0.co;2
3500:
3498:
3496:
2600:
Kaminskas, S.; Humphries, P. (2009). "Diet of Murray cod, (
1805:. Canberra: Murray Darling Basin Commission. Archived from
397:, Australia's largest river system, in very great numbers.
297:, it is not related to the Northern Hemisphere marine cod (
1965:
Three Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia …
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
3550:
10.1577/1548-8659(1976)38[110:heolca]2.0.co;2
2595:
2593:
2400:
2398:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
647:
species. Murray Cod have also been introduced into other
1227:
and needs consideration for future restocking programs.
801:
sizes are relatively low compared to many fish species.
2995:
The Register News-Pictorial (Adelaide, South Australia)
1993:
and Australian trout-cods are now considered unrelated.
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1683:(Rev. ed.). Sydney: Reed Books. pp. 158–160.
3525:. NSW Fisheries Conservation Office, Cronulla, Sydney.
3402:
3400:
1633:. Perth: Western Australian Museum. pp. 194–195.
1117:
of lowland Murray-Darling rivers; the sheer amount of
2305:
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales
2269:
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales
1915:
Stuart, I.; Koehn, J. D. (2007). "Big cod do breed".
1754:
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales
934:). It is listed as a species of Least Concern on the
2700:
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
2261:"Aspects of the reproductive biology of Murray cod,
2159:
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
1843:
The status of Murray cod in the Murray-Darling Basin
541:
system in southern Queensland, but are now extinct.
389:
Murray cod populations have declined severely since
3893:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2457:. Melbourne: Victorian Government Printing Office.
2448:
2446:
2723:
2721:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
3864:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 42.
3523:Fish and Rivers in Stress — The NSW Rivers Survey
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3037:. Murray Darling Basin Commission. Archived from
2068:(First ed.). Perth, Australia: Optima Press.
2041:. Murray Darling Basin Commission. Archived from
2015:. Murray Darling Basin Commission. Archived from
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
3221:
3219:
3077:
3075:
2637:
2635:
2478:
2476:
2474:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1419:Dianne J. Bray & Vanessa J. Thompson (2011)
780:A small Murray cod from a run in an upland river
362:first scientifically described the species, the
3841:Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2019).
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
1789:
1787:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1629:Allen, G. R.; Midgley, S. H.; Allen M. (2002).
1423:. Fishes of Australia. Retrieved 29 August 2014
1392:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12576A103325360.en
2320:
2318:
1846:. Department of Environment and Heritage (DEH)
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1702:
1700:
1465:
1463:
1194:and that burrows into the skin of Murray cod.
1182:range suffer extremely severe infestations of
3202:. Murray River Entitlements Committee. 1997.
2129:"Macullochella peelii peelii (Mitchell 1838)"
1589:Cadwallader, P. L.; Backhouse, G. N. (1983).
366:. This was for a number of years changed to
316:
275:) is a large Australian predatory freshwater
8:
3723:Legendary Tales of the Australian Aborigines
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2182:
2180:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1681:Freshwater Fishes of south-eastern Australia
1446:. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. p. 256.
1094:grazing and general in-stream productivity.
2693:
2691:
2565:
2563:
2561:
537:system in northern New South Wales and the
473:Murray cod push significant distances into
382:), thus Murray cod have reverted simply to
3881:
3816:– via National Library of Australia.
3788:– via National Library of Australia.
3194:
3192:
1591:A guide to the freshwater fish of Victoria
651:, such as the Cooper Basin in Queensland.
88:
66:
47:
38:
3725:, p. 17, The Miegunyah Press, Melbourne.
3695:
3685:
3580:
3563:Berry, CR; Babey, GJ; Shrader, T (1991).
3476:
3107:
2950:Humphries, P.; Winemiller, K. O. (2009).
2840:
2830:
2813:Couch AJ; Dyer FJ; Lintermans M. (2020).
2434:
2096:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1508:. Brisbane: The University of Queensland.
1390:
4159:Taxa named by Thomas Mitchell (explorer)
2815:"Multi-year pair-bonding in Murray cod (
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
882:(a South Australian newspaper) in 1929:
400:A long-lived fish, adult Murray cod are
317:significant in Australia's human culture
2405:Marteinsdottir, G.; Begg, G.A. (2002).
2225:"Flyrodding Murray cod by Neil Schultz"
1326:
1324:
1320:
2732:. Ministry for Conservation, Victoria.
2453:Koehn, J. D.; O'Connor, W. D. (1990).
1840:Kearney, R. E.; Kildea, M. A. (2001).
938:, but under state legislation in both
358:and the river from which the explorer
3741:
3739:
3232:Water Audit Monitoring Report 2004/05
1800:): Workshop, 3–4 June 2004, Canberra"
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
7:
2487:(Mitchell) in an Australian river".
1499:
1497:
1443:The Life and Times of the Murray cod
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1341:Species Profile and Threats Database
4144:IUCN Red List least concern species
1378:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1348:from the original on 23 August 2023
1285:—with Murray cod fished out of the
936:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
631:blocking migration, pollution from
289:. Although the species is called a
2769:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1983.tb02932.x
2389:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb00969.x
2079:Kaminskas, S. (22 February 2022).
1593:. Melbourne: Government printers.
1057:Physical barriers to fish movement
599:The Murray cod is named after the
25:
1421:Murray Cod, Maccullochella peelii
370:to differentiate Murray cod from
4154:Fish of the Murray-Darling basin
3829:
3614:Journal of Aquatic Animal Health
3429:10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01043.x
2674:10.1111/j.1600-0633.2009.00375.x
2210:10.1111/j.1600-0633.2006.00191.x
1986:, rev. ed., t. 2 (1829), p. 145
639:, and in some cases, introduced
113:
3227:Murray-Darling Basin Commission
2914:River Research and Applications
2871:Environmental Biology of Fishes
2747:(Mitchell), in earthen ponds".
2524:River Research and Applications
2489:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1941:. NSW Fisheries. Archived from
1289:at Murray's other property of
1281:—Murray's Lagoon just north of
1070:Habitat degradation / siltation
3538:The Progressive Fish-Culturist
3505:Rowland SJ; Ingram BA (1991).
3379:Marine and Freshwater Research
3344:Marine and Freshwater Research
3161:(Mitchell) (Percichthyidae)".
2572:Marine and Freshwater Research
2415:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1963:Mitchell, Thomas Livingstone.
1631:Freshwater Fishes of Australia
1476:Marine and Freshwater Research
1277:stocked a large and beautiful
1186:or "anchor worm", a parasitic
1163:is a single-celled, parasitic
509:at least once through natural
1:
4164:Vulnerable fauna of Australia
3521:Harris JH; Gehrke PC (1997).
3329:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.02.014
3294:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.04.057
3265:, retrieved 28 September 2007
3069:, Retrieved 28 September 2007
3064:Codwatch Newsletter Number 25
2788:Australian Journal of Zoology
1136:Bothriocephalus acheilognathi
374:, which were designated as a
3843:Maccullochella peelii peelii
3569:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
3371:Maccullochella peelii peelii
3183:10.1016/0044-8486(88)90121-4
3109:10.1016/j.biocon.2023.109946
2784:Maccullochella peelii peelii
2730:Fisheries and Wildlife Paper
2602:Maccullochella peelii peelii
2485:Maccullochella peelii peelii
2299:Maccullochella peelii peelii
2263:Maccullochella peelii peelii
2085:Pacific Conservation Biology
1798:Maccullochella peelii peelii
1750:(Mitchell) (Percichthyidae)"
1223:) are recovering encourages
701:and introduced fish such as
556:Maccullochella macquariensis
525:, and Mary River cod of the
253:Maccullochella peelii peelii
1917:Freshwater Fishing Magazine
1175:catch and release technique
999:Effects of river regulation
4185:
3772:"(Leader:) The Golden Age"
3582:10.7589/0090-3558-27.2.206
2662:Ecology of Freshwater Fish
2190:Ecology of Freshwater Fish
2133:Desert Fishes of Australia
1989:), but the North American
1679:McDowall, R., ed. (1996).
1234:Statue of a Murray cod in
610:Distribution of Murray cod
587:) and the Mary River cod (
432:The Murray cod is a large
356:Allan Riverstone McCulloch
29:
4139:EPBC Act vulnerable biota
3805:The Sydney Morning Herald
2891:10.1007/s10641-006-9034-3
2786:) in a regulated river".
2618:10.1007/s10750-009-9973-8
2501:10.1007/s10641-004-2596-z
2227:. Fishnet. Archived from
1939:Priority Action Statement
1504:Doyle, Katherine (2012).
961:Charles Darwin University
785:cod in impoundments like
573:scientific classification
349:Queensland freshwater cod
308:
241:
234:
215:
208:
110:Scientific classification
108:
86:
64:
55:
46:
41:
3877:on Native Fish Australia
3510:. NSW Fisheries, Sydney.
1440:Humphries, Paul (2023).
1300:Farming Murray cod uses
1246:Relationship with humans
1149:parasite on a murray cod
529:system in south eastern
3861:Encyclopædia Britannica
3094:. Elsevier BV: 109946.
3088:Biological Conservation
3032:"Threats to Murray cod"
2968:10.1525/bio.2009.59.8.9
2749:Journal of Fish Biology
2369:Journal of Fish Biology
2295:Rowland, S. J. (1998).
2259:Rowland, S. J. (1998).
2064:Rowland, S. J. (2020).
1794:Rowland, S. J. (2005).
1744:Rowland, S. J. (1989).
1714:. Native Fish Australia
1707:Trueman, W. T. (2007).
1190:vectored by introduced
956:Biological Conservation
4169:Fish described in 1838
3871:on Fishes of Australia
3459:Kaminskas, S. (2020).
2825:. 8:e:e10460: e10460.
1970:Cuvier had placed the
1385:: e.T12576A103325360.
1242:
1150:
919:
891:
781:
711:redfin (English perch)
611:
515:eastern freshwater cod
478:
429:
315:River system—and also
256:(T. L. Mitchell, 1838)
3937:maccullochella-peelii
3924:Maccullochella_peelii
3895:Maccullochella peelii
3849:. April 2019 version.
3836:Maccullochella peelii
3030:Koehn, J. D. (2004).
2817:Maccullochella peelii
1978:into a single genus,
1555:Native Fish Australia
1371:Maccullochella peelii
1334:Maccullochella peelii
1275:Terence Aubrey Murray
1233:
1210:Conservation measures
1145:
953:A study published in
917:
884:
779:
609:
472:
427:
391:European colonisation
272:Maccullochella peelii
219:Maccullochella peelii
3465:Australian Zoologist
3373:) and golden perch (
3309:Journal of Hydrology
3280:. 450–451: 190–198.
3278:Journal of Hydrology
3159:Maccullochella peeli
2989:Anon (25 May 1929).
2745:Maccullochella peeli
2231:on 24 September 2007
2223:Schultz, N. (2006).
2155:Maccullochella peeli
1154:Introduced pathogens
695:western carp gudgeon
507:Great Dividing Range
395:Murray-Darling basin
248:T. L. Mitchell, 1838
3478:10.7882/AZ.2020.039
3421:2002ResEc..10..627M
3409:Restoration Ecology
3321:2011JHyd..401..117H
3286:2012JHyd..450..190W
3255:on 6 September 2006
3175:1988Aquac..70..371R
3100:2023BCons.27909946W
2883:2006EnvBF..76..303T
2832:10.7717/peerj.10460
2761:1983JFBio..23..525R
2536:2004RivRA..20..883K
2427:2002MEPS..235..235M
2381:1998JFBio..52.1241M
2202:2006EcoFF..15..510E
2045:on 3 September 2007
1748:Macullochella peeli
1474:(Percichthyidae)".
635:-based sheep-dips,
521:system in northern
309:as an apex predator
58:Conservation status
3855:"Murray Cod"
3687:10.7717/peerj.2593
3680:. 4:e2593: e2593.
3200:Sharing the Murray
3138:. 24 February 2023
2436:10.3354/meps235235
2367:eggs and larvae".
2039:"Basin Statistics"
1561:on 10 October 2007
1295:Federation Drought
1243:
1151:
1130:Lernaea cyprinacea
948:endangered species
924:vulnerable species
920:
827:macroinvertebrates
814:macroinvertebrates
782:
739:freshwater turtles
691:eel-tailed catfish
612:
479:
430:
4126:
4125:
4085:Open Tree of Life
3887:Taxon identifiers
3375:Macquaria ambigua
3044:on 29 August 2007
2920:(10): 1205–1218.
2712:10.1071/MF9670137
2171:10.1071/MF9920983
2127:Unmack, Peter J.
2019:on 31 August 2007
1812:on 29 August 2007
1092:macroinvertebrate
1031:Blackwater events
1016:Thermal pollution
988:catch and release
831:mating strategies
723:freshwater shrimp
263:
262:
257:
249:
103:
81:
16:(Redirected from
4176:
4119:
4118:
4106:
4105:
4093:
4092:
4080:
4079:
4067:
4066:
4054:
4053:
4041:
4040:
4028:
4027:
4015:
4014:
4002:
4001:
3989:
3988:
3976:
3975:
3963:
3962:
3950:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3927:
3926:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3882:
3865:
3857:
3834:Data related to
3833:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3743:
3734:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3689:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3653:on 25 March 2012
3652:
3645:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3584:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3502:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3456:
3441:
3440:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3315:(1–2): 117–125.
3304:
3298:
3297:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3248:. Archived from
3237:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3079:
3070:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3036:
3027:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2926:10.1002/rra.1209
2909:
2903:
2902:
2877:(2–4): 303–315.
2866:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2834:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2567:
2556:
2555:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2480:
2469:
2468:
2450:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2375:(6): 1241–1258.
2360:
2351:
2350:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2292:
2277:
2276:
2256:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2100:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2005:
1994:
1984:Le Règne Animal…
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1912:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1837:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1804:
1791:
1762:
1761:
1741:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1676:
1645:
1644:
1626:
1605:
1604:
1586:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1557:. Archived from
1547:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1437:
1424:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1328:
1221:M. macquariensis
848:river ecosystems
699:Australian smelt
577:M. macquariensis
368:M. peelii peelii
255:
247:
221:
118:
117:
97:
92:
91:
75:
70:
69:
51:
39:
21:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4114:
4109:
4101:
4096:
4088:
4083:
4075:
4070:
4062:
4057:
4049:
4044:
4036:
4031:
4023:
4018:
4010:
4005:
3997:
3992:
3984:
3979:
3971:
3966:
3958:
3953:
3945:
3943:
3935:
3930:
3922:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3889:
3852:
3826:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3800:"The Fisheries"
3798:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3717:
3713:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3639:McKelleher, R.
3638:
3637:
3633:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3504:
3503:
3494:
3458:
3457:
3444:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3391:10.1071/MF05098
3368:
3367:
3363:
3356:10.1071/MF11275
3341:
3340:
3336:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3235:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2868:
2867:
2858:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2800:10.1071/ZO04086
2781:
2780:
2776:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2584:10.1071/MF04117
2569:
2568:
2559:
2544:10.1002/rra.805
2521:
2520:
2516:
2482:
2481:
2472:
2465:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2339:10.2307/1312628
2333:(11): 759–771.
2324:
2323:
2316:
2294:
2293:
2280:
2258:
2257:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2187:
2185:
2178:
2165:(5): 983–1013.
2152:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2098:10.1071/PC21048
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2007:
2006:
1997:
1972:largemouth bass
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1945:on 23 July 2008
1933:
1932:
1928:
1914:
1913:
1898:
1888:
1887:
1872:
1867:, NSW Fisheries
1864:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1765:
1743:
1742:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1678:
1677:
1648:
1641:
1628:
1627:
1608:
1601:
1588:
1587:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1549:
1548:
1513:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1488:10.1071/MF09145
1469:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1439:
1438:
1427:
1418:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1344:. 3 July 2003.
1330:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1310:Atlantic salmon
1268:
1248:
1240:New South Wales
1212:
1156:
1111:
1109:Introduced carp
1072:
1059:
1033:
1001:
975:
970:
940:South Australia
912:
903:illegal fishing
895:illegal fishing
866:
861:
774:
762:ambush predator
727:Murray crayfish
675:
669:years or more.
657:
649:drainage basins
597:
560:New South Wales
547:
523:New South Wales
485:and specialist
477:river habitats.
467:
465:Related species
458:
422:
230:
223:
217:
204:
112:
104:
93:
89:
82:
71:
67:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4182:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4149:Maccullochella
4146:
4141:
4131:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4107:
4094:
4081:
4068:
4055:
4042:
4029:
4016:
4003:
3990:
3977:
3964:
3951:
3941:
3928:
3915:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3850:
3839:
3838:at Wikispecies
3825:
3824:External links
3822:
3820:
3819:
3791:
3777:The Golden Age
3763:
3735:
3711:
3664:
3631:
3620:(4): 406–408.
3604:
3575:(2): 206–213.
3555:
3544:(2): 110–113.
3528:
3513:
3492:
3471:(4): 696–730.
3442:
3415:(4): 627–635.
3396:
3385:(2): 187–191.
3361:
3350:(7): 576–586.
3334:
3299:
3267:
3245:1-921-038-93-4
3244:
3215:
3208:
3188:
3169:(4): 371–389.
3149:
3123:
3071:
3055:
3007:
2981:
2962:(8): 673–684.
2939:
2904:
2856:
2805:
2794:(3): 137–144.
2774:
2755:(5): 525–534.
2735:
2717:
2706:(2): 137–153.
2687:
2668:(4): 594–602.
2648:
2644:In preparation
2642:Koehn, J. D.,
2631:
2589:
2578:(2): 215–225.
2557:
2530:(8): 883–897.
2514:
2495:(4): 393–407.
2470:
2463:
2442:
2394:
2352:
2314:
2278:
2242:
2215:
2196:(4): 510–520.
2176:
2145:
2119:
2071:
2056:
2030:
1995:
1967:2 ed., vol 1.
1956:
1926:
1896:
1870:
1857:
1823:
1763:
1725:
1696:
1689:
1646:
1639:
1606:
1599:
1572:
1511:
1493:
1482:(9): 980–991.
1472:Maccullochella
1459:
1452:
1425:
1405:
1359:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1287:Molonglo River
1267:
1264:
1247:
1244:
1211:
1208:
1155:
1152:
1110:
1107:
1071:
1068:
1058:
1055:
1032:
1029:
1000:
997:
974:
971:
969:
966:
911:
908:
865:
862:
860:
857:
773:
770:
674:
671:
656:
653:
596:
593:
546:
543:
539:Brisbane River
535:Richmond River
519:Clarence River
466:
463:
457:
454:
421:
418:
372:Mary River cod
360:Major Mitchell
333:Mary River cod
313:Murray-Darling
287:Percichthyidae
285:in the family
282:Maccullochella
261:
260:
259:
258:
250:
245:Acerina peelii
239:
238:
232:
231:
227:T. L. Mitchell
224:
213:
212:
206:
205:
201:M. peelii
198:
196:
192:
191:
188:Maccullochella
184:
180:
179:
177:Percichthyidae
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
157:Actinopterygii
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
106:
105:
87:
84:
83:
65:
62:
61:
56:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4181:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3731:0-522-85246-7
3728:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3509:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3268:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3234:
3233:
3229:(June 2006).
3228:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3209:0-7306-6797-9
3205:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3008:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2606:Hydrobiologia
2603:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2464:0-7306-0590-6
2460:
2456:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2066:The Codfather
2060:
2057:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:blue nose cod
1973:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1710:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1690:0-7301-0462-1
1686:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1640:0-7307-5486-3
1636:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
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1336:— Murray Cod"
1335:
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1313:
1311:
1307:
1306:rainbow trout
1303:
1298:
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1206:infestation.
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880:Register News
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833:in the wild.
832:
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96:
95:Least Concern
85:
79:
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54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
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3648:the original
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3259:28 September
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2365:Gadus morhua
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2132:
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2059:
2049:28 September
2047:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2017:the original
2012:
2009:"Fish Names"
1991:black basses
1983:
1979:
1964:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1943:the original
1938:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1890:
1865:
1860:
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1842:
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1807:the original
1797:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1716:. Retrieved
1680:
1630:
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1565:28 September
1563:. Retrieved
1559:the original
1554:
1551:"Murray cod"
1505:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1442:
1396:. Retrieved
1382:
1376:
1370:
1362:
1350:. Retrieved
1339:
1333:
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1272:
1269:
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1249:
1220:
1213:
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1183:
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1161:Chilodonella
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844:
835:
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819:
803:
799:
791:
787:Lake Mulwala
783:
772:Reproduction
683:silver perch
679:golden perch
676:
658:
613:
601:Murray River
598:
589:M. mariensis
588:
584:
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555:
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408:, which are
399:
388:
383:
380:M. mariensis
379:
367:
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348:
344:
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337:Murray perch
336:
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187:
36:
4020:iNaturalist
3719:Unaipon, D.
3163:Aquaculture
2612:: 449–461.
2421:: 235–256.
1718:16 December
1398:19 November
1283:Lake George
1266:Aquaculture
1170:Saprolegnia
1047:leaf litter
1038:leaf litter
979:overfishing
973:Overfishing
946:, it is an
810:photoperiod
804:Murray cod
715:crustaceans
627:, dams and
621:overfishing
575:, the name
420:Description
414:aquaculture
402:carnivorous
167:Perciformes
42:Murray cod
4133:Categories
3875:Murray cod
3869:Murray Cod
2956:BioScience
2327:BioScience
2311:: 163–180.
2275:: 147–162.
2013:Basin Kids
1760:: 201–213.
1316:References
1291:Yarralumla
1252:Aboriginal
1127:parasite (
1084:substrates
1078:", mainly
1006:irrigation
926:under the
852:irrigation
735:cormorants
687:bony bream
616:substrates
562:where the
531:Queensland
527:Mary River
500:speciation
441:dorsal fin
439:The spiny
376:subspecies
364:Peel River
305:vertebrate
295:vernacular
267:Murray cod
73:Vulnerable
18:Murray Cod
3657:3 October
3508:bidyanus)
3487:230643061
3142:23 August
3118:0006-3207
3048:4 October
2682:0906-6691
2235:2 October
2107:247078783
2091:: 38–73.
2023:2 October
1850:3 October
1816:4 October
1352:23 August
1279:billabong
1217:trout cod
1099:siltation
1025:ecosystem
876:The Argus
625:siltation
581:M. peelii
496:trout cod
491:trout cod
384:M. peelii
325:greenfish
307:wildlife—
195:Species:
133:Kingdom:
127:Eukaryota
4038:10144300
3994:FishBase
3944:BioLib:
3904:Wikidata
3847:FishBase
3812:7 August
3784:7 August
3756:1 August
3751:GoodFish
3706:27812407
3599:28800550
3437:84135006
3136:ABC News
2934:38777514
2851:33354425
2626:32045501
2552:26620366
2509:23107553
1923:: 62–64.
1346:Archived
1302:fishmeal
1236:Tocumwal
1165:protozoa
1103:riparian
1090:growth,
944:Victoria
928:EPBC Act
759:demersal
717:such as
707:goldfish
662:spawning
564:holotype
545:Taxonomy
450:habitats
236:Synonyms
173:Family:
147:Chordata
143:Phylum:
137:Animalia
123:Domain:
100:IUCN 3.1
78:EPBC Act
4012:2380484
3721:(2001)
3697:5088581
3591:2067042
3417:Bibcode
3317:Bibcode
3282:Bibcode
3171:Bibcode
3096:Bibcode
3000:11 July
2976:3731197
2879:Bibcode
2842:7733648
2757:Bibcode
2532:Bibcode
2423:Bibcode
2377:Bibcode
2347:1312628
2198:Bibcode
1980:Gristes
1204:Lernaea
1200:Lernaea
1196:Lernaea
1188:copepod
1184:Lernaea
1147:Lernaea
1124:Lernaea
1119:biomass
1088:biofilm
968:Threats
864:History
766:pelagic
719:yabbies
666:La Niña
633:arsenic
585:M. ikei
569:species
517:of the
483:lowland
434:grouper
410:spawned
311:in the
293:in the
229:, 1838)
183:Genus:
163:Order:
153:Class:
98: (
76: (
4116:991273
4090:538656
4077:135761
4051:641894
4025:104980
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1949:1 July
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1115:faunas
1061:Dams,
910:Status
871:Echuca
753:, and
747:snakes
725:, and
709:, and
697:, and
637:mining
487:upland
475:upland
329:goodoo
4111:WoRMS
4103:66633
4098:SPRAT
4064:12576
4033:IRMNG
3999:10311
3973:3WXQJ
3960:11144
3678:PeerJ
3651:(PDF)
3644:(PDF)
3595:S2CID
3483:S2CID
3433:S2CID
3253:(PDF)
3236:(PDF)
3042:(PDF)
3035:(PDF)
2972:S2CID
2930:S2CID
2895:S2CID
2823:PeerJ
2622:S2CID
2548:S2CID
2505:S2CID
2343:JSTOR
2138:9 May
2112:3 May
2103:S2CID
1810:(PDF)
1803:(PDF)
1712:(PDF)
1256:myths
1076:snags
1063:weirs
806:spawn
755:frogs
731:ducks
645:trout
641:trout
629:weirs
595:Range
345:pondi
341:ponde
300:Gadus
4072:NCBI
4059:IUCN
4046:ITIS
4007:GBIF
3955:BOLD
3814:2017
3786:2017
3758:2021
3727:ISBN
3702:PMID
3659:2007
3587:PMID
3261:2007
3240:ISBN
3204:ISBN
3144:2023
3114:ISSN
3050:2007
3002:2011
2847:PMID
2678:ISSN
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2237:2007
2140:2022
2114:2022
2051:2007
2025:2007
1974:and
1951:2008
1852:2007
1818:2007
1720:2018
1685:ISBN
1635:ISBN
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1567:2007
1448:ISBN
1400:2021
1383:2019
1354:2023
1308:and
1192:carp
942:and
839:carp
794:eggs
751:mice
703:carp
673:Diet
456:Size
406:eggs
347:and
277:fish
265:The
3981:EoL
3968:CoL
3919:AFD
3845:in
3692:PMC
3682:doi
3622:doi
3577:doi
3546:doi
3473:doi
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3313:401
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3104:doi
3092:279
2964:doi
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