Waqf - Knowledge (XXG)

3145: 1116: 2051: 2602: 3285:(devoted to a charitable purpose from its inception). Another difference was the English vesting of "legal estate" over the trust property in the trustee, though the "trustee was still bound to administer that property for the benefit of the beneficiaries." In this sense, the "role of the English trustee therefore does not differ significantly from that of the 2448: 70: 3114:. Instead, Islamic west African societies placed a much greater emphasis on non-permanent acts of charity. According to expert Illife, this can be explained by West Africa's tradition of "personal largesse." The imam would make himself the collector and distributor of charity, thus building his personal prestige. 3017:

The Zanzibari Revolution which followed a year after independence in 1963 installed a new government under the helm of the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP). An important part of the revolution was the prosecution of the Zanzibari elite of Arabic descent. This left a significant portion of land, much of which

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can be individuals and public utilities. The founder can specify which persons are eligible for benefits (such as the founder's family, the entire community, only the poor, travelers). Public utilities such as mosques, schools, bridges, graveyards, and drinking fountains can be the beneficiaries of a

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to provide public housing to slaves and peasants as well mosques, madrasahs and land for free habitation and cultivation. For instance, all 66 mosques in Stone Town were waqf privately financed and owned by noble waqif as a display of social status and duty to their neighborhood. Under this system,

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and asked him to advise him about it. Muhammad said, 'If you like, make the property inalienable and give the profit from it to charity.' It goes on to say that Umar gave it away as alms, that the land itself would not be sold, inherited, or donated. He gave it away for the poor, the relatives, the

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practices. What was initially intended as a charitable practice that would provide social services was replaced by a focus on profit over public welfare. This ruptured the social and political relations that were formed between the upper and lower classes during Omani rule as the underlying values

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are destroyed or damaged. Scholars interpret this as the case where goods are no longer used in the manner intended by the founder. The remains of the goods are to revert to the founder or their heirs. Other scholars, however, hold that all possibilities must be examined to see if the goods of the

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was practiced by the aristocratic class as an outward demonstration of Islamic piety while simultaneously serving as a means to control slaves and the local population through social housing, educational facilities and religious institutions like mosques. When an economic recession threatened the

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properties into the colonial bureaucracy. The Waqf Property Decree which formed the Waqf Commission in 1905 was composed of a majority of British officials and a minority of Islamic authorities to represent the Sultanate who maintained a degree of influence over the island. This shift marked the

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as a political institution, it was used to culturally subvert the local population and gradually rid it off its Arabic origins. This persisted after independence when the newly independent state sought to further eliminate Arabic influence by nationalizing all waqf properties as a means to gain

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calls the 'dis-Islamization' and 'de-Arabization' of Swahili culture by British colonialism, a strategy used to rid the territory of Omani influence. While Mazrui speaks of this in the context of the Swahili language, it can also be seen by the way in which the British deviated from the Islamic

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The administrator, like other persons of responsibility under Islamic law, must have the capacity to act and contract. In addition, trustworthiness and administrative skills are required. Some scholars require that the administrator of this Islamic religious institution be a Muslim, though the

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According to Bowen, when practicing Islam, Muslims "engage in a dialogue between potentially conflicting cultural orders: the universalistic imperatives of Islam (as locally understood) and the values embedded in a particular society". While Bowen analyzes how Islamic rituals are practiced in

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From the more peculiar examples of healthcare-related waqfs, in the city of Tripoli, a man had set up a waqf which employed two people who would "walk through the hospitals every day and speak quietly to one another in the patients' hearing, remarking on their improvement and good colour".

2872:) for the benefit of their kith and kin and for any purpose recognised by Muslim law as pious, religious or charitable. After the enactment Wakf Act 1954, the Union government directed to all the states governments to implement the Act for administering the wakf institutions like mosques, 2184:

The waqif (the one establishing the waqf) should not include any conditions that are contrary to the essential conditions, like a condition that allows them to sell or gift the endowed property whenever they wish, or a condition that grants them personal choice or discretion over

3296:, during the 12th and 13th centuries. The Court of Chancery, under the principles of equity, enforced the rights of absentee Crusaders who had made temporary assignments of their lands to caretakers. It has been speculated that this development may have been influenced by the 5154:′′Inventory of Ottoman Turkish documents about waqf preserved in the Oriental Department at the St. St. Cyril and Methodius National Library. Part 1- Registers′′, by Evgeni Radushev, Svetlana Ivanova, Rumen Kovachev, Rossitsa Gradeva, Vera Mutafchieva. Sofia, IMIR, 2003. 4669: 4603: 4537: 3156:(soup-kitchen), and contain a detailed explanation as to how expenditures will be made to take care of the endowment's operations, such as the care and cleaning of the buildings, the salaries of the people who worked in them, and so forth. AD 1556-1557 (AH 964). 2982:

became a means to legally safeguard properties under conditions of debt. In donating assets to the public, the aristocracy managed to preserve their wealth while providing land, financial support and community spaces such as mosques to the general public.

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The waqf should be of a virtuous and moral nature, reflecting what is ethical and righteous, and it should not support or be associated with corrupt or unethical activities. It should be established with the intention of promoting goodness and benefiting

3714:

Hassan (1984) as cited in HS Nahar and H Yaacob, 2011, Accountability in the Sacred Context: The case of management, accounting and reporting of a Malaysian cash awqaf institution, Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.

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practices overtime. Under Omani rule slavery and the cash crop industry was booming, specifically because of the exportation of spices, which strengthened the elite class of the Omani aristocracy. In the context of growing inequality, the nobility used

1619:

state land (or property) from which the state revenues are assured to pious foundations. It allows the state to provide social services in accordance with Islamic law while contributing to the preservation of cultural and historical sites. Although the

2268:). These objects should not already be in the public domain: public property cannot be used to establish a waqf. The founder cannot also have pledged the property previously to someone else. These conditions are generally true for contracts in Islam. 3070:

as a source of charity and thereby public welfare while doubling as a tool of domination used by the ruling class to maintain the dependence of the lower classes. While the former was somewhat preserved as a scripture-based normative foundation of

2173:

The waqf must be established by someone who is legally capable of disposing of their property, which means they must be an adult of sound mind and a responsible person. It cannot be done by a minor, an insane person, or someone lacking legal

2224:), over 2,300 of them were registered to institutions that belonged to women. Of the 491 public fountains in Istanbul that were constructed during the Ottoman period and survived until the 1930s, nearly 30% of them were registered under 2977:

The East African archipelago underwent an economic recession from 1860 to 1880 that threatened the private property of the elite class. In a time when landowners were forced to sell or mortgage their properties to foreign investors,

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as an Islamic scriptural imperative to a local and centralized institutional practice legitimated by the royal family. From this point onward, the urban development of the port city of the East African archipelago was shaped by

2351:, where the founder designates their relatives as beneficiaries. There can also be multiple beneficiaries. For example, the founder may stipulate that half the proceeds go to their family, while the other half goes to the poor. 2192:

The property being endowed in the waqf should either be owned by the waqif (the person establishing the waqf) or acquired with the waqif's own funds. It should not involve borrowed money or property that the waqif does not own

2421:

The declaration of founding is usually a written document, accompanied by a verbal declaration, though neither are required by most scholars. Whatever the declaration, most scholars (those of the Hanafi, Shafi'i, some of the

1999:(3:92): "You will never achieve righteousness until you donate some of what you cherish. And whatever you give is certainly well known to Allah." Their formal conception in Islamic society has been derived from a number of 3062:

context, this logic can arguably be applied to how the history of waqf in Zanzibar is shaped by "local cultural concerns and to universalistic scriptural imperatives". In fact, this conflict is evident in the way in which

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themselves are an example of an 'immovable' asset which refers to land or structures open for public use. An important function of the latter is also to provide shelter and community spaces to the poor, also known as the

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hospitals multiplied throughout Islamic lands. By the 11th century, many Islamic cities had several hospitals. The waqf trust institutions funded the hospitals for various expenses, including the wages of doctors,

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into the state apparatus, a move which allowed the English to directly control the preservation and maintenance of publicly used assets as well as the surplus revenues generated from them. It was also part of what

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to maintain ownership of their properties to avoid selling or mortgaging their land thereby altering the economic function of the practice. After the British gained control of Zanzibar and further formalized

2930:, had cemented his control over Zanzibar and the East African coastline. Until this point, archeological evidence has unearthed several old mosques along the Swahili Coast which are believed to be informal 2698:

charitable complex was founded by the wife of Suleyman the Magnificent and serviced 26 villages; the institution also included shops, a bazaar, two soap plants, 11 flour mills and two bathhouses located in

2039:, the travelers, and the guests. It will not be held against him who administers it if he consumes some of its yield in an appropriate manner or feeds a friend who does not enrich himself by means of it." 1477: 2177:

The person establishing the waqf (the waqif) must designate a specific beneficiary or recipient for the waqf, such as a mosque, a specific individual, or an institution. It cannot be left in his or her

3523:

Hisham Yaacob, 2006, Waqf Accounting in Malaysian State Islamic Religious Institutions: The Case of Federal Territory SIRC, unpublished Master dissertation, International Islamic University Malaysia.

3880: 5186:, Muslim Philanthropy Digital Library, an open-source Library managed by the research program at the John D. Gerhart Center for Philanthropy and Civic Engagement at the American University in Cairo 2561:, or religious judge, if its formation includes committing acts otherwise illegal in Islam, or it does not satisfy the conditions of validity, or if it is against the notion of philanthropy. Since 2370:

may exist for some time without beneficiaries, and the proceeds accumulated are given to beneficiaries once they come into existence. An example of a non-existent beneficiary is an unborn child.

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property can fall into one of two categories: movable or immovable. A 'movable' asset includes money or shares which are used to finance educational, religious or cultural institutions such as

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during their lifetime. In some cases, however, the number of beneficiaries is quite limited. Thus, there is no need for an administrator, and the beneficiaries themselves can take care of the

2658:, with no written date but considered to be from the mid-9th century. The next oldest document is a marble tablet whose inscription bears the Islamic date equivalent to 913 CE and states the 5648: 5626: 3540:

Peters, R., Abouseif, Doris Behrens, Powers, D.S., Carmona, A., Layish, A., Lambton, Ann K.S., Deguilhem, Randi, McChesney, R.D., Kozlowski, G.C., M.B. Hooker; et al. (2012).

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institutions were not popular in all parts of the Muslim world. In West Africa, very few examples of the institution can be found, and were usually limited to the area around

5631: 2426:

and the Imami Shi'a schools) hold that it is not binding and irrevocable until actually delivered to the beneficiaries or put to their use. Once in their use, however, the

5167:′′Agrarian Relations in the Ottoman Empire in the 15th and 16th Centuries′′, by Vera P. Mutafchieva. New York, Columbia Univ. Press (East European monographs; CCLI) 1988. 2265: 3655: 5653: 3559: 1463: 5455: 4236: 3677: 2715:. For several centuries, the income generated by these businesses contributed in the maintenance of a mosque, a soup kitchen, and two traveler and pilgrim inns. 5093: 4866: 1000: 4817: 3144: 5786: 2964:

the architectural configuration of Stone Town was entirely managed by the Sultanate and its network of nobility. This effectively allowed elites to practice

4842: 2042:

In another hadith, Muhammad said, "When a man dies, only three deeds will survive him: continuing alms, profitable knowledge, and a child praying for him."

5668: 3878: 2221: 2755:), is a pond called Birkat Ḥabash together with its surrounding orchards, whose revenue was to be used to operate a hydraulic complex and feed the poor. 4813:

Yitzhak Reiter (2007) '"All of Palestine is holy Muslim Waqf Land": A myth and its roots'. in Law, Custom and Statute in the Muslim World, pp. 173-197.

3022:, to be nationalised by the newly independent state as part of their socialist development programme. The revolution highlights a crucial turn point in 1831:

property, it is legally conceived as the property of Allah (swt) and must be used to "fulfill public of family needs" as a charitable social service. A

5658: 5460: 5284: 3578: 2630:(deed) documents are from the 9th century, while a third one dates from the early 10th century, all three within the Abbasid Period. The oldest dated 1819:

literally means 'confinement and prohibition', or causing a thing to stop or stand still. According to Islamic law, once an asset has been donated as

5680: 3192:; hospital equipment such as beds, mattresses, bowls and perfumes; and repairs to buildings. The waqf trusts also funded medical schools, and their 2546:

can be used at all, exhausting all methods of exploitation before termination. Thus, land, according to such jurists, can never become extinguished.

2055: 5636: 5596: 4292: 891: 3686: 2181:

The waqf should not be subject to any conditions, hanging or temporary clauses, or be contingent on certain events, like the option to revoke it.

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Documents listing endowments (waqfiyyas) often include the name of the endower, the listed property or fiscal unit, the endowed fraction (in 24-

5663: 3075:

institutions, the nature and dynamics of the latter was contingent on the nature and dynamics of regime changes in Zanzibar. Under Omani rule,

2902:. In turn the State Wakf Boards work towards management, regulation and protect the Wakf properties by constituting District Wakf Committees, 5675: 5618: 5107: 5083: 5038: 5023: 4875: 4652: 4586: 4520: 4493: 3117:

According to Hamas, all of historic Palestine is an Islamic waqf. This belief, a relatively recent one, forms part of the group's mythology.

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assets led to the loss and destruction of many properties because of a lack of funding because the state did not have the means to preserve

2059: 5184: 5151:′′Le vakif – un aspect de la structure socio-économique de l'Empire Оttoman (XV-e - XVIII-e s.)′′, by Vera Moutaftchieva. Sofia-Press, 1981 3697:) // Cited: p. 39 (PDF p. 41/338) // "but the termis widely used in the legal literature at that time. The same applies to the term "fonds 3354: 3936: 4252: 3469: 3429:"Sustainable Architectural Conservation according to Traditions of Islamic waqf : the World Heritage–listed Stone Town of Zanzibar" 2058:. This document concerns the endowment of properties in Anatolia and Rumelia, from which revenues were used to meet the expenses of the 4273: 4032:

Aydın, M. A. "Osmanlı Toplumunda Kadın ve Tanzimat Sonrası Gelişmeler" (Women in Ottoman Society the Developments after the Tanzimat),

5776: 3157: 1421: 299: 2951:

property made available for free habitation or cemeteries by noblemen, approximately 6.4% of which was public housing for the poor.

1630:

and presented elements similar to practices from pre-Islamic cultures, it seems that the specific full-fledged Islamic legal form of

5354: 5159: 5145: 4187: 4162: 864: 4203: 1115: 5601: 5541: 5440: 5033: 3381: 449: 5569: 3173: 2637: 4864:

Micheau, Francoise (1996). "The Scientific Institutions in the Medieval Near East". In Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (eds.).

4071:"Mamluk and Ottoman Endowment Deeds as a Source for Geographical-Historical Research: The Waqfiyya of Haseki Sultan (1552 CE)" 5172: 5131: 4900: 3846: 3639: 3334: 3329: 1103: 1087: 1021: 546: 47: 4048:"Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)" 5435: 5277: 5756: 5696: 5372: 4280: 3765: 3483: 2938:

can be traced back to 1820 when Sultan Said moved the Omani Sultanate to Stone Town, Zanzibar. This marked a shift from

753: 708: 335: 3541: 1799:; the word, also present in such French works, was used during the time of the Ottoman Empire, and is from the Turkish 5641: 5591: 5574: 5531: 5526: 5430: 5382: 4313: 2899: 2373:

The beneficiaries must not be at war with the Muslims. Scholars stress that non-Muslim citizens of the Islamic state (

821: 3405: 2898:, and various religious and charitable institutions. A statutory body under Government of India, which also oversees 2469:

has a range of beneficiaries. Thus, the founder makes arrangements beforehand by appointing an administrator (called

3764:

Baqutayan, Shadiya Mohamed S.; Ariffin, Aini Suzana; Mohsin, Magda Ismail A.; Mahdzir, Akbariah Mohd (1 July 2018).

3482:

Baqutayan, Shadiya Mohamed S.; Ariffin, Aini Suzana; Mohsin, Magda Ismail A.; Mahdzir, Akbariah Mohd (1 July 2018).

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with some restrictions. Some jurists have argued that even gold and silver (or other currency) can be designated as

5474: 5329: 4814: 4670:"The Contribution of Islamic Waqf to Managing the Conservation of Buildings in the Historic Stone Town of Zanzibar" 4604:"The Contribution of Islamic Waqf to Managing the Conservation of Buildings in the Historic Stone Town of Zanzibar" 4538:"The Contribution of Islamic Waqf to Managing the Conservation of Buildings in the Historic Stone Town of Zanzibar" 3587: 3553: 264: 5034:"The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England: The Case of Merton College" 4834: 4755: 4154: 3370: 3277:

to charitable purposes when its specific object has ceased to exist", though this difference only applied to the

2358:

They must be identifiable. At least some of the beneficiaries must also exist at the time of the founding of the

2214:

were women, with their establishments having a crucial impact on their communities' economic life. Out of 30,000

1572: 1052: 354: 5257: 5010:

Arjomand, Said Amir; Feierman, Steven; Ilchman, Warren Frederick; Katz, Stanley Nider; Queen, Edward L. (1998),

5564: 5270: 5015: 3694: 3621: 3250:

appropriated, for the benefit of specific individuals, or for a general charitable purpose; the corpus becomes

2895: 896: 730: 2283:, according to most Islamic jurists. The Hanafis, however, also allow most movable goods to be dedicated to a 1341: 2523:

is intended to be perpetual and last forever. Nevertheless, Islamic law envisages conditions under which the

2489:) and lays down the rules for appointing successive administrators. The founder may choose to administer the 5791: 5761: 4306: 3152:. The deed mentioned the buildings known from later sources as the Haseki Hürrem Sultan Mosque, Madrasa and 2063: 1396: 1336: 478: 5445: 3319: 3125: 2994:

or gain administrative control over them. A series of decrees were subsequently issues to incorporate all

1907:

refers to corpus and literally means 'real estates,' implying revenue-generating sources such as markets (

902: 879: 527: 454: 5216: 5204: 5192: 2734: 1441: 5771: 4006: 3915: 3895: 3129: 3034:

was further cemented as a political institution regulated by a centralized state while being managed by

3026:

institutions in Zanzibar, namely the 'public' ownership of these assets that disposed of the need for a

2786: 2695: 2990:

property. In order to establish control, the British realised that they would either have to privatise

3683: 2910:(2006) there are about 500,000 registered Wakfs with 600,000 acres (2,400 km) land in India, and 2318:

elements. Endowment deeds most often include the conditions of the endowment and its administration.

2050: 1977:

The endowment should legally be removed from commodification, such that it is no longer on the market.

1974:, and its subsequent maintainers, should sequester the principal and allocate the proceeds to charity. 1356: 5781: 5536: 5387: 5314: 3313: 3153: 2764: 1789:

In older English-language law-related works in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, the word used for

991: 986: 969: 1351: 1346: 1205: 1165: 5482: 5319: 4512:

Pastimes and Politics: Culture, Community, and Identity in Post-Abolition Urban Zanzibar, 1890–1945

4485:

Pastimes and Politics: Culture, Community, and Identity in Post-Abolition Urban Zanzibar, 1890–1945

3877:

Khan, 2020, "Reviving the Waqf Tradition: Moral Imagination and the Structural Causes of Poverty",

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or the rights of the heirs; and continuity is secured by the successive appointment of trustees or

2665: 1631: 1606: 1576: 1255: 1240: 564: 513: 3428: 1376: 1285: 1265: 1260: 35: 5556: 5450: 5334: 5063: 5055: 4736: 4230: 4117: 3671: 3611: 3603: 3364: 3339: 3251: 3217: 2704: 2582:

would expire whenever its termination conditions are fulfilled (e.g., the last beneficiary). The

1200: 1150: 1080: 725: 506: 467: 271: 3258:

for life in favor of successive beneficiaries can be created" and "without regard to the law of

2794: 1270: 1250: 1175: 1135: 5397: 5392: 5364: 5168: 5155: 5141: 5127: 5103: 5079: 5019: 4896: 4871: 4775: 4728: 4689: 4648: 4623: 4582: 4557: 4516: 4489: 4464: 4444: 4425: 4405: 4386: 4366: 4347: 4327: 4183: 4158: 4109: 3827: 3807: 3788: 3746: 3726: 3506: 3448: 3375: 3066:

has historically served a dual purpose in Zanzibar; to satisfy the inalienable Islamic law of

2730: 1406: 744: 485: 406: 344: 242: 221: 4148: 3472:), chapter 8, section 1, British Mandate Government of Palestine: Jerusalem 1946, pp. 226–228 3196:

covered various expenses such as their maintenance and the payment of teachers and students.

1431: 5499: 5422: 5047: 4767: 4720: 4681: 4615: 4549: 4456: 4417: 4378: 4339: 4270: 4101: 3994: 3819: 3780: 3738: 3595: 3498: 3440: 3324: 3121: 2907: 2782: 2636:

goes back to 876 CE and concerns a multi-volume edition of the Qur'an currently held by the

2311: 1685: 1601:('trustee') to manage the property in exchange for a share of the revenues it generates. In 1588: 1366: 1295: 1235: 1195: 411: 285: 2345:

into "charitable causes," where the beneficiaries are the public or the poor, and "family"

5766: 5733: 5349: 5293: 5220: 5208: 5196: 4821: 4756:"on scriptural essentialism and ritual variation: Muslim sacrifice in Sumatra and Morocco" 4709:"On Scriptural Essentialism and Ritual Variation: Muslim Sacrifice in Sumatra and Morocco" 4310: 4277: 4259: 4144: 4019: 3993:"Religious Practices: Zakāt (Almsgiving) and Other Charitable Practices: Ottoman Empire". 3919: 3899: 3884: 3690: 3185: 2927: 2906:

Wakf Committees and Committees for the individual Wakf Institutions. As per the report of

2804: 2752: 2751:, founded by financial official Abū Bakr Muḥammad bin Ali al-Madhara'i in 919 (during the 2589: 2303: 1665: 1508: 1499: 1063: 613: 371: 4804:, Why Terrorism Does Not Work, International Security, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Fall 2006), pg. 74 3998: 3046:

families. While this may appear to be an act of good fortune, the nationalisation of all

2392:

There is dispute over whether the founder themselves can reserve exclusive rights to use

1130: 392: 4207: 2723:

The earliest pious foundations in Egypt were charitable gifts, and not in the form of a

5728: 5586: 5344: 5324: 3111: 2689: 2567:

is an Islamic institution, it becomes void if the founder converts to another religion.

2457: 2441: 1741: 1245: 1230: 1210: 1107: 385: 216: 31: 3574:"The Ottoman Constitution, Promulgated the 7th Zilbridje, 1293 (11/23 December, 1876)" 5750: 5546: 5339: 5124:

Waqf in Central Asia: four hundred years in the history of a Muslim shrine, 1480–1889

5067: 3615: 3149: 2700: 1426: 1416: 1280: 1275: 1225: 1155: 1073: 135: 3591: 2472: 2109:

in Arabic) must be capable of entering into a contract. For this, the founder must:

1931:, in its narrow sense, is the institution(s) providing services as committed in the 5718: 3544:. In P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs (ed.). 3359: 3255: 2810:

As per the Wakf Act 1954 (later Wakf Act 1995) enacted by the government of India,

2299: 702: 693: 670: 622: 499: 378: 320: 4771: 4724: 2797:(highest ecclesiastical officer of the Empire). In the coming years, several more 2407:

The Ḥanafīs hold that the list of beneficiaries includes a perpetual element; the

1411: 4642: 4576: 4510: 4483: 4445:""Fantastic Charities": The Transformation of Waqf Practice in Colonial Zanzibar" 4406:""Fantastic Charities": The Transformation of Waqf Practice in Colonial Zanzibar" 4367:""Fantastic Charities": The Transformation of Waqf Practice in Colonial Zanzibar" 4328:""Fantastic Charities": The Transformation of Waqf Practice in Colonial Zanzibar" 3444: 5412: 5301: 4815:

https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789047411307/Bej.9789004154537.i-263_010.xml

4801: 3847:"The legacy of vakıf institutions and the management of social policy in Turkey" 3651: 3301: 3259: 3133: 2986:

When Zanzibar became a British protectorate in 1890, almost half the island was

2740: 1602: 1386: 1326: 1220: 1215: 1170: 811: 170: 5189: 1587:

religious or charitable purposes with no intention of reclaiming the assets. A

4685: 4619: 4553: 3181: 3168: 3005: 2926:

in East Africa, the practice began to formalize in the 17th Century after the

2877: 2601: 1583:. It typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for 1290: 440: 4779: 4732: 4693: 4627: 4561: 4468: 4460: 4429: 4421: 4390: 4382: 4351: 4343: 4113: 4105: 3831: 3823: 3792: 3750: 3742: 3510: 3452: 1980:

Its sole purpose must be charitable, and the beneficiary group must be named.

1591:

may hold the donated assets. The person making such dedication is known as a

5606: 5309: 5099: 4150:

The Art of the Qur'an: Treasures from the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts

4070: 4047: 3625: 3573: 3344: 3221: 3189: 3164: 2664:

status of an inn, but is in itself not the original deed; it is held at the

2315: 1381: 1305: 1042: 279: 3784: 3502: 3107: 2277:

is generally immovable, such as an estate. All movable goods can also form

1436: 1145: 306: 3401: 3220:

from the 7th to 9th centuries, bears a notable resemblance to the English

2256:

must be objects of a valid contract. The objects should not themselves be

5162: 3293: 3247: 3103: 2669: 2641: 2138:

is an Islamic institution, being a Muslim is not required to establish a

2031: 1996: 1616: 1567: 1446: 1401: 1391: 1190: 1180: 980: 937: 839: 151: 17: 4121: 4089: 2974:

while doubling as a means to secure control over the local population.

5701: 5519: 5514: 5059: 3607: 3468:(Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the 3193: 3177: 3167:

foundations were firmly established by the 10th century, the number of

2860: 2712: 2423: 2027: 2000: 1371: 1361: 1300: 1185: 958: 846: 794: 591: 292: 144: 89: 5190:

Islamic Law of waqf according to Five Islamic schools of jurisprudence

4740: 4708: 2615:

The practices attributed to Muhammad have promoted the institution of

2447: 1895:, means 'goodnesses' and refers to the motivational factor behind the 5723: 5711: 5706: 5470: 5377: 5258:

Huge properties, little earnings: What ails the Waqf Boards in India?

3213: 2903: 2889: 2873: 2790: 2708: 2680:

The total number of registered endowments in Saudi Arabia is 33,229.

2651: 2506: 2147: 2120: 2074: 2004: 1737: 1627: 1584: 1580: 1331: 944: 719: 712: 569: 492: 313: 124: 79: 5051: 3599: 5237: 5579: 5509: 5492: 5262: 3349: 3143: 2966: 2846: 2655: 2600: 2570:

According to the Mālikī school of thought, the termination of the

2446: 2307: 2261: 2257: 2114: 2049: 2036: 1310: 1160: 1140: 1036: 1029: 951: 930: 923: 909: 853: 787: 780: 773: 761: 659: 648: 602: 558: 433: 424: 417: 237: 230: 211: 190: 117: 110: 98: 69: 5225: 4578:

Swahili Beyond the Boundaries: Literature, Language, and Identity

4303: 4036:(The Woman in Social Life), (İstanbul: Ensar Neşriyat, 1996): 144 2954:

It is important to note that economic changes in Zanzibar shaped

2077:

places several legal conditions on the process of establishing a

5504: 5487: 5407: 3238: 3038:. It allowed the poorest inhabitants of Stone Town to reside in 2023: 2013:

was composed of a grove of 600 date palms. The proceeds of this

916: 832: 631: 580: 520: 360: 199: 181: 163: 55: 5266: 3640:"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the 3620:- Translation inclosed in dispatch No. 113 in the MS. Records, 3273:

and English trust was "the express or implied reversion of the

2947:

practices. As such, the majority of greater Stone Town became

2911: 5213: 5201: 4204:"33.2 ألف وقف مسجل في السعودية .. 44 % منها أراض ومزارع" 3042:

buildings that were previously reserved for the relatives of

5231: 2934:

dating as far back as the 8th Century. The formalization of

2922:

While it is difficult to pinpoint the historical origins of

1756:, in which the founder reserves the right to dispose of the 4090:"The Classical Islamic Law of Waqf: A Concise Introduction" 3808:"The Classical Islamic Law of Waqf: A Concise Introduction" 3727:"The Classical Islamic Law of Waqf: A Concise Introduction" 3292:

Personal trust law developed in England at the time of the

2354:

Valid beneficiaries must satisfy the following conditions:

3128:

that were originally built under the waqf system, such as

1823:

it cannot be sold, transferred or given as a gift. Once a

5248: 5234:

in Gainesville, FL is also known (lovingly) as "The Waqf"

5118:

Real property, mortgage and wakf according to Ottoman law

4644:

Zanzibar, the 1964 Revolution: Achievements and Prospects

2003:. It is said that during the time of Muhammad, after the 1989:

Although there is no direct Quranic injunction regarding

5126:, by R. D. McChesney. Princeton University Press, 1991. 2164:

is subject to the same restrictions as a will in Islam.

5243: 3054:

as effectively as it were under the private control of

2022:

In one tradition, it is said that: "Ibn Umar reported,

5202:

Islamic Law According to Five schools of jurisprudence

4835:"Endowment Charter (Waqfiyya) of Haseki Hürrem Sultan" 3269:

The only significant distinction between the Islamic

2576:

may be specified in its founding declaration. As the

2388:

for a purpose in contradiction of Islamic principles.

2887: 2881: 2839: 2833: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2798: 2776: 2770: 2746: 2738: 2724: 2659: 2645: 2631: 2625: 2616: 2606: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2541: 2534: 2524: 2518: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2470: 2464: 2451: 2440:"Mutawallī" redirects here. Not to be confused with 2427: 2408: 2399: 2393: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2359: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2327: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2225: 2215: 2209: 2199: 2159: 2153: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2078: 2014: 2008: 1990: 1969: 1959: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1814: 1790: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1716: 1705: 1693: 1679: 1659: 1653: 1635: 1621: 1610: 1592: 1554: 1541: 1527: 1514: 1492: 5689: 5617: 5555: 5469: 5421: 5363: 5300: 4221:Ainud Din Mahru (1965). Shaikh Abdur Rashid (ed.). 3586:(4 (Supplement: Official Documents (Oct., 1908))). 2737:, and the mosque's expenses were then paid by the 5138:Wakf administration in India: a socio-legal study 3644:and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages" 2222:General Directorate of Pious Foundation in Ankara 4668:Khalfan, Khalfan Amour; Ogura, Nobuyuki (2012). 4602:Khalfan, Khalfan Amour; Ogura, Nobuyuki (2012). 4536:Khalfan, Khalfan Amour; Ogura, Nobuyuki (2012). 3427:Khalfan, Khalfan Amour; Ogura, Nobuyuki (2012). 2781:by Aynul Mulk ibn Mahru. According to the book, 1762:property. The person making the grant is called 5120:, by D. Gatteschi. Pub. Wyman & Sons, 1884. 3188:and all other staff, the purchase of foods and 3014:used to manage waqf were lost in translation. 2775:in India can be found in the 14th-century work 2733:is an example of this: the land was donated by 2197: 5078:(3rd ed.), London: Cavendish Publishing, 2097:is a contract; therefore, the founder (called 5278: 5095:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science 4867:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science 1932: 1896: 1800: 1471: 1081: 30:For the Jordan-appointed Jerusalem waqf, see 8: 3646:. In Christoph Herzog; Malek Sharif (eds.). 3558:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3246:and a trust, "property is reserved, and its 1727: 1721: 1710: 1699: 1673: 1560: 1547: 1534: 1520: 5226:Encyclopaedia of the Orient article on waqf 4052:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 2621:from the earliest part of Islamic history. 2158:. Finally, if a person is fatally ill, the 5285: 5271: 5263: 5214:Islamic law concerning waqf (Public Trust) 4674:International Journal of Cultural Property 4608:International Journal of Cultural Property 4575:Mazrui, Alamin M.; Mazrui, Alamin (2007). 4542:International Journal of Cultural Property 4235:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3676:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1478: 1464: 1099: 1088: 1074: 884: 749: 551: 463: 340: 84: 42: 4182:. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 141–142. 3648:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy 3579:The American Journal of International Law 3433:International Journal of Heritage Studies 2432:becomes an institution in its own right. 1641: 4994: 4968: 4955: 4942: 4929: 4916: 3773:Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 3491:Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 3242:(judge) and beneficiaries. Under both a 2793:, and, handed its administration to the 2413:must specify its beneficiaries in case. 2128:not be under interdiction for bankruptcy 2125:be capable of handling financial affairs 1964:must fulfill three primary constraints: 5163:http://veramutafchieva.net/pdf/198.pdf 5092:Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996), 4647:. TEMA Publishers Company. p. 50. 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3701:(art. 48; "pious foundations", Turkish 3393: 3281:(Islamic family trust) rather than the 1865:as a system comprising three elements: 1318: 1122: 1102: 968: 863: 820: 759: 466: 343: 197: 188: 179: 96: 87: 54: 5140:, by Khalid Rashid. Vikas Pub., 1978. 5012:Philanthropy in the World's Traditions 4981: 4515:. Ohio University Press. p. 123. 4488:. Ohio University Press. p. 121. 4228: 4015: 4004: 3705:), which did not sound exotic either." 3669: 3551: 2220:certificates documented by the GDPFA ( 1827:has verbally or in writing declared a 1774:) while the endowed assets are called 5039:University of Pennsylvania Law Review 4248: 4246: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3080:position of the elite, noblemen used 2785:dedicated two villages in favor of a 2555:can be declared null and void by the 2404:is founded, it cannot be taken back. 2306:. The boundary descriptions start in 1736:and similar terms are used mainly by 1507: 34:. For the Turkish neighbourhood, see 7: 3999:10.1163/1872-5309_ewic_ewiccom_0619b 3658:from the original on 11 October 2019 3408:from the original on 10 October 2014 3355:Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha Complex 2398:. Most scholars agree that once the 2364:. The Mālikīs, however, hold that a 5787:Mandatory Palestine in World War II 3766:"Waqf Between the Past and Present" 3484:"Waqf Between the Past and Present" 3470:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry 1722: 1711: 1700: 1674: 1669: 1640:dates from the 9th century AD (see 1561: 1548: 1535: 1521: 1503: 5238:Es Seyyid Osman Hulûsi Efendi Waqf 5032:Gaudiosi, Monica M. (April 1988), 4845:from the original on 6 August 2021 3158:Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts 2382:The beneficiaries may not use the 2379:) can definitely be beneficiaries. 2019:were meant to feed Medina's poor. 1422:Ottoman Public Debt Administration 25: 4206:. 29 October 2016. Archived from 3922:, Cairo n.d., no. 783. Quoted in 3902:, Cairo n.d., no. 784. Quoted in 2592:to the founder or to their heirs. 2339:. Modern legislation divides the 5461:Reception in early modern Europe 5456:Contributions to Medieval Europe 4870:. Routledge. pp. 999–1001. 4088:Abbasi, Muhammad Zubair (2012). 3806:Abbasi, Muhammad Zubair (2012). 3725:Abbasi, Muhammad Zubair (2012). 3382:Office of the Waqf Administrator 3148:Endowment Charter (Waqfiyya) of 3140:Funding of schools and hospitals 2208:Some of the founders of Ottoman 1114: 68: 4891:Dr. Mustafa Al Siba'ee (2004). 3163:After the Islamic waqf law and 2638:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum 597:(unlawful warfare and banditry) 5244:Kuwait Awqaf Public Foundation 3335:Islamic economics in the world 3330:Islamic economic jurisprudence 3124:, there are several places in 1925:, etc.), land, and baths; and 1: 4772:10.1525/ae.1992.19.4.02a00020 4725:10.1525/ae.1992.19.4.02a00020 4069:Marom, Roy (1 October 2023). 3090:control of private property. 2729:. The first mosque built by ' 1859:Bahaeddin Yediyıldız defines 5697:Arab Agricultural Revolution 4281:Ministry of Minority Affairs 4178:Gilbert Paul Verbit (2002). 3937:"When someone dies in Islam" 3445:10.1080/13527258.2011.607175 2914:60 billion book value. 2822:by user such as graveyards, 2302:), and a description of its 2198:Women's contribution to the 1607:British Mandate of Palestine 27:Islamic charitable endowment 4314:Central Wakf Council, India 2928:Sultan of Oman, Sayyid Saïd 2888: 2882: 2868:is dedicated by the Donor ( 2840: 2834: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2799: 2777: 2771: 2747: 2739: 2725: 2660: 2646: 2632: 2626: 2617: 2607: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2542: 2535: 2525: 2519: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2471: 2465: 2452: 2428: 2409: 2400: 2394: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2360: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2328: 2308:Islamic direction of prayer 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2226: 2216: 2210: 2200: 2160: 2154: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2079: 2062:complex. April–March 1550. 2015: 2009: 1991: 1970: 1960: 1955:, mosques, libraries, etc. 1951: 1945: 1939: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1815: 1791: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1717: 1706: 1694: 1680: 1660: 1654: 1642:§ History and location 1636: 1626:system depended on several 1622: 1611: 1593: 1555: 1542: 1528: 1515: 1493: 5808: 4443:Oberauer, Norbert (2008). 4404:Oberauer, Norbert (2008). 4365:Oberauer, Norbert (2008). 4326:Oberauer, Norbert (2008). 3624:, dated 26 December 1876 ( 3588:Cambridge University Press 3204:Comparisons with trust law 2762: 2687: 2439: 2271:The property dedicated to 2168:Characteristics of al waqf 1995:, it can be inferred from 29: 5777:Law of the Ottoman Empire 5649:Geography and cartography 5355:Influences on Western art 4686:10.1017/S0940739112000112 4620:10.1017/S0940739112000112 4581:. Ohio University Press. 4554:10.1017/S0940739112000112 4309:18 September 2010 at the 4276:24 September 2010 at the 4225:. Lahore. pp. 37–39. 4155:Arthur M. Sackler Gallery 3916:Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar al-ʿAsḳalānī 3896:Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar al-ʿAsḳalānī 3689:20 September 2019 at the 3371:Ministry of Awqaf (Egypt) 3216:, which developed in the 2999:further formalization of 2694:In the 16th century, the 2650:is a papyrus held by the 2326:The beneficiaries of the 5219:4 September 2006 at the 5207:4 September 2006 at the 5195:4 September 2006 at the 5016:Indiana University Press 4641:Mapuri, Omar R. (1996). 4461:10.1163/156851908X366156 4422:10.1163/156851908X366156 4383:10.1163/156851908X366156 4344:10.1163/156851908X366156 4293:Community on the margins 4180:The Origins of the Trust 4106:10.1163/157302512X629124 3824:10.1163/157302512X629124 3743:10.1163/157302512X629124 3695:Martin Luther University 3622:U.S. Department of State 2230:that belonged to women. 1750:is a particular type of 1652:In Sunni jurisprudence, 1342:Evkaf-i Hümayun Nezareti 618:("spreading corruption") 5240:in Darende, in Turkiye. 4820:1 February 2021 at the 4754:Bowen, John R. (1992). 4707:Bowen, John R. (1992). 4449:Islamic Law and Society 4410:Islamic Law and Society 4371:Islamic Law and Society 4332:Islamic Law and Society 4147:; Simon Rettig (2016). 3638:Johann Strauss (2010). 3228:was required to have a 2844:(Service Inam) such as 2816:are categorized as (a) 2509:drop this requirement. 2417:Declaration of founding 1985:Origin in Islamic Texts 4253:al Wakf Council, India 4014:Cite journal requires 3982:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3924:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3904:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3883:14 August 2020 at the 3851:Administrative Culture 3845:Halil Deligöz (2014). 3785:10.2478/mjss-2018-0124 3594:–387. 1 October 1908. 3548:(2nd ed.). Brill. 3546:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3503:10.2478/mjss-2018-0124 3320:Jerusalem Islamic Waqf 3218:medieval Islamic world 3160: 3126:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2864:service etc., and (c) 2612: 2460: 2066: 2060:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque 1933: 1897: 1801: 1728: 1726:and commonly rendered 1689: 1605:, and later under the 5632:Alchemy and chemistry 4895:. IIPH. p. 217. 4893:Civilization of Faith 4792:Feierman, 1998, p. 19 4075:Horizons in Geography 3466:A Survey of Palestine 3147: 2803:were created, as the 2787:congregational mosque 2763:Further information: 2745:. The earliest known 2696:Haseki Sultan Complex 2624:The two oldest known 2604: 2450: 2314:by listing different 2238:The property (called 2053: 1968:The one endowing the 1889:, the plural form of 1839:(Islamic schools) or 1692:) is synonymous with 1597:('donor') who uses a 56:Islamic jurisprudence 4839:Discover Islamic Art 4760:American Ethnologist 4713:American Ethnologist 4509:Fair, Laura (2001). 4482:Fair, Laura (2001). 4258:22 June 2011 at the 4034:Sosyal Hayatta Kadın 3314:Central Waqf Council 3300:institutions in the 3009:values underpinning 2769:Early references to 2765:Central Waqf Council 2597:History and location 2533:If the goods of the 2064:Sadberk Hanım Museum 5757:Islamic terminology 5542:Early social change 5441:Early social change 5074:Hudson, A. (2003), 4932:, pp. 1237–40) 4210:on 17 January 2023. 4046:Marom, Roy (2023). 3122:Southeastern Europe 2735:Qaysaba bin Kulthum 2666:Eretz Israel Museum 2644:. A possibly older 2529:may be terminated: 2024:Umar Ibn Al-Khattab 1943:, public kitchens ( 1603:Ottoman Turkish law 4997:, pp. 1244–5) 4958:, pp. 1246–7) 4271:Subjects allocated 4094:Arab Law Quarterly 3812:Arab Law Quarterly 3731:Arab Law Quarterly 3654:. pp. 21–51. 3365:Haryana Waqf Board 3340:Private foundation 3161: 2613: 2461: 2250:) used to found a 2067: 2054:Endowment Deed of 1856:(beneficiaries). 709:Gender segregation 272:Islamic leadership 5744: 5743: 5712:elementary school 5330:Geometric pattern 5109:978-0-415-12410-2 5085:978-1-85941-729-4 5076:Equity and Trusts 5025:978-0-253-33392-6 4877:978-0-415-02063-3 4654:978-9987-25-011-0 4588:978-0-89680-252-0 4522:978-0-8214-1384-5 4495:978-0-8214-1384-5 4134:Sait, 2006, p.149 3941:Islamic Relief UK 3920:Bulūg̲h̲ al-Marām 3900:Bulūg̲h̲ al-Marām 3684:info page on book 3554:cite encyclopedia 3376:Ministry of Evkaf 2900:State Wakf Boards 2841:Mashrutul-khidmat 1997:Surah Al-i'-Imran 1525:), also called a 1488: 1487: 1098: 1097: 1012: 1011: 870: 869: 684: 683: 537: 536: 462: 461: 255: 254: 16:(Redirected from 5799: 5619:Medieval science 5287: 5280: 5273: 5264: 5112: 5088: 5070: 5046:(4): 1231–1261, 5028: 4998: 4991: 4985: 4978: 4972: 4965: 4959: 4952: 4946: 4939: 4933: 4926: 4920: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4831: 4825: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4323: 4317: 4301: 4295: 4290: 4284: 4268: 4262: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4234: 4226: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4043: 4037: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4017: 4012: 4010: 4002: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3933: 3927: 3913: 3907: 3893: 3887: 3875: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3770: 3761: 3755: 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1731: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1663: 1657: 1639: 1625: 1614: 1596: 1589:charitable trust 1571:property, is an 1564: 1563: 1558: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1511: 1505: 1496: 1480: 1473: 1466: 1296:Tekalif-i orfiye 1118: 1100: 1090: 1083: 1076: 1053:Prisoners of war 1048: 1006: 1001:Comparison with 885: 750: 677: 666: 655: 638: 628: 619: 609: 598: 587: 576: 552: 464: 341: 300:Wilayat al-faqih 286:Majlis-ash-Shura 85: 72: 43: 21: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5685: 5613: 5602:Early sociology 5551: 5515:decision-making 5465: 5446:Early conquests 5417: 5359: 5296: 5294:Islamic studies 5291: 5221:Wayback Machine 5209:Wayback Machine 5197:Wayback Machine 5181: 5110: 5098:, vol. 3, 5091: 5086: 5073: 5052:10.2307/3312162 5031: 5026: 5009: 5006: 5004:Further reading 5001: 4992: 4988: 4979: 4975: 4971:, p. 1247) 4966: 4962: 4953: 4949: 4945:, p. 1246) 4940: 4936: 4927: 4923: 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3600:10.2307/2212668 3572: 3571: 3567: 3550: 3539: 3538: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3486: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3464: 3460: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3310: 3206: 3142: 3096: 3030:. In this way, 2920: 2866:Wakf Alal-aulad 2805:Delhi Sultanate 2795:Shaykh al-Islām 2767: 2761: 2721: 2692: 2686: 2678: 2599: 2515: 2445: 2438: 2419: 2324: 2236: 2206: 2170: 2089: 2072: 2056:Mihrimah Sultan 2048: 1987: 1958:Generally, the 1811: 1658:, also spelled 1650: 1615:was defined as 1509:[ˈwɑqf] 1484: 1271:Resm-i mücerred 1136:Adet-i deştbani 1094: 1064:Islamic studies 1058: 1057: 1046: 1024: 1014: 1013: 999: 996: 964: 882: 872: 871: 859: 807: 747: 737: 736: 735: 696: 686: 685: 675: 664: 654:(discretionary) 653: 636: 626: 617: 614:Mofsed-e-filarz 607: 596: 585: 574: 549: 539: 538: 533: 446: 398: 366: 338: 328: 327: 326: 267: 257: 256: 251: 159: 158: 130: 82: 57: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5805: 5803: 5795: 5794: 5792:Legal entities 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5762:Islam in India 5759: 5749: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5699: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5634: 5629: 5623: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5510:use of analogy 5502: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5479: 5477: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5436:Historiography 5433: 5427: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5246: 5241: 5235: 5228: 5223: 5211: 5199: 5187: 5180: 5179:External links 5177: 5176: 5175: 5165: 5152: 5149: 5135: 5121: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5089: 5084: 5071: 5029: 5024: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4986: 4973: 4960: 4947: 4934: 4921: 4908: 4901: 4883: 4876: 4856: 4826: 4806: 4794: 4785: 4766:(4): 656–671. 4746: 4719:(4): 656–671. 4699: 4660: 4653: 4633: 4594: 4587: 4567: 4528: 4521: 4501: 4494: 4474: 4435: 4396: 4357: 4318: 4296: 4285: 4263: 4242: 4213: 4195: 4188: 4170: 4163: 4157:. p. 29. 4136: 4127: 4100:(2): 121–153. 4080: 4061: 4038: 4025: 4016:|journal= 3985: 3954: 3943:. 11 July 2023 3928: 3908: 3888: 3863: 3837: 3818:(2): 121–153. 3798: 3779:(4): 149–155. 3756: 3737:(2): 121–153. 3717: 3707: 3630: 3565: 3525: 3516: 3497:(4): 149–155. 3474: 3458: 3439:(6): 588–604. 3419: 3402:"What is Waqf" 3392: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3368: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3309: 3306: 3205: 3202: 3141: 3138: 3112:Massina Empire 3095: 3092: 2919: 2916: 2880:, graveyards, 2825:Musafir Khanas 2760: 2757: 2753:Abbasid period 2731:Amr ibn al-'As 2720: 2717: 2690:Jerusalem Waqf 2688:Main article: 2685: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2588:property then 2568: 2547: 2514: 2511: 2458:Mevlana Museum 2437: 2436:Administration 2434: 2418: 2415: 2390: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2323: 2320: 2235: 2232: 2205: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2088: 2085: 2071: 2068: 2047: 2044: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1937:deed, such as 1901:organization; 1810: 1807: 1742:Twelver Shiism 1704:, also called 1649: 1646: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1475: 1468: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1352:Hazine-i Amire 1349: 1347:Hazine-i Hassa 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1321: 1320: 1319:Implementation 1316: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1231:Resm-i arusane 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1211:Muskirat resmi 1208: 1206:Mururiye resmi 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1166:Cürm-ü cinayet 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1111: 1110: 1108:Ottoman Empire 1096: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1085: 1078: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1040: 1033: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1007: 995: 994: 989: 984: 976: 973: 972: 966: 965: 963: 962: 955: 948: 941: 934: 927: 920: 913: 906: 899: 894: 888: 883: 878: 877: 874: 873: 868: 867: 861: 860: 858: 857: 850: 843: 836: 828: 825: 824: 818: 817: 816: 815: 806: 805: 791: 784: 777: 769: 766: 765: 757: 756: 748: 743: 742: 739: 738: 734: 733: 728: 723: 716: 706: 698: 697: 692: 691: 688: 687: 682: 681: 680: 679: 676:(compensation) 668: 657: 643: 642: 641: 640: 629: 620: 611: 600: 589: 578: 567: 562: 550: 545: 544: 541: 540: 535: 534: 532: 531: 524: 517: 510: 503: 496: 489: 482: 474: 471: 470: 460: 459: 458: 457: 452: 445: 444: 437: 430: 429: 428: 421: 409: 403: 400: 399: 397: 396: 389: 382: 375: 367: 365: 364: 357: 351: 348: 347: 339: 334: 333: 330: 329: 325: 324: 317: 310: 303: 296: 289: 282: 276: 275: 274: 268: 263: 262: 259: 258: 253: 252: 250: 249: 234: 227: 219: 207: 204: 203: 195: 194: 186: 185: 177: 176: 175: 174: 167: 160: 157: 156: 148: 139: 133: 129: 128: 121: 114: 106: 103: 102: 94: 93: 83: 78: 77: 74: 73: 65: 64: 52: 51: 32:Jerusalem Waqf 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5804: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5669:ophthalmology 5667: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5505:Jurisprudence 5503: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5283: 5281: 5276: 5274: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160:954-8872-50-1 5157: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5146:0-7069-0690-X 5143: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4995:Gaudiosi 1988 4990: 4987: 4984:, p. 32) 4983: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4969:Gaudiosi 1988 4964: 4961: 4957: 4956:Gaudiosi 1988 4951: 4948: 4944: 4943:Gaudiosi 1988 4938: 4935: 4931: 4930:Gaudiosi 1988 4925: 4922: 4918: 4917:Gaudiosi 1988 4912: 4909: 4904: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4860: 4857: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4661: 4656: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4637: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4529: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4505: 4502: 4497: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4478: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4232: 4224: 4223:Insha-i Mahru 4217: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4191: 4189:9781401031534 4185: 4181: 4174: 4171: 4166: 4164:9781588345783 4160: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4021: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3718: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3643: 3642:Kanun-ı Esasi 3634: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3561: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3420: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150:Hürrem Sultan 3146: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2778:Insha-i-Mahru 2773: 2766: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2701:Ottoman Syria 2697: 2691: 2683: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2609: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2443: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2425: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2396: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2330: 2322:Beneficiaries 2321: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2212: 2202: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2136: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2121:sound of mind 2118: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2076: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1984: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1854:mawquf 'alayh 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1719: 1708: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1667: 1662: 1656: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1546: 1544: 1532: 1530: 1519: 1517: 1510: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1427:Regie Company 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1281:Rusum-e-eflak 1279: 1277: 1276:Resm-i sicill 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1266:Resm-i hınzır 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1256:Resm-i filori 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1241:Resm-i bostan 1239: 1237: 1236:Resm-i bennâk 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1156:Bedl-i askeri 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1005: 1004: 998: 997: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 982: 978: 977: 975: 974: 971: 967: 961: 960: 956: 954: 953: 949: 947: 946: 942: 940: 939: 935: 933: 932: 928: 926: 925: 921: 919: 918: 914: 912: 911: 907: 905: 904: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 889: 887: 886: 881: 876: 875: 866: 862: 856: 855: 851: 849: 848: 844: 842: 841: 837: 835: 834: 830: 829: 827: 826: 823: 819: 814: 813: 809: 808: 803: 802: 797: 796: 792: 790: 789: 785: 783: 782: 778: 776: 775: 771: 770: 768: 767: 764: 763: 758: 755: 752: 751: 746: 741: 740: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 721: 717: 714: 710: 707: 705: 704: 700: 699: 695: 690: 689: 678: 673: 669: 667: 665:(retaliation) 662: 658: 656: 651: 647: 646: 645: 644: 639: 634: 630: 624: 621: 615: 612: 610: 605: 601: 599: 594: 590: 588: 586:(illicit sex) 583: 579: 577: 572: 568: 566: 563: 561: 560: 556: 555: 554: 553: 548: 543: 542: 530: 529: 525: 523: 522: 518: 516: 515: 511: 509: 508: 504: 502: 501: 497: 495: 494: 490: 488: 487: 483: 481: 480: 476: 475: 473: 472: 469: 465: 456: 455:Breastfeeding 453: 451: 448: 447: 443: 442: 438: 436: 435: 431: 427: 426: 422: 420: 419: 415: 414: 413: 410: 408: 405: 404: 402: 401: 395: 394: 390: 388: 387: 383: 381: 380: 376: 374: 373: 369: 368: 363: 362: 358: 356: 353: 352: 350: 349: 346: 342: 337: 332: 331: 323: 322: 318: 316: 315: 311: 309: 308: 304: 302: 301: 297: 295: 294: 290: 288: 287: 283: 281: 278: 277: 273: 270: 269: 266: 261: 260: 247: 246: 240: 239: 235: 233: 232: 228: 225: 224: 220: 218: 214: 213: 209: 208: 206: 205: 202: 201: 196: 193: 192: 187: 184: 183: 178: 173: 172: 168: 166: 165: 161: 154: 153: 149: 147: 146: 141: 140: 138: 137: 136:Sunnah prayer 132: 131: 127: 126: 122: 120: 119: 115: 113: 112: 108: 107: 105: 104: 101: 100: 95: 92: 91: 86: 81: 76: 75: 71: 67: 66: 63: 61: 53: 49: 45: 44: 41: 37: 36:Vakıf, Akyazı 33: 19: 5772:Philanthropy 5719:Sufi studies 5690:Other fields 5570:Contemporary 5493:consultation 5402: 5315:Architecture 5251:موقع " وقفنا 5250: 5137: 5123: 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Awqaf SA. 3396: 3384:(Bangladesh) 3360:AWQAF Africa 3297: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3268: 3263: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3209: 3207: 3198: 3176:, surgeons, 3162: 3130:Gornji Vakuf 3119: 3116: 3099: 3097: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2921: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2858:service and 2855: 2851: 2845: 2829: 2828:(Sarai) and 2809: 2807:flourished. 2768: 2722: 2693: 2679: 2676:Saudi Arabia 2623: 2614: 2516: 2503: 2462: 2420: 2406: 2391: 2353: 2325: 2297: 2270: 2237: 2207: 2131: 2090: 2073: 2041: 2035:slaves, the 2026:got land in 2021: 2007:, the first 1988: 1957: 1952:karwansarays 1858: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1796: 1788: 1740:jurists. 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