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Modern states have developed mechanisms for requesting and obtaining evidence for criminal investigations and prosecutions. When evidence or other forms of legal assistance, such as witness statements or the service of documents, are needed from a foreign sovereign, states may attempt to cooperate
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Assistance may be denied by either country (according to agreement details) for political or security reasons, or if the criminal offence in question is not equally punishable in both countries. Some treaties may encourage assistance with legal aid for nationals in other countries.
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This assistance may take the form of examining and identifying people, places and things, custodial transfers, and providing assistance with the immobilization of the instruments of criminal activity. With regards to the latter, MLATs between the
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within each state. In contemporary practice, such requests may still be made on the basis of reciprocity but may also be made pursuant to bilateral and multilateral treaties that obligate countries to provide assistance.
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informally through their respective police agencies or, alternatively, resort to what is typically referred to as requests for “mutual legal assistance." The practice of mutual legal assistance developed from the
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laws. A mutual legal assistance request is commonly used to formally interrogate a suspect in a criminal case, when the suspect resides in a foreign country.
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275:"Symposium on Ljubljana – The Hague Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance: Critical Reflections – Fulfilling the Potential of this Landmark Treaty"
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even in the absence of a treaty, through joint investigations between law enforcement agencies in both countries, emergency disclosure requests,
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is a convention to facilitate the entering into bilateral tax information exchange agreements between more than 90 states parties.
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Signing of the
Protocol of Exchange of the Instrument of Ratification of a MLAT between India and the United States in 2005
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Many countries are able to provide mutual legal assistance to other countries for a broad range of topics through their
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327:"The Ljubljana – The Hague Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance: Was the Gap Closed?"
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List of
British Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (indexed by the National Archives)
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301:"An Assessment of the Ljubljana-The Hague Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance"
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Full List of United States Mutual Legal
Assistance Treaties and Agreements
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European
Convention on the International Validity of Criminal Judgments
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Extensive analysis and documentation of various
American MLA Treaties
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261:"Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters"
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Inter-American
Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters
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MLA Treaty (full text) drafted between the U.S. and Japan in 2003
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United
Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
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European
Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters
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Ljubljana-The Hague Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance
149:European Convention on Information on Foreign Law
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325:de Oliveira Biazatti, Bruno (12 June 2023).
54:for the purpose of gathering and exchanging
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27:Treaty to enforce public or criminal laws
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191:United States Department of Justice
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384:Mutual legal assistance treaties
138:Examples of multilateral MLATs
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18:Mutual legal assistance
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331:EJIL: Talk!
206:Extradition
196:Deportation
176:(regarding
102:tax evasion
56:information
336:21 January
310:21 January
285:21 January
222:References
110:tax havens
98:Caribbean
52:countries
48:agreement
378:Category
211:Interpol
185:See also
106:offshore
70:Synopsis
64:criminal
46:) is an
305:Default
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77:comity
60:public
338:2024
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243:SSRN
96:and
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