456:
116:
36:
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727:
487:'s desire to gain Kirman led him to start a drawn-out conflict with the Muzaffarids in 1347. He unsuccessfully besieged Yazd (1350–1351), after which his fortunes declined rapidly. Defeated on the field in 1353, Abu Esshaq was forced to take refuge in Shiraz and finally surrender. He managed to escape from Shiraz and fled to Isfahan, but Mubariz al-Din pursued him, took the city and executed the Injuid ruler. Fars and western Iran were now under his control.
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populace. Zain Al-Abidin fled from Shiraz in an attempt to make it to the
Jalayirids in Baghdad, who were enemies of Timur. However, he encountered Shah Yahya's brother Shah Mansur, who imprisoned him. Shiraz soon fell to Timur. Shah Mansur and 'Imad ad-Din Ahmad, along with other Muzaffarid princes, went to Shiraz to declare their loyalty, whereupon Timur restored them to their positions. The conqueror soon after returned to
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558:. Before dying in 1384, he named his son Zain al-Abidin his successor and his third brother 'Imad ad-Din Ahmad as governor of Kirman. Not satisfied with the arrangement, Shah Yahya advanced against Shiraz, but was expelled from Isfahan by the city's populace and was forced to flee to Yazd. On his deathbed, Shah Shoja wrote a letter to
546:
however, Shah Mahmud, with the support of his father-in-law Shaikh Uvais of the
Jalayirids, invaded Fars and captured Shiraz. Shah Shoja would not be able to reconquer his capital until 1366. Shah Mahmud would continue to play and influential role in Iranian politics, using his marriage alliance to claim
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and was decapitated. The other
Muzaffarid princes then again swore allegiance to Timur. They were received honorably by the conqueror, but on May 22 in Qumisha they were executed. Their bodies were buried inside the kabristan. Only Zain al-Abidin and Sultan Shibli (another son of Shah Shoja) survived
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Shah Shoja then marched on Tabriz himself, but was forced to turn back when internal conditions in Fars deteriorated. His second brother Shah
Muzaffar's son, Shah Yahya, rose in revolt in Isfahan. Having to make peace with the Jalayirids, Shah Shoja offered to marry his son Zain Al-Abidin to a sister
377:
was a poet and wrote in both Arabic and
Persian and was said to be capable of memorizing eight verses of Arabic poetry after hearing them read once. While the Muzaffarid ruler of Kirman, Shah Yahya, commissioned the scholar Junyad bin Mahmud Al-Umari to compile an anthology of Arabic poetry and prose
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When Zain Al-Abidin succeeded his father, he quickly ignored the declaration of loyalty. Timur therefore marched into the
Muzaffarid lands. He came to Isfahan, where the governor gave him control of the city, but a rebellion in the city killed any goodwill Timur had, resulting in a slaughter of the
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and the
Mozaffarid northern front. By March 1393 Timur had advanced down to Shushtar and Dizful, installing a Sarbadar as governor there. He also freed 'Imad-Din Ahmad from imprisonment. Shah Mansur fled Shiraz, but then turned around and met Timur's forces. With an army weakened by desertions, he
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Shah Shoja proved to be a less of a tyrannic figure, but he was constantly fighting with his brothers, causing a long period of instability. In 1363 he marched against his first brother Shah Mahmud, who had been given control of
Isfahan, although a peace was soon brokered. In the following year
594:, but failed to take Isfahan. Meanwhile, Zain al-Abidin escaped from prison and reached Isfahan. An alliance was then formed between Zain al-Abidin, Shah Yahya and 'Imad ad-Din Ahmad against Shah Mansur. The alliance proved to be unstable, however, and when they met Shah Mansur's army at
606:. He was blinded and imprisoned. Shah Mansur then approached Kirman, where Sultan Ahmad and Shah Yahya had gone after the events at Furg. He offered a common alliance against Timur, but was rebuffed and thereafter returned to Shiraz.
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Timur, who while campaigning elsewhere took note of these events, decided in 1392 that a campaign against Shah Mansur was in order. Shah Mansur gained the
Sarbadar Muluk as his ally; Muluk was sent to defend
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Unfortunately, the
Mozaffarids soon began to resume their local feuding. Shah Mansur began by expelling Shah Yahya from Shiraz, whereupon Shah Yahya again fled to Yazd. Shah Mansur then conquered
490:
With the destruction of Injuid authority, the Muzaffarids were the strongest power in central Iran, and Shiraz was made their capital. Mubariz al-Din's strength was such that when the khan of the
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from the Jalayirids after Shaikh Uvais died in 1374. He occupied the city but soon gave up after he was struck by illness. He died the next year, allowing Shah Shoja to occupy Isfahan.
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troops marching from Baghdad and soon retreated. The Jalayirids would therefore maintain a hold on Tabriz, despite further attempts by the Muzaffarids to take it.
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and seized it from its Mongol governor, Qutb al-Din b. Nasir. Kutb al-Din was able to retake the province for a short time after receiving aid from the
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of the Jalayirid ruler Husain. The Jalayirids refused the offer and invaded, although Shah Shoja managed to prevent them from getting any further than
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government. Following this he began fighting against the Neguderis, a Mongol tribal group. He managed to face this crisis with a minimum of loss.
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blinded and imprisoned him. A temporary reconciliation was reached, but it failed to last and he died, again in prison, in 1363.
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2266:, ”a Persian dynasty. Their ancestors came from Arabia and had settled in Ḵh̲urāsān at the time of the Muslim conquest”
776:
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2014:
1949:
1937:
598:, Shah Yahya failed to show and 'Imad ad-Din Ahmad quickly retreated. The latter met Shah Mansur again, this time at
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rule there. They have been described as an Arab, Iranian, and Persian dynasty. They stayed in Khorasan up until the
50:
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1970:
1932:
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706:
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2042:"Their ancestor, Ghiyath al-Din al-Hadjdji, was allegedly a member of an Arab family from Khwaf, in Khurasan."
832:
645:
484:
483:. Although the Muzaffarids and Injuids had traditionally been on friendly terms with one another, the Injuid
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436:, Mubariz al-Din continued to carry out his expansionary policy. In 1339 or 1340 he invaded the province of
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498:, sent an offer to make him a vassal, he was able to decline. In fact, he pushed on into Azerbaijan, which
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fought bravely but was forced to retreat. Attempting to reach Shiraz, he was captured by forces of prince
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402:. Serving under the Il-Khans, they gained prominence when Sharaf al-Din Muzaffar was made governor of
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562:, who was then campaigning in Azerbaijan, in which he gave his sons' loyalty to the conqueror.
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366:
361:) was a Muslim dynasty of Arab origin that came to power in Iran following the breakup of the
413:, was brought up at the Il-Khan's court but returned to Maibud upon the death of the Il-Khan
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http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/muzaffarids-SIM_4963
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Roemer, H.R. (1986). "The Jalayirids, Muzaffarids and Sarbadars". In Lockhart, Laurence;
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406:. He was tasked with crushing the robber-bands that were roaming around the country.
448:, but Mubariz al-Din permanently gained control of Kirman in late 1340. The city of
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In the wake of the loss of Il-Khan authority in central Iran following the death of
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Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in
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After the conquest of Kirman, Mubariz al-Din became a rival of the neighboring
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Mubariz al-Din was known as a cruel ruler, and soon afterwards 1358, his son
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had conquered in 1357. He defeated the khan's governor Akhichuq and occupied
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The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods
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and was subsequently recognized as governor of the city by the central
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in the 14th century. At their zenith, they ruled a kingdom comprising
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3224:
International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)
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1061:
964:
677:
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441:
418:
403:
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373:. The Muzaffarids were known for their support of Arabic literature.
144:
133:
129:
2129:
A History of Persian Literature under Tartar Dominion (AD 1265-1502)
2102:
A History of Persian Literature under Tartar Dominion (AD 1265-1502)
386:
The Muzaffarids were originally of Arab descent and had settled in
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506:, but realized that he could not hold his position against the
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29:
27:
Short-lived, Medieval Arab dynasty in Iran (14th century CE)
2051:
Bosworth states the Muzaffarids were of distant Arab origin
4099:
Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)
2348:. Translated by Walford, Naomi. Rutgers University Press.
2467:, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003. ISBN 9971-77-488-7.
398:
invasion of that province, at which point they fled to
2346:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
120:
Map of the Muzaffarid dynasty at its greatest extent
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4637:
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2783:
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452:was besieged and conquered a few years after this.
243:
233:
221:
204:
191:
177:
169:
159:
140:
125:
94:
2156:History of the Arabic Written Tradition Volume 2
2075:History of the Arabic Written Tradition Volume 2
3160:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum
2033:Grousset called the Muzaffarids, Arabo-Persian.
3246:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
3145:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
4776:States and territories disestablished in 1393
3028:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)
2505:
1978:
99:
8:
4104:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)
2411:The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 3
2359:Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran
3214:2009 Iranian presidential election protests
2413:. Cambridge University Press. p. 194.
4771:States and territories established in 1314
4437:
4189:
4180:
4167:
3793:
3780:
3720:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)
3582:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
3536:
3523:
3404:
3098:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
3064:
2780:
2558:
2542:
2529:
2512:
2498:
2490:
2318:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1985:
1971:
700:
114:
91:
3229:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
2432:. Cambridge University Press. p. 11.
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
3048:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
2227:
2203:
43:This article includes a list of general
3834:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
2430:The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6
2215:
2064:
2026:
714:
703:
3372:History of democracy in classical Iran
2239:
2191:
2179:
4094:Defense Industries Organization (DIO)
3879:Iran and the World Trade Organization
2006:, a city dominated by the Mozaffarids
242:
232:
228:
203:
190:
186:
176:
7:
3266:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
3256:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
2251:
4499:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute
4140:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone
4114:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
3913:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
3648:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
358:
100:
3038:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)
587:; Shiraz was given to Shah Yahya.
417:. In around 1319 he overthrew the
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
4109:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)
3730:Supreme National Security Council
3556:Persian Constitutional Revolution
3186:Interim Government of Iran (1981)
3093:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)
3083:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)
4739:
4730:
4729:
3705:Assembly (or Council) of Experts
2477:
2153:Brockelmann, Carl (2016-11-01).
2126:Browne, Edward G. (2013-10-17).
2099:Browne, Edward G. (2013-10-17).
2072:Brockelmann, Carl (2016-11-01).
1954:
725:
331:
306:
292:
278:
34:
3904:Military equipment manufactured
3470:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
3234:United States withdrawal (2018)
3155:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)
2458:, with a foreword by Professor
602:, but lost and was captured in
4464:modern / contemporary
3710:Expediency Discernment Council
3033:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
3022:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)
2428:Fisher, William Bayne (1968).
2362:. Cambridge University Press.
2132:. Cambridge University Press.
2105:. Cambridge University Press.
2010:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
1:
4786:Former countries in West Asia
3678:state-sponsorship allegations
1102:
1066:
946:
933:
910:
897:
874:
857:
807:
794:
781:
768:
755:
620:the purge; they were sent to
4135:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
3436:twin towns and sister cities
2742:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)
2619:Mannai (10th–7th century BC)
2595:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)
2287:. Columbia University Press.
434:Abu Sa'id (Ilkhanid dynasty)
4414:Water supply and sanitation
4145:Kish Island Free Trade Zone
3204:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
2579:civilization (3100–2700 BC)
2015:Soltan Bakht Agha Mausoleum
4812:
3894:Economy of the Middle East
3271:2021–2022 Iranian protests
3261:2019–2020 Iranian protests
3241:2017–2018 Iranian protests
2702:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)
2389:Cambridge University Press
4725:
4440:
4179:
4166:
4119:National Development Fund
4039:Telecommunications and IT
4033:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
3859:Foreign direct investment
3804:Bonyad (charitable trust)
3792:
3779:
3535:
3522:
3416:
3403:
3150:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
3140:Interim Government (1979)
2545:
2541:
2528:
2285:The New Islamic Dynasties
257:
253:
229:
217:
187:
113:
108:
4791:Iranian Muslim dynasties
3869:International oil bourse
3634:Ministry of Intelligence
3219:Syrian civil war (2011–)
3043:1921 Persian coup d'état
2460:Clifford Edmund Bosworth
2436:M. Ismail Marcinkowski,
648:(at Isfahan) (1364–1366)
4393:scientists and scholars
3899:Milad Tower and complex
3689:Women's rights movement
3684:White Revolution (1963)
3352:Peoples of the Caucasus
2694:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)
2587:dynasties (2700–540 BC)
2326:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1999:List of kings of Persia
777:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
686:(in Sirajan, 1387–1391)
634:Mubariz al-Din Muhammad
411:Mubariz al-Din Muhammad
64:more precise citations.
4704:Anti-Iranian sentiment
4699:Science and technology
4524:Intellectual movements
4404:International rankings
4388:Intellectual movements
3874:International rankings
3367:Heads of state of Iran
3173:Nojeh coup plot (1980)
2734:Empire (247 BC–AD 224)
2571:culture (3400–2000 BC)
1316:Masmughans of Damavand
790:Zayandeh River Culture
579:
574:Hafez at the court of
542:
468:
459:Coinage of Muzaffarid
390:from the beginning of
369:, Central Persia, and
245:• Disestablished
3992:Shetab Banking System
3982:Banking and insurance
3944:Tehran Stock Exchange
3864:Intellectual property
3209:PJAK conflict (2004–)
2982:Turcomans (1378–1508)
2974:Turcomans (1374–1468)
2923:Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
2726:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)
2354:Manz, Beatrice Forbes
1194:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
1148:3rd-century BC–132 BC
1114:Kingdom of Cappadocia
1070: 6th century BC
1052:Neo-Babylonian Empire
573:
528:
458:
409:Sharaf al-Din's son,
141:Common languages
4781:14th century in Iran
3953:Technology start-ups
3854:Environmental issues
3844:Economic Reform Plan
3758:Provincial governors
3448:Environmental issues
3196:Iran Air Flight 655
2937:Jalayirid Sultanate
2809:Caliphate (750–1258)
2651:Kingdom (652–625 BC)
2486:at Wikimedia Commons
4353:Freedom of religion
3939:Supreme Audit Court
3818:Automotive industry
3465:Iranian Balochistan
3191:1987 Mecca incident
3088:Iran crisis of 1946
3077:dynasty (1925–1979)
3006:Dynasty (1751–1794)
2947:dynasty (1338–1357)
2939:dynasty (1335–1432)
2931:dynasty (1314–1393)
2916:dynasty (1244–1381)
2900:dynasty (1077–1231)
2884:dynasty (1011–1215)
2801:Caliphate (661–750)
2793:Caliphate (632–661)
2761:Empire (AD 224–651)
2678:Empire (550–330 BC)
2659:Empire (626–539 BC)
2643:Empire (678–549 BC)
2627:Empire (911–609 BC)
1850:Contemporary period
1754:Early modern period
1656:Jalayirid Sultanate
1526:Khwarazmian dynasty
955:Neo-Assyrian Empire
833:Kura–Araxes culture
751:Baradostian culture
521:Reign of Shah Shoja
235:• Established
18:Muzaffarids of Iran
4766:Muzaffarids (Iran)
4484:Persian New Year (
3889:Main economic laws
3460:Iranian Azerbaijan
3362:Monarchs of Persia
3306:Persianate society
3014:Empire (1789–1925)
2998:Empire (1736–1796)
2990:Empire (1501–1736)
2966:Empire (1370–1507)
2892:Empire (1037–1194)
2857:dynasty (934–1062)
2849:dynasty (931–1090)
2841:dynasty (861–1003)
2710:Empire (312–63 BC)
2611:(c.1595–c.1155 BC)
2484:Muzaffarids (Iran)
1869:Interim Government
1859:Iranian Revolution
1646:Muzaffarid dynasty
1350:864 – 14th century
1340:791 – 11th century
1266:Rashidun Caliphate
1088:Kingdom of Armenia
737:Prehistoric period
580:
566:Muzaffarid decline
543:
469:
367:Iranian Azerbaijan
351:Muzaffarid dynasty
4753:
4752:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4687:
4686:
4594:Opium consumption
4427:
4426:
4263:Ethnic minorities
4237:Iranian languages
4162:
4161:
4158:
4157:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3654:Political parties
3592:Children's rights
3577:Foreign relations
3571:2009 presidential
3518:
3517:
3480:Iranian Kurdistan
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3279:
3278:
3251:COVID-19 pandemic
3110:Revolution (1979)
3056:
3055:
2876:Empire (977–1186)
2833:dynasty (864–928)
2825:dynasty (821–873)
2817:dynasty (819–999)
2770:
2769:
2686:(c.323 BC–AD 226)
2482:Media related to
2420:978-0-521-83823-8
2391:. pp. 1–41.
2369:978-1-139-46284-6
2333:978-90-04-09419-2
2166:978-90-04-32632-3
2139:978-1-107-68241-2
2112:978-1-107-68241-2
2085:978-90-04-32632-3
1995:
1994:
1887:
1886:
1840:
1839:
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1744:
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1686:Afrasiyab dynasty
1586:Khorshidi dynasty
1576:Pishkinid dynasty
1466:Ghaznavid dynasty
1286:Abbasid Caliphate
1276:Umayyad Caliphate
1242:
1241:
1238:550s–11th century
1134:Kingdom of Pontus
1078:Achaemenid Empire
1042:Anshanite Kingdom
1003:
1002:
906:Oxus Civilization
814:
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628:Muzaffarid rulers
475:, who controlled
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206:• 1391-1393
193:• 1314–1358
150:
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16:(Redirected from
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4584:National symbols
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3839:Economic history
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3715:Guardian Council
3537:
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3382:Electric history
3377:Military history
3291:Ancient Persians
3199:
3198:shootdown (1988)
3181:
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3165:Iranian Embassy
3135:
3124:
3122:Islamic Republic
3111:
3103:1953 coup d'état
3078:
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1918:Economic history
1896:Related articles
1879:Islamic Republic
1855:
1854:
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1716:Kar-Kiya dynasty
1636:Chobanid dynasty
1626:Ilkhanate Empire
1406:Sallarid dynasty
1376:Saffarid dynasty
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1072:–11th century AD
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1446:Rawadid dynasty
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1356:Tahirid dynasty
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1252:Medieval period
1244:
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1228:6th century–785
1214:Sasanian Empire
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1154:Parthian Empire
1124:Seleucid Empire
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3763:Supreme Leader
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2472:External links
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2456:Ottoman Turkey
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2379:Jackson, Peter
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2338:
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2305:van Donzel, E.
2293:Jackson, Peter
2289:
2281:Bosworth, C.E.
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1034:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1001:
1000:
997:
991:
990:
987:
981:
980:
977:
971:
970:
967:
961:
960:
957:
951:
950:
944:
942:Avestan period
938:
937:
931:
925:
924:
921:
915:
914:
908:
902:
901:
895:
889:
888:
885:
879:
878:
872:
862:
861:
855:
853:Jiroft culture
849:
848:
845:
839:
838:
835:
827:
824:Ancient period
822:
821:
818:
817:
812:
811:
810:5th millennium
805:
799:
798:
797:6th millennium
792:
786:
785:
779:
773:
772:
766:
760:
759:
753:
740:
735:
734:
731:
730:
722:
721:
712:
711:
704:
698:
695:
694:
693:
687:
681:
671:
661:
658:Zain al-Abidin
655:
649:
643:
637:
629:
626:
567:
564:
522:
519:
383:
380:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
329:
327:Timurid Empire
320:
317:
316:
311:
303:
302:
297:
289:
288:
283:
271:
270:
265:
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
244:
241:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
215:
214:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:Mubariz al-Din
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
181:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
142:
138:
137:
127:
123:
122:
119:
111:
110:
106:
105:
98:
95:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4808:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4558:news agencies
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Privatization
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3388:
3387:Years in Iran
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:Turco-Persian
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3180:War (1980–88)
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2972:Qara Qoyunlu
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:550 BC–AD 224
2667:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2625:Neo-Assyrian
2623:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:Morgan, David
2404:
2400:
2398:0-521-20094-6
2394:
2390:
2387:. Cambridge:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:"Muzaffarids"
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2242:, p. 11.
2241:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:Bosworth 1996
2224:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2204:Grousset 2002
2200:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2182:, p. 11.
2181:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2065:
2058:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1813:Modern period
1809:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1785:Afsharid Iran
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:Hotak dynasty
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1516:Seljuk Empire
1514:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1436:Buyid dynasty
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1396:Sajid dynasty
1394:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:132 BC–224 AD
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:141 BC–222 AD
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:147 BC–224 AD
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:247 BC–224 AD
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:320s BC–17 AD
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1106: 323 BC
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:331 BC–428 AD
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:550 BC–330 BC
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:626 BC–539 BC
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:635 BC–550 BC
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1022:Median Empire
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1008:
998:
996:
993:
992:
988:
986:
983:
982:
978:
976:
973:
972:
968:
966:
963:
962:
958:
956:
953:
952:
945:
943:
940:
939:
932:
930:
927:
926:
922:
920:
917:
916:
909:
907:
904:
903:
896:
894:
891:
890:
886:
884:
881:
880:
873:
871:
867:
864:
863:
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
844:
843:Proto-Elamite
841:
840:
836:
834:
831:
830:
825:
820:
819:
806:
804:
803:Dalma culture
801:
800:
793:
791:
788:
787:
780:
778:
775:
774:
771:20,000–10,000
767:
765:
762:
761:
758:36,000–18,000
754:
752:
749:
748:
745:
744:
738:
733:
732:
728:
724:
723:
720:
713:
708:
702:
696:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
675:
672:
669:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
631:
627:
625:
623:
618:
613:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
577:
572:
565:
563:
561:
557:
551:
549:
540:
536:
532:
527:
520:
518:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
466:
462:
457:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
382:Rise to Power
381:
379:
376:
372:
368:
364:
356:
352:
330:
328:
325:
324:
321:
315:
312:
305:
304:
301:
298:
291:
290:
287:
284:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
256:
252:
248:
238:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
199:
196:
182:
180:
172:
168:
165:
162:
158:
155:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
124:
117:
112:
107:
93:
84:
81:
73:
70:February 2008
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4692:Other topics
4676:
4604:Persian name
4543:Islamization
4485:
4445:Architecture
4398:universities
4343:Zoroastrians
4338:Christianity
4328:Baháʼí Faith
4278:Azerbaijanis
4185:Demographics
3999:Construction
3987:Central Bank
3929:Space Agency
3824:Child labour
3659:Principlists
3639:Cyberwarfare
3587:Human rights
3552:Constitution
3347:Azerbaijanis
3316:Indo-Persian
3296:Greater Iran
3167:siege (1980)
3126:1979–present
2928:
2777:early modern
2775:Medieval and
2569:Kura-Araxes
2448:Central Asia
2437:
2429:
2410:
2383:
2358:
2345:
2323:
2316:
2284:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2216:Jackson 1993
2211:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2155:
2148:
2128:
2121:
2101:
2094:
2074:
2067:
2047:
2038:
2029:
1923:LGBT history
1883:1979–present
1832:Pahlavi Iran
1795:Zand dynasty
1763:Safavid Iran
1726:Qara Qoyunlu
1645:
1616:Kurt dynasty
1456:Hasanwayhids
1256:
1234:Qarinvandids
1138:281 BC–62 BC
1128:312 BC–63 BC
741:
680:, 1387–1391)
674:Sultan Ahmad
670:, 1387–1391)
608:
589:
581:
552:
544:
512:
492:Golden Horde
489:
470:
431:
408:
385:
371:Persian Iraq
350:
348:
268:Succeeded by
267:
262:
136:(after 1357)
76:
67:
48:
4709:Tehrangeles
4672:Traditional
4409:Nationality
4347:persecution
4332:persecution
4283:Circassians
4232:Neo-Aramaic
4212:Azerbaijani
4084:State-owned
4009:Health care
3972:Agriculture
3809:Brain drain
3748:Ambassadors
3443:Earthquakes
2980:Aq Qoyunlu
2929:Muzaffarid
2906:Eldiguzids
2898:Anushtegin
2724:Kingdom of
2700:Kingdom of
2692:Kingdom of
2684:Atropatene
2676:Achaemenid
2617:Kingdom of
2562:3400–539 BC
2322:Volume VII:
2313:Pellat, Ch.
2240:Roemer 1986
2192:Morgan 2010
2180:Fisher 1968
1606:Mihrabanids
1566:Hazaraspids
1326:Baduspanids
1204:Paratarajas
1198:19 AD–224/5
716:History of
692:(1391-1393)
690:Shah Mansur
660:(1384–1387)
654:(1366-1384)
646:Shah Mahmud
642:(1358-1364)
636:(1314–1358)
585:Transoxiana
576:Shah Mansur
444:dynasty of
263:Preceded by
211:Shah Mansur
164:Sunni Islam
96:Muzaffarids
62:introducing
4760:Categories
4609:Philosophy
4568:newspapers
4549:Literature
4454:architects
4449:Achaemenid
4369:Corruption
3829:Corruption
3669:Reformists
3664:Propaganda
3562:Corruption
3547:Censorship
3490:Lake Urmia
3178:Iran–Iraq
2874:Ghaznavid
2752:AD 224–651
2716:Frataraka
2548:Prehistory
2454:and Early
2059:References
1822:Qajar Iran
1736:Aq Qoyunlu
1720:1370s–1592
1556:Salghurids
1536:Eldiguzids
1506:Shabankara
1480:990/1–1117
1224:Zarmihrids
1144:Fratarakas
1098:Atropatene
1036:652–625 BC
1026:678–550 BC
664:Shah Yahya
652:Shah Shoja
640:Shah Shoja
556:Sultaniyya
531:Shah Shoja
515:Shah Shoja
485:Abu Esshaq
461:Shah Shoja
375:Shah Shoja
170:Government
45:references
4574:Mythology
4480:Calendars
4470:Astronomy
4379:Education
4288:Georgians
4273:Assyrians
4268:Armenians
4194:Languages
4086:companies
4049:Transport
4029:Petroleum
3814:Companies
3753:President
3740:Officials
3674:Terrorism
3623:Air Force
3567:Elections
3505:Provinces
3500:Mountains
3410:Geography
3330:languages
3068:1925–1979
2996:Afsharid
2957:1370–1925
2945:Chobanid
2839:Saffarid
2791:Rashidun
2759:Sasanian
2740:Kings of
2732:Parthian
2708:Seleucid
2649:Scythian
2609:Kassites
2593:Akkadian
2252:Manz 2007
2159:. BRILL.
2078:. BRILL.
1836:1925–1979
1826:1789–1925
1799:1751–1794
1789:1736–1796
1779:1722–1729
1767:1501–1736
1740:1468–1508
1730:1406–1468
1710:1370–1507
1700:1359–1596
1696:Mar'ashis
1690:1349–1504
1680:1335–1357
1670:1337–1376
1666:Sarbadars
1660:1337–1376
1650:1335–1393
1640:1335–1357
1630:1256–1335
1620:1244–1396
1610:1236–1537
1600:1223-1306
1590:1184-1597
1580:1155–1231
1570:1155–1424
1560:1148–1282
1550:1141–1319
1540:1135–1225
1530:1077–1231
1520:1037–1194
1510:1030–1355
1500:1029–1236
1490:1008–1141
1336:Justanids
1306:Bavandids
1174:Characene
936:1500–1155
923:2400–2150
913:2400–1700
900:2550-2020
860:3100–2200
847:3200–2700
837:3400–2000
784:6000–5000
622:Samarkand
617:Shah Rukh
508:Jalayirid
363:Ilkhanate
286:Ilkhanate
160:Religion
109:1314–1393
4735:Category
4628:football
4619:Scouting
4529:Iranians
4519:Folklore
4315:Religion
4227:Georgian
4207:Armenian
4068:shipping
4063:railways
4053:airlines
4019:Industry
3884:Taxation
3698:Councils
3614:Military
3529:Politics
3510:Wildlife
3475:Caucasus
3357:Persians
3284:See also
3108:Iranian
3075:Pahlavi
2988:Safavid
2964:Timurid
2867:977–1432
2847:Ziyarid
2823:Tahirid
2815:Samanid
2807:Abbasid
2799:Umayyad
2784:632–1090
2601:Lullubi
2585:Elamite
2444:Caucasus
2409:(2010).
2381:(eds.).
2356:(2007).
2344:(2002).
2315:(eds.).
2295:(1993).
2283:(1996).
1950:Timeline
1908:Monarchs
1486:Kakuyids
1476:Annazids
1470:977–1186
1460:959–1095
1450:955–1070
1440:934–1062
1426:Ilyasids
1420:930–1090
1410:919–1062
1380:861–1003
1330:665–1598
1310:651–1349
1296:Dabuyids
1290:750–1258
949:1500–500
929:Kassites
887:2700–539
877:3100-675
743:BCE / BC
707:a series
705:Part of
697:See also
529:Tomb of
500:Jani Beg
496:Jani Beg
392:Caliphal
388:Khorasan
378:for him
173:Monarchy
4678:Ey Iran
4626: (
4586: (
4562:student
4560: (
4556: (
4541: (
4509:Cuisine
4494:Fashion
4482: (
4462: (
4447: (
4433:Culture
4381: (
4345: (
4330: (
4303:Turkmen
4255: (
4246:Peoples
4217:Kurdish
4173:Society
4074:Tourism
4051: (
4041: (
4031: (
4011: (
4004:Defense
3974: (
3964:Sectors
3951: (
3911: (
3816: (
3797:General
3786:Economy
3676: (
3646: (
3616: (
3569: (
3554: (
3540:General
3495:Islands
3431:largest
3421:Borders
2890:Seljuk
2882:Ghurid
2831:Alavid
2641:Median
2633:Urartu
2555:Ancient
2535:History
2324:Mif–Naz
2274:Sources
1676:Injuids
1430:932–968
1400:889–929
1370:819–999
1360:821–873
1320:651–760
1300:642–760
1280:661–750
1270:632-661
1258:CE / AD
1218:224–651
1208:125–300
1164:Elymais
1108:–226 AD
999:720-670
995:Saparda
989:750-521
985:Zikirti
979:850–616
975:Mannaea
969:860–590
959:911–609
893:Marhaši
592:Abarquh
481:Isfahan
473:Injuids
427:Il-Khan
415:Öljeitü
359:مظفریان
355:Persian
300:Injuids
222:History
200:(first)
154:Persian
126:Capital
101:مظفریان
58:improve
4745:Portal
4504:Cinema
4486:Nowruz
4383:higher
4257:abroad
4222:Hebrew
4128:Places
4024:Mining
3849:Energy
3426:Cities
3342:Aryans
3061:Modern
3012:Qajar
2855:Buyid
2523:topics
2442:, the
2417:
2395:
2366:
2330:
2311:&
2163:
2136:
2109:
2082:
1062:Sogdia
965:Urartu
709:on the
678:Kerman
668:Shiraz
612:Kashan
548:Tabriz
535:Shiraz
504:Tabriz
477:Shiraz
465:Shiraz
442:Kartid
438:Kirman
419:atabeg
404:Maibud
396:Mongol
225:
213:(last)
183:
149:poetry
145:Arabic
134:Shiraz
130:Kerman
47:, but
4639:Music
4624:Sport
4554:Media
4539:Islam
4475:Blogs
4419:Women
4374:Crime
4362:Other
4323:Islam
4293:Kurds
4058:metro
3976:fruit
3934:Setad
3004:Zand
2914:Kart
2452:India
2299:. In
2021:Notes
870:Zamua
560:Timur
446:Herat
4667:Rock
4652:Jazz
4647:Folk
4513:wine
4298:Jews
3628:Navy
3618:Army
3597:LGBT
2521:Iran
2440:Iran
2415:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2364:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2107:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2004:Yazd
1938:Wars
1903:Name
1873:1979
1863:1979
883:Elam
718:Iran
676:(in
666:(in
600:Fasa
596:Furg
539:Iran
479:and
467:mint
423:Yazd
400:Yazd
349:The
249:1393
239:1314
179:Shah
4657:Pop
4460:Art
4043:TCI
624:.
604:Ray
533:in
450:Bam
421:of
4762::
2450:,
2446:,
2320:.
2307:;
2303:;
1103:c.
1067:c.
947:c.
934:c.
911:c.
898:c.
875:c.
858:c.
808:c.
795:c.
782:c.
769:c.
756:c.
537:,
494:,
463:.
357::
132:,
4630:)
4590:)
4570:)
4564:)
4545:)
4515:)
4511:(
4490:)
4488:)
4466:)
4456:)
4400:)
4349:)
4334:)
4259:)
4070:)
4045:)
4035:)
4015:)
3978:)
3955:)
3915:)
3820:)
3680:)
3650:)
3630:)
3573:)
3558:)
2513:e
2506:t
2499:v
2423:.
2401:.
2372:.
2336:.
2169:.
2142:.
2115:.
2088:.
1986:e
1979:t
1972:v
1776:)
1772:(
868:/
578:.
541:.
353:(
151:)
147:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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