444:
339:
33:
252:("No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws…"). Despite the efforts of Senator
319:
Bradwell's case. Meanwhile, in 1890, the
Illinois Supreme Court acting on its own motion honored her by approving Bradwell's original application. On March 28, 1892, Bradwell then received her license to practice before the United States Supreme Court. The Illinois Supreme Court and the U.S. Supreme Court admitted Bradwell,
224:. With her husband's legal help, she persuaded the Illinois legislature to pass a law so that she could serve as both editor and business manager of the Chicago Legal News Company (it had other publications, and produced stationery and legal forms). Although the paper's offices were destroyed in the
318:
In 1879, Lockwood became the first woman admitted to the U.S. Supreme Court bar and in 1880 the first woman to argue a case before that body. She was later denied admission to the
Virginia bar and in 1893 the United States Supreme court refused to force Virginia to admit her, citing its decision in
244:
and state's attorney examined
Bradwell's legal ability, pronounced her qualified, and suggested that the Illinois State Supreme Court Issue her a law license. But, her application was denied on the grounds that as a married woman, she could not enter into any legal contracts, as lawyers do in their
294:
Meanwhile, in 1872, influenced by her case, the
Illinois legislature passed a new law stating, "No person shall be precluded or debarred from any occupation, profession, or employment (except the military) on account of sex" and in 1875, another law was passed to allow women to become notaries.
306:
Despite changing the law, Bradwell made no further proceedings to gain her license, although she assisted women in other states attempting to study law, effect legal change, and procure law licenses in their respective states. She insisted that women's equality was a non-partisan issue. In
264:
wrote, "The natural and proper timidity and delicacy which belongs to the female sex evidently unfits it for many of the occupations of civil life… he paramount destiny and mission of woman are to fulfill the noble and benign offices of wife and mother. This is the law of the
Creator".
201:
A few years after marrying James
Bradwell, Myra Bradwell started her formal law training when her husband was admitted to the Illinois Bar. She was an apprentice in her husband's office and assisted him with legal research and writing. Complications arose because of
232:
function. Its reporters criticized corruption within the local bar and judiciary and urged railroad regulation. Bradwell also was determined to improve women's status in society, so the paper included a column entitled "Law
Relating to Women".
245:
profession. On
February 5, 1870, the Illinois high court again denied her claim for a law license on the basis of sex. Chief Justice Charles B. Lawrence stated that "God designed the sexes to occupy different spheres of action".
182:. James Bradwell was the head of a private school, where Myra Bradwell also became a teacher. She completed her formal education by age 24 and taught herself the practice of law. She became a school teacher after she graduated.
189:, where James Bradwell was admitted to the Chicago Bar. He became a successful lawyer and judge. In 1873, he was elected to the General Assembly. The couple had four children: James, Myra, Thomas, and
787:
467:
until 1925. Her son Thomas
Bradwell also became a lawyer and managed the printing company. Myra Bradwell Elementary School in Chicago, Illinois was opened and named in her honor in 1889.
291:
Thus in 1873, the
Supreme Court also denied her admission to the legal profession because of her sex. The same year, the governor of Illinois denied her an appointment as notary public.
249:
692:
483:
248:
Bradwell appealed to the United States Supreme Court, claiming that refusing to admit her to the bar because she was female violated her constitutional rights under the
163:, Vermont, to Eben Colby and Abigail Willey. She lived with her family in Vermont and Western New York during her childhood. When she was twelve, the family moved to
780:
443:
311:
lobbied Congress to pass an anti-discrimination bill to allow women to practice in federal courts. It was finally passed in 1879 and signed into law by President
2865:
240:, she wrote the Earnings Act of 1869; both bills allowed married women to control their earnings and property. In August 1869, a federal judge from the
773:
228:
of 1871, it continued to publish. The widely circulated paper published information about court opinions, laws, and court ordinances, and also had a
2875:
752:
746:
300:
2880:
236:
To support women's suffrage and efforts to gain employment, Myra Bradwell helped write the Illinois Married Women's Property Act of 1861. With
2885:
140:
passed a state law prohibiting gender discrimination in admission to any occupation or profession (with the exception of the military).
206:
laws, which prohibited married women from holding property. The ability to hold property was necessary to become even a notary public.
2890:
430:
797:
451:
Myra Bradwell died of cancer on February 14, 1894, just four years after she was admitted to the bar. She is buried in Chicago's
257:
241:
148:
2554:
2017:
569:
471:
364:
360:
411:
383:
2689:
2043:
1921:
616:
1630:
299:
where she was the journal's publisher, business manager, and editor-in-chief. She also became an active member in the
144:
125:
390:
349:
1238:
368:
353:
2870:
137:
1967:
1871:
1570:
1454:
397:
281:
A different result would open the flood gates and many more women would want to follow in Bradwell's footsteps.
2241:
143:
In 1890, the Illinois Supreme Court on its own motion granted Bradwell admission to the Illinois bar, and the
2361:
2251:
2104:
1610:
1479:
947:
98:
2307:
1802:
1666:
1625:
1358:
1328:
911:
765:
456:
379:
253:
190:
121:
2821:
2508:
2099:
2063:
1901:
1686:
1439:
1398:
1368:
1268:
1263:
1186:
1111:
531:
136:
from 1868, reporting on the law and continued that work. Meanwhile, influenced by her case, in 1872 the
1762:
2860:
2855:
2816:
2796:
2518:
2226:
2200:
2119:
1691:
1444:
906:
460:
267:
164:
129:
2735:
2709:
2048:
2022:
1941:
1936:
1861:
1792:
1782:
1772:
1681:
1605:
1333:
1258:
1201:
1038:
978:
968:
851:
846:
312:
214:
160:
57:
2694:
2645:
2620:
2549:
2493:
2447:
2386:
2371:
2287:
1787:
1737:
1722:
1615:
1585:
1514:
1484:
1469:
1464:
1388:
1318:
1303:
1253:
1233:
1101:
1059:
225:
210:
179:
168:
1817:
664:
642:
2791:
2755:
2725:
2564:
2376:
2155:
2084:
2068:
2027:
2012:
1982:
1896:
1656:
1640:
1449:
1434:
1217:
901:
896:
523:
519:
452:
261:
175:
88:
2630:
2513:
2498:
2406:
2396:
2356:
2292:
2272:
2109:
2053:
1997:
1916:
1866:
1752:
1676:
1534:
1403:
1353:
1288:
1283:
1248:
1196:
1127:
916:
836:
404:
2826:
2699:
2684:
2635:
2478:
2452:
2391:
2256:
2216:
2175:
2170:
2094:
2089:
1977:
1951:
1886:
1822:
1797:
1767:
1701:
1661:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1499:
1474:
1348:
1323:
1243:
1043:
1022:
1017:
871:
831:
544:
2625:
557:
516:"Sex, Suffrage, and State Constitutional Law: Women's Legal Right to Hold Public Office"
260:
of the Fourteenth Amendment did not include the right to practice a profession. Justice
2806:
2801:
2765:
2640:
2559:
2544:
2503:
2427:
2381:
2190:
2139:
2114:
2007:
1987:
1891:
1747:
1742:
1696:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1539:
1524:
1519:
1504:
1494:
1489:
1393:
1378:
1373:
1298:
1293:
1191:
921:
881:
876:
308:
237:
2849:
2781:
2750:
2704:
2600:
2569:
2539:
2523:
2488:
2483:
2457:
2401:
2317:
2312:
2246:
2236:
2195:
2180:
2165:
2160:
2134:
2002:
1812:
1807:
1777:
1706:
1671:
1635:
1529:
1509:
1363:
1273:
1064:
942:
937:
861:
856:
321:
287:
The state was worried about the effect women would have on the administration office.
2811:
2786:
2730:
2605:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2462:
2442:
2437:
2366:
2302:
2297:
2282:
2277:
1972:
1946:
1931:
1906:
1881:
1727:
1560:
1459:
1383:
1338:
1147:
1142:
1132:
1085:
1080:
963:
891:
866:
841:
573:
2760:
2432:
2231:
2221:
2058:
1992:
1926:
1620:
1419:
1308:
1278:
886:
826:
338:
325:, so that the year of her admittance was officially, albeit symbolically, 1869.
736:
598:
2615:
2610:
2422:
2124:
1911:
1757:
1732:
1424:
1343:
1137:
1106:
973:
229:
2745:
2129:
1876:
1313:
203:
147:
followed suit two years later. In 1994, Myra Bradwell was inducted into the
117:
742:
from "Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service", Accessed February 14, 2006.
515:
32:
2740:
2185:
114:
110:
132:
upholding a separate women's sphere. Bradwell had founded and published
113:. She attempted in 1869 to become the first woman to be admitted to the
714:
Gale, George (December 1953). "Myra Bradwell: The First Woman Lawyer".
209:
Myra Bradwell raised funds to help aid the wounded soldiers during the
186:
76:
171:, Wisconsin, and later enrolled in Elgin Female Seminary in Illinois.
109:(February 12, 1831 – February 14, 1894) was an American publisher and
303:, serving as Secretary of the Illinois Women Suffrage Association.
442:
2666:
2338:
1843:
1168:
999:
808:
769:
665:"Women Lawyers and State Bar Admission:Law Library of Congress"
332:
693:"Myra Bradwell: The First Woman Admitted to the Illinois Bar"
760:
Women Building Chicago, 1790-1990: A Biographical Dictionary
284:
Brutal cases would not be appropriate for a woman to handle.
459:, continued in her mother's footsteps, graduating from the
256:, who argued on her behalf, the Court held 8 to 1 that the
599:"American National Biography Online: Bradwell, Myra Colby"
16:
American publisher and political activist (1831–1894)
643:"The Fourteenth Amendment and the Rights Revolution"
623:(in Swedish). No. 15. April 13, 1895. p. 5
2774:
2718:
2677:
2593:
2532:
2471:
2415:
2349:
2265:
2209:
2148:
2077:
2036:
1960:
1854:
1715:
1649:
1548:
1412:
1226:
1210:
1179:
1120:
1094:
1073:
1052:
1031:
1010:
956:
930:
819:
94:
84:
65:
39:
23:
762:(Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2001).
484:List of first women lawyers and judges in Illinois
120:to practice law, but was denied admission by the
278:Women would not be allowed to practice the law.
781:
570:"Myra Bradwell: America's first woman lawyer"
159:Myra Colby was born on February 12, 1831, in
8:
558:National Women's Hall of Fame, Myra Bradwell
213:. She was also a member of the Northwestern
367:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2674:
2663:
2346:
2335:
1851:
1840:
1176:
1165:
1007:
996:
816:
805:
788:
774:
766:
695:. Practice Point. American Bar Association
31:
20:
593:
591:
431:Learn how and when to remove this message
681:In re Lockwood, 154 U.S. 116, 117 (1893)
495:
193:. James and Myra died at an early age.
540:
529:
758:Schultz, Rima Lunin, and Adele Hast,
447:Bradwell's grave at Rosehill Cemetery
7:
514:Katz, Elizabeth D. (July 30, 2021).
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
365:adding citations to reliable sources
167:, Illinois. She attended schools in
2866:19th-century American women lawyers
749:American National Biography Online.
691:Wills, Leonard (October 31, 2017).
572:. February 10, 2006. Archived from
295:Bradwell continued her work on the
274:The court's holding was fourfold:
14:
948:Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
271:, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 130 (1873).
716:American Bar Association Journal
470:Her granddaughter and namesake,
337:
258:Privileges and Immunities Clause
242:Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals
178:. Two years later they moved to
2876:People from Manchester, Vermont
2018:Harriet Williams Russell Strong
1697:Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
472:Myra Bradwell Helmer Pritchard
220:In 1868, Bradwell founded the
1:
2881:19th-century American lawyers
798:National Women's Hall of Fame
722:(12): 1121 – via JSTOR.
149:National Women's Hall of Fame
2886:Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
2044:Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
174:In 1852, Myra Colby married
2227:Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
1631:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
617:"I Amerikas Förenta stater"
463:in 1882 and publishing the
145:United States Supreme Court
126:United States Supreme Court
2907:
1783:Katharine Dexter McCormick
1081:Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
755:, Minnesota Women Lawyers.
2891:Suffragists from Illinois
2673:
2662:
2345:
2334:
1850:
1839:
1641:Hannah Greenebaum Solomon
1175:
1164:
1006:
995:
815:
804:
645:. University of Minnesota
301:women's suffrage movement
30:
1872:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
1682:Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
1455:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
2362:Dorothy Harrison Eustis
2252:Catherine Filene Shouse
2105:Patricia Roberts Harris
1743:Mary Steichen Calderone
1611:Lillian Moller Gilbreth
1480:Frances Wisebart Jacobs
1284:Martha Wright Griffiths
747:"Bradwell, Myra Colby".
740:Encyclopædia Britannica
737:"Bradwell, Myra Colby".
185:In 1855, they moved to
2308:Rebecca Talbot Perkins
1803:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
1667:Frances Xavier Cabrini
1581:Elizabeth Hanford Dole
1359:Ellen Swallow Richards
1329:Constance Baker Motley
979:Elizabeth Bayley Seton
912:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
753:"Myra Bradwell Award".
539:Cite journal requires
457:Bessie Bradwell Helmer
448:
254:Matthew Hale Carpenter
122:Illinois Supreme Court
2822:Anna Wessels Williams
2509:Carlotta Walls LaNier
2242:Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
2100:Martha Matilda Harper
2064:Mary Engle Pennington
1902:Frances Oldham Kelsey
1687:Anne Morrow Lindbergh
1440:Jane Cunningham Croly
1369:Katherine Siva Saubel
1264:Marian Wright Edelman
1187:Margaret Bourke-White
1112:Harriet Beecher Stowe
446:
155:Early and family life
99:Elgin Female Seminary
2519:Mary Harriman Rumsey
2357:St. Katharine Drexel
2201:Mary Burnett Talbert
2196:Blanche Stuart Scott
2181:Mother Marianne Cope
2161:Ruth Fulton Benedict
2120:Mildred Robbins Leet
1818:Angelina Grimké Weld
1692:Maria Goeppert Mayer
1662:Charlotte Anne Bunch
1239:Antoinette Blackwell
1218:Gertrude Belle Elion
1148:Ida B. Wells-Barnett
917:Helen Brooke Taussig
907:Margaret Chase Smith
745:Mezey, Susan Gluck.
576:on February 10, 2006
461:Union College of Law
361:improve this section
268:Bradwell v. Illinois
250:Fourteenth Amendment
138:Illinois legislature
2736:Rebecca S. Halstead
2710:Mary Church Terrell
2397:Barbara A. Mikulski
2125:Patsy Takemoto Mink
2110:Stephanie L. Kwolek
2049:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
2023:Emily Howell Warner
1968:Dorothy H. Andersen
1942:Annie Dodge Wauneka
1937:Mary Edwards Walker
1862:Faye Glenn Abdellah
1793:Edith Nourse Rogers
1773:Shirley Ann Jackson
1748:Mary Ann Shadd Cary
1626:Sandra Day O'Connor
1606:Matilda Joslyn Gage
1202:Florence B. Seibert
1039:Carrie Chapman Catt
969:Juliette Gordon Low
852:Elizabeth Blackwell
847:Mary McLeod Bethune
474:, became a golfer.
313:Rutherford B. Hayes
215:Sanitary Commission
107:Myra Colby Bradwell
58:Manchester, Vermont
2695:Barbara Rose Johns
2646:Flossie Wong-Staal
2621:Nicole Malachowski
2550:Lorraine Hansberry
2494:Marcia Greenberger
2448:Mary Joseph Rogers
2387:Coretta Scott King
2372:Abby Kelley Foster
2288:Susan Kelly-Dreiss
2176:Rita Rossi Colwell
1952:Frances E. Willard
1788:Rozanne L. Ridgway
1738:Lydia Moss Bradley
1723:Madeleine Albright
1616:Nannerl O. Keohane
1586:Anne Dallas Dudley
1515:Betty Bone Schiess
1485:Susette La Flesche
1470:Zora Neale Hurston
1465:Helen LaKelly Hunt
1389:Madam C. J. Walker
1304:Mary Putnam Jacobi
1254:Jacqueline Cochran
1234:Ethel Percy Andrus
1102:Barbara McClintock
465:Chicago Legal News
449:
297:Chicago Legal News
226:Great Chicago Fire
222:Chicago Legal News
211:American Civil War
180:Memphis, Tennessee
134:Chicago Legal News
111:political activist
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2797:Kimberlé Crenshaw
2792:Elouise P. Cobell
2756:Katherine Johnson
2726:Octavia E. Butler
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2565:Clare Boothe Luce
2377:Helen Murray Free
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2191:Patricia A. Locke
2156:Florence E. Allen
2140:Sheila E. Widnall
2085:Linda G. Alvarado
2069:Mercy Otis Warren
2028:Victoria Woodhull
2013:Barbara Holdridge
2008:Beatrice A. Hicks
1983:Lydia Maria Child
1897:Leontine T. Kelly
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1657:Louisa May Alcott
1571:Mary Breckinridge
1450:Geraldine Ferraro
1435:Annie Jump Cannon
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
991:
990:
987:
986:
897:Eleanor Roosevelt
796:Inductees to the
518:. Rochester, NY.
453:Rosehill Cemetery
441:
440:
433:
415:
307:Washington, D.C.
262:Joseph P. Bradley
176:James B. Bradwell
104:
103:
89:Rosehill Cemetery
79:, Illinois, U.S.
69:February 14, 1894
54:February 12, 1831
2898:
2871:Illinois lawyers
2675:
2664:
2631:Louise Slaughter
2555:Victoria Jackson
2514:Philippa Marrack
2499:Barbara Iglewski
2407:Kathrine Switzer
2402:Donna E. Shalala
2347:
2336:
2293:Allie B. Latimer
2273:Louise Bourgeois
2247:Judith L. Pipher
2054:Katharine Graham
1998:Marian de Forest
1917:Anna Howard Shaw
1867:Emma Smith DeVoe
1852:
1841:
1753:Joan Ganz Cooney
1677:Oveta Culp Hobby
1672:Mary A. Hallaren
1535:Sarah Winnemucca
1404:Gloria Yerkovich
1399:Rosalyn S. Yalow
1354:Jeannette Rankin
1334:Georgia O'Keeffe
1289:Fannie Lou Hamer
1249:Shirley Chisholm
1197:Billie Jean King
1177:
1166:
1128:Gwendolyn Brooks
1008:
997:
837:Susan B. Anthony
817:
806:
790:
783:
776:
767:
724:
723:
711:
705:
704:
702:
700:
688:
682:
679:
673:
672:
661:
655:
654:
652:
650:
639:
633:
632:
630:
628:
613:
607:
606:
595:
586:
585:
583:
581:
566:
560:
555:
549:
548:
542:
537:
535:
527:
511:
455:. Her daughter,
436:
429:
425:
422:
416:
414:
373:
341:
333:
329:Death and legacy
124:in 1870 and the
72:
53:
51:
35:
21:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2831:
2827:Serena Williams
2770:
2714:
2700:Henrietta Lacks
2690:Barbara Hillary
2685:Aretha Franklin
2669:
2650:
2636:Sonia Sotomayor
2589:
2528:
2479:Tenley Albright
2467:
2453:Bernice Sandler
2411:
2392:Lilly Ledbetter
2367:Loretta C. Ford
2341:
2322:
2261:
2257:Henrietta Szold
2217:Eleanor K. Baum
2205:
2171:Hillary Clinton
2144:
2095:Gertrude Ederle
2090:Donna de Varona
2073:
2032:
1978:Rosalynn Carter
1956:
1932:Wilma L. Vaught
1887:Crystal Eastman
1882:Sylvia A. Earle
1846:
1827:
1823:Chien-Shiung Wu
1798:Felice Schwartz
1768:Julia Ward Howe
1711:
1702:Maria Tallchief
1645:
1601:Margaret Fuller
1596:Ella Fitzgerald
1591:Mary Baker Eddy
1544:
1500:Antonia Novello
1475:Anne Hutchinson
1408:
1349:Esther Peterson
1324:Wilma Mankiller
1244:Emily Blackwell
1222:
1206:
1171:
1152:
1116:
1090:
1069:
1048:
1044:Frances Perkins
1027:
1023:Sojourner Truth
1018:Margaret Sanger
1002:
983:
952:
926:
872:Emily Dickinson
832:Marian Anderson
811:
800:
794:
733:
731:Further reading
728:
727:
713:
712:
708:
698:
696:
690:
689:
685:
680:
676:
663:
662:
658:
648:
646:
641:
640:
636:
626:
624:
615:
614:
610:
597:
596:
589:
579:
577:
568:
567:
563:
556:
552:
538:
528:
513:
512:
497:
492:
480:
437:
426:
420:
417:
380:"Myra Bradwell"
374:
372:
358:
342:
331:
199:
157:
95:Alma mater
80:
74:
70:
61:
55:
49:
47:
46:
45:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2904:
2902:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:Judith Plaskow
2804:
2802:Peggy McIntosh
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2766:Michelle Obama
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2641:Laurie Spiegel
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Sherry Lansing
2557:
2552:
2547:
2545:Temple Grandin
2542:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Jean Kilbourne
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2428:Ina May Gaskin
2425:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Billie Holiday
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2115:Dorothea Lange
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1988:Bessie Coleman
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1576:Eileen Collins
1573:
1568:
1566:Amelia Bloomer
1563:
1558:
1556:Virginia Apgar
1552:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1525:Nettie Stevens
1522:
1520:Muriel Siebert
1517:
1512:
1507:
1505:Linda Richards
1502:
1497:
1495:Maria Mitchell
1492:
1490:Louise McManus
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1445:Catherine East
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1394:Faye Wattleton
1391:
1386:
1381:
1379:Helen Stephens
1376:
1374:Gloria Steinem
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1299:Dolores Huerta
1296:
1294:Dorothy Height
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1192:Barbara Jordan
1189:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1060:Belva Lockwood
1056:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1004:
1003:
1000:
993:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
960:
958:
954:
953:
951:
950:
945:
940:
934:
932:
928:
927:
925:
924:
922:Harriet Tubman
919:
914:
909:
904:
902:Florence Sabin
899:
894:
889:
884:
882:Alice Hamilton
879:
877:Amelia Earhart
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
823:
821:
813:
812:
809:
802:
801:
795:
793:
792:
785:
778:
770:
764:
763:
756:
750:
743:
732:
729:
726:
725:
706:
683:
674:
669:memory.loc.gov
656:
634:
621:Lördagsqvällen
608:
587:
561:
550:
541:|journal=
494:
493:
491:
488:
487:
486:
479:
476:
439:
438:
345:
343:
336:
330:
327:
309:Belva Lockwood
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
238:Alta M. Hulett
198:
195:
191:Bessi Bradwell
156:
153:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
75:
73:(aged 63)
67:
63:
62:
56:
43:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2903:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Patricia Bath
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Emily Howland
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:Toni Morrison
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2661:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Gloria Allred
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:Aimee Mullins
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:Matilda Cuomo
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2524:Eleanor Smeal
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:Martha Graham
2487:
2485:
2484:Nancy Brinker
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Anna Schwartz
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2333:
2319:
2318:Kate Stoneman
2316:
2314:
2313:Susan Solomon
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Winona LaDuke
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Betty Bumpers
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2135:Anne Sullivan
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Althea Gibson
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1838:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Florence Wald
1811:
1809:
1808:Beverly Sills
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:Shannon Lucid
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1707:Edith Wharton
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:Pat Schroeder
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Oprah Winfrey
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:Wilma Rudolph
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:Myra Bradwell
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:Elaine Roulet
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1274:Betty Friedan
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1065:Lucretia Mott
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
994:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
959:
955:
949:
946:
944:
943:Margaret Mead
941:
939:
938:Abigail Adams
936:
935:
933:
929:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
862:Rachel Carson
860:
858:
857:Pearl S. Buck
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
822:
818:
814:
807:
803:
799:
791:
786:
784:
779:
777:
772:
771:
768:
761:
757:
754:
751:
748:
744:
741:
738:
735:
734:
730:
721:
717:
710:
707:
694:
687:
684:
678:
675:
670:
666:
660:
657:
644:
638:
635:
622:
618:
612:
609:
604:
600:
594:
592:
588:
575:
571:
565:
562:
559:
554:
551:
546:
533:
525:
521:
517:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
496:
489:
485:
482:
481:
477:
475:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
445:
435:
432:
424:
413:
410:
406:
403:
399:
396:
392:
389:
385:
382: –
381:
377:
376:Find sources:
370:
366:
362:
356:
355:
351:
346:This section
344:
340:
335:
334:
328:
326:
324:
323:
322:nunc pro tunc
316:
314:
310:
304:
302:
298:
292:
286:
283:
280:
277:
276:
275:
272:
270:
269:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
243:
239:
234:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
207:
205:
196:
194:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
154:
152:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
78:
68:
64:
59:
42:
38:
34:
29:
25:Myra Bradwell
22:
19:
2812:Loretta Ross
2787:Ruby Bridges
2731:Judy Chicago
2626:Rose O'Neill
2606:Angela Davis
2585:Alice Waters
2580:Janet Rowley
2575:Carol Mutter
2463:Emma Willard
2443:Nancy Pelosi
2438:Kate Millett
2303:Ruth Patrick
2298:Emma Lazarus
2283:Karen DeCrow
2278:Mildred Cohn
1973:Lucille Ball
1947:Eudora Welty
1922:Sophia Smith
1907:Kate Mullany
1763:Sarah Grimké
1728:Maya Angelou
1561:Ann Bancroft
1540:Fanny Wright
1460:Grace Hopper
1429:
1384:Lillian Wald
1339:Annie Oakley
1319:Mary Mahoney
1143:Mary Risteau
1133:Willa Cather
1086:Bessie Smith
964:Dorothea Dix
892:Helen Keller
867:Mary Cassatt
842:Clara Barton
759:
739:
719:
715:
709:
697:. Retrieved
686:
677:
668:
659:
647:. Retrieved
637:
625:. Retrieved
620:
611:
602:
578:. Retrieved
574:the original
564:
553:
532:cite journal
469:
464:
450:
427:
421:October 2022
418:
408:
401:
394:
387:
375:
359:Please help
347:
320:
317:
305:
296:
293:
290:
273:
266:
247:
235:
221:
219:
208:
200:
184:
173:
158:
142:
133:
128:in 1873, in
106:
105:
85:Burial place
71:(1894-02-14)
18:
2861:1894 deaths
2856:1831 births
2817:Sandy Stone
2761:Indra Nooyi
2433:Julie Krone
2232:Swanee Hunt
2222:Julia Child
2186:Maya Y. Lin
2059:Bertha Holt
1993:Dorothy Day
1927:Ida Tarbell
1892:Jeanne Holm
1621:Maggie Kuhn
1420:Bella Abzug
1309:Mae Jemison
1279:Ella Grasso
1269:Alice Evans
1259:Ruth Colvin
887:Helen Hayes
827:Jane Addams
603:www.anb.org
580:January 27,
2850:Categories
2616:Jane Fonda
2611:Sarah Deer
2423:Betty Ford
1912:Janet Reno
1758:Gerty Cori
1733:Nellie Bly
1425:Ella Baker
1344:Rosa Parks
1138:Sally Ride
1107:Lucy Stone
974:Alice Paul
699:January 9,
649:October 6,
490:References
391:newspapers
230:muckraking
165:Schaumburg
161:Manchester
50:1831-02-12
44:Myra Colby
2746:Joy Harjo
2668:2020–2029
2340:2010–2019
2130:Sacagawea
1877:Mary Dyer
1845:2000–2009
1314:Mary Lyon
1170:1990–1999
1001:1980–1989
810:1970–1979
348:does not
204:coverture
2741:Mia Hamm
478:See also
115:Illinois
627:July 3,
524:3896499
405:scholar
369:removed
354:sources
187:Chicago
169:Kenosha
130:rulings
77:Chicago
522:
407:
400:
393:
386:
378:
197:Career
60:, U.S.
412:JSTOR
398:books
2775:2024
2719:2022
2678:2020
2594:2019
2533:2017
2472:2015
2416:2013
2350:2011
2266:2009
2210:2007
2149:2005
2078:2003
2037:2002
1961:2001
1855:2000
1716:1998
1650:1996
1549:1995
1413:1994
1227:1993
1211:1991
1180:1990
1121:1988
1095:1986
1074:1984
1053:1983
1032:1982
1011:1981
957:1979
931:1976
820:1973
701:2020
651:2017
629:2014
582:2022
545:help
520:SSRN
384:news
352:any
350:cite
66:Died
40:Born
363:by
118:bar
2852::
720:39
718:.
667:.
619:.
601:.
590:^
536::
534:}}
530:{{
498:^
315:.
217:.
151:.
789:e
782:t
775:v
703:.
671:.
653:.
631:.
605:.
584:.
547:)
543:(
526:.
434:)
428:(
423:)
419:(
409:·
402:·
395:·
388:·
371:.
357:.
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
