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279:. The largest specimens can grow to a wingspan of 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) and a mass of 91 kg (201 lb). They more typically range from 9.07–13.61 kg (20.0–30.0 lb). The size of the bat ray is dependent on many factors, such as habitat alterations, different oceanographic and environmental conditions. Some bat rays are solitary while others form schools numbering in the thousands.
61:
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382:. They mate annually, in the spring or summer, and have a gestation period of nine to twelve months. Litter sizes range from two to ten — pups emerge tail first with their pectoral fins wrapped around the body, and the venomous spine is flexible and covered in a sheath which sloughs off within hours of birth. Bat rays live up to 23 years.
636:
Hernandez-Herrera, A., Galvan-Magana, F., Patricia
Ceballos-Vazquez, B., Pelamatti, T., García-Rodríguez, A., Hernández-Herrera, A., Galván-Magaña, F., Ceballos-Vázquez, B., & Tovar-Ávila, J. (2020). Estimation of the size at sexual maturity of the bat ray (Myliobatis californica) in northwestern
318:
to move sand and expose prey animals. They may also use their snout to dig trenches up to 20 cm deep to expose buried prey, such as clams. Bat ray teeth are flat and pavementlike, forming tightly-packed rows that are used for crushing and grinding prey—the crushed shells are ejected and the flesh
357:
Commercial growers have long believed bat rays (which inhabit the same estuarine areas favored for the industry) prey on oysters and trapped them in large numbers. In fact, crabs (which are prey of bat rays) are principally responsible for oyster loss. Bat rays are not considered endangered or
369:
The holes that bat rays leave behind after digging with their snouts allow smaller fish to eat the organisms hidden in the sand that they otherwise would not be able to retrieve themselves. These holes can be as large as 4 meters long and 20 centimeters deep.
335:, has a venomous spine in its tail (near the base), it is not considered dangerous and uses the spine only when attacked or frightened. Humans can avoid these spines by shuffling their feet when traversing shallow sand.
412:
721:
Gobalet, Kenneth W., Peter D. Schulz, Thomas A. Wake and Nelson
Siefkin (2004). "Archaeological perspectives on native American fisheries of California, with emphasis on steelhead and salmon".
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Bat rays are popular in marine parks, and visitors are often allowed to touch or stroke the ray, usually on the wing.
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Bat rays copulate while swimming with synchronized wingbeats—the male under the female. The male inserts a
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into the female's cloaca, channeling semen into the orifice to fertilize her eggs.
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Gill, T.N. (1865). "Note on the family of myliobatoids, and on a new species of
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298:. To keep themselves safe from predators, bat rays camouflage in the sand.
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van Hees, K.; Pien, C.; Ebert, D.A.; Cailliet, G.M.; Smith, W.D. (2015).
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is often greater than the male one. Predators of the bat ray include
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346:. Prehistorically, native tribes on the California coast (probably
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260:
817:
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Mexico through a multi-model inference. Fisheries
Research, 231
354:
area, fished bat rays in large numbers, presumably for food.
764:"The Pelagic Shark Research Foundation - Research - Methods"
323:, these teeth fall out and are replaced continuously.
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314:and small fish on the seabed, using their winglike
697:Program, Morro Bay National Estuary (2017-01-27).
647:Program, Morro Bay National Estuary (2017-01-27).
338:Currently, the bat ray is fished commercially in
263:beds and rocky-bottomed shoreline in the eastern
723:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
486:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T39416A80677869.en
8:
785:
783:
418:Bat ray in kelp forest, San Clemente Island.
617:"Bat Rays ~ MarineBio Conservation Society"
814:
602:Monterey Bay Aquarium Online Field Guide.
275:. It is also found in the area around the
226:
59:
40:
31:
699:"Morro Bay Wildlife Spot Light: Bat Rays"
649:"Morro Bay Wildlife Spot Light: Bat Rays"
484:
598:
596:
594:
592:
578:
576:
532:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
453:
396:
282:The sexual maturity size of the female
442:Bat ray at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.
7:
1092:Western North American coastal fauna
1077:IUCN Red List least concern species
582:Florida Museum of Natural History.
472:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
406:Bat ray adopting a feeding posture.
740:"Myliobatis californica (Bat ray)"
703:Morro Bay National Estuary Program
674:"Myliobatis californica (Bat ray)"
653:Morro Bay National Estuary Program
25:
1107:Fish of the Western United States
255:found in muddy or sandy sloughs,
435:
423:
411:
399:
84:
1112:Galápagos Islands coastal fauna
365:Relationship with other animals
1102:Fish of the Gulf of California
331:While the bat ray, like other
1:
27:Species of cartilaginous fish
1133:
584:Bat Ray Biological Profile
512:Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y.
296:broadnose sevengill sharks
234:
225:
206:
199:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
555:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
528:"Myliobatis californica"
378:Bat ray reproduction is
327:Relationship with humans
872:myliobatis-californicus
606:. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
586:. Retrieved 2006-01-16.
569:. January 2006 version.
465:Myliobatis californicus
1117:Fish described in 1865
858:Myliobatis californica
828:Myliobatis californica
793:. Retrieved 2006-01-16
559:Myliobatis californica
430:Bat ray off Pt. Lobos.
319:consumed. As with all
248:Myliobatis californica
210:Myliobatis californica
18:Myliobatis californica
810:on Sealife Collection
479:: e.T39416A80677869.
350:), especially in the
284:Myliobatis california
744:Animal Diversity Web
678:Animal Diversity Web
1097:Fauna of California
728:(4), 801–833.
288:California sea lion
192:M. californica
51:Conservation status
1087:Ovoviviparous fish
292:great white sharks
273:Gulf of California
1064:
1063:
1036:Open Tree of Life
820:Taxon identifiers
352:San Francisco Bay
306:Bat rays feed on
277:Galápagos Islands
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380:ovoviviparous
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344:United States
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316:pectoral fins
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771:. Retrieved
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747:. Retrieved
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681:. Retrieved
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621:. Retrieved
619:. 2017-05-18
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535:. Retrieved
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490:. Retrieved
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358:threatened.
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342:but not the
337:
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283:
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247:
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209:
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191:
190:
178:
168:Myliobatidae
144:Superorder:
29:
945:iNaturalist
852:Wikispecies
492:20 November
312:crustaceans
1082:Myliobatis
1071:Categories
806:Photos of
773:2022-10-20
749:2022-10-20
708:2022-10-20
683:2022-10-20
658:2022-10-20
623:2022-10-20
448:References
374:Life cycle
259:and bays,
235:Range map
218:T. N. Gill
179:Myliobatis
134:Subclass:
508:Aetobatis
333:stingrays
257:estuaries
253:eagle ray
186:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
963:10158497
919:FishBase
911:46561010
843:Q1722247
837:Wikidata
566:FishBase
537:11 March
308:mollusks
251:) is an
164:Family:
148:Batoidea
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
35:Bat ray
937:2419300
808:Bat ray
791:Bat Ray
604:Bat Ray
393:Gallery
387:clasper
243:bat ray
220:, 1865)
174:Genus:
154:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1054:271485
1028:271485
1015:795874
1002:319543
976:160981
885:125487
867:ARKive
348:Ohlone
340:Mexico
269:Oregon
1049:WoRMS
1041:47684
989:39416
958:IRMNG
950:51491
898:453CB
1023:OBIS
997:NCBI
984:IUCN
971:ITIS
932:GBIF
924:2582
880:BOLD
539:2006
494:2021
477:2015
302:Diet
294:and
261:kelp
241:The
906:EoL
893:CoL
726:133
510:".
481:doi
1073::
1051::
1038::
1025::
1012::
999::
986::
973::
960::
947::
934::
921::
908::
895::
882::
869::
854::
839::
782:^
766:.
742:.
701:.
676:.
651:.
591:^
575:^
563:.
530:.
475:.
469:.
310:,
290:,
776:.
752:.
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686:.
661:.
626:.
561:"
557:"
541:.
515:8
496:.
483::
467:"
463:"
245:(
216:(
73:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
