583:, weight loss or a cutaneous rash may help identify the cause of myelitis. In order to establish a diagnosis of myelitis, one has to localize the spinal cord level, and exclude cerebral and neuromuscular diseases. Also a detailed medical history, a careful neurologic examination, and imaging studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are needed. In respect to the cause of the process, further work-up would help identify the cause and guide treatment. Full spine MRI is warranted, especially with acute onset myelitis, to evaluate for structural lesions that may require surgical intervention, or disseminated disease. Adding gadolinium further increases diagnostic sensitivity. A brain MRI may be needed to identify the extent of central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Lumbar puncture is important for the diagnosis of acute myelitis when a tumoral process, inflammatory or infectious cause are suspected, or the MRI is normal or non-specific. Complementary blood tests are also of value in establishing a firm diagnosis. Rarely, a biopsy of a mass lesion may become necessary when the cause is uncertain. However, in 15–30% of people with subacute or chronic myelitis, a clear cause is never uncovered.
53:
330:
107:
618:
shown to be effective with other autoimmune or inflammatory central nervous system disorders. Particular benefit has been shown with patients who are in the acute or subacute stage of the myelitis showing active inflammation on MRI. However, because of the risks implied by the lumbar puncture procedure, this intervention is determined by the treating physician on a case-by-case basis.
702:. However, Joseph Altman showed that cell division does occur in the brain which allowed potential for stem cell therapy for nerve regeneration. The stem cell-based therapies are used in order to replace cells lost and injured due to inflammation, to modulate the immune system, and to enhance regeneration and remyelination of axons.
706:(NSC) have the potential to integrate with the spinal cord because in the recent past investigations have demonstrated their potential for differentiation into multiple cell types that are crucial to the spinal cord. Studies show that NSCs that were transplanted into a demyelinating spinal cord lesion were found to regenerate
684:(NGF) would increase the nerve regeneration in the spinal cord. However, the excessive dosing of NGF often leads to undesired plasticity and sprouting of uninjured sensory nerves. Gene therapy would be able to increase the NGF efficacy by the controlled and sustained delivery in a site-specific manner.
296:
can cause myelitis but it can also be caused due to non-infectious or inflammatory pathway. Myelitis often follows after the infections or after vaccination. These phenomena can be explained by a theory of autoimmune attack which states that the autoimmune bodies attack its spinal cord in response to
653:
based scaffold which acts as a channel to deliver nerve growth-enhancing substrates while providing structural support. These factors would promote nerve repairs to the target area. Hydrogels' macroporous properties would enable attachment of cells and enhance ion and nutrient exchange. In addition,
632:
Myelitis with no definite cause seldom recurs, but for others, myelitis may be a manifestation of other diseases that are mentioned above. In these cases, ongoing treatment with medications that modulate or suppress the immune system may be necessary. Sometimes there is no specific treatment. Either
605:
for 3–5 days is considered as a standard of care for patients suspected to have acute myelitis, unless there are compelling reasons otherwise. The decision to offer continued steroids or add a new treatment is often based on the clinical course and MRI appearance at the end of five days of steroids.
189:
Depending on the cause of the disease, such clinical conditions manifest different speed in progression of symptoms in a matter of hours to days. Most myelitis manifests fast progression in muscle weakness or paralysis starting with the legs and then arms with varying degrees of severity. Sometimes
617:
Patients with moderate to aggressive forms of disease who do not show much improvement after being treated with intravenous and oral steroids will be treated with PLEX. Retrospective studies of patients with TM treated with IV steroids followed by PLEX showed a positive outcome. It also has been
305:
The theory of autoimmune attack claims that a person with neuroimmunologic disorders have genetic predisposition to auto-immune disorder, and the environmental factors would trigger the disease. The specific genetics in myelitis is not completely understood. It is believed that the immune system
194:
which is a sensation of tickling, tingling, burning, pricking, or numbness of a person's skin with no apparent long-term physical effect. Adult patients often report pain in the back, extremities, or abdomen. Patients also present increased urinary urgency, bowel or bladder dysfunctions such as
1085:
Sechi E, Morris PP, McKeon A, Pittock SJ, Hinson SR, Weinshenker BG, Aksamit AJ, Krecke KN, Kaufmann TJ, Jolliffe EA, Zalewski NL, Zekeridou A, Wingerchuk DM, Jitprapaikulsan J, Flanagan EP (July 2018). "Glial fibrillary acidic protein IgG related myelitis: characterisation and comparison with
306:
response could be to viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection; however, it is not known why the immune system attacks itself. Especially, for the immune system to cause inflammatory response anywhere in the central nervous system, the cells from the immune system must pass through the
99:
908:
Stenius B, Wide L, Seymour WM, Holford-Strevens V, Pepys J (March 1971). "Clinical significance of specific IgE to common allergens. I. Relationship of specific IgE against
Dermatophagoides spp. and grass pollen to skin and nasal tests and history".
85:
to be damaged resulting in symptoms such as paralysis and sensory loss. Myelitis is classified to several categories depending on the area or the cause of the lesion; however, any inflammatory attack on the spinal cord is often referred to as
1491:
1472:
1457:
511:
Parasitic species infect human hosts through larvae that penetrate the skin. Then they enter the lymphatic and circulatory system, and migrate to liver and lung. Some reach the spinal cord. Parasitic infections have been reported with
578:
Myelitis has an extensive differential diagnosis. The type of onset (acute versus subacute/chronic) along with associated symptoms such as the presence of pain, constitutional symptoms that encompass fever,
2007:
2393:
2388:
2405:
2383:
680:. They benefit nerve regeneration after injury to the nervous system. They are a potent initiator of sensory axon growth and are up-regulated at the lesion site. The continuous delivery of
1202:"Evidence-based guideline: clinical evaluation and treatment of transverse myelitis: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology"
1556:
658:
or bioresolvability would prevent the need for surgical removal of the hydrogel after drug delivery. It means that it would be dissolved naturally by the body's enzymatic reaction.
195:
bladder incontinence, difficulty or inability to void, and incomplete evacuation of bowel or constipation. Others also report fever, respiratory problems and intractable vomiting.
641:
Central nervous system nerve regeneration would be able to repair or regenerate the damage caused to the spinal cord. It would restore functions lost due to the disease.
310:. In the case of myelitis, not only is the immune system dysfunctional, but the dysfunction also crosses this protective blood brain barrier to affect the spinal cord.
1752:
1391:"Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule-positive CNS precursors generate both oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells to remyelinate the CNS after transplantation"
1747:
428:, which is a common agent for respiratory tract. Studies have shown respiratory tract infections within 4–39 days prior to the onset of transverse myelitis. Or,
2631:
2486:
1549:
754:
Kelly H (April 2006). "Evidence for a causal association between oral polio vaccine and transverse myelitis: A case history and review of the
Literature".
280:
Myelitis occurs due to various reasons such as infections. Direct infection by viruses, bacteria, mold, or parasites such as human immunodeficiency virus (
2674:
2375:
1175:
2365:
1542:
2345:
2018:
2370:
2002:
1297:
Reynolds BA, Weiss S (March 1992). "Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system".
2208:
2196:
1658:
207:
824:
Wasay M, Arif H, Khealani B, Ahsan H (July 2006). "Neuroimaging of tuberculous myelitis: analysis of ten cases and review of literature".
190:
the dysfunction of arms or legs cause instability of posture and difficulty in walking or any movement. Also symptoms generally include
2624:
2427:
2360:
1915:
1129:
Kitley JL, Leite MI, George JS, Palace JA (March 2012). "The differential diagnosis of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis".
2479:
2130:
1933:
698:
The possibility for nerve regeneration after injury to the spinal cord was considered to be limited because of the absence of major
365:
2641:
2249:
591:
Since each case is different, the following are possible treatments that patients might receive in the management of myelitis.
563:
555:
1764:
1740:
1570:
567:
440:
are also known to cause myelitis in immune-compromised individuals. Myelitis is a rare manifestation of bacterial infection.
2646:
1956:
998:
Wendebourg, M.J., Nagy, S., Derfuss, T. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in immune-mediated myelopathies, J Neurol (2019).
2443:
2328:
2244:
2186:
1735:
1254:
Altman J, Das GD (June 1965). "Autoradiographic and histological evidence of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in rats".
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2472:
2412:
1786:
246:
1922:
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1950:
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to the rest of the body, and from the rest of the body to the brain. Inflammation in the spinal cord can cause the
2292:
2536:
2350:
2318:
2270:
2119:
1698:
271:, heterogeneous group of inflammatory spinal cord disorders including autoimmune disorders with known antibodies
2417:
2191:
1605:
1506:
729:
681:
2422:
479:
240:
633:
way, aggressive rehabilitation and long-term symptom management are an integral part of the healthcare plan.
626:
171:
infection) can occasionally cause both at once. The similarity of the words reflects that the combining form
2541:
2520:
2355:
2111:
1929:
1781:
1771:
1615:
485:
467:
393:
162:
1350:"Current status of acute spinal cord injury pathophysiology and emerging therapies: promise on the horizon"
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2287:
2279:
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1910:
1882:
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595:
462:
146:
118:
602:
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1994:
1972:
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1707:
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505:
424:
416:
389:
167:
2609:
2239:
2056:
1945:
1306:
534:
489:. Secondary pathogens are opportunistic agents that primarily infect immunocompromised hosts such as
473:
444:
223:
350:
127:: disease caused by viral infection in the gray matter with symptoms of muscle paralysis or weakness
2636:
2582:
2168:
1815:
1670:
1610:
1495:
734:
397:
307:
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87:
52:
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2012:
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1111:
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622:
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Keirstead HS, Ben-Hur T, Rogister B, O'Leary MT, Dubois-Dalcq M, Blakemore WF (September 1999).
227:
1012:"Transverse Myelitis Association - Advocating for individuals with rare neuro-immune disorders"
465:
and cause myelitis - primary and secondary pathogens. Primary pathogens include the following:
2101:
2067:
2039:
2030:
1962:
1938:
1805:
1653:
1517:
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1371:
1322:
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1103:
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771:
723:
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41:
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1314:
1263:
1213:
1138:
1095:
1048:
965:
918:
880:
833:
763:
707:
655:
249:: a systemic autoimmune disease featuring a wide variety of neurological signs and symptoms
114:
Myelitis lesions usually occur in a narrow region but can be spread and affect many areas.
2146:
1837:
673:
610:
490:
409:
1310:
329:
106:
2619:
2614:
2203:
2152:
1980:
1689:
1566:
1415:
1406:
1390:
922:
559:
518:
381:
210:: autoimmune demyelination of the brain causing severe neurological signs and symptoms
2663:
2604:
2599:
2229:
2181:
2051:
1820:
1776:
1627:
837:
767:
711:
528:
401:
361:
342:
217:
140:
134:
124:
24:
20:
1500:
1334:
1283:
1158:
1115:
985:
938:
853:
783:
265:
or other allergic conditions. It can include atopic myelitis, which causes weakness.
2464:
1725:
1595:
1578:
1068:
699:
523:
429:
334:
293:
66:
1511:
1218:
1201:
953:
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1684:
1645:
1587:
551:
513:
498:
494:
437:
405:
369:
252:
235:
231:
191:
70:
1522:
1176:"Transverse Myelitis (TM) Treatment – Johns Hopkins Transverse Myelitis Center"
954:"Clinical and laboratory characteristics of atopic myelitis: Korean experience"
173:
2510:
1795:
1665:
1366:
1349:
1200:
Scott TF, Frohman EM, De Seze J, Gronseth GS, Weinshenker BG (December 2011).
1052:
969:
539:
385:
373:
357:
1142:
1099:
999:
1905:
1856:
1844:
1827:
1759:
1485:
1481:
1318:
691:
458:
454:
412:. It can be due to direct viral invasion or via immune mediated mechanisms.
377:
46:
1424:
1375:
1227:
1150:
1107:
1060:
977:
845:
775:
1326:
1275:
1267:
930:
894:
810:
2085:
2077:
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1897:
1800:
650:
433:
289:
158:
150:
885:
868:
580:
178:
98:
1449:
2124:
1865:
1832:
1476:
1461:
262:
78:
2380:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
2572:
453:
have been reported to cause spinal cord disease either by forming
450:
328:
258:
165:) is a separate condition, although some infections (for example,
121:: a polio-like syndrome that causes muscle weakness and paralysis.
105:
97:
74:
797:
Thomas M, Thomas J (February 1997). "Acute transverse myelitis".
677:
461:. In general, there are two groups of fungi that may infect the
82:
2468:
1538:
566:(GFAP-IgG) predicted a special meningoencephalomyelitis termed
255:: chronic inflammatory cells form as nodules in multiple organs
570:
that later was found also to be able to appear as a myelitis.
281:
364:, or gray matter myelitis, is usually caused by infection of
869:"Sarcoidosis as a cause of transverse myelitis: case report"
554:
an autoimmune form of myelitis due to the presence of anti-
345:
will be affected by the polioviruses causing poliomyelitis.
1039:
Mihai C, Jubelt B (December 2012). "Infectious myelitis".
672:
Neurotropic growth factors regulate growth, survival, and
149:(or meningomyelitis): lesions occurring in the region of
102:
Myelitis damages the myelin sheath that wraps the axon.
1011:
181:) senses referring to bone marrow or the spinal cord.
110:
MRI image of transverse myelitis patient's spinal cord
1348:
Rowland JW, Hawryluk GW, Kwon B, Fehlings MG (2008).
1439:
404:, or white matter myelitis, are often caused by the
2565:
2529:
2503:
2301:
2278:
2269:
2262:
2217:
2167:
2139:
2110:
2076:
2038:
2027:
1993:
1971:
1896:
1706:
1697:
1683:
1643:
1586:
1577:
1443:
1170:
1168:
360:(such as HIV and HTLV) can cause chronic myelitis.
40:
35:
952:Yoon JH, Joo IS, Li WY, Sohn SY (October 2009).
261:: an immune disorder of children manifesting as
243:: destruction of the exocrine system of the body
73:which can disrupt the normal responses from the
19:For the bone marrow inflammation/infection, see
1080:
1078:
1034:
1032:
2632:Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord
2480:
1550:
203:Conditions associated with myelitis include:
8:
669:Neurotropic factor therapy and gene therapy
161:bone surrounding the spinal cord (that is,
2487:
2473:
2465:
2275:
2266:
2035:
1703:
1694:
1583:
1557:
1543:
1535:
1440:
1000:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09206-2
728:Myalgic encephalomyelitis – also known as
137:encompassing both sides of the spinal cord
51:
32:
1414:
1365:
1217:
884:
746:
2346:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
2019:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
356:Most viral myelitis is acute, but the
714:, and completely remyelinated axons.
7:
2197:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
208:Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
1016:The Transverse Myelitis Association
911:Clinical & Experimental Allergy
2428:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
1407:10.1523/jneurosci.19-17-07529.1999
923:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1971.tb02446.x
867:Baum J, Solomon M, Alba A (1981).
562:directed against the α-isoform of
14:
2131:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
1934:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
1240:Karumbaiah, L., Bellamkonda, R..
199:Diseases associated with myelitis
2675:Central nervous system disorders
2151:For more detailed coverage, see
2129:For more detailed coverage, see
2100:For more detailed coverage, see
2066:For more detailed coverage, see
2017:For more detailed coverage, see
1088:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
838:10.1111/j.1552-6569.2006.00032.x
768:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00840.x
376:, enteroviruses (EV) 70 and 71,
366:anterior horn of the spinal cord
2642:Anterior spinal artery syndrome
564:glial fibrillary acidic protein
16:Inflammation of the spinal cord
637:Prospective research direction
568:autoimmune GFAP Astrocytopathy
550:In 2016, it was identified in
1:
2444:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
2329:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
2187:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
645:Engineering endogenous repair
143:: lesions in the white matter
23:. For the viral disease, see
2590:Tropical spastic paraparesis
2413:Progressive muscular atrophy
1219:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823dc535
422:Bacterial myelitis includes
288:types I and II (HTLV-I/II),
269:Immune-mediated myelopathies
247:Systemic lupus erythematosus
220:of the brain and spinal cord
1923:Primary progressive aphasia
1086:aquaporin-4-IgG myelitis".
2693:
2245:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
1951:Posterior cortical atrophy
1772:Striatonigral degeneration
1623:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
649:Currently, there exists a
286:human T-lymphotropic virus
18:
2647:Foix–Alajouanine syndrome
2351:Spinal muscular atrophies
2319:Primary lateral sclerosis
2177:Intracranial hypertension
1957:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1367:10.3171/FOC.2008.25.11.E2
1242:Neural Tissue Engineering
1053:10.1007/s11910-012-0306-3
970:10.1016/j.jns.2009.06.033
682:neurotropic growth factor
2418:Progressive bulbar palsy
2209:Intracranial hypotension
2192:Choroid plexus papilloma
1606:Herpesviral encephalitis
1143:10.1177/1352458511406165
1100:10.1136/jnnp-2018-318004
1041:Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep
730:chronic fatigue syndrome
480:Blastomyces dermatitides
2542:Posterior cord syndrome
2521:Spinal cord compression
1930:Frontotemporal dementia
1616:Encephalitis lethargica
1319:10.1126/science.1553558
756:J Paediatr Child Health
627:Immunomodulatory agents
468:Cryptococcus neoformans
394:tick-borne encephalitis
163:vertebral osteomyelitis
2547:Anterior cord syndrome
2537:Brown-SĂ©quard syndrome
2235:Hepatic encephalopathy
601:High-dose intravenous
486:Hystoplasma capsulatum
457:inside the bone or by
396:). On the other hand,
346:
147:Meningococcal myelitis
119:Acute flaccid myelitis
111:
103:
2578:Demyelinating disease
2557:Cauda equina syndrome
2552:Central cord syndrome
2495:Focal lesions of the
2293:Ataxia–telangiectasia
2250:Static encephalopathy
1973:Mitochondrial disease
1811:Spasmodic torticollis
1721:Basal ganglia disease
1268:10.1002/cne.901240303
425:Mycoplasma pneumoniae
390:Japanese encephalitis
332:
301:Mechanism of myelitis
168:Staphylococcus aureus
157:Osteomyelitis of the
109:
101:
2240:Toxic encephalopathy
1946:Lewy bodies dementia
596:Intravenous steroids
535:Trichinella spiralis
474:Coccidioides immitis
314:Infectious myelitis
292:, lyme disease, and
224:Neuromyelitis optica
2637:Vascular myelopathy
2583:Transverse myelitis
2288:Friedreich's ataxia
1671:Meningoencephalitis
1611:Limbic encephalitis
1311:1992Sci...255.1707R
1180:hopkinsmedicine.org
735:Transverse myelitis
603:methyl-prednisolone
546:Autoimmune myelitis
398:transverse myelitis
339:anterior horn cells
308:blood brain barrier
230:: immune attack on
153:and the spinal cord
133:: caused by axonal
131:Transverse myelitis
88:transverse myelitis
2324:Pseudobulbar palsy
2062:Status epilepticus
2013:Multiple sclerosis
1850:Myoclonic epilepsy
1713:movement disorders
1659:Acute disseminated
1601:Viral encephalitis
886:10.1038/sc.1981.34
799:J la State Med Soc
662:Biochemical repair
623:Immunosuppressants
506:Parasitic myelitis
417:Bacterial myelitis
347:
241:Sjögren's syndrome
214:Multiple sclerosis
112:
104:
2657:
2656:
2610:Morvan's syndrome
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2258:
2257:
2163:
2162:
2102:Template:Headache
2068:Template:Epilepsy
1989:
1988:
1963:Vascular dementia
1806:Status dystonicus
1679:
1678:
1654:Encephalomyelitis
1532:
1531:
1305:(5052): 1707–10.
724:Encephalomyelitis
704:Neural stem cells
384:A and B) and the
297:immune reaction.
94:Types of myelitis
60:
59:
30:Medical condition
2682:
2595:Epidural abscess
2489:
2482:
2475:
2466:
2276:
2267:
2225:Brain herniation
2036:
1876:Intention tremor
1871:Essential tremor
1736:Postencephalitic
1704:
1695:
1584:
1565:Diseases of the
1559:
1552:
1545:
1536:
1441:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1251:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
989:
949:
943:
942:
905:
899:
898:
888:
864:
858:
857:
821:
815:
814:
794:
788:
787:
751:
708:oligodendrocytes
694:-based therapies
656:biodegradability
558:autoantibodies.
382:coxsackieviruses
333:The location of
326:
325:
321:
56:
55:
33:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2561:
2525:
2499:
2493:
2463:
2450:
2376:Congenital DSMA
2297:
2254:
2213:
2159:
2147:Sleep disorders
2135:
2112:Cerebrovascular
2106:
2072:
2029:
2023:
1985:
1967:
1892:
1838:Choreoathetosis
1711:
1688:
1675:
1639:
1573:
1563:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1452:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1401:(17): 7529–36.
1388:
1387:
1383:
1354:Neurosurg Focus
1347:
1346:
1342:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1256:J. Comp. Neurol
1253:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1212:(24): 2128–34.
1199:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
951:
950:
946:
907:
906:
902:
866:
865:
861:
823:
822:
818:
796:
795:
791:
753:
752:
748:
743:
720:
639:
611:Plasma exchange
589:
576:
560:Immunoglobulins
548:
491:Candida species
445:Fungal myelitis
410:influenza virus
327:
323:
319:
317:
316:
303:
278:
228:Devic's disease
201:
187:
96:
50:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2620:Tabes dorsalis
2617:
2615:Sensory ataxia
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2348:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2204:Cerebral edema
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2173:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2153:Template:Sleep
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1981:Leigh syndrome
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1717:
1715:
1708:Extrapyramidal
1701:
1692:
1690:encephalopathy
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1650:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1567:nervous system
1564:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1503:
1488:
1469:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:Classification
1437:
1436:External links
1434:
1431:
1430:
1381:
1340:
1289:
1246:
1233:
1192:
1164:
1121:
1094:(4): 488–490.
1074:
1028:
1003:
991:
964:(1–2): 154–8.
958:J. Neurol. Sci
944:
900:
859:
832:(3): 197–205.
826:J Neuroimaging
816:
789:
745:
744:
742:
739:
738:
737:
732:
726:
719:
716:
696:
695:
688:
687:
686:
685:
670:
664:
663:
647:
646:
638:
635:
630:
629:
615:
614:
599:
598:
588:
585:
575:
572:
547:
544:
519:Toxocara canis
509:
508:
448:
447:
420:
419:
354:
353:
351:Viral myelitis
315:
312:
302:
299:
277:
274:
273:
272:
266:
256:
250:
244:
238:
221:
211:
200:
197:
186:
183:
177:has multiple (
155:
154:
144:
138:
128:
122:
95:
92:
58:
57:
44:
38:
37:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2688:
2687:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:Inflammations
2668:
2667:
2665:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2625:Abadie's sign
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Syringobulbia
2603:
2601:
2600:Syringomyelia
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:Reye syndrome
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Hydrocephalus
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1995:Demyelinating
1992:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:Restless legs
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1821:Blepharospasm
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:Hemiballismus
1775:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:Brain abscess
1626:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:(3): 319–35.
1261:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:(3): 271–85.
1136:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:(6): 633–41.
1046:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1001:
995:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
948:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
904:
901:
896:
892:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
863:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
820:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
747:
740:
736:
733:
731:
727:
725:
722:
721:
717:
715:
713:
712:Schwann cells
709:
705:
701:
693:
690:
689:
683:
679:
675:
671:
668:
667:
666:
665:
661:
660:
659:
657:
652:
644:
643:
642:
636:
634:
628:
624:
621:
620:
619:
612:
609:
608:
607:
604:
597:
594:
593:
592:
586:
584:
582:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
543:
541:
537:
536:
531:
530:
529:Taenia solium
525:
521:
520:
515:
507:
504:
503:
502:
500:
497:species, and
496:
492:
488:
487:
482:
481:
476:
475:
470:
469:
464:
460:
456:
452:
446:
443:
442:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
418:
415:
414:
413:
411:
407:
406:herpesviruses
403:
402:leukomyelitis
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:enteroviruses
367:
363:
362:Poliomyelitis
359:
352:
349:
348:
344:
343:spinal column
340:
336:
335:motor neurons
331:
322:
313:
311:
309:
300:
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
275:
270:
267:
264:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:
219:
218:demyelination
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
204:
198:
196:
193:
184:
182:
180:
176:
175:
170:
169:
164:
160:
152:
148:
145:
142:
141:Leukomyelitis
139:
136:
135:demyelination
132:
129:
126:
125:Poliomyelitis
123:
120:
117:
116:
115:
108:
100:
93:
91:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
54:
48:
45:
43:
39:
34:
26:
25:poliomyelitis
22:
21:osteomyelitis
2515:
2438:
2337:
2310:
2271:Degenerative
2008:Inflammatory
1955:
1888:Stiff-person
1726:Parkinsonism
1699:Degenerative
1596:Encephalitis
1579:Inflammation
1569:, primarily
1516:
1505:
1490:
1471:
1456:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1091:
1087:
1044:
1040:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:
1006:
994:
961:
957:
947:
917:(1): 37–55.
914:
910:
903:
879:(3): 167–9.
876:
872:
862:
829:
825:
819:
802:
798:
792:
762:(4): 155–9.
759:
755:
749:
700:neurogenesis
697:
648:
640:
631:
616:
600:
590:
577:
549:
533:
527:
524:Echinococcus
517:
510:
484:
478:
472:
466:
449:
430:tuberculosis
423:
421:
388:(West Nile,
386:flaviviruses
374:polioviruses
358:retroviruses
355:
304:
294:tuberculosis
279:
268:
202:
188:
172:
166:
156:
113:
67:inflammation
62:
61:
2530:By location
2497:spinal cord
2423:Fazio–Londe
2263:Both/either
2057:Generalised
1916:Early-onset
1911:Alzheimer's
1646:spinal cord
1395:J. Neurosci
1131:Mult. Scler
805:(2): 75–7.
654:hydrogels'
552:Mayo clinic
514:Schistosoma
499:zygomycetes
495:Aspergillus
438:brucellosis
378:echoviruses
253:Sarcoidosis
236:spinal cord
232:optic nerve
192:paresthesia
71:spinal cord
2664:Categories
2511:Myelopathy
2031:paroxysmal
2003:Autoimmune
1796:Dyskinesia
1666:Meningitis
1644:Brain and
1518:DiseasesDB
873:Paraplegia
741:References
674:plasticity
540:Plasmodium
179:homonymous
2028:Episodic/
1906:Tauopathy
1857:Akathisia
1845:Myoclonus
1828:Athetosis
1760:Tauopathy
1360:(5): E2.
1206:Neurology
692:Stem cell
587:Treatment
574:Diagnosis
542:species.
526:species,
516:species,
459:granuloma
455:abscesses
159:vertebral
47:Neurology
42:Specialty
2516:Myelitis
2394:SMALED2B
2389:SMALED2A
2086:Migraine
2078:Headache
2044:epilepsy
2040:Seizures
1898:Dementia
1801:Dystonia
1425:10460259
1376:18980476
1335:17905159
1284:14121873
1228:22156988
1185:21 March
1159:23436434
1151:21669935
1116:51707471
1108:30032117
1061:22927022
1021:21 March
986:26571843
978:19628231
939:41001330
854:23371278
846:16808820
784:25968577
776:16630313
718:See also
651:hydrogel
434:syphilis
290:syphilis
185:Symptoms
174:myel(o)-
151:meninges
63:Myelitis
36:Myelitis
2504:General
2406:SMA-PME
2401:SMA-PCH
2384:SMALED1
2096:Tension
2091:Cluster
1816:Meige's
1633:Amoebic
1512:D009187
1416:6782511
1327:1553558
1307:Bibcode
1299:Science
1276:5861717
1069:7920572
931:4115166
895:7254896
811:9055531
676:of the
581:malaise
368:by the
341:of the
337:in the
69:of the
2125:Stroke
1939:Pick's
1866:Tremor
1833:Chorea
1423:
1413:
1374:
1333:
1325:
1282:
1274:
1226:
1157:
1149:
1114:
1106:
1067:
1059:
984:
976:
937:
929:
893:
852:
844:
809:
782:
774:
613:(PLEX)
538:, and
483:, and
436:, and
318:": -->
263:eczema
79:myelin
49:
2573:Polio
2566:Other
2439:both:
2371:DSMA1
2366:SMAX2
2361:SMAX1
2341:only:
2314:only:
2218:Other
2140:Other
2052:Focal
1685:Brain
1588:Brain
1523:29461
1331:S2CID
1280:S2CID
1155:S2CID
1112:S2CID
1065:S2CID
982:S2CID
935:S2CID
850:S2CID
780:S2CID
451:Fungi
276:Cause
259:Atopy
75:brain
2042:and
1753:PKAN
1748:NBIA
1507:MeSH
1496:9-CM
1467:8B41
1421:PMID
1372:PMID
1323:PMID
1272:PMID
1224:PMID
1187:2018
1147:PMID
1104:PMID
1057:PMID
1023:2018
974:PMID
927:PMID
891:PMID
842:PMID
807:PMID
772:PMID
710:and
678:axon
556:GFAP
408:and
320:edit
234:and
83:axon
81:and
2356:SMA
2339:LMN
2312:UMN
2303:MND
2169:CSF
2120:TIA
1765:PSP
1741:NMS
1710:and
1571:CNS
1501:323
1492:ICD
1486:G05
1482:G04
1473:ICD
1458:ICD
1411:PMC
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