Mycenae - Knowledge (XXG)

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believed that the kings came into power not because of great leadership duties, but because of hereditary succession. Below the king was the Lawagetas, believed to be the leader of the army, based on Homer's works. The Lawagetas are thought to have gotten their power by owning the most land. Other opinions think Lawagetas were a sort of prince, having no military power. Under the Lawagetas are numerous craftsmen employed by the Lawagetas. Other groups commonly mentioned in landholding texts are the Telestas. Some think the Telestas are religious officials while others believe they were given land in return for services. Under the Telestas is believed to be the Hequetia, who are believed to be either military workers or warriors or companions of the king. Under the Hequetia are the general laborers which includes artisans, farmers, fisherman, and more. At the bottom of the social hierarchy slaves, which are commonly believed to be women. Even when women were not slaves it is believed they were never able to hold substantial roles of power in the civilizations. The particular positions held and responsibilities performed within Mycenae's social structure are not well understood.

2730: 6349: 796:, which relies on categorisation of stratified material objects, mainly pottery, within an agreed historical framework. Mycenae developed into a major power during LHI (c. 1550 – c. 1450 BC) and is believed to have become the main centre of Aegean civilisation through the fifteenth century to the extent that the two hundred years from c. 1400 BC to c. 1200 BC (encompassing LHIIIA and LHIIIB) are known as the Mycenaean Age. The Minoan hegemony ended c. 1450 and there is evidence that Knossos was occupied by Mycenaeans until it too was destroyed c. 1370 BC. From then on, Mycenaean expansion throughout the Aegean was unhindered until the massive disruption of society in the first half of the twelfth century (LHIIIC), which ended Mycenaean civilisation and culminated in the destruction of Mycenae itself c. 1150 BC. 2402: 2356: 64: 2551: 6325: 2221: 6333: 5961: 1452:, which could plausibly be ruled by a member of Mycenae's ruling dynasty. Certain archaeological features in the palatial centers like the architectural uniformity, the uniformity of the administrative system, the uniformity in pottery, the imperial language and some large scale projects (drainage systems, harbours, roads etc.) indicate that large parts of Greece may have fallen under the sway of a single king, with various degrees of control over local vassals: a situation not dissimilar from the contemporary 851: 589: 95: 6341: 918: 88: 927: 1007: 5969: 5953: 688: 781: 1257:("lāwāgetas"), literally translated as "the leader of the people", and sometimes interpreted as a given kingdom's military leader, though this is not confirmed by the inscriptions. Alternatively, he may have been the crown prince or, if one follows the argument of a single Mycenaean state, a local king who was a vassal to the overarching wanax / Great King. Below these two elevated persons, Linear B texts situate the 995: 2352:. The latter was chosen at first. At this moment nature intervened and the sun appeared to reverse direction by setting in the east. Atreus argued that because the sun had reversed its path, the election of Thyestes should be reversed. The argument was heeded, and Atreus became king. His first move was to pursue Thyestes and all his family – that is, his own kin – but Thyestes managed to escape from Mycenae. 2709:, believed to be the site of ancient Troy. Following his work at Hisarlik, Schliemann began excavations at Mycenae in 1876. His goal was to find the grave of Agamemnon, the king of Mycenae and leader of the Greek army in the Trojan War as described in Homer's Iliad. Schliemann uncovered a royal cemetery containing six shaft graves, known as Grave Circle A. Among his findings at Grave Circle A was a gold 5977: 2577:, who believed he visited the site in 1447/1448, had actually seen the nearby fort of Katsingri. Similarly, modern scholarship has disproved the claims of two sixteenth-century travellers to have visited the site: André de Monceaux, who claimed to have visited the site in 1669, and the French military officer Nicola Mirabel, who believed that he had done so in 1691. 5753: 1179:), often translated in English as "lord". Some inscriptions with a list of offerings indicate that the king was probably divine, but the term "for the king" is usually accompanied by another name. It is possible that a priest-king system was adopted from the East and the title probably indicates that his right to rule was given by the god. The term 808:, named for its enclosing wall, contained ten cist graves in Middle Helladic style and several shaft graves, sunk more deeply, with interments resting in cists. Richer grave goods mark the burials as possibly regal. Mounds over the top contained broken drinking vessels and bones from a repast, testifying to a more than ordinary farewell. 2605:, and identified the tomb now known as the 'Treasury of Atreus', even conjecturing that it was the tomb of a king of Mycenae. During the 18th century, Mycenae was visited only infrequently by tourists, such as the Frenchman Claude-Louis Fourmont, who visited Mycenae in 1729–1730 and drew parts of the walls and gates. From 1796, however, 2328:. Heracles had been a Perseid. After his death, Eurystheus determined to annihilate these rivals for the throne of Mycenae, but they took refuge in Athens, and in the course of war, Eurystheus and all his sons were killed. The Perseid dynasty came to an end and the people of Mycenae placed Eurystheus's maternal uncle, 2721:

excavation of Grave Circle A has come under question, with some critics claiming that Schliemann smuggled additional artifacts into Mycenae and then falsely claimed to have discovered them. Modern evidence suggests that Schliemann's findings at Grave Circle A were genuine, but significantly predate the Trojan War.

1872:; several of the stories of Trojan heroes involve tragic human sacrifice. In the far past, even human beings might be offered to placate inscrutable gods, especially in times of guilty fear. Later sacrifice became a feast at which oxen were slaughtered. Men kept the meat, and gave the gods the bones wrapped in fat. 976:, *Mukana, have corroboration from the inscription at Kom al-Hetan - but Amenhotep's reign is thought to align with late LHIIIA:1. It is likely that Amenhotep's herald presented the scarab to an earlier generation, which then found the resources to rebuild the citadel as Cyclopean and then, to move the scarab here. 1603:. Mycenaean religion was almost certainly polytheistic, and the Mycenaeans were actively syncretistic, adding foreign deities to their pantheon of deities with ease. The Mycenaeans probably entered Greece with a pantheon of deities headed by some ruling sky-deity, which linguists speculate might have been called 1075:

partly rebuilt after this destruction, though it was no longer the centre of a centralised literate bureacuracy. Pottery finds suggest that Postpalatial Mycenae eventually regained some of its wealth, before burning once again. After this period, the site remained sparsely populated until the Hellenistic era.

3845:: "Also she bore the Destinies and ruthless avenging Fates, Clotho and Lachesis and Atropos, who give men at their birth both evil and good to have, and they pursue the transgressions of men and of gods: and these goddesses never cease from their dread anger until they punish the sinner with a sore penalty." 3216:

is of the type made famous by the Lion Gate at Mycenae, a single upright pillar, flanked by a pair of guardian animals. Sometimes the same arrangement is preserved, but the anthropomorphic figure of a god or goddess takes the place of a pillar" (illustrations from Nilsson). More recent discussions of

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site, was built on a hill 900 feet (274 metres) above sea level, some 19 kilometres (12 miles) inland from the Gulf of Argolis. Situated in the north-east corner of the Argive plain, it easily overlooked the whole area and was ideally positioned to be a centre of power, especially as it commanded all

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The Mycenaeans adopted probably from the east a priest-king system and the belief of a ruling deity in the hands of a theocratic society. At the end of the second millennium BC, when the Mycenaean palaces collapsed, it seems that Greek thought was gradually released from the idea that each man was a

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The site of Mycenae appears to have been abandoned after its short-lived Hellenistic resettlement. By the time of Pausanias' visit in the second century CE, he described the site as a 'ruin', though noted that parts of the walls and the Lion Gate could still be seen. Grave Circle A, meanwhile,

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are examples of the noteworthy architecture found in Mycenae and Tiryns. The structures and layouts of these discoveries exemplify the creative talent of the time. Greek architecture and urban planning have been significantly influenced by the Mycenaean civilization. Mycenae and Tiryns, which stand

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Schliemann's discoveries at Mycenae have come under controversy. Schliemann's archaeological work in general is controversial, with some calling Schliemann "the father of scientific archaeology" and others criticizing Schliemann's destructive methods of excavation. The authenticity of Schliemann's

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Legend tells us that the long and arduous Trojan War, although nominally a Greek victory, brought anarchy, piracy, and ruin; already before the Greek fleet set sail for Troy, the conflict had divided the gods as well, and this contributed to curses and acts of vengeance following many of the Greek

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Archaeological evidence supports the idea that the social hierarchy of Mycenae was a monarchy. The difference in the grave goods shows how the society was clearly separated by class. The king or the wanax was at the top of the hierarchy, who lived in the palaces and made laws for the people. It is

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The Ministry of Culture, Education, and Religious Affairs is currently in charge of the site. In 1999, a scientific committee for Mycenae was created and numerous projects for the preservation, improvement, and stabilization of both archaeological sites have been completed by this scientific body.

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was particularly invested in the site of Mycenae. Schliemann was obsessed with the epic poetry of Homer and believed Homer's stories were based in historical truth. In the later part of his life, he dedicated himself to excavating historical sites relevant to the Homeric epics. Schliemann's first

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warns: "To what extent one can and must differentiate between Minoan and Mycenaean religion is a question which has not yet found a conclusive answer." He suggests that useful parallels will be found in the relations between Hellenistic and Archaic Greek culture and religion, or between Roman and

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Somewhat later, toward the end of LHIIIB around 1200 BC, another, final extension to the citadel was undertaken. The wall was extended again on the northeast, with a sally port and also a secret passage through and under the wall, of corbelled construction, leading downwards by some 99 steps to a

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The pottery phases on which the relative dating scheme is based (EH, MH, LH, etc.) do not allow very precise dating, even augmented by the few existing C-14 dates due to the tolerance inherent in these. The sequence of further construction at Mycenae is approximately as follows. In the middle of

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Burial in tholoi is seen as replacing burial in shaft graves. The care taken to preserve the shaft graves testifies that they were by then part of the royal heritage, the tombs of the ancestral heroes. Being more visible, all the tholoi had been plundered either in antiquity or in later historic

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is an ordered system. The Greek divinities live with Zeus at the helm and each is concerned with a recognizable sphere. However, certain elements in some Greek cults indicate the survival of some older cults from a less rationalized world: old cults of the dead, agrarian magic, exorcism of evil

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Mycenae was among the numerous Aegean sites destroyed as part of the Bronze Age Collapse around 1200 BC. The causes of these destructions are unknown, but proposed explanations include enemy attack, internal strife, and natural disasters such as earthquakes. Unlike many other sites, Mycenae was

898:. Within these walls, much of which can still be seen, successive monumental palaces were built. The final palace, remains of which are currently visible on the acropolis of Mycenae, dates to the start of LHIIIA:2. Earlier palaces must have existed but they had been cleared away or built over. 1401:), but Palmer believes that it was an organization of "bronze smiths". The land was held by the wanax, by the damos, and by individual land owners. It seems that people lived in small family groups or clans around the main citadel. Occupying a lower rung of the social ladder were the slaves, 574:

The Greek Antiquities Law No 3028/2002, on the ‘Conservation of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage in General’, governs the preservation and protection of the sites. Ministerial Decree No 2160 of 1964 created and safeguarded the limits of Mycenae in addition to the sites themselves. The

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certainly involved offerings and sacrifices to the deities, and some have speculated that their ceremonies involved human sacrifice based on textual evidence and bones found outside tombs. In the Homeric poems, there seems to be a lingering cultural memory of human sacrifice in King

3241:, p. 35: "The Lion Gate provides further testimony to the power of the Pelopids, for Mylonas appears to have shown conclusively that it dates from c. 1250. With the stretch of Cyclopean wall enclosing Grave Circle A it represents the climax of military and monumental construction." 1029:

One of the few groups of excavated houses in the city outside the walls lies beyond Grave Circle B and belongs to the same period. The House of Shields, the House of the Oil Merchant, the House of the Sphinxes, and the West House. These may have been both residences and workshops.

905:, or throne room, with a raised central hearth under an opening in the roof, which was supported by four columns in a square around the hearth. A throne was placed against the center of a wall to the side of the hearth, allowing an unobstructed view of the ruler from the entrance. 1444:, located in the region of Boeotia, belonged to the state of nearby Orchomenos. The palace of Mycenae probably ruled over a territory two to three times the size of the other palatial states in Bronze Age Greece. Its territory would have also included adjacent centers, including 1127:, for example, visited the site and briefly described the prominent fortifications and the Lion Gate, still visible in his time, the second century AD. Pausanias also describes being led to the site by shepherds, showing that the surrounding area was never completely abandoned. 1026:, through which passed a stepped ramp leading past circle A and up to the palace. The Lion Gate was constructed in the form of a "Relieving Triangle" in order to support the weight of the stones. An undecorated postern gate also was constructed through the north wall. 1289:, "companions" or "followers") were a group of nobles (aristocrats), who followed the king in peace and war. It seems that they were representatives of the king among military groups and religious personnel. There is also at least one instance of a person, 1427:

According to the traditional view, Mycenae or any other palatial center of mainland Greece was not an empire, and the mainland consisted of independent city-states. This view has in recent years, however, been challenged by various specialists, such as

1840:, where the departed could have a different but happier existence. Later, the Greeks believed that there could live in human form only heroes and the beloved of the gods. The souls of the rest would drift unconsciously in the gloomy space of 1879:

civilization and the end of the Greek Dark Ages, the original Mycenaean religion persisted and adapted until it finally emerged in the stories of human devotion, apostasy, and divine capriciousness that exists in the two great epic poems of

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and the wider surroundings are also covered by the extension of protection conferred by this ministerial decree. Ministerial Decrees No 102098/4753 of 1956 and 12613/696 of 1991 both provide protection for the Tiryns archaeological site.

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A secondary level of importance was the cult of the heroes, which seems to have started in the Mycenaean era. These were great men of the past who were exalted to honor after death, because of what they had done. According to an old

749:, which were found at a later date, although Circle B are the earlier graves, dated c. 1650 BC to c. 1550 BC and entirely within MHIII. Circle A is dated to the sixteenth century BC, including the transition from Middle to 2770:

from 1958 to 1969, especially on the west slope of the citadel. The ASA continued excavation work on the site with efforts led by Ioannis Papadimitriou and Nicolas Verdelis in the late 1950s and early 1960s, as well as by

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and the Institute for Aegean Prehistory. Afterwards, Tsountas and the ASA gave permission to the British School of Archaeology (BSA) to excavate; the BSA conducted excavations from 1920 to 1955 under the supervision of

713:. Besides its strong defensive and strategic position, it had good farmland and an adequate water supply. There are only faint traces of Neolithic settlement on the site although it was continuously occupied from the 4961: 2567:

was already buried in prehistoric times, and is unlikely to have been visible to Pausanias. The site may still have been visible in the 5th century CE, when it was correctly located on the Roman map known as the

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as the pinnacle of the early phases of Greek civilisation, provided unique witness to political, social and economic growth during the Mycenaean civilization. The accomplishments of the Mycenaean civilisation in

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to clear the Treasury of Atreus, from which he removed fragments of pottery vases, ornamental stonework and a marble vase, as well as parts of its sculptural decoration. In June 1810, Veli Pasha, the Ottoman

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It is sometimes claimed that Sligo directed or co-directed the removals himself; this is likely to be erroneous, as Sligo arrived in Argolis only after the excavation and his letters make no mention of

2665:'s later publication of his own excavations at Mycenae, he discovered 'bones covered with gold', as well as gemstones and other gold and silver objects. Veli Pasha removed four large fragments of the 2542:. They claimed the right of the Perseids to inherit the various kingdoms of the Peloponnese and cast lots for the dominion of them, thus leaving the Atreids as the final rulers of Legendary Mycenae. 3792:) and another element meaning "earth" (δᾶ (da), Doric for γῆ (gē)), producing something like lord or spouse of Da, i.e. of the earth. His name may also be interpreted as "lord of the waters" (from 2617:' normally took place in Italy, to find alternative destinations, and members of the society began to include Mycenae on their itineraries: seeing it, in the words of Cathy Gere, as 'the ultimate 1044:

Already in LHIIIA:1, Egypt knew *Mukana by name as a capital city on the level of Thebes and Knossos. During LHIIIB, Mycenae's political, military and economic influence likely extended as far as

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from 1957 up until 1985. In 1985, excavation work was directed by Spyros Iakovidis who, as of 2009, is still overseeing the ASA's research mission in both fieldwork and publication preparation.

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style. It seems that the blood of a bull was used for the regeneration of the reappearing dead. Probably most of these cults existed in the Mycenaean period and survived by immemorial practice.

2717:". Modern archeological evidence has proven his claims of discovering Agamemnon's remains were most likely false, as the mask is dated more than 300 years before the events of the Trojan War. 2634:

of the nearby village of Karvati, who took from it a bronze lamp. By this period, more of Mycenae's monuments were visible and known to European visitors. In 1802, the British aristocrat

6258: 5795: 983:, the Tomb of Clytemnestra and the Tomb of the Genii, are dated to LHIIIB by a sherd under the threshold of the Treasury of Atreus, the largest of the nine tombs. Like the Treasury of 483:

The first correct identification of Mycenae in modern literature was in 1700, during a survey conducted by the Venetian engineer Francesco Vandeyk on behalf of Francesco Grimani, the

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in the area of the ancient cemetery. An EH–MH settlement was discovered near a fresh-water well on top of the Kalkani hill south-west of the acropolis. The first burials in pits or

760:

at a low depth in the sixth shaft grave in Circle A. Further EH and MH material was found beneath the walls and floors of the palace, on the summit of the acropolis and outside the

2496:, son of Aegistheus, but not for long. Recovering, Orestes returned to Mycenae with Electra to kill Aletes and took the throne. This story is told in numerous plays, including the 571:

monitors the two archaeological sites. To maintain the quality and conditions of the Mycenaean and Tiryn sites, archaeological study is conducted methodically and systematically.

3986:, VIII.95–7: "Man's life is a day. What is he, what is he not? A shadow in a dream is man, but when God sheds a brightness, shining light is on earth and life is sweet as honey." 1778:

servant to the gods, and sought a "moral purpose". It is possible that this procedure started before the end of the Mycenaean age, but the idea is almost absent or vague in the

6528: 819:, included six more shaft graves, with nine female, eight male, and two juvenile interments. Grave goods were more costly than in Circle B. The presence of engraved and inlaid 6192: 3823:, 1971, p. 205) holds that such eastern material is more likely to be lingering traces from the Mycenaean tradition than the result of Oriental contacts in Hesiod's own time. 2606: 4969: 5436: 2255:. Having killed his grandfather by accident, Perseus could not, or would not, inherit the throne of Argos. Instead he arranged an exchange of realms with his cousin, 5198:

Shelton, Kim S. (2010). "Living and Dying in and Around Middle Helladic Mycenae". In Philippa-Touchais, Anna; Touchais, Gilles; Voutsaki, Sofia; et al. (eds.).

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its symbolism can be found in James C. Wright, "The Spatial Configuration of Belief: The Archaeology of Mycenaean Religion" in S.E. Alcock and Robin Osborne (eds.),

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to slay Clytemnestra and Aegistheus. He then fled to Athens to evade justice and a matricide, and became insane for a time. Meanwhile, the throne of Mycenae went to

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survived and were tutelary goddesses, the guardians of the palaces and the cities. In general, later Greek religion distinguishes between two types of deities: the

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whose existence was bound to the trees and the waters, and in gods with human forms and the heads or tails of animals who stood for primitive bodily instincts. In

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wall was extended on the west slope to include Grave Circle A. The main entrance through the circuit wall was made grand by the best known feature of Mycenae, the

5299: 5190: 2075:; both Thyestes and Aegisthus are removed from power and exiled after Menelaus becomes king of Sparta and invades to place his brother Agamemnon to the throne. 5656:

Mycenaeans and Minoans: Aegean Prehistory in the Light of the Linear B Tablets. Part I: Pylos and the World of the Tablets. Part II: Knossos and Aegean History

3413:, p. 142: "The dedications continue at the Shrine by the Bridge into the fifth century, probably beyond the disablement of the walls by the Argives in 468 BC." 1204:"), which was later used in Greece for "king", was apparently used for the "chief" of any group of people, or for a provincial official. (Homer mentions many 6513: 6498: 6251: 5788: 1790:

and in the genealogical trees of the gods, and he introduces the idea of the existence of something else behind the gods, which was more powerful than they.

4879:"Late second–early first millennium BC abrupt climate changes in coastal Syria and their possible significance for the history of the Eastern Mediterranean" 6503: 5892: 5885: 2916:, p. 220: "Growth was concentrated at places like Knossos (population 30,000 in 1360 BC)... Mycenae by 1350 BC had a population as large as Knossos" 513:, because of its historical importance as the center of the Mycenaean civilization, its outstanding architecture and its testimony to the development of 991:

the tomb had been looted of its contents and its nature as funerary monument had been forgotten. The structure bore the traditional name of "Treasury".

2745:, another member of the ASA, cleared a significant portion of the citadel during his excavations of the site beginning in 1884 and ending in 1902. The 1844:. Gods and men had common origins, but there was an enormous gap between the immortal gods and mortal men. However, certain elements indicate that the 1528:

deities, but also of gods and goddesses who appear under different names with similar functions in East and West. Many of these names appearing in the

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A stringent legal framework was established to safeguard the integrity of the Mycenae and Tiryns sites against vandalism and other forms of damage and

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were depicted animal-headed gods, indicating that in the remote past the gods were conceived as animals and birds, in a surrounding of animal-headed

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The committee also sought to improve visitor access to the monuments at the locations by laying out walkways and establishing information stations.

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Wace's second group of tholoi are dated between LHIIA and LHIIIB: Kato Phournos, Panagia Tholos, and the Lion Tomb. The final group, Group III: the

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visited Mycenae looking for antiquities that might be taken back to Britain. While he had originally sought to remove the sculpted relief of the

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Christos Tsountas, in 1897, wrote that Veli Pasha had 'rifled' the tomb in 1808: it is not known whether he is referring to the same incident.

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The room was accessed from a courtyard with a columned portico. A grand staircase led from a terrace below to the courtyard on the acropolis.

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In the absence of documents and objects that can be precisely dated, events at Mycenae can be dated only relatively within the constraints of

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In 1700, the Venetian engineer Francesco Vandeyk made the first known correct identification of Mycenae of modern times while surveying the

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on the shield of Achilles is called "royal"). In classical times the word has a religious connotation . Other important landowners were the

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Kaniewski, David; Paulissen, Etienne; van Campo, Élise; Weiss, Harvey; Otto, Thierry; Bretschneider, Joachim; van Lerberghe, Karel (2010).

3221:, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 37–78. Here Wright suggests that the pillar represents the palace which in turn represents the state. 2426:. Agamemnon conducted a 10-year war against Troy to get her back for his brother. Because of lack of wind, the warships could not sail to 3073: 3069: 894:

because the blocks of stone used were so massive that they were thought in later ages to be the work of the one-eyed giants known as the

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A temple dedicated to Hera was built on the summit of the Mycenaean citadel during the Archaic Period. A Mycenaean contingent fought at

4413: 3047: 5987: 3367: 3331: 2670: 2573:, but the location seems to have been forgotten during the medieval period: it was generally misplaced on fifteenth-century maps, and 2480:

in order to gain favorable winds to Troy. Clytemnestra was aided in her crime by Aegistheus, her lover, who reigned subsequently, but

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was a collective body of men, representing the local district and that it had certain power in public affairs. It is suggested that

6538: 5899: 5697: 5591: 5550: 5514: 5350: 5055: 4779: 4619: 1762:. Later the gods were revealed in human forms with an animal as a companion or symbol. Some of the old gods survived in the cult of 870:

tombs of Mycenae into three groups of three, each based on architecture. His earliest – the Cyclopean Tomb, Epano Phournos, and the

372: 2401: 2355: 972:, was placed in the Room of the Idols alongside at least one statue of either LHIIIA:2 or B:1 type. Amenhotep III's relations with 2681: 901:

The construction of palaces at that time with a similar architecture was general throughout southern Greece. They all featured a

87: 2737:

Since Schliemann's day, more scientific excavations have taken place at Mycenae, mainly by Greek archaeologists but also by the

2286:, a grandson of Perseus, but he killed his uncle by accident with a club in an unruly cattle incident and had to go into exile. 6508: 5223: 3785:) in Linear B tablets. There is a theory linking his name with elements meaning "husband" or "lord" (Greek πόσις (posis), from 2635: 768:

graves manifest in MHII (c. 1800 BC) on the west slope of the acropolis, which was at least partially enclosed by the earliest

4827: 1571:). Certain religious beliefs were mixed with the beliefs of the local populations as it appears in the old cults of isolated 1456:

world, although the archaeological evidence remains ambiguous. A loose confederacy of city-states under the king of Mycenae,

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The largest stones including the lintels and gate jambs weighed well over 20 tonnes; some may have been close to 100 tonnes.

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The pantheon also included deities representing the powers of nature and wildlife, who appear with similar functions in the

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and practical. The chemical compositions of the silver objects indicate that the silver was sourced from several locations.

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MESOHELLADIKA: The Greek Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age (Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique: Supplément, Volume 52)

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myth it is abandoned by his mother, and then brought up by the powers of nature. Similar myths are found in the cults of

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as their ancestral lands; they divided his territories amongst themselves and brought the end of the Mycenaean Kingdom.

1803: 1608: 5763: 3543: 63: 2550: 2472:

returned to Mycenae and was greeted royally with a red carpet rolled out for him. Shortly thereafter, he was slain by

2398:, whom Menelaus and Agamemnon married, respectively. Agamemnon inherited Mycenae and Menelaus became king of Sparta. 1440:. Kelder pointed out that a number of palaces and fortifications appear to be part of a wider kingdom. For instance, 4264: 2220: 6518: 5878: 5871: 3538: 2192: 1964: 1563:

There are several reasonable guesses that can be made, however. It seems that originally the Mycenaeans, like many

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and associated them with their sky-god. Many of them were absorbed by more powerful divinities, and some like the

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of the Venetian armies occupying the region. Vandeyk partially dismantled the debris that was then obscuring the

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poems, where the interference of the gods is not related to the rightness or wrongness of men's actions. Later,

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at Pylos, who appears titleless in the written record but whom modern scholars regard as being probably a king.

6543: 6324: 6199: 6001: 3860:, Volume I, p. 368: "Moira is not a god, because otherwise the will of the god would be predestinated. Compare 2794: 2738: 2523: 2508: 2501: 2317:, killed Sthenelus, Eurystheus became noted for his enmity to Heracles and for his ruthless persecution of the 2180: 1875:

Beyond this speculation we can go no further. Somewhere in the shades of the centuries between the fall of the

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indicates that life-blood of animals was needed to renew that of men. A similar belief may be guessed from the

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whose task was to protect the olive-trees is a civic Artemis. The powers of animal nature fostered a belief in

1572: 1041:

carved out of rock 15 m below the surface. It was fed by a tunnel from a spring on more distant higher ground.

725:(MH, c. 2000–c. 1550 BC) periods. EN Rainbow Ware constitutes the earliest ceramic evidence discovered so far. 382: 329: 277: 203: 5960: 4372:

Beaudouin, Mondry (1880). "Fragments d'une description de l'Argolide faite en 1700 par un ingénieur italien".

3287: 2464:). The deities, having been satisfied by such a sacrifice, made the winds blow and the Greek fleet departed. 6370: 6365: 6186: 6145: 6138: 2763: 2282:, another Perseid, who assaulted Mycenae, lost, and retreated with the cattle. The cattle were recovered by 1624: 1583:

appears usually as a horse, representing the river spirit of the underworld, as usually happens in northern

1344:) was an official appointment but his duties are not very clear. The communal land was held at the hands of 816: 805: 746: 742: 325: 319: 3208:

An older view that it represents a goddess, now generally discounted, is to be found in W.K.C. Guthrie, in

1688:

survived in Greek folklore together with the cult of the "divine child", who was probably the precursor of

1497:, but it is not known to what extent Greek religious belief is Mycenaean, nor how much is a product of the 850: 6548: 6396: 6211: 5864: 4278: 3995: 2935: 1124: 613: 538: 492: 392: 1296:

From the existing evidence, it seems that the kingdom was further subdivided into sixteen districts. The

737:

prevailed from c. 1600 BC, the first evidence of this coming from the shaft graves discovered in 1876 by

6432: 6029: 5836: 5707: 5566: 4246: 4000: 2940: 2755: 2661:, excavated the tomb, clearing most of the entrance, and entered the chamber with ladders; according to 2610: 2267: 1944: 1270: 757: 588: 484: 5666:

Well Built Mycenae (Volume 13): The Helleno-British Excavations within the Citadel at Mycenae 1959-1969

2789: 6467: 4651: 2263:, Megapenthes taking Argos. After that, he founded Mycenae and ruled the kingdoms jointly from there. 6311: 6131: 4890: 4663: 3922: 3160: 2689: 2569: 1848:

probably believed in a future existence. Two well-preserved bodies were found in Shaft Grave VI, and

1564: 1112: 988: 940: 488: 3490:"A Great King at Mycenae. An Argument for the wanax as Great King and the lawagetas as vassal ruler" 917: 452:

In the second millennium BC, Mycenae was one of the major centres of Greek civilisation, a military

6427: 6332: 6072: 6022: 5757: 5633:

Piccardi, Luigi (2024). "Fault-related sanctuaries of Mycenae (Greece): The Shaft Grave Circle A".

4725: 4424: 2701: 2662: 2481: 2456: 1940: 1908: 1853: 1833: 1821: 1662: 1647: 1636: 1525: 1437: 1069: 832: 793: 750: 738: 734: 722: 718: 605: 506: 414: 236: 2157:

who flees; Orestes returns several years later with troops and kills Aletes and takes the throne.

1359: 926: 6401: 6306: 6124: 5920: 5423: 5369: 5327: 5293: 5248: 5240: 5184: 4986: 4906: 4846: 4594:(1975). "The End of Myceanean Civilization and the Dark Ages: The Archaeological Background". In 4591: 3572: 3179: 2625: 2586: 2244: 1918: 1759: 1096: 999: 984: 980: 944: 710: 629: 521: 438: 5533: 4611: 2382:, the son of Thyestes, killed Atreus and restored Thyestes to the throne. With the help of King 1704:, or sky, deities (including Zeus), who are now commonly known in some form or another; and the 1006: 753:(LHIA; c. 1550 – c. 1500 BC). The contents of Circle B are less wealthy than those of Circle A. 5968: 2019:; final king of the Perseid dynasty when he and his sons are all killed during his war against 608:

inherited by later Greek speakers. Legend has it that the name was connected to the Greek word

6457: 6437: 6422: 6301: 6216: 6117: 6015: 5730: 5693: 5670: 5619: 5587: 5510: 5489: 5390: 5346: 5281: 5267: 5203: 5167: 5146: 5123: 5102: 5081: 5051: 5028: 5007: 4946: 4863: 4807: 4775: 4756: 4735: 4711: 4690: 4636: 4615: 4564: 4541: 4515: 4494: 4468: 4434: 4405: 3639:, "IV: The Homeric Description of Mycenaean Greece", pp. 118–177 (see especially pp. 122–123). 3363: 3359: 3327: 3323: 2772: 2750: 2742: 2714: 2677: 2451: 2419: 2176: 2140: 1717: 1510: 1420:). These are recorded in the texts as working either for the palace or for specific deities. 1019: 957: 871: 836: 469: 183: 73: 35: 4394: 3314:

Dickinson, Oliver (2012). "The Collapse At The End of the Bronze Age". In Cline, Eric (ed.).

6488: 6462: 6340: 6225: 6077: 6008: 5857: 5642: 5448: 5413: 5232: 4898: 4836: 4671: 4595: 4381: 3355: 3319: 3169: 2574: 2293:, third in the dynasty, a son of Perseus. He set the stage for future greatness by marrying 1876: 1794: 1742:

tablets). He may have functioned as a pre-Hellenic chthonic Zeus, the lord or spouse of the

1701: 1678: 1521: 1490: 1486: 820: 687: 473: 343: 193: 4330:"Mycenae – Beyond the Walls of Agamemnon: Excavation of the Mycenae Lower Town (2007–2011)" 3514: 1163:. The wanax had the supreme authority and was represented by a number of officials. In the 6452: 6158: 6087: 5812: 4652:"The influence of climatic change on the Late Bronze Age collapse and the Greek dark ages" 3713: 3548: 2767: 2733:

Figurine, known as the "Ivory Triad", found by Alan Wace on the citadel of Mycenae in 1939

1849: 1845: 1825: 1814: 1502: 1498: 1209: 1057: 828: 549: 541:

and technology, which inspired European cultures, are also on display at both locations.

418: 31: 1798:

spirits, peculiar sacrifices, and animal-headed gods. In the Homeric poems, the avenging

5952: 4894: 4667: 4580:"Neglecting Nature: World Accumulation and Core-Periphery Relations, 2500 BC to AD 1990" 2390:, the Atreids drove Thyestes again into exile. Tyndareus had two ill-starred daughters, 1738:

is the lord of the sea, and therefore of storms and earthquakes, (the "Earth shaker" in

6173: 5723: 5686: 5612: 5482: 5044: 4841: 4822: 4604: 4486: 3401:, Chapter 8: Earthquake Storms and the Catastrophic End of the Bronze Age, pp. 224–245. 2666: 1921:; Legendary founder of Mycenae and the Perseid dynasty; considered one of the greatest 1709: 1650: 831:

and their families were buried here. Some art objects obtained from the graves are the

780: 733:

The population had grown considerably by the Middle Helladic. As elsewhere, a dominant

601: 553: 514: 994: 6482: 6447: 6044: 5427: 5252: 5141:

The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World: The Great Monuments and How They Were Built

5139: 4790: 4579: 4529: 4293: 3534: 3183: 2759: 2391: 2153:; assumes the throne at a young age after his parents are killed by his half-brother 1743: 1722: 1685: 1639:; we still encounter this word in the etymologies of the words "deity" and "divine". 1433: 1429: 969: 965: 936: 534: 4910: 2344:

that they should choose a new king from among the Pelopids. The two contenders were

2324:

This is the first we hear in legend of those noted sons, who became a symbol of the

6275: 6221: 6054: 5406:"Sending Laurion Back to the Future: Bronze Age Silver and the Source of Confusion" 5000: 4534: 4450:"Images and Perceptions of the Lion Gate Relief at Mycenae during the 19th Century" 4221: 3725: 3213: 3156:"Sending Laurion Back to the Future: Bronze Age Silver and the Source of Confusion" 2630: 2597: 2539: 2473: 2395: 2302: 2172: 2150: 2124: 2098: 1986: 1116: 1092: 867: 769: 660: 446: 5452: 5383: 1955:, who assaulted Mycenae, lost, and stole the cattle; the cattle were recovered by 1852:

believed that an embalming preceded the burial. In the shaft graves discovered by

6236: 5773: 5711: 5664: 5581: 5504: 5340: 5261: 5161: 5117: 5096: 5075: 5022: 4940: 4801: 4750: 4729: 4705: 4684: 4630: 4556: 4509: 4462: 4428: 4329: 4250: 4235:

Gunderman, Richard (9 April 2021). "Heinrich Schliemann. archeological pioneer".

3712:, Volume I, pp. 315–319. The child dies every year in order to be reborn. In the 1959:, but he accidentally killed Electryon with a club in an unruly cattle incident. 628:

connected the name to the nymph Mycene, the daughter of the river god Inachos of

480:

and lower town had a population of 30,000 and an area of 32 hectares (79 acres).

30:

This article is about the ancient Greek city. For the town of ancient Crete, see

5825: 4902: 2618: 2592: 2555: 2535: 2318: 2256: 2206: 2202: 2016: 1731: 1670: 1290: 1108: 1084: 668: 664: 426: 2749:

is currently excavating the Mycenae Lower Town (as of 2011), with support from

2595:(known to the Venetians as the 'Morea') under the orders of Francesco Grimani, 2430:. In order to please the gods so that they might make the winds start to blow, 1595:

are closely related with springs and animals, and especially with Poseidon and

1139:

It appears that the Mycenaean state was ruled by kings identified by the title

6417: 5586:. Sydney: Sydney University Press for Australian Humanities Research Council. 4675: 4599: 4482: 3782: 3717: 2710: 2614: 2306: 2305:, the most powerful state of the region and the times. With her he had a son, 2283: 2094: 2041:

for the throne and persecuted him after winning; was killed by Thyestes's son

2034: 2002: 1974: 1956: 1922: 1632: 1592: 1553: 1494: 1242: 453: 5286:

The Mycenaean Age: A Study of the Monuments and Culture of Pre-Homeric Greece

4409: 2179:; he spends his reign building a larger state in the Peloponnese; he dies in 624:) of the sheath of his sword or after a mushroom he had plucked on the site. 142: 129: 6442: 6391: 6110: 6095: 5976: 2685: 2639: 2602: 2531: 2477: 2476:, who hated him bitterly for having ordered the sacrifice of their daughter 2469: 2461: 2447: 2435: 2431: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2290: 2279: 2271: 2201:; final king the Atreid dynasty; he was killed in the final battle with the 2168: 2146: 2120: 2110: 2102: 2080: 2064: 2060: 2042: 2008: 1970: 1952: 1934: 1869: 1865: 1787: 1771: 1457: 1023: 1011: 891: 863: 785: 761: 714: 705: 692: 576: 496: 69: 5318:

Vermeule, Emily Townsend (March 1960). "The Fall of the Mycenaean Empire".

3669: 2872: 2274:, became the second of the dynasty, but the succession was disputed by the 2175:; takes the throne after returning to Mycenae and killing his half-brother 756:

Pottery material spanning the entire Early Helladic was discovered 1877 by

5752: 4385: 1273:

suggests that the "telestai were the men of telos- the fief holders". The

1002:

or lionesses flank the central column, whose significance is much debated.

5942: 3837: 3741: 3129: 2706: 2559: 2497: 2375: 2349: 2310: 2248: 2240: 2116: 2068: 2050: 2038: 2012: 1994: 1926: 1914: 1860: 1807: 1763: 1739: 1735: 1705: 1689: 1674: 1580: 1557: 1541: 1529: 1453: 1201: 1152: 1099:

captured Mycenae, expelled the inhabitants and razed the fortifications.

895: 557: 465: 461: 5373: 5331: 5308: 4990: 4850: 3212:(1975) Volume I, Part II, p. 864: "A frequent design on engraved Cretan 1661:). At some point in their cultural history, the Mycenaeans adopted some 6153: 6049: 5820: 4920:"The Kingdom of Mycenae: A Great Kingdom in the Late Bronze Age Aegean" 4557:"Changing Social Relations in the Mediterranean Copper and Bronze Ages" 3918: 3861: 3778: 3737: 3733: 3721: 2647: 2643: 2489: 2439: 2325: 2294: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2198: 2162: 2154: 2132: 2128: 1978: 1837: 1810: 1779: 1727: 1681: 1596: 1588: 1568: 1506: 1449: 1234: 1156: 1120: 1088: 1038: 902: 633: 617: 477: 442: 422: 114: 17: 5663:

Taylour, Lord William; French, Elizabeth Bayard; Wardle, K.A. (2007).

5244: 1856:, the corpses were lightly exposed to fire in order to preserve them. 6163: 6104: 6064: 5995: 5646: 5418: 5405: 3979: 3832: 3729: 3174: 3155: 3001: 2975: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2676:

In 1834, the site was surveyed and mapped by French troops. In 1841,

2522:

Orestes then built a larger state in the Peloponnese, but he died in

2485: 2387: 2345: 2341: 2329: 2314: 2298: 2275: 2260: 2090: 2086: 2072: 2056: 2028: 2020: 1990: 1982: 1948: 1799: 1783: 1767: 1751: 1747: 1693: 1666: 1628: 1584: 1576: 1549: 1545: 1445: 1053: 906: 844: 827:, with spear points and arrowheads, leaves little doubt that warrior 824: 529: 510: 503: 434: 430: 289: 248: 5218: 4449: 449:

and built upon a hill rising 900 feet (274 metres) above sea level.

5236: 4878: 3562:, Chapter 5: Social Structure and Administrative System, pp. 69–83. 2923:, p. 94: "...Thebes at 50 hectares, Mycenae at 32 hectares..." 2642:, it proved too large to lift or transport, and so Elgin asked the 1896: 6181: 4919: 3489: 3060: 2728: 2658: 2653: 2549: 2527: 2400: 2354: 2219: 2184: 1881: 1841: 1600: 1466: 1461: 1164: 1160: 1049: 1045: 1005: 993: 849: 809: 779: 686: 641: 625: 587: 545: 457: 2982:. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization 1567:, considered divine any object that inherited an internal power ( 1505:

detected only few authentic Mycenaean beliefs in the 8th-century

5368:(3/4). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 262–266. 4823:"Mycenae: Past Achievements, Present Tasks and Future Prospects" 3386: 2766:. After Wace died in 1957, excavation work was finished by Lord 2443: 2438:. According to some versions of the legend, the hunting goddess 2427: 2423: 2252: 2037:

and founder of the Atreid dynasty; competed against his brother

1977:

after taking power; expands prestige of his kingdom by marrying

1697: 1654: 1643: 1612: 1537: 1533: 1169: 961: 765: 6240: 5777: 4454:

The Representation of Ancient Architecture in the XIXth Century

5021:

Moore, Dudley; Rowlands, Edward; Karadimas, Nektarios (2014).

4800:

Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2012).

3793: 3786: 1441: 1406: 1192: 433:. It is located about 120 kilometres (75 miles) south-west of 364: 358: 4755:. Vol. 1. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3527: 3130:"Applying the Revised Chronology: Later Use of Grave Circles" 1415: 1409: 1396: 1391: 1365: 1357: 1228: 1195: 1174: 890:

and other surrounding hills were rebuilt in a style known as

654: 647: 400: 6347: 6339: 6331: 6323: 5975: 5967: 5959: 5951: 5618:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 5561:(16): 1–16. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. 5484:

Climates of Hunger: Mankind and the World's Changing Weather

5101:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 4584:

World-System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change

4563:. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 77–101. 2309:, the fourth and last of the Perseid dynasty. When a son of 1513:

suggested that the Mycenaean religion was the mother of the

4962:"The Grave Circles at Mycenae and the Early Indo-Europeans" 4393:

Beckman, Gary M.; Bryce, Trevor R.; Cline, Eric H. (2012).

4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4279:"Schliemann's Controversy | Unearthing the Bronze Age" 3350:

French, Elizabeth (2012). "Mycenae". In Cline, Eric (ed.).

502:

In 1999 the archeological site of Mycenae was added to the

349: 5404:

Wood, Jonathan; Hsu, Yi-Ting; Bell, Carol (30 June 2021).

3765: 1989:, the most powerful state of the region; he was killed by 1532:

inscriptions can be found later in classical Greece, like

5077:

Apocalypse: Earthquakes, Archaeology and the Wrath of God

4168: 4166: 2624:

In the early 19th century, local tradition held that the

2235:

Classical Greek myths assert that Mycenae was founded by

5389:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, Incorporated. 4772:

The Tomb of Agamemnon: Mycenae and the Search for a Hero

4328:

Dickinson Excavation Project and Archaeological Survey.

1111:

period, when it could boast a theatre (located over the

4039: 4037: 3288:"Lesson 28: Narrative – Aegean Prehistoric Archaeology" 2669:

beside the doorway, some of which he gave as a gift to

1560:, but the etymology is the only evidence of the cults. 445:. The site is 19 kilometres (12 miles) inland from the 5831:

Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki

5027:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 4196: 4055: 4016: 2962: 1320:

was the "deputy". It is possible that these represent

620:, who was said to have named it either after the cap ( 5202:. Athens: École française d'Athènes. pp. 57–65. 5069:(in German) (3rd ed.). Munich: C.H. Beck Verlag. 4977:

Loughlin, Thomas (2021). "The Marquess and Mycenae".

4395:"Writings from the Ancient World: The Ahhiyawa Texts" 4117: 4115: 4066: 4064: 1806:

acting in parallel with the gods. Later, the cult of

1379: 1345: 1329: 1309: 1297: 1274: 1258: 1246: 1216: 1180: 1140: 476:

in reference to Mycenae. At its peak in 1350 BC, the

373: 361: 355: 2534:, the last of the Atreid dynasty, was killed by the 556:

are also visible at Mycenae and Tiryn, preserved on

6410: 6379: 6358: 6274: 6172: 6086: 6063: 5986: 5811: 5360:West, Martin L. (2001). "Atreus and Attarissiyas". 5263:

Gods, Heroes and Tyrants: Greek Chronology in Chaos

5024:

In Search of Agamemnon: Early Travellers to Mycenae

4586:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 216–234. 4467:. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishing Limited. 2105:whom both plot and kill Agamemnon upon his return. 1115:). The site was subsequently abandoned, and by the 352: 346: 295: 285: 270: 262: 254: 243: 234: 230: 222: 214: 209: 199: 189: 179: 171: 166: 158: 121: 110: 5722: 5685: 5611: 5481: 5382: 5138: 5122:(in German). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 5043: 4999: 4752:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome 4610:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 4603: 4533: 2673:, who visited him shortly after the excavations. 2340:The people of Mycenae had received advice from an 1836:belief, beyond the sea there was an island called 1237:"), a word that survived in classical Greece (the 4942:Dionysus: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life 4806:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3689: 3687: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3309: 3307: 1215:The land possessed by the king is usually called 4966:Research Reports of Ikutoku Technical University 4792:Das Homerische Epos aus den Denkmälern Erläutert 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 2123:and rules Mycenae for 7 years; he and his lover 741:. Schliemann's shaft graves came to be known as 4357:Η 'Δωρική Εισβολή' και τα Αρχαιολογικά Ευρήματα 5488:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. 4828:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 3917:, p. 141. Elysion may be affiliated with 3777:Poseidon is pairing with the "Two Goddesses" ( 3345: 3343: 3109: 3107: 3105: 472:from about 1600 BC to about 1100 BC is called 6252: 5789: 5532:. Washington State University. Archived from 5080:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 5050:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 4945:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 4860:Archaic Greece: The City-States c. 700–500 BC 4540:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3914: 3902: 3890: 3853: 3851: 3672:. Northridge, CA: California State University 3354:. Oxford University Press. pp. 676–678. 3318:. Oxford University Press. pp. 486–489. 882:Late Helladic III (LHIII; c. 1400–c. 1050 BC) 854:Museum replicas of Mycenaean swords and cups. 8: 5713:Mycenae: An Archaeological History and Guide 5692:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 5669:. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips. 4559:. In Blake, Emma; Knapp, A. Bernard (eds.). 3352:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean 3316:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean 3002:"Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns" 2976:"Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns" 2878:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2484:, her son by Agamemnon, was smuggled out to 2442:replaced her at the very last moment with a 2131:who is forced to flee and is pursued by the 616:ascribes the name to the legendary founder, 41: 6529:Tourist attractions in Peloponnese (region) 4561:The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory 4404:. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. 2725:Excavations since Schliemann (1876–present) 2405:The Murder of Agamemnon, Illustration from 1925:and slayer of monsters before the times of 1308:was the "governor of the district" and the 859:Late Helladic II (LHII; c. 1450–c. 1400 BC) 6259: 6245: 6237: 5796: 5782: 5774: 5298:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5189:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4157: 3950: 3938: 3125: 3096: 2897: 2488:. He returned as an adult with his sister 2015:for his father's death, he persecutes the 1730:, may be identified as the Minoan goddess 956:In the temple built within the citadel, a 659:(Μυκῆναι), was the result of a well-known 544:These sites are strongly connected to the 40: 5506:Early Greece: The Bronze and Archaic Ages 5417: 5313:. Shulamit V. Kogan & Ruth V. Sharon. 4840: 4710:. Partille, Sweden: Paul Aströms Förlag. 4493:(4th ed.). London: MacMillan Press. 4208: 3230: 3173: 3154:Wood, J. R.; Hsu, Y-T.; Bell, C. (2021). 2800:Gold Grave Goods at Grave Circles A and B 800:Late Helladic I (LHI; c. 1550–c. 1450 BC) 456:which dominated much of southern Greece, 5764:Dickinson College Excavations at Mycenae 5658:(2nd ed.). London: Faber and Faber. 5480:Bryson, Reid; Murray, Thomas J. (1977). 4172: 4145: 3766:Hornblower, Spawforth & Eidinow 2012 3655: 3559: 3510: 3441: 3030: 2805:National Archaeological Museum of Athens 2688:and made a tentative exploration of the 1370:), or "plot holders". It seems that the 1119:period in Greece its ruins had become a 441:; and 48 kilometres (30 miles) south of 5614:The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology 4689:. New York, NY: New York Review Books. 4602:; Hammond, N.G.L.; et al. (eds.). 4315: 4028: 3857: 3816: 3753: 3709: 3705: 3693: 3624: 3475: 3360:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0050 3324:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0036 3116:, "Mycenae – Argolid (A:5)", pp. 51–52. 3084: 2920: 2851: 2821: 2695: 1720:region. The "Mistress of the Animals" ( 1635:". In Latin he becomes "Deus Pater" or 1520:From the history traced by Nilsson and 886:At a conventional date of 1350 BC, the 330:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 6208:Monastery of Saint John the Theologian 5635:Geological Society of America Bulletin 5564: 5291: 5182: 4043: 3934: 3812: 3612: 3422: 3410: 3250: 3234: 3196: 3141: 3113: 3014: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2119:; returns to the throne after killing 1888:Mycenae in Greek mythology and legends 1820:(1400 BC), which combines features of 1786:uses a lot of eastern material in his 1524:, the Mycenaean pantheon consisted of 1123:attraction. The ancient travel writer 1107:Mycenae was briefly reoccupied in the 5725:Cities of Legend: The Mycenaean World 4464:Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical 4374:Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 4133: 4094: 3821:Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient 3382: 2587:Treasury of Atreus § Excavations 2581:Early archaeological work (1700–1876) 2045:to restore his father to the throne. 1947:; his succession was disputed by the 1587:folklore. The precursor goddesses of 909:adorned the plaster walls and floor. 717:(EN, c. 5000–c. 4000 BC) through the 294: 284: 269: 261: 253: 242: 233: 7: 6164:Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae 5721:Wardle, K.A.; Wardle, Diana (1997). 5345:. Wales: University of Wales Press. 5163:Die Minoische Kultur des alten Kreta 5067:Geschichte der Griechischen Religion 4606:The Cambridge Ancient History II (2) 4197:Moore, Rowlands & Karadimas 2014 4184: 4121: 4106: 4082: 4070: 4056:Moore, Rowlands & Karadimas 2014 4017:Moore, Rowlands & Karadimas 2014 3668:Paul, Adams John (10 January 2010). 3636: 3238: 2963:Moore, Rowlands & Karadimas 2014 2913: 2696:Schliemann's excavations (1874–1876) 2127:are killed by the son of Agamemnon, 1611:. In Greek, this deity would become 1010:Cyclopean masonry, rear side of the 247:Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and 6514:Populated places in ancient Argolis 6499:Buildings and structures in Argolis 5729:. London: Bristol Classical Press. 5583:Mycenae's Last Century of Greatness 4795:(in German). Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. 4707:The Twilight of the Early Helladics 3398: 1478:For a more comprehensive list, see 1052:in the western Peloponnese, and to 437:; 11 kilometres (7 miles) north of 4842:10.1111/j.2041-5370.2005.tb00259.x 4514:. London and New York: Routledge. 2671:Howe Browne, 2nd Marquess of Sligo 2093:; commanded the Greeks during the 1708:deities, or deities of the earth. 1095:. In 468 BC, however, troops from 1018:LHIIIB, around 1250 BC or so, the 939:, outside the citadel of Mycenae: 804:Outside the partial circuit wall, 671:, which shifted some instances of 499:to identify the ruins of Mycenae. 34:. For the hamlet in New York, see 25: 6504:Former populated places in Greece 5900:Church of Saint Nicholas Orphanos 5769:Mycenae: Research and Publication 5610:Nilsson, Martin Persson (1972) . 5580:Mylonas, George Emmanuel (1968). 5437:"Archaeological Atlas of Mycenae" 5119:Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens 5042:Mylonas, George Emmanuel (1966). 4656:Journal of Archaeological Science 4265:"Heinrich Schliemann and Mycenae" 2407:Stories from the Greek Tragedians 2364:Stories from the Greek Tragedians 1575:, which survived up to classical 695:outside the walls of the citadel. 6494:Aegean palaces of the Bronze Age 5751: 5551:"Bronze Age Highways at Mycenae" 5065:Nilsson, Martin Persson (1967). 4629:Dietrich, Bernard Clive (1973). 4582:. In Denemark, Robert A. (ed.). 4430:Etymological Dictionary of Greek 4419:from the original on 2022-10-09. 2980:UNESCO World Heritage Convention 2682:Archaeological Society of Athens 2370:In legend, Atreus had two sons, 1356:(literally, "people", cf. Attic 925: 916: 645:the name of the city is spelled 509:, along with the nearby site of 342: 93: 86: 62: 5509:. London: Chatto & Windus. 5381:Wunderlich, Hans Georg (1974). 5266:. New York: Algora Publishing. 5224:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 5219:"Lord Elgin and His Collection" 4803:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 4402:Writings from the Ancient World 2636:Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin 2321:, the descendants of Heracles. 888:fortifications on the acropolis 94: 6534:World Heritage Sites in Greece 6268:Archaeological site of Mycenae 5805:World Heritage Sites in Greece 5716:. New York: Biblio and Tannen. 5006:. New York: Harper & Row. 4749:Gagarin, Michael, ed. (2010). 4294:"Behind the Mask of Agamemnon" 2762:. In 1951, workers discovered 2684:, cleared the approach to the 2628:had been once explored by the 2558:from Mycenae, with writing in 2247:, son of Acrisius's daughter, 1868:'s sacrifice of his daughter, 569:Ministry of Culture and Sports 1: 6411:Archaeologists and excavators 5453:10.17104/0017-1417_2010_7_623 5307:Velikovsky, Immanuel (1999). 5175:Schliemann, Heinrich (1878). 5160:Schachermeyer, Fritz (1964). 5145:. London: Thames and Hudson. 5098:History and the Homeric Iliad 5046:Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age 4635:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 4632:The Origins of Greek Religion 4355:Andronikos, Manolis (1954). 4238:Indianapolis Business Journal 3264:"Mycenae, Citadel (Building)" 3210:The Cambridge Ancient History 2860:"Mycenae, Citadel (Building)" 2747:Athens Archaeological Society 2546:Modern history and excavation 2063:; exiled the sons of Atreus, 2059:; ruled jointly with his son 2023:for housing the Heracleidae. 1269:("telestai"), the officials. 1079:Archaic and classical periods 745:to distinguish them from the 721:(EH, c. 3200–c. 2000 BC) and 567:to the remains. The Hellenic 27:Archaeological site in Greece 5851:Church of the Acheiropoietos 5654:Palmer, Leonard R. (1965) . 5260:Sweeney, Emmet John (2009). 5137:Scarre, Christopher (1999). 5095:Page, Denys Lionel (1976) . 4968:(A-7): 59–70. Archived from 4821:Iakovidis, Spyridon (2005). 4731:Mycenae: Agamemnon's Capital 4433:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. 3953:, pp. 216–218, 221–222. 2785:List of ancient Greek cities 2607:Napoleon's invasion of Italy 2332:, a Pelopid, on the throne. 2270:and had many sons. His son, 1416: 1397: 1366: 998:The Lion Gate (detail); two 655: 648: 5893:Church of the Holy Apostles 5886:Church of Saint Panteleimon 5605:. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon. 5601:Mylonas, George E. (1983). 4903:10.1016/j.yqres.2010.07.010 4456:. Cogitata. pp. 49–66. 4425:Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul 2705:excavation was the site of 2680:, working on behalf of the 1907: 1378:had a council of elders, a 729:Early and Middle Bronze Age 604:but rather one of the many 6565: 6524:Mycenaean sites in Argolis 5879:Church of Panagia Chalkeon 5530:Barbarians and Bureaucrats 4998:Luce, John Victor (1975). 4918:Kelder, Jorrit M. (2010). 4704:Forsén, Jeannette (1992). 4650:Drake, Brandon L. (2012). 4508:Castleden, Rodney (2005). 3573:"Mycenaean Greece-Society" 3528: 2609:encouraged members of the 2584: 1802:was probably originally a 1631:, this sky-deity becomes " 1477: 1410: 1392: 1380: 1358: 1346: 1330: 1310: 1298: 1275: 1259: 1247: 1229: 1217: 1196: 1181: 1175: 1141: 1067: 653:(Μυκήνη). The later form, 612:(μύκης, "mushroom"). Thus 515:Ancient Greek civilization 401: 396: 386: 237:UNESCO World Heritage Site 29: 6387:Fortifications of Mycenae 6321: 5949: 5907:Church of Saint Catherine 5858:Church of Saint Demetrios 5571:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5503:Finley, Moses I. (1970). 4789:Helbig, Wolfgang (1884). 4774:. London: Profile Books. 4683:Finley, Moses I. (1954). 4676:10.1016/j.jas.2012.01.029 4461:Burkert, Walter (1987) . 4448:Blakolmer, Fritz (2010). 3819:, p. 38; M.L. West ( 3768:, "Artemis", pp. 175–176. 2205:who sought to retake the 1480:List of Mycenaean deities 309: 305: 81: 61: 46: 6539:Late Bronze Age collapse 6002:Temple of Athena Pronaia 5928:Church of Prophet Elijah 5688:Greece in the Bronze Age 5684:Vermeule, Emily (1964). 5524:Hooker, Richard (1996). 5342:Hesiod and the Near East 5002:Homer and the Heroic Age 4726:French, Elizabeth Bayard 4555:Chapman, Robert (2005). 4356: 3696:, Volume I, pp. 479–480. 2795:Fortification of Mycenae 2739:British School at Athens 2713:that he labeled as "The 2434:sacrificed his daughter 2418:Soon, Helen eloped with 1818:Hagia Triada sarcophagus 1653:, who is represented by 1167:poems, the word form is 300:Europe and North America 204:Late Bronze Age collapse 6187:Medieval City of Rhodes 4862:. London: Ernest Benn. 4452:. In F. Buscemi (ed.). 3544:A Greek–English Lexicon 3488:Kelder, Jorrit (2008). 3425:, pp. 19, 146–150. 2538:on their return to the 2446:on the altar, and took 2409:by Alfred Church, 1897. 2366:by Alfred Church, 1897. 2360:The Return of Agamemnon 1657:, in a "holy wedding" ( 1489:religion survived into 1103:Revival and abandonment 947:, inside view (right) . 943:, outside view (left), 812:surmounted the mounds. 464:and parts of southwest 6509:Locations in the Iliad 6352: 6344: 6336: 6328: 6212:Cave of the Apocalypse 5980: 5972: 5964: 5956: 5872:Church of Hagia Sophia 5708:Wace, Alan John Bayard 5549:Jansen, Anton (1997). 5435:Younger, John (2010). 5339:Walcot, Peter (1966). 5310:The Dark Age of Greece 5116:Popko, Maciej (2008). 4960:Komita, Nobuo (1982). 4939:Kerényi, Karl (1976). 4858:Jeffrey, L.H. (1976). 4578:Chew, Sing C. (2000). 3740:), and in the cult of 3670:"Mycenaean Divinities" 3385:, pp. 1862–1870; 3097:Bury & Meiggs 1975 2898:Bury & Meiggs 1975 2734: 2563: 2468:heroes. After the war 2410: 2367: 2232: 1135:Political organization 1014: 1003: 874:– are dated to LHIIA. 855: 789: 696: 593: 592:A view of the citadel. 495:'s description of the 318:This article contains 6433:Panagiotis Stamatakis 6351: 6343: 6335: 6327: 6193:Grand Master's Palace 6030:Stoa of the Athenians 5979: 5971: 5963: 5955: 5914:Church of the Saviour 5179:(in German). Leipzig. 4686:The World of Odysseus 4386:10.3406/bch.1880.4318 4292:Harrington, Spencer. 4001:Description of Greece 3535:Liddell, Henry George 3387:Kaniewski et al. 2010 3268:www.perseus.tufts.edu 3044:Description of Greece 2941:Description of Greece 2756:Alan John Bayard Wace 2732: 2611:Society of Dilettanti 2553: 2404: 2358: 2297:, a daughter of King 2259:, and became king of 2223: 1981:, a daughter of King 1642:Later in some cults, 1493:in their pantheon of 1271:Leonard Robert Palmer 1009: 997: 968:, who was married to 853: 783: 758:Panagiotis Stamatakis 690: 606:pre-Greek place names 600:is thought not to be 591: 485:Provveditore Generale 143:37.73028°N 22.75750°E 6312:Tomb of Clytemnestra 6132:Tomb of Clytemnestra 5760:at Wikimedia Commons 5603:Mycenae Rich in Gold 5410:Internet Archaeology 5217:Smith, A.H. (1916). 4770:Gere, Cathy (2006). 4222:"Agamemnon (Person)" 3923:Eleusinian Mysteries 3864:in Muslim religion." 3708:, pp. 110–114; 3161:Internet Archaeology 2912:For population, see 2690:Tomb of Clytemnestra 2667:semi-engaged columns 2570:Tabula Peutingeriana 2362:, Illustration from 2101:becomes lovers with 2011:; resentful towards 1903:Notable information 1679:vegetation goddesses 1599:, who was the first 1432:and, most recently, 1113:Tomb of Clytemnestra 941:tomb of Clytemnestra 815:A walled enclosure, 489:Kingdom of the Morea 6428:Heinrich Schliemann 6073:Acropolis of Athens 5526:"Mycenean Religion" 5385:The Secret of Crete 4979:Archaeology Ireland 4972:on 26 January 2022. 4895:2010QuRes..74..207K 4883:Quaternary Research 4668:2012JArSc..39.1862D 4536:The Mycenaean World 4491:A History of Greece 3627:, Volume I, p. 339. 3478:, pp. 206–208. 3389:, pp. 207–215. 3292:sites.dartmouth.edu 3128:, Edwin M. Schorr, 2702:Heinrich Schliemann 2663:Heinrich Schliemann 2457:Iphigenia in Tauris 2289:The throne went to 2239:, grandson of king 1969:Younger brother of 1854:Heinrich Schliemann 1822:Minoan civilization 1646:is united with the 1070:Bronze Age collapse 833:Silver Siege Rhyton 794:Helladic chronology 739:Heinrich Schliemann 709:easy routes to the 520:The Lion Gate, the 507:World Heritage List 415:archaeological site 139: / 102:Shown within Greece 43: 6353: 6345: 6337: 6329: 6307:Treasury of Atreus 6125:Treasury of Atreus 5981: 5973: 5965: 5957: 5921:Vlatades Monastery 5641:(3–4): 1205–1220. 5536:on 1 February 2014 5282:Tsountas, Christos 5074:Nur, Amos (2008). 4734:. Stroud: Tempus. 3921:, the city of the 3915:Schachermeyer 1964 3903:Schachermeyer 1964 3891:Schachermeyer 1964 3233:, pp. 95–96; 2790:Boar's tusk helmet 2735: 2700:The archaeologist 2626:Treasury of Atreus 2564: 2518:End of the Atreids 2411: 2368: 2233: 2033:Maternal uncle of 1713:Etruscan culture. 1579:. In these cults, 1460:, is mentioned by 1015: 1004: 981:Treasury of Atreus 945:Treasury of Atreus 856: 790: 711:Isthmus of Corinth 697: 594: 522:Treasury of Atreus 320:special characters 286:Reference no. 266:i, ii, iii, iv, vi 148:37.73028; 22.75750 6519:Mycenaean palaces 6476: 6475: 6438:Christos Tsountas 6423:Kyriakos Pittakis 6316:Tomb of the Genii 6302:Tomb of Aegisthus 6234: 6233: 6217:Nea Moni of Chios 6202: 6195: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6120: 6118:Tomb of Aegisthus 6113: 6055:Old Town of Corfu 6039: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6016:Athenian Treasury 6011: 6004: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5865:Latomou Monastery 5860: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5756:Media related to 5736:978-1-85-399355-8 5676:978-1-84-217295-7 5625:978-0-52-002163-1 5495:978-0-29-907373-2 5396:978-0-02-631600-2 5273:978-0-87586-683-3 5209:978-2-86958-210-1 5168:Kohlhammer Verlag 5152:978-0-50-005096-5 5129:978-3-447-05708-0 5108:978-0-52-003246-0 5087:978-0-69-101602-3 5034:978-1-4438-5776-5 5013:978-0-06-012722-0 4952:978-0-69-102915-3 4869:978-0-510-03271-5 4813:978-0-19-954556-8 4762:978-0-19-517072-6 4741:978-0-7524-1951-0 4717:978-91-7081-031-2 4696:978-1-59-017017-5 4642:978-3-11-003982-5 4570:978-1-40-513724-9 4547:978-0-521-29037-1 4521:978-0-415-36336-5 4500:978-0-333-15492-2 4474:978-1-11-872499-6 4440:978-9-00-417418-4 4318:, pp. 24–26. 4187:, pp. 57–58. 3658:, pp. 65–66. 3603:Kelder 2010 p.119 3453:Dietrich p.65–66" 3444:, pp. 70–77. 3144:, pp. 59–60. 2816:Explanatory notes 2751:Dickinson College 2743:Christos Tsountas 2715:Mask of Agamemnon 2678:Kyriakos Pittakis 2348:and his brother, 2213: 2212: 1913:Grandson of King 1795:Olympian Pantheon 1151:("wanax") in the 872:Tomb of Aegisthus 866:divided the nine 843:and weapons both 837:Mask of Agamemnon 550:earliest examples 326:rendering support 313: 312: 281: 218:Francesco Grimani 74:Cyclopean masonry 36:Mycenae, New York 16:(Redirected from 6556: 6468:Spyros Iakovidis 6463:Elizabeth French 6261: 6254: 6247: 6238: 6226:Heraion of Samos 6198: 6191: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6078:Daphni Monastery 6037:Temple of Apollo 6035: 6028: 6021: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5775: 5755: 5740: 5728: 5717: 5703: 5691: 5680: 5659: 5650: 5647:10.1130/B36785.1 5629: 5617: 5606: 5597: 5576: 5570: 5562: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5520: 5499: 5487: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5455:. Archived from 5431: 5421: 5419:10.11141/ia.56.9 5400: 5388: 5377: 5356: 5335: 5314: 5303: 5297: 5289: 5277: 5256: 5213: 5194: 5188: 5180: 5171: 5156: 5144: 5133: 5112: 5091: 5070: 5061: 5049: 5038: 5017: 5005: 4994: 4973: 4956: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4914: 4873: 4854: 4844: 4817: 4796: 4785: 4766: 4745: 4721: 4700: 4679: 4662:(6): 1862–1870. 4646: 4625: 4609: 4587: 4574: 4551: 4539: 4525: 4504: 4478: 4457: 4444: 4420: 4418: 4399: 4389: 4368: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4298: 4297: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 3993: 3987: 3977: 3971: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3932: 3926: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3875:Prometheus Bound 3871: 3865: 3855: 3846: 3830: 3824: 3815:, p. 85f.; 3810: 3804: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3595: 3594:Kelder2010 p,.97 3592: 3586: 3585:Kelder 2010 p.34 3583: 3577: 3576: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3531: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3347: 3338: 3337: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3228: 3222: 3219:Placing the Gods 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3177: 3175:10.11141/ia.56.9 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3056: 3050: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3012: 3006: 3005: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2949: 2933: 2927: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2882: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2856: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2575:Cyriac of Ancona 2266:Perseus married 1897: 1893:Kings of Mycenae 1774:(the goat-god). 1726:), later called 1491:classical Greece 1419: 1413: 1412: 1400: 1395: 1394: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1232: 1231: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1199: 1198: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1155:inscriptions at 1146: 1145: 1144: 929: 920: 751:Late Helladic IA 735:Cretan influence 658: 651: 526:walls of Mycenae 468:. The period of 425:, north-eastern 404: 403: 398: 390: 389: 377: 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 275: 194:Mycenaean Greece 154: 153: 151: 150: 149: 144: 140: 137: 136: 135: 132: 97: 96: 90: 66: 50: 44: 21: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6544:Former kingdoms 6479: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6453:William Taylour 6406: 6375: 6354: 6346: 6338: 6330: 6319: 6270: 6265: 6235: 6230: 6168: 6082: 6059: 5982: 5974: 5966: 5958: 5947: 5807: 5802: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5720: 5706: 5700: 5683: 5677: 5662: 5653: 5632: 5626: 5609: 5600: 5594: 5579: 5563: 5555:Classical Views 5548: 5539: 5537: 5523: 5517: 5502: 5496: 5479: 5475: 5473:Further reading 5470: 5462: 5460: 5434: 5403: 5397: 5380: 5359: 5353: 5338: 5317: 5306: 5290: 5280: 5274: 5259: 5216: 5210: 5197: 5181: 5174: 5159: 5153: 5136: 5130: 5115: 5109: 5094: 5088: 5073: 5064: 5058: 5041: 5035: 5020: 5014: 4997: 4976: 4959: 4953: 4938: 4929: 4927: 4917: 4876: 4870: 4857: 4820: 4814: 4799: 4788: 4782: 4769: 4763: 4748: 4742: 4724: 4718: 4703: 4697: 4682: 4649: 4643: 4628: 4622: 4596:Edwards, I.E.S. 4590: 4577: 4571: 4554: 4548: 4528: 4522: 4507: 4501: 4487:Meiggs, Russell 4481: 4475: 4460: 4447: 4441: 4423: 4416: 4397: 4392: 4371: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4301: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4164: 4158:Schliemann 1878 4156: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4062: 4058:, pp. 3–4. 4054: 4050: 4042: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 3994: 3990: 3978: 3974: 3961: 3957: 3951:Wunderlich 1974 3949: 3945: 3939:Wunderlich 1974 3933: 3929: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3872: 3868: 3856: 3849: 3831: 3827: 3811: 3807: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3549:Perseus Project 3525: 3521: 3509: 3505: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3349: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3313: 3312: 3305: 3296: 3294: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3272: 3270: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3229: 3225: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3126:Velikovsky 1999 3124: 3120: 3112: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3057: 3053: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3013: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2952: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2885: 2871: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2781: 2768:William Taylour 2727: 2698: 2589: 2583: 2548: 2530:bite. His son, 2520: 2416: 2378:, the Atreids. 2338: 2218: 2216:Perseid dynasty 1895: 1890: 1850:Wolfgang Helbig 1665:goddesses like 1503:Moses I. Finley 1499:Greek Dark Ages 1483: 1476: 1381: 1347: 1331: 1311: 1299: 1276: 1260: 1248: 1218: 1182: 1142: 1137: 1105: 1081: 1072: 1066: 951: 950: 949: 948: 932: 931: 930: 922: 921: 884: 861: 802: 788:, or high city. 778: 776:Late Bronze Age 747:Circle B graves 731: 723:Middle Helladic 715:Early Neolithic 702: 685: 586: 491:. Vandeyk used 387: 383:Mycenaean Greek 375: 345: 341: 335: 334: 333: 324:Without proper 239: 147: 145: 141: 138: 133: 130: 128: 126: 125: 106: 105: 104: 103: 100: 99: 98: 77: 72:and example of 57: 55: 53: 51: 48: 39: 32:Mycenae (Crete) 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6562: 6560: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6481: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6458:George Mylonas 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6371:Grave Circle B 6368: 6366:Grave Circle A 6362: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6289:Epano Phournos 6287: 6283: 6281: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6241: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6219: 6214: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6200:Fortifications 6196: 6184: 6178: 6176: 6174:Aegean Islands 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6146:Grave Circle B 6142: 6139:Grave Circle A 6135: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6069: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5992: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5935:Byzantine Bath 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5828: 5823: 5817: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5747: 5746:External links 5744: 5742: 5741: 5735: 5718: 5704: 5698: 5681: 5675: 5660: 5651: 5630: 5624: 5607: 5598: 5592: 5577: 5546: 5521: 5515: 5500: 5494: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5432: 5401: 5395: 5378: 5357: 5351: 5336: 5315: 5304: 5278: 5272: 5257: 5237:10.2307/625773 5214: 5208: 5195: 5172: 5157: 5151: 5134: 5128: 5113: 5107: 5092: 5086: 5071: 5062: 5056: 5039: 5033: 5018: 5012: 4995: 4974: 4957: 4951: 4936: 4926:. Bethesda, MD 4915: 4889:(2): 207–215. 4874: 4868: 4855: 4818: 4812: 4797: 4786: 4780: 4767: 4761: 4746: 4740: 4722: 4716: 4701: 4695: 4680: 4647: 4641: 4626: 4620: 4592:Desborough, V. 4588: 4575: 4569: 4552: 4546: 4530:Chadwick, John 4526: 4520: 4511:The Mycenaeans 4505: 4499: 4479: 4473: 4458: 4445: 4439: 4421: 4390: 4369: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4320: 4299: 4284: 4270: 4256: 4227: 4213: 4211:, p. 163. 4209:Iakovidis 2005 4201: 4189: 4177: 4162: 4150: 4148:, p. 131. 4138: 4136:, p. 214. 4126: 4111: 4099: 4097:, p. 216. 4087: 4075: 4060: 4048: 4033: 4031:, p. 624. 4021: 4009: 3988: 3972: 3955: 3943: 3941:, p. 221. 3937:, p. 53; 3927: 3907: 3905:, p. 241. 3895: 3893:, p. 128. 3883: 3866: 3847: 3825: 3805: 3770: 3758: 3746: 3698: 3683: 3660: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3615:, p. 124. 3605: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3564: 3552: 3519: 3503: 3480: 3455: 3446: 3427: 3415: 3403: 3391: 3375: 3369:978-0199873609 3368: 3339: 3333:978-0199873609 3332: 3303: 3279: 3255: 3243: 3231:Castleden 2005 3223: 3201: 3189: 3146: 3134: 3118: 3101: 3089: 3077: 3051: 3035: 3023: 3007: 2993: 2967: 2950: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2919:For area, see 2917: 2909: 2902: 2883: 2865: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2830: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2780: 2777: 2773:George Mylonas 2764:Grave Circle B 2758:, assisted by 2726: 2723: 2697: 2694: 2582: 2579: 2547: 2544: 2519: 2516: 2415: 2412: 2337: 2336:Atreid dynasty 2334: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1710:Walter Burkert 1565:Indo-Europeans 1515:Greek religion 1475: 1472: 1318:po-ro-ko-re-te 1136: 1133: 1104: 1101: 1080: 1077: 1065: 1062: 934: 933: 924: 923: 915: 914: 913: 912: 911: 883: 880: 860: 857: 817:Grave Circle A 806:Grave Circle B 801: 798: 784:View from the 777: 774: 730: 727: 719:Early Helladic 701: 698: 684: 681: 585: 582: 554:Greek language 328:, you may see 316: 315: 314: 311: 310: 307: 306: 303: 302: 297: 293: 292: 287: 283: 282: 272: 268: 267: 264: 260: 259: 256: 252: 251: 245: 241: 240: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 220: 219: 216: 215:Archaeologists 212: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 164: 163: 160: 156: 155: 123: 119: 118: 112: 108: 107: 101: 92: 91: 85: 84: 83: 82: 79: 78: 67: 59: 58: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6561: 6550: 6549:Argos-Mykines 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6448:Winifred Lamb 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359:Grave circles 6357: 6350: 6342: 6334: 6326: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6295:Kato Phournos 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6262: 6257: 6255: 6250: 6248: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6045:Hosios Loukas 6043: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5970: 5962: 5954: 5944: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5794: 5792: 5787: 5785: 5780: 5779: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5732: 5727: 5726: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5699:9780226853536 5695: 5690: 5689: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5616: 5615: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5593:9780424058207 5589: 5585: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5518: 5516:9780701114367 5512: 5508: 5507: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5486: 5485: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5459:on 2023-01-03 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5352:9780708304952 5348: 5344: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5166:. Stuttgart: 5165: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5143: 5142: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5057:9780691035239 5053: 5048: 5047: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5004: 5003: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4937: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4787: 4783: 4781:9781861976178 4777: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4621:9780521086912 4617: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4331: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4285: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4231: 4228: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4178: 4175:, p. 47. 4174: 4173:Loughlin 2021 4169: 4167: 4163: 4160:, p. 49. 4159: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4146:Tsountas 1897 4142: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4124:, p. 53. 4123: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4109:, p. 51. 4108: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4088: 4085:, p. 50. 4084: 4079: 4076: 4073:, p. 48. 4072: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4049: 4046:, p. 19. 4045: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4022: 4019:, p. 28. 4018: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3968:Lines 535–544 3965: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3879:Lines 515–518 3876: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3843:Lines 216–224 3840: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3759: 3756:, p. 21. 3755: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3671: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3656:Dietrich 1973 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3560:Chadwick 1976 3556: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3539:Scott, Robert 3536: 3532: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3511:Chadwick 1976 3507: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3442:Chadwick 1976 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3199:, p. 56. 3198: 3193: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3090: 3087:, p. 58. 3086: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3031:Chadwick 1976 3027: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3008: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2845: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760:Winifred Lamb 2757: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2731: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2716: 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Among the 1626: 1625:ancient Greek 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609:Indo-European 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1495:Greek deities 1492: 1488: 1481: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438:Reinhard Jung 1435: 1434:Birgitta Eder 1431: 1430:Jorrit Kelder 1425: 1421: 1418: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1389: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1361: 1355: 1343: 1339: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1307: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1272: 1268: 1256: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1226: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1194: 1190: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1013: 1008: 1001: 996: 992: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 971: 970:Amenhotep III 967: 963: 959: 954: 946: 942: 938: 928: 919: 910: 908: 904: 899: 897: 893: 889: 881: 879: 875: 873: 869: 865: 858: 852: 848: 846: 842: 841:Cup of Nestor 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 799: 797: 795: 787: 782: 775: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 728: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 707: 700:Neolithic Age 699: 694: 689: 682: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 652: 650: 644: 643: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 590: 583: 581: 578: 572: 570: 566: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 531: 527: 523: 518: 516: 512: 508: 505: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 481: 479: 475: 471: 470:Greek history 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 394: 393:Ancient Greek 384: 380: 379: 369: 339: 331: 327: 323: 321: 308: 304: 301: 298: 291: 288: 279: 273: 265: 257: 250: 246: 244:Official name 238: 229: 226:Partly buried 225: 221: 217: 213: 208: 205: 202: 198: 195: 192: 188: 185: 182: 178: 174: 170: 165: 161: 157: 152: 124: 120: 116: 113: 109: 89: 80: 75: 71: 65: 60: 45: 37: 33: 19: 6276: 6267: 6222:Pythagoreion 6100: 5724: 5712: 5687: 5665: 5655: 5638: 5634: 5613: 5602: 5582: 5567:cite journal 5558: 5554: 5538:. Retrieved 5534:the original 5529: 5505: 5483: 5461:. Retrieved 5457:the original 5444: 5440: 5409: 5384: 5365: 5361: 5341: 5326:(1): 66–76. 5323: 5319: 5309: 5285: 5262: 5228: 5222: 5199: 5176: 5162: 5140: 5118: 5097: 5076: 5066: 5045: 5023: 5001: 4985:(1): 44–48. 4982: 4978: 4970:the original 4965: 4941: 4928:. Retrieved 4923: 4886: 4882: 4859: 4832: 4826: 4802: 4791: 4771: 4751: 4730: 4706: 4685: 4659: 4655: 4631: 4605: 4583: 4560: 4535: 4510: 4490: 4463: 4453: 4429: 4401: 4377: 4373: 4364: 4363:(in Greek). 4360: 4348:Bibliography 4333:. Retrieved 4323: 4316:Gagarin 2010 4287: 4273: 4259: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4216: 4204: 4199:, p. 1. 4192: 4180: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4102: 4090: 4078: 4051: 4029:Younger 2010 4024: 4012: 3999: 3991: 3983: 3975: 3963: 3958: 3946: 3930: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3869: 3858:Nilsson 1967 3836: 3828: 3820: 3817:Jeffrey 1976 3808: 3800: 3799:and Sanskr. 3796: 3789: 3773: 3761: 3754:Burkert 1987 3749: 3726:Erichthonios 3710:Nilsson 1967 3706:Kerényi 1976 3701: 3694:Nilsson 1967 3674:. Retrieved 3663: 3632: 3625:Nilsson 1967 3620: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3567: 3555: 3542: 3522: 3506: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3476:Mylonas 1966 3449: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3378: 3351: 3315: 3295:. Retrieved 3291: 3282: 3271:. Retrieved 3267: 3258: 3246: 3226: 3218: 3209: 3204: 3192: 3165: 3159: 3149: 3137: 3121: 3099:, p. 22 3092: 3085:Shelton 2010 3080: 3059: 3054: 3043: 3038: 3033:, p. 1. 3026: 3018: 3010: 2996: 2984:. Retrieved 2979: 2970: 2965:, p. 4. 2939: 2931: 2921:Chapman 2005 2905: 2900:, p. 20 2876: 2868: 2854: 2833: 2824: 2736: 2719: 2699: 2675: 2652: 2629: 2623: 2598:Provveditore 2596: 2590: 2568: 2565: 2540:Peloponnesus 2521: 2510: 2503: 2474:Clytemnestra 2466: 2455: 2417: 2406: 2396:Clytemnestra 2369: 2363: 2359: 2339: 2323: 2288: 2265: 2251:and the god 2234: 2173:Clytemnestra 2151:Clytemnestra 2125:Clytemnestra 2099:Clytemnestra 1874: 1858: 1830: 1792: 1776: 1721: 1715: 1659:hieros gamos 1658: 1641: 1620: 1616: 1615:(pronounced 1604: 1562: 1519: 1485:Much of the 1484: 1465: 1426: 1422: 1402: 1387: 1375: 1371: 1353: 1341: 1337: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1305: 1295: 1286: 1282: 1266: 1254: 1238: 1224: 1214: 1205: 1188: 1168: 1148: 1138: 1129: 1106: 1093:Persian Wars 1082: 1073: 1043: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1016: 978: 973: 955: 952: 935:Examples of 900: 885: 876: 862: 814: 803: 791: 770:circuit wall 755: 732: 704:Mycenae, an 703: 691:The Tomb of 676: 672: 661:sound change 646: 640: 638: 621: 609: 597: 595: 573: 562: 543: 539:architecture 519: 501: 482: 451: 447:Saronic Gulf 410: 406: 337: 336: 317: 175:1350-1200 BC 6397:Cult Center 5826:Mount Athos 5447:: 623–653. 5320:Archaeology 5231:: 163–372. 4835:: 163–171. 4483:Bury, J. 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London. 5253:163053341 5185:cite book 4924:CDL Press 4410:1570-7008 4361:Hellenika 4185:Gere 2006 4122:Gere 2006 4107:Gere 2006 4083:Gere 2006 4071:Gere 2006 3996:Pausanias 3637:Page 1976 3515:pp. 71–72 3494:Palamedes 3239:Luce 1975 3184:236973111 3021:"Ἀθήνη"). 3017:, p. 29 ( 2936:Pausanias 2914:Chew 2000 2873:"Mycenae" 2846:Citations 2811:Footnotes 2686:Lion Gate 2640:Lion Gate 2613:, whose ' 2603:Lion Gate 2532:Tisamenus 2478:Iphigenia 2470:Agamemnon 2462:Euripides 2448:Iphigenia 2436:Iphigenia 2432:Agamemnon 2384:Tyndareus 2380:Aegisthus 2372:Agamemnon 2291:Sthenelus 2280:Pterelaos 2272:Electryon 2268:Andromeda 2193:Tisamenus 2169:Agamemnon 2147:Aegisthus 2121:Agamemnon 2111:Aegisthus 2103:Aegisthus 2081:Agamemnon 2065:Agamemnon 2061:Aegisthus 2043:Aegisthus 2009:Sthenelus 1973:; exiles 1971:Electryon 1965:Sthenelus 1953:Pterelaos 1945:Andromeda 1935:Electryon 1877:Mycenaean 1870:Iphigenia 1866:Agamemnon 1826:Mycenaean 1815:Mycenaean 1788:cosmology 1607:in early 1487:Mycenaean 1458:Agamemnon 1390:, (later 1342:damokoros 1125:Pausanias 1024:Lion Gate 1020:Cyclopean 1012:Lion Gate 892:Cyclopean 864:Alan Wace 786:acropolis 762:Lion Gate 706:acropolis 693:Aegisthus 614:Pausanias 596:The name 584:Etymology 577:acropolis 560:tablets. 497:Lion Gate 493:Pausanias 474:Mycenaean 223:Condition 70:Lion Gate 6210:and the 5943:Philippi 5374:40267129 5332:41663738 5284:(1897). 4991:27075191 4930:18 March 4911:29084902 4851:43646724 4728:(2002). 4532:(1976). 4489:(1975). 4427:(2009). 4414:Archived 4247:ProQuest 3964:Theogony 3962:Hesiod. 3838:Theogony 3742:Dionysos 3399:Nur 2008 2779:See also 2707:Hisarlik 2619:Romantic 2560:Linear B 2498:Oresteia 2376:Menelaus 2350:Thyestes 2311:Heracles 2276:Taphians 2241:Acrisius 2117:Thyestes 2069:Menelaus 2051:Thyestes 2039:Thyestes 2013:Heracles 1995:Heracles 1949:Taphians 1927:Heracles 1915:Acrisius 1861:religion 1808:Dionysos 1764:Dionysos 1740:Linear B 1736:Poseidon 1706:chthonic 1702:Olympian 1690:Dionysos 1675:Diktynna 1585:European 1581:Poseidon 1558:Dionysos 1542:Poseidon 1530:Linear B 1474:Religion 1450:Nauplion 1398:gerousia 1393:γερουσία 1382:𐀐𐀫𐀯𐀊 1332:𐀅𐀗𐀒𐀫 1306:ko-re-te 1267:te-re-ta 1249:𐀨𐀷𐀐𐀲 1225:te-me-no 1206:basilees 1202:basileús 1197:βασιλεύς 1183:𐀣𐀯𐀩𐀄 1153:Linear B 1149:wa-na-ka 896:Cyclopes 743:Circle A 656:Mykē̂nai 636:2.120). 558:Linear B 524:and the 466:Anatolia 462:Cyclades 413:) is an 407:Mykē̂nai 388:𐀘𐀏𐀙𐀂 263:Criteria 258:Cultural 190:Cultures 117:, Greece 111:Location 49:𐀘𐀏𐀙𐀂 6489:Mycenae 6402:Megaron 6380:Citadel 6298:Panagia 6159:Olympia 6154:Mystras 6101:Mycenae 6050:Meteora 5988:Central 5844:Rotunda 5758:Mycenae 4891:Bibcode 4664:Bibcode 4612:658–677 3919:Eleusis 3779:Demeter 3738:Eleusis 3734:Ploutos 3722:Amyklai 3547:at the 3058:Homer. 2657:of the 2648:Nafplio 2644:voivode 2621:ruin.' 2526:from a 2524:Arcadia 2511:Electra 2504:Electra 2490:Electra 2482:Orestes 2440:Artemis 2326:Dorians 2295:Nicippe 2237:Perseus 2229:Pompeii 2227:, from 2225:Perseus 2199:Orestes 2197:Son of 2183:from a 2181:Arcadia 2167:Son of 2163:Orestes 2155:Orestes 2145:Son of 2133:Erinyes 2129:Orestes 2115:Son of 2085:Son of 2007:Son of 1979:Nicippe 1941:Perseus 1939:Son of 1909:Perseus 1838:Elysion 1811:Zagreus 1780:Homeric 1760:daemons 1756:Arcadia 1728:Artemis 1682:Ariadne 1637:Jupiter 1597:Artemis 1589:Demeter 1573:Arcadia 1522:Guthrie 1511:Nilsson 1507:Homeric 1454:Hittite 1403:do-e-ro 1322:koreter 1287:ekwetai 1283:e-qe-ta 1239:temenos 1235:témenos 1230:τέμενος 1165:Homeric 1157:Knossos 1121:tourist 1089:Plataea 1064:Decline 1039:cistern 907:Frescos 903:megaron 878:times. 825:daggers 683:History 639:In the 634:Odyssey 618:Perseus 598:Mukanai 552:of the 546:Homeric 487:of the 478:citadel 443:Corinth 423:Argolis 419:Mykines 397:Μυκῆναι 338:Mycenae 278:session 180:Periods 172:Founded 167:History 115:Argolis 56:Μυκήνες 52:Μυκῆναι 42:Mycenae 18:Mykenai 6277:Tholos 6105:Tiryns 6065:Attica 6009:Tholos 5996:Delphi 5733: 5696: 5673: 5622: 5590: 5513: 5492: 5441:Gnomon 5426: 5393: 5372: 5362:Glotta 5349: 5330: 5270: 5251: 5245:625773 5243: 5206: 5177:Mykena 5149: 5126: 5105: 5084: 5054: 5031: 5010: 4989: 4949: 4909: 4866: 4849: 4810: 4778: 4759: 4738: 4714: 4693: 4639: 4618: 4567: 4544: 4518: 4497: 4471: 4437: 4408: 4249: 4006:2.15.4 4004: 3980:Pindar 3862:Kismet 3833:Hesiod 3797:*potis 3790:*pótis 3730:Athens 3714:Minoan 3529:δοῦλος 3366: 3330: 3182: 3048:2.16.3 2946:2.16.5 2944: 2507:, and 2494:Aletes 2486:Phocis 2452:Tauris 2388:Sparta 2346:Atreus 2342:oracle 2330:Atreus 2315:Hyllus 2299:Pelops 2278:under 2261:Tiryns 2187:bite. 2177:Aletes 2141:Aletes 2091:Aerope 2087:Atreus 2073:Sparta 2057:Atreus 2029:Atreus 2021:Athens 1991:Hyllus 1983:Pelops 1951:under 1923:heroes 1834:Minoan 1804:daemon 1784:Hesiod 1770:) and 1768:Satyrs 1752:nymphs 1748:Athena 1694:Athena 1667:Aphaea 1663:Minoan 1648:Aegean 1629:Hindus 1605:*Dyeus 1577:Greece 1550:Hermes 1546:Athena 1526:Minoan 1446:Tiryns 1417:doúlos 1411:δοῦλος 1328:. The 1300:𐀒𐀩𐀮 1277:𐀁𐀤𐀲 1261:𐀳𐀩𐀲 1219:𐀳𐀕𐀜 1210:Ithaca 1143:𐀷𐀙𐀏 1058:Thebes 1054:Athens 985:Minyas 958:scarab 937:tholos 868:tholos 845:votive 839:, the 835:, the 821:swords 810:Stelae 649:Mykḗnē 530:Tiryns 511:Tiryns 504:UNESCO 460:, the 435:Athens 431:Greece 411:Mykḗnē 402:Μυκήνη 296:Region 276:(23rd 249:Tiryns 200:Events 54:Μυκήνη 6279:tombs 6182:Delos 6088:South 5821:Aigai 5813:North 5424:S2CID 5370:JSTOR 5328:JSTOR 5249:S2CID 5241:JSTOR 4987:JSTOR 4907:S2CID 4847:JSTOR 4417:(PDF) 4398:(PDF) 3801:daFon 3180:S2CID 3168:(9). 3074:11.46 3070:7.180 3061:Iliad 2659:Morea 2654:Pasha 2528:snake 2454:(see 2420:Paris 2392:Helen 2249:Danaë 2245:Argos 2185:snake 1919:Argos 1882:Homer 1842:Hades 1686:Helen 1601:nymph 1569:anima 1467:Iliad 1462:Homer 1372:da-mo 1367:dễmos 1360:δῆμος 1354:da-mo 1161:Pylos 1117:Roman 1097:Argos 1050:Pylos 1046:Crete 1000:lions 966:Egypt 669:Ionic 665:Attic 642:Iliad 630:Argos 626:Homer 622:mykēs 610:mykēs 602:Greek 458:Crete 439:Argos 417:near 274:1999 6292:Lion 6224:and 6103:and 5731:ISBN 5694:ISBN 5671:ISBN 5620:ISBN 5588:ISBN 5573:link 5542:2014 5511:ISBN 5490:ISBN 5391:ISBN 5347:ISBN 5300:link 5268:ISBN 5204:ISBN 5191:link 5147:ISBN 5124:ISBN 5103:ISBN 5082:ISBN 5052:ISBN 5029:ISBN 5008:ISBN 4947:ISBN 4932:2015 4864:ISBN 4808:ISBN 4776:ISBN 4757:ISBN 4736:ISBN 4712:ISBN 4691:ISBN 4637:ISBN 4616:ISBN 4565:ISBN 4542:ISBN 4516:ISBN 4495:ISBN 4469:ISBN 4435:ISBN 4406:ISSN 4337:2014 3781:and 3678:2014 3364:ISBN 3328:ISBN 3214:gems 3066:4.52 3019:s.v. 2988:2022 2631:agha 2444:deer 2428:Troy 2424:Troy 2394:and 2374:and 2303:Elis 2253:Zeus 2171:and 2149:and 2089:and 2067:and 1987:Elis 1943:and 1900:King 1824:and 1800:Fate 1793:The 1698:Hera 1696:and 1684:and 1655:Hera 1644:Zeus 1621:Dias 1617:Zeus 1613:Zeus 1591:and 1556:and 1538:Hera 1534:Zeus 1448:and 1436:and 1348:𐀅𐀗 1324:and 1176:ἄναξ 1170:anax 1159:and 1087:and 1056:and 823:and 766:cist 528:and 378:-nee 255:Type 159:Type 68:The 5643:doi 5639:136 5559:XLI 5449:doi 5414:doi 5233:doi 4899:doi 4837:doi 4672:doi 4382:doi 3794:PIE 3787:PIE 3732:), 3724:), 3356:doi 3320:doi 3170:doi 2838:it. 2646:of 2460:by 2450:to 2422:of 2386:of 2301:of 2243:of 2071:to 1985:of 1917:of 1772:Pan 1623:in 1619:or 1464:in 1442:Gla 1407:cf. 1405:, ( 1233:, " 1212:). 1208:in 1200:, " 1193:cf. 987:at 964:of 960:of 675:to 663:in 535:art 421:in 409:or 399:or 376:SEE 374:my- 290:941 6485:: 5637:. 5569:}} 5565:{{ 5557:. 5553:. 5528:. 5445:82 5443:. 5439:. 5422:. 5412:. 5408:. 5366:77 5364:. 5324:13 5322:. 5296:}} 5292:{{ 5247:. 5239:. 5229:36 5227:. 5221:. 5187:}} 5183:{{ 4983:35 4981:. 4964:. 4922:. 4905:. 4897:. 4887:74 4885:. 4881:. 4845:. 4833:48 4831:. 4825:. 4670:. 4660:39 4658:. 4654:. 4614:. 4598:; 4485:; 4412:. 4400:. 4376:. 4365:13 4359:. 4302:^ 4243:42 4241:. 4165:^ 4114:^ 4063:^ 4036:^ 3998:, 3982:. 3966:, 3877:, 3850:^ 3841:, 3835:. 3686:^ 3644:^ 3541:; 3537:; 3533:. 3513:, 3496:. 3492:. 3458:^ 3430:^ 3362:. 3342:^ 3326:. 3306:^ 3290:. 3266:. 3237:; 3178:. 3166:56 3164:. 3158:. 3104:^ 3072:, 3068:, 3064:, 3046:, 2978:. 2953:^ 2938:, 2886:^ 2875:. 2741:. 2692:. 2554:A 2514:. 2500:, 2313:, 2135:. 1997:. 1929:. 1884:. 1746:. 1692:. 1673:, 1669:, 1552:, 1548:, 1544:, 1540:, 1536:, 1517:. 1470:. 1414:, 1386:, 1364:, 1352:, 1336:, 1316:, 1304:, 1281:, 1265:, 1253:, 1223:, 1187:, 1147:, 1060:. 1048:, 772:. 679:. 537:, 517:. 429:, 405:, 395:: 391:; 385:: 381:; 365:iː 359:iː 350:aɪ 6260:e 6253:t 6246:v 5797:e 5790:t 5783:v 5739:. 5702:. 5679:. 5649:. 5645:: 5628:. 5596:. 5575:) 5544:. 5519:. 5498:. 5466:. 5451:: 5430:. 5416:: 5399:. 5376:. 5355:. 5334:. 5302:) 5276:. 5255:. 5235:: 5212:. 5193:) 5170:. 5155:. 5132:. 5111:. 5090:. 5060:. 5037:. 5016:. 4993:. 4955:. 4934:. 4913:. 4901:: 4893:: 4872:. 4853:. 4839:: 4816:. 4784:. 4765:. 4744:. 4720:. 4699:. 4678:. 4674:: 4666:: 4645:. 4624:. 4573:. 4550:. 4524:. 4503:. 4477:. 4443:. 4388:. 4384:: 4378:4 4339:. 4296:. 4281:. 4267:. 4253:. 4224:. 3970:. 3925:. 3881:. 3744:. 3736:( 3728:( 3720:( 3680:. 3575:. 3517:. 3500:. 3498:3 3372:. 3358:: 3336:. 3322:: 3300:. 3276:. 3253:. 3186:. 3172:: 3132:. 3004:. 2990:. 2948:. 2881:. 2862:. 2562:. 2231:. 1766:( 1482:. 1340:( 1285:( 1227:( 1191:( 1173:( 677:ē 673:ā 667:- 632:( 368:/ 362:n 356:s 353:ˈ 347:m 344:/ 340:( 332:. 322:. 280:) 38:. 20:)

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