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263:("No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws…"). Despite the efforts of Senator
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Bradwell's case. Meanwhile, in 1890, the
Illinois Supreme Court acting on its own motion honored her by approving Bradwell's original application. On March 28, 1892, Bradwell then received her license to practice before the United States Supreme Court. The Illinois Supreme Court and the U.S. Supreme Court admitted Bradwell,
235:. With her husband's legal help, she persuaded the Illinois legislature to pass a law so that she could serve as both editor and business manager of the Chicago Legal News Company (it had other publications, and produced stationery and legal forms). Although the paper's offices were destroyed in the
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In 1879, Lockwood became the first woman admitted to the U.S. Supreme Court bar and in 1880 the first woman to argue a case before that body. She was later denied admission to the
Virginia bar and in 1893 the United States Supreme court refused to force Virginia to admit her, citing its decision in
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and state's attorney examined
Bradwell's legal ability, pronounced her qualified, and suggested that the Illinois State Supreme Court Issue her a law license. But, her application was denied on the grounds that as a married woman, she could not enter into any legal contracts, as lawyers do in their
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Meanwhile, in 1872, influenced by her case, the
Illinois legislature passed a new law stating, "No person shall be precluded or debarred from any occupation, profession, or employment (except the military) on account of sex" and in 1875, another law was passed to allow women to become notaries.
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Despite changing the law, Bradwell made no further proceedings to gain her license, although she assisted women in other states attempting to study law, effect legal change, and procure law licenses in their respective states. She insisted that women's equality was a non-partisan issue. In
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wrote, "The natural and proper timidity and delicacy which belongs to the female sex evidently unfits it for many of the occupations of civil life… he paramount destiny and mission of woman are to fulfill the noble and benign offices of wife and mother. This is the law of the
Creator".
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A few years after marrying James
Bradwell, Myra Bradwell started her formal law training when her husband was admitted to the Illinois Bar. She was an apprentice in her husband's office and assisted him with legal research and writing. Complications arose because of
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function. Its reporters criticized corruption within the local bar and judiciary and urged railroad regulation. Bradwell also was determined to improve women's status in society, so the paper included a column entitled "Law
Relating to Women".
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profession. On
February 5, 1870, the Illinois high court again denied her claim for a law license on the basis of sex. Chief Justice Charles B. Lawrence stated that "God designed the sexes to occupy different spheres of action".
193:. James Bradwell was the head of a private school, where Myra Bradwell also became a teacher. She completed her formal education by age 24 and taught herself the practice of law. She became a school teacher after she graduated.
200:, where James Bradwell was admitted to the Chicago Bar. He became a successful lawyer and judge. In 1873, he was elected to the General Assembly. The couple had four children: James, Myra, Thomas, and
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until 1925. Her son Thomas
Bradwell also became a lawyer and managed the printing company. Myra Bradwell Elementary School in Chicago, Illinois was opened and named in her honor in 1889.
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Thus in 1873, the
Supreme Court also denied her admission to the legal profession because of her sex. The same year, the governor of Illinois denied her an appointment as notary public.
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Bradwell appealed to the United States Supreme Court, claiming that refusing to admit her to the bar because she was female violated her constitutional rights under the
174:, Vermont, to Eben Colby and Abigail Willey. She lived with her family in Vermont and Western New York during her childhood. When she was twelve, the family moved to
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lobbied Congress to pass an anti-discrimination bill to allow women to practice in federal courts. It was finally passed in 1879 and signed into law by President
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251:, she wrote the Earnings Act of 1869; both bills allowed married women to control their earnings and property. In August 1869, a federal judge from the
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of 1871, it continued to publish. The widely circulated paper published information about court opinions, laws, and court ordinances, and also had a
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To support women's suffrage and efforts to gain employment, Myra Bradwell helped write the Illinois Married Women's Property Act of 1861. With
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passed a state law prohibiting gender discrimination in admission to any occupation or profession (with the exception of the military).
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laws, which prohibited married women from holding property. The ability to hold property was necessary to become even a notary public.
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Myra Bradwell died of cancer on February 14, 1894, just four years after she was admitted to the bar. She is buried in Chicago's
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where she was the journal's publisher, business manager, and editor-in-chief. She also became an active member in the
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A different result would open the flood gates and many more women would want to follow in Bradwell's footsteps.
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In 1890, the Illinois Supreme Court on its own motion granted Bradwell admission to the Illinois bar, and the
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from 1868, reporting on the law and continued that work. Meanwhile, influenced by her case, in 1872 the
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527:"Sex, Suffrage, and State Constitutional Law: Women's Legal Right to Hold Public Office"
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of the Fourteenth Amendment did not include the right to practice a profession. Justice
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The state was worried about the effect women would have on the administration office.
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followed suit two years later. In 1994, Myra Bradwell was inducted into the
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from "Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service", Accessed February 14, 2006.
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upholding a separate women's sphere. Bradwell had founded and published
124:. She attempted in 1869 to become the first woman to be admitted to the
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Gale, George (December 1953). "Myra Bradwell: The First Woman Lawyer".
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Myra Bradwell raised funds to help aid the wounded soldiers during the
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182:, Wisconsin, and later enrolled in Elgin Female Seminary in Illinois.
120:(February 12, 1831 – February 14, 1894) was an American publisher and
314:, serving as Secretary of the Illinois Women Suffrage Association.
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676:"Women Lawyers and State Bar Admission:Law Library of Congress"
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704:"Myra Bradwell: The First Woman Admitted to the Illinois Bar"
771:
Women Building Chicago, 1790-1990: A Biographical Dictionary
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Brutal cases would not be appropriate for a woman to handle.
470:, continued in her mother's footsteps, graduating from the
267:, who argued on her behalf, the Court held 8 to 1 that the
610:"American National Biography Online: Bradwell, Myra Colby"
27:
American publisher and political activist (1831–1894)
654:"The Fourteenth Amendment and the Rights Revolution"
634:(in Swedish). No. 15. April 13, 1895. p. 5
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773:(Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2001).
495:List of first women lawyers and judges in Illinois
131:to practice law, but was denied admission by the
289:Women would not be allowed to practice the law.
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581:"Myra Bradwell: America's first woman lawyer"
170:Myra Colby was born on February 12, 1831, in
8:
569:National Women's Hall of Fame, Myra Bradwell
224:. She was also a member of the Northwestern
378:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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706:. Practice Point. American Bar Association
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442:Learn how and when to remove this message
692:In re Lockwood, 154 U.S. 116, 117 (1893)
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204:. James and Myra died at an early age.
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769:Schultz, Rima Lunin, and Adele Hast,
458:Bradwell's grave at Rosehill Cemetery
7:
525:Katz, Elizabeth D. (July 30, 2021).
520:
518:
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376:adding citations to reliable sources
178:, Illinois. She attended schools in
2877:19th-century American women lawyers
760:American National Biography Online.
702:Wills, Leonard (October 31, 2017).
583:. February 10, 2006. Archived from
306:Bradwell continued her work on the
285:The court's holding was fourfold:
25:
959:Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
282:, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 130 (1873).
727:American Bar Association Journal
481:Her granddaughter and namesake,
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269:Privileges and Immunities Clause
253:Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals
189:. Two years later they moved to
2887:People from Manchester, Vermont
2029:Harriet Williams Russell Strong
1708:Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
483:Myra Bradwell Helmer Pritchard
231:In 1868, Bradwell founded the
1:
2892:19th-century American lawyers
809:National Women's Hall of Fame
733:(12): 1121 – via JSTOR.
160:National Women's Hall of Fame
2897:Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
2055:Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
185:In 1852, Myra Colby married
2238:Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
1642:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
628:"I Amerikas Förenta stater"
474:in 1882 and publishing the
156:United States Supreme Court
137:United States Supreme Court
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1794:Katharine Dexter McCormick
1092:Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
766:, Minnesota Women Lawyers.
2902:Suffragists from Illinois
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1850:
1652:Hannah Greenebaum Solomon
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656:. University of Minnesota
312:women's suffrage movement
41:
1883:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
1693:Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
1466:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
2373:Dorothy Harrison Eustis
2263:Catherine Filene Shouse
2116:Patricia Roberts Harris
1754:Mary Steichen Calderone
1622:Lillian Moller Gilbreth
1491:Frances Wisebart Jacobs
1295:Martha Wright Griffiths
758:"Bradwell, Myra Colby".
751:Encyclopædia Britannica
748:"Bradwell, Myra Colby".
196:In 1855, they moved to
2319:Rebecca Talbot Perkins
1814:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
1678:Frances Xavier Cabrini
1592:Elizabeth Hanford Dole
1370:Ellen Swallow Richards
1340:Constance Baker Motley
990:Elizabeth Bayley Seton
923:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
764:"Myra Bradwell Award".
550:Cite journal requires
468:Bessie Bradwell Helmer
459:
265:Matthew Hale Carpenter
133:Illinois Supreme Court
2833:Anna Wessels Williams
2520:Carlotta Walls LaNier
2253:Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
2111:Martha Matilda Harper
2075:Mary Engle Pennington
1913:Frances Oldham Kelsey
1698:Anne Morrow Lindbergh
1451:Jane Cunningham Croly
1380:Katherine Siva Saubel
1275:Marian Wright Edelman
1198:Margaret Bourke-White
1123:Harriet Beecher Stowe
457:
166:Early and family life
110:Elgin Female Seminary
2530:Mary Harriman Rumsey
2368:St. Katharine Drexel
2212:Mary Burnett Talbert
2207:Blanche Stuart Scott
2192:Mother Marianne Cope
2172:Ruth Fulton Benedict
2131:Mildred Robbins Leet
1829:Angelina Grimké Weld
1703:Maria Goeppert Mayer
1673:Charlotte Anne Bunch
1250:Antoinette Blackwell
1229:Gertrude Belle Elion
1159:Ida B. Wells-Barnett
928:Helen Brooke Taussig
918:Margaret Chase Smith
756:Mezey, Susan Gluck.
587:on February 10, 2006
472:Union College of Law
372:improve this section
279:Bradwell v. Illinois
261:Fourteenth Amendment
149:Illinois legislature
2747:Rebecca S. Halstead
2721:Mary Church Terrell
2408:Barbara A. Mikulski
2136:Patsy Takemoto Mink
2121:Stephanie L. Kwolek
2060:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
2034:Emily Howell Warner
1979:Dorothy H. Andersen
1953:Annie Dodge Wauneka
1948:Mary Edwards Walker
1873:Faye Glenn Abdellah
1804:Edith Nourse Rogers
1784:Shirley Ann Jackson
1759:Mary Ann Shadd Cary
1637:Sandra Day O'Connor
1617:Matilda Joslyn Gage
1213:Florence B. Seibert
1050:Carrie Chapman Catt
980:Juliette Gordon Low
863:Elizabeth Blackwell
858:Mary McLeod Bethune
485:, became a golfer.
324:Rutherford B. Hayes
226:Sanitary Commission
118:Myra Colby Bradwell
69:Manchester, Vermont
18:Myra Colby Bradwell
2706:Barbara Rose Johns
2657:Flossie Wong-Staal
2632:Nicole Malachowski
2561:Lorraine Hansberry
2505:Marcia Greenberger
2459:Mary Joseph Rogers
2398:Coretta Scott King
2383:Abby Kelley Foster
2299:Susan Kelly-Dreiss
2187:Rita Rossi Colwell
1963:Frances E. Willard
1799:Rozanne L. Ridgway
1749:Lydia Moss Bradley
1734:Madeleine Albright
1627:Nannerl O. Keohane
1597:Anne Dallas Dudley
1526:Betty Bone Schiess
1496:Susette La Flesche
1481:Zora Neale Hurston
1476:Helen LaKelly Hunt
1400:Madam C. J. Walker
1315:Mary Putnam Jacobi
1265:Jacqueline Cochran
1245:Ethel Percy Andrus
1113:Barbara McClintock
476:Chicago Legal News
460:
308:Chicago Legal News
237:Great Chicago Fire
233:Chicago Legal News
222:American Civil War
191:Memphis, Tennessee
145:Chicago Legal News
122:political activist
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2808:Kimberlé Crenshaw
2803:Elouise P. Cobell
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2737:Octavia E. Butler
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2576:Clare Boothe Luce
2388:Helen Murray Free
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2167:Florence E. Allen
2151:Sheila E. Widnall
2096:Linda G. Alvarado
2080:Mercy Otis Warren
2039:Victoria Woodhull
2024:Barbara Holdridge
2019:Beatrice A. Hicks
1994:Lydia Maria Child
1908:Leontine T. Kelly
1846:
1845:
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1668:Louisa May Alcott
1582:Mary Breckinridge
1461:Geraldine Ferraro
1446:Annie Jump Cannon
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908:Eleanor Roosevelt
807:Inductees to the
529:. Rochester, NY.
464:Rosehill Cemetery
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318:Washington, D.C.
273:Joseph P. Bradley
187:James B. Bradwell
115:
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100:Rosehill Cemetery
90:, Illinois, U.S.
80:February 14, 1894
65:February 12, 1831
16:(Redirected from
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2882:Illinois lawyers
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2642:Louise Slaughter
2566:Victoria Jackson
2525:Philippa Marrack
2510:Barbara Iglewski
2418:Kathrine Switzer
2413:Donna E. Shalala
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2284:Louise Bourgeois
2258:Judith L. Pipher
2065:Katharine Graham
2009:Marian de Forest
1928:Anna Howard Shaw
1878:Emma Smith DeVoe
1863:
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1764:Joan Ganz Cooney
1688:Oveta Culp Hobby
1683:Mary A. Hallaren
1546:Sarah Winnemucca
1415:Gloria Yerkovich
1410:Rosalyn S. Yalow
1365:Jeannette Rankin
1345:Georgia O'Keeffe
1300:Fannie Lou Hamer
1260:Shirley Chisholm
1208:Billie Jean King
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2701:Barbara Hillary
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2490:Tenley Albright
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2464:Bernice Sandler
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2403:Lilly Ledbetter
2378:Loretta C. Ford
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2268:Henrietta Szold
2228:Eleanor K. Baum
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2182:Hillary Clinton
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2101:Donna de Varona
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1967:
1943:Wilma L. Vaught
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1893:Sylvia A. Earle
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1809:Felice Schwartz
1779:Julia Ward Howe
1722:
1713:Maria Tallchief
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1612:Margaret Fuller
1607:Ella Fitzgerald
1602:Mary Baker Eddy
1555:
1511:Antonia Novello
1486:Anne Hutchinson
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1335:Wilma Mankiller
1255:Emily Blackwell
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1029:Margaret Sanger
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843:Marian Anderson
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106:Alma mater
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393: –
392:
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387:Find sources:
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367:
366:
362:
357:This section
355:
351:
346:
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339:
337:
335:
334:
333:nunc pro tunc
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53:
49:
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36:Myra Bradwell
33:
30:
19:
2823:Loretta Ross
2798:Ruby Bridges
2742:Judy Chicago
2637:Rose O'Neill
2617:Angela Davis
2596:Alice Waters
2591:Janet Rowley
2586:Carol Mutter
2474:Emma Willard
2454:Nancy Pelosi
2449:Kate Millett
2314:Ruth Patrick
2309:Emma Lazarus
2294:Karen DeCrow
2289:Mildred Cohn
1984:Lucille Ball
1958:Eudora Welty
1933:Sophia Smith
1918:Kate Mullany
1774:Sarah Grimké
1739:Maya Angelou
1572:Ann Bancroft
1551:Fanny Wright
1471:Grace Hopper
1440:
1395:Lillian Wald
1350:Annie Oakley
1330:Mary Mahoney
1154:Mary Risteau
1144:Willa Cather
1097:Bessie Smith
975:Dorothea Dix
903:Helen Keller
878:Mary Cassatt
853:Clara Barton
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750:
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720:
708:. Retrieved
697:
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658:. Retrieved
648:
636:. Retrieved
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589:. Retrieved
585:the original
575:
564:
543:cite journal
480:
475:
461:
438:
432:October 2022
429:
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386:
370:Please help
358:
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316:
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184:
169:
153:
144:
139:in 1873, in
117:
116:
96:Burial place
82:(1894-02-14)
29:
2872:1894 deaths
2867:1831 births
2828:Sandy Stone
2772:Indra Nooyi
2444:Julie Krone
2243:Swanee Hunt
2233:Julia Child
2197:Maya Y. Lin
2070:Bertha Holt
2004:Dorothy Day
1938:Ida Tarbell
1903:Jeanne Holm
1632:Maggie Kuhn
1431:Bella Abzug
1320:Mae Jemison
1290:Ella Grasso
1280:Alice Evans
1270:Ruth Colvin
898:Helen Hayes
838:Jane Addams
614:www.anb.org
591:January 27,
2861:Categories
2627:Jane Fonda
2622:Sarah Deer
2434:Betty Ford
1923:Janet Reno
1769:Gerty Cori
1744:Nellie Bly
1436:Ella Baker
1355:Rosa Parks
1149:Sally Ride
1118:Lucy Stone
985:Alice Paul
710:January 9,
660:October 6,
501:References
402:newspapers
241:muckraking
176:Schaumburg
172:Manchester
61:1831-02-12
55:Myra Colby
2757:Joy Harjo
2679:2020–2029
2351:2010–2019
2141:Sacagawea
1888:Mary Dyer
1856:2000–2009
1325:Mary Lyon
1181:1990–1999
1012:1980–1989
821:1970–1979
359:does not
215:coverture
2752:Mia Hamm
489:See also
126:Illinois
638:July 3,
535:3896499
416:scholar
380:removed
365:sources
198:Chicago
180:Kenosha
141:rulings
88:Chicago
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397:
389:
208:Career
71:, U.S.
423:JSTOR
409:books
2786:2024
2730:2022
2689:2020
2605:2019
2544:2017
2483:2015
2427:2013
2361:2011
2277:2009
2221:2007
2160:2005
2089:2003
2048:2002
1972:2001
1866:2000
1727:1998
1661:1996
1560:1995
1424:1994
1238:1993
1222:1991
1191:1990
1132:1988
1106:1986
1085:1984
1064:1983
1043:1982
1022:1981
968:1979
942:1976
831:1973
712:2020
662:2017
640:2014
593:2022
556:help
531:SSRN
395:news
363:any
361:cite
77:Died
51:Born
374:by
129:bar
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